Indian Penal Code, 1860

The appellant, a government school teacher, was convicted under Section 376B of the Indian Penal Code for having sexual intercourse with a student, on the premise that the student was in his custody as a public servant. The trial court held the student to be a consenting adult and acquitted the teacher of rape, but aff…

The complainant Rajbir Singh lodged an FIR alleging that armed assailants fired at his father Hoti Lal, killing him and a Scheduled Caste girl, Pooja Kumari. During investigation, Akhilesh Chauhan (respondent No.2) was found to have received a rifle from one of the accused and fled the scene, leading the Special Judge …

The accused were convicted of murder under Section 302 read with Section 34 of the IPC. The trial court records were destroyed in a fire, and the High Court, after a long delay, concluded that reconstruction was impossible and ordered the acquittal of the accused. The Supreme Court held that the High Court erred by not…

Hari Mohan Mandal was convicted of offences under Sections 302 and 307 of the Indian Penal Code for a violent altercation that resulted in the death of Narayan Mandal and injuries to other witnesses. The appellant challenged the reliability of eyewitness testimony, argued that the injuries he inflicted were merely simp…

Arivazhagan was charged under Section 13(1)(c) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 read with Section 109 of the IPC. He filed a defence list of 267 witnesses. The Special Judge examined the list and, on the ground of avoiding delay, allowed only a few witnesses from each division. The Madras High Court slightly i…

Surinder Kumar was convicted of murder under Section 302 IPC for stabbing PW 2 and his brother Nitya Nand, who died. He appealed, claiming the incident was a sudden quarrel and that Exception 4 to Section 300 IPC applied, reducing the offence to culpable homicide not amounting to murder. The Supreme Court examined the …

The appellant, Nawabuddin, a neighbour, abducted a four‑year‑old girl, removed both their clothes, fondled her private parts and inserted his finger into her vagina; he was caught red‑handed and the victim later reported pain, irritation and swelling, corroborated by a medical examination. He was convicted by the trial…

The wife, Tarannum Akhtar, alleged dowry harassment and threatened termination of her pregnancy, filing an FIR on 1 April 2019 against her husband Md. Ikram and his in‑laws under Sections 341, 323, 379, 354, 498A read with Section 34 IPC. The in‑laws contended that the allegations against them were vague, general and o…

Tarun Tyagi was charged with stealing the source code of the 'Quick Recovery' software and selling it through his own company. The CBI seized three hard disks (Q‑2, Q‑9, Q‑20) containing the alleged source code. Tyagi sought copies of these disks under Section 207 of the Code of Criminal Procedure to prepare his defenc…

The appellant, Atmaram, was convicted under Sections 306 and 498A of the IPC for the alleged suicide of his second wife, Purnabai, based on the presumption of abetment under Section 113A of the Evidence Act. The trial court and High Court held that the appellant had subjected the deceased to cruelty, relying on a writt…

Gopal Singh was convicted under Section 324 of the Indian Penal Code for firing a country‑made pistol ("katta") and causing a firearm injury to his nephew, Narain Singh. The appellant challenged the conviction on the ground that the weapon was not seized and the injury was not grievous, and also contended that the thre…

The Supreme Court examined an appeal by Bachni Devi and her son, convicted under Section 304B of the IPC for the dowry death of the son’s wife, Kanta, who died by hanging within three months of marriage. The prosecution proved that Kanta’s death was unnatural, occurred within seven years of marriage, and that she was s…

The appellants Mulla and Guddu were convicted for abducting and murdering five villagers for ransom, based on the testimony of injured eye‑witnesses and a test identification parade (TIP) conducted after a delay. The Supreme Court held that the TIP was properly conducted and its evidence admissible, and that the eye‑wi…

The appellant, a former employee of the Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority, was charged with offences under IPC sections 420, 465, 466, 467, 468 and 471 for allegedly falsifying allotment of premises and issuing spurious rent receipts. He sought discharge under Section 228 of the CrPC, arguing that no s…

The deceased, Halimabi, was married into the appellant's family and allegedly suffered chronic ill‑treatment by her mother‑in‑law and husband. On 13 August 1998, the mother‑in‑law is said to have poured kerosene from a lamp on the deceased, causing severe burns. The victim gave two dying declarations: the first, record…

The State of Uttar Pradesh prosecuted Satish for the rape and murder of a six‑year‑old girl, relying on circumstantial evidence that the accused was last seen carrying the victim on a bicycle and on the recovery of both parties' undergarments. The trial court convicted Satish under sections 302, 376(2), 363, 366 and 20…

The appellant, a Metropolitan Magistrate, complained that a Delhi High Court judgment contained disparaging observations against her, which later entered her confidential annual records and threatened her career. She sought expungement of those remarks under Article 136 of the Constitution, arguing they were irrelevant…

Ajit Singh and his co‑accused Rajpal were convicted for robbery (IPC 392) and for robbery with a weapon (IPC 397) and dacoity (IPC 394) arising from an incident on 12 April 1990 in which they attempted to stop a scooter, seized valuables and later Ajit fired a pistol after the victim struck him with a milk drum. The ap…

Chanda, a newly married woman, died from severe burns after a fire broke out in her in-laws' house; neighbours rescued her but she later succumbed to her injuries. Her parents alleged dowry harassment and filed a police report; the investigation led to a charge sheet under s.306 IPC read with s.34 against her brother D…

The dispute concerned three settlement deeds executed by the deceased parents in favour of their elder son, which the appellant, Dr. C.S. Prasad, claimed were obtained fraudulently by the respondents exploiting the parents' age and medical vulnerability. He filed a criminal complaint in 2020, leading to FIR No. 229 of …

The appellant, the brother‑in‑law of the deceased woman, was convicted under Sections 306 and 498‑A of the IPC and Section 4 of the Dowry Prohibition Act for abetment of suicide, while being acquitted of the dowry‑death charge under Section 304B. The deceased had set herself on fire after alleged harassment and dowry d…

The appellant, Sadashiv Dhondiram Patil, was charged with murdering his wife Lata. The prosecution relied on an alleged extra‑judicial confession made to the village Police Patil, the discovery of an iron rod, motive, and the fact that the crime occurred inside the house. The trial court acquitted him, holding the conf…

The Supreme Court quashed the remission orders granted by the State of Gujarat to 11 convicts in the Bilkis Bano case, who were convicted for gangrape, murder, and rioting during the 2002 Gujarat riots. The Court held that the State of Gujarat was not the 'appropriate government' under Section 432(7) of the CrPC to gra…

The case concerned the murder of Dharam Chand, for which four persons were charged. Babu Lal and Devi Lal were convicted by the trial court and the High Court on the basis of three eyewitness testimonies and an extra‑judicial confession by Babu Lal, while the other two accused were acquitted. On appeal, the Supreme Cou…

Chander Bhan Singh filed a writ petition in 2002 alleging his son was killed by police and sought registration of a criminal case. The CBI investigated and filed a closure report, which the Chief Metropolitan Magistrate rejected, taking cognizance against 13 police officers. After a series of petitions, the High Court …

The deceased Meena Devi lived with her two children and her brother‑in‑law Raj Kumar in a joint family house. On the night of 23 August 2007, Raj Kumar, in a drunken state, assaulted Meena Devi, took her to another accused’s house, and she was later found dead, hanging from a tree. The trial court convicted Raj Kumar u…

The Union Territory of Chandigarh Administration sought to appoint candidates as constables, but two respondents were denied employment after a Screening Committee found them unsuitable despite their acquittal in criminal cases under IPC sections 323 and 506. The respondents challenged the cancellation, arguing that an…

Vinod Kumar, a domestic servant, was accused of kidnapping his employer's 3‑year‑old son for ransom. The trial court acquitted him and co‑accused Joginder, but the High Court reversed the acquittal, convicting Vinod Kumar under IPC sections 363, 364A and 109. The Supreme Court examined whether the High Court was entitl…

The appellant, Darga Ram @ Gunga, was convicted by the trial court and the Rajasthan High Court for the rape and murder of a seven‑year‑old girl, Kamala, based on circumstantial evidence linking him to the crime scene, blood‑group matches, and injuries on his body. The Supreme Court examined whether the circumstantial …

The appellant Venkatesha (A‑2) and co‑accused G. Venkatesh Murthy (A‑1) were convicted under IPC sections 302, 307, 427 read with s.34 and under the Explosive Substances Act, s.3 read with s.34 for planting a bomb in a hair‑salon to kill Muniraju (PW‑14). The bomb, placed by approver Hanif (A‑3) on their instructions, …

Rishipal was convicted by the trial court of murder (Sec. 302 IPC) and several offences under Sections 171, 201, 364, 420 IPC based largely on circumstantial evidence, with the victim's body never recovered. The High Court acquitted him of the murder charge while upholding the other convictions and altered the 364 conv…

Mani and another accused were charged with murdering Sivakumar under IPC s.302, s.34 and s.201. The prosecution alleged that Mani had taken the deceased to his house, where blood was later found and blood‑stained clothes and a koduval were recovered based on the accused’s own statement. The trial and High Courts convic…

The dispute arose between Sat Narain and the complainant party over a family quarrel. On the night of 17 June 1999, Sat Narain and his accomplices blocked the complainant's jeep, attacked them and Sat Narain fired three shots from a licensed gun, killing Chhotu Ram and injuring his wife Sakeela; a second shot aimed at …

The respondents applied for Constable‑Driver positions in the Haryana Police and answered "No" to the application queries whether they had ever been arrested or convicted. Verification later revealed that they had been arrested in connection with FIRs but were acquitted and released on bail without ever being taken int…

The appellant Ramkishan and his two sons were charged with murder under s.302 read with s.34 IPC for the death of Mohan Gavane, who was alleged to have encroached on the appellant’s land. The trial court convicted all three, but the High Court acquitted the two sons, holding the evidence insufficient, while upholding t…

Reema Aggarwal married Anupam while his first wife was alive and was subsequently harassed for dowry by Anupam, his parents and brother, who forced her to ingest poison. She reported the incident and the accused were charged under IPC Sections 307 (attempt to murder) and 498A (dowry harassment). The trial court acquitt…

The State of Rajasthan prosecuted Hat Singh and others under the Rajasthan Sati (Prevention) Act, 1987 for "glorification of Sati" (Section 5) and for contravention of a prohibitory order issued by the Collector (Section 6(3)). The High Court held that once a prohibitory order was issued, Section 5 merged into Section …

The appellants Chittarmal and Moti were charged with murder and attempted murder for assaulting two sleeping men, resulting in their deaths, and grievously injuring a third witness, Lal Chand. The trial court convicted them under Sections 302 and 307 IPC and sentenced them to death, which was later commuted to life imp…

Geetu married Parvin Kumar and, two and a half months later, died by hanging. The prosecution alleged that her husband and in‑laws harassed her for a dowry car, constituting offences under Sections 304B and 306 IPC. The trial court and High Court convicted them, but on appeal the Supreme Court examined the oral testimo…

The appellant, a lecturer of a private college affiliated to Shivaji University, was accused of accepting Rs. 400 to inflate a student's exam marks. An FIR was lodged seven days after the alleged incident, no incriminating material was seized, and witness statements were recorded ten months later. He was charged under …

The appellant, a Provident Fund Inspector, was tried for accepting a bribe to exempt a hospital from statutory provident‑fund contributions under Section 161 of the IPC and Section 5(2) read with Section 5(1)(d) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947. The Special Judge acquitted him, but the Kerala High Court set as…

The appellant, a widow, claimed possession of a house that had been sold at auction to the first respondent. After the second respondent, her son, entered the house, he was convicted of trespass and the High Court ordered the house restored to the first respondent. The appellant objected to this order in a civil procee…

The State of Rajasthan appealed the conviction of Gurbachan Singh for murder arising out of a land‑dispute in which Teja Singh was killed. The High Court had acquitted Singh of the murder charge, holding that he only struck the victim's feet with a lathi and therefore lacked common intention to cause death. The Supreme…

The appellant, Parveen @ Sonu, was convicted along with other accused for offences including criminal conspiracy (s.120‑B IPC) and murder (s.302 IPC) arising from an alleged attempt to rescue four prisoners being escorted by police on a train. The prosecution’s case relied mainly on the eye‑witness constable’s depositi…

The petitioner, journalist Amish Devgan, hosted a televised debate on the Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act and described the Sufi saint Pir Hazrat Moinuddin Chishti as an invader, terrorist and robber, leading to seven FIRs in different states under Sections 295A, 153A and 505(2) of the IPC. He sought quashin…

The appellant filed a private complaint alleging offences under IPC sections 419, 420, 468, 471 and 120B against five respondents concerning a disputed land transaction. The Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate, after reviewing the complaint, oral evidence under sections 200 and 202 of the CrPC and documentary material…

The Supreme Court examined the appeal of Maya Devi and others convicted under Sections 3048 and 498A of the IPC for the death of their daughter-in‑law, Kavita. The Court reiterated that to establish a dowry death, the prosecution must prove (i) death within seven years of marriage, (ii) death caused by burns, bodily in…

The Supreme Court examined whether the Punjab and Haryana High Court could entertain applications under Section 482 of the CrPC and direct a CBI investigation after a criminal appeal had been finally disposed of. It held that once a judgment is signed, the court becomes functus officio and, under Section 362 CrPC, cann…

The legal representatives of the deceased Joginder Singh filed a claim petition under Section 166 of the Motor Vehicles Act against the driver, the vehicle owner and the insurer, alleging that a Tata 207 vehicle owned by the respondent and driven rashly caused Singh's death. The Motor Accident Claims Tribunal dismissed…

The appellant, a confirmed peon appointed in 1980, was dismissed in 2002 for allegedly providing false information in a 1994 attestation form concerning arrests and pending cases. The High Court upheld the dismissal, relying on the decision in Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan v. Ram Ratan Yadav, which allowed termination o…

A police constable seized four guavas from a vendor without paying and a quarrel ensued. The appellant, a carpenter, intervened with his tool (a badze) and struck the constable, causing instantaneous death. The trial court convicted him under Section 302 IPC for murder, a decision affirmed by the High Court. The Suprem…

The State of Orissa filed FIRs against Saroj Kumar Sahoo and Nalinikanta Muduli for alleged offences under the IPC and the Prevention of Corruption Act. While the investigation was still pending, a Single Judge of the Orissa High Court exercised its inherent power under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure to …

On 20 December 1980 a bomb attack injured Sriram Singh, who later died. His dying declaration, recorded by a magistrate in the presence of a doctor, implicated Panchdeo Singh as being present at the scene. The magistrate asserted the deceased was in a fit state of mind, but no medical certification or doctor's signatur…

The Central Government declared Jamaat‑e‑Islami Hind an unlawful association under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967, based on alleged statements questioning India's sovereignty. The declaration was referred to a Tribunal, which, relying on a résumé of intelligence reports and affidavits from officials who…

The Punjab & Haryana High Court Bar Association filed a public‑interest writ petition seeking a judicial enquiry into the abduction and alleged murder of Advocate Kulwant Singh, his wife and child, which had triggered a prolonged strike by lawyers. The High Court admitted the petition but a five‑judge bench later dismi…

Partap Singh and his co-accused were charged under IPC sections 302 and 326 read with section 34. The charge‑sheet framed the appellant only vicariously under section 34, as the prosecution had no material linking him directly to the knife injuries. At trial, the prosecution led eye‑witness testimony that Partap actual…

V.C. Shukla was charged under the Special Courts Act, 1979 and the Special Judge ordered that a charge be framed against him. The State raised a preliminary objection, arguing that the order was merely an interlocutory one and that, under section 11(1) of the Act (which contains a non‑obstante clause), no appeal lies f…

The petitioners, original allottees of a group housing project in Greater Noida, challenged the Allahabad High Court's dismissal of their writ petition seeking restoration of a cancelled lease, identification of genuine allottees, and completion of construction. The Supreme Court observed that the dispute involved comp…

The case arose from an FIR lodged under the IPC, POCSO Act and SC/ST Act against a school teacher for allegedly rubbing the breast of a 16‑year‑old girl, a sexual assault under Section 7 of the POCSO Act. The teacher and the victim's father later entered into a compromise, and the teacher sought quashment of the FIR un…

The appellant, Hariprasad, was convicted under Section 302 IPC for allegedly poisoning Bisahu Singh by mixing a herb in liquor, based largely on the deceased's dying declaration and a forensic report that arrived a year later. The Supreme Court examined whether the more than one‑year delay in filing the FIR was fatal t…

The appellant P. Ponnusamy and eight co‑accused were convicted by a Sessions Court for offences under s.120B, 109, 341, 302 read with s.34 IPC, with some sentenced to death and others to life imprisonment. The Sessions Court referred the death‑penalty confirmations to the Madras High Court, which repeatedly adjourned t…

The State of Jharkhand challenged two writ petitions filed by Shiv Shankar Sharma as public‑interest litigations (PILs) that sought a mandamus directing investigative agencies to probe alleged money‑laundering through shell companies and to prosecute the Chief Minister for a mining lease. The Supreme Court examined whe…

The appellant Rahul and two co‑accused were convicted for kidnapping, rape and murder of a girl, and sentenced to death and other terms. The Supreme Court examined whether the prosecution had established the identity of the accused and proved guilt beyond reasonable doubt. It found that no identification parade was con…

The appellant, Kalu alias Laxminarayan, was convicted under Section 302 IPC for the death of his wife, who was found strangulated inside their home. The trial and High Courts held the death homicidal, though the High Court initially described it as hanging. The Supreme Court examined the forensic findings, the presence…

The State of Uttarakhand appealed the High Court's acquittal of five accused persons charged with murder and offences under sections 147, 148, 149 and 302 IPC. The prosecution alleged that the accused, armed with pistols and sharp‑edged weapons, ambushed the deceased while he was on a tractor, shot him and assaulted hi…

The petitioners were convicted for the abduction, rape, and murder of two children, based on a confessional statement, forensic evidence, and eyewitness testimony. They challenged the conviction and death sentence in a review petition, arguing that the confession was involuntary, the retraction should invalidate it, an…

The Supreme Court, recalling its earlier directions in Zorawar Singh v. Gurbax Singh Bains (2015) 2 SCC 572, noted that the State had filed a report under Section 173 of the CrPC after conducting a thorough investigation as directed, and that the Chief Secretary’s inquiry report showed compliance with the Court’s manda…

The appellant, a landowner, alleged that nine coconut trees on his property were damaged on the advice of the respondent and filed a police complaint naming the respondent as a doubtful person. The police investigation was closed after six months under Section 167(5) of the CrPC. The respondent then lodged a private de…

The case concerned the grant of an LPG distributorship by Bharat Petroleum Corporation (BPC). An advertisement invited applications, disqualifying persons convicted of offences involving moral turpitude or those against whom charges had been framed. Respondent No.5 was selected but his empanelment was cancelled after a…

The State of Madhya Pradesh prosecuted Sugharsingh and others for attacking two men guarding their crops to prevent cattle from being taken to a pond, resulting in one death and injuries to the other. The trial court convicted the accused under Sections 302 read with 149, 324 read with 149, 148 and sentenced them to li…

The case arose from a violent incident in Patiala where several persons were charged under the IPC and Arms Act. Two of the accused, Vijay Preet Singh and Jagtar Singh, were initially discharged based on a police inquiry report that they were falsely implicated. During trial, prosecution witnesses identified them as pa…

The State of Uttar Pradesh appealed the acquittal of Manoj Kumar Pandey, who was charged under IPC sections 376 (rape) and 323 (voluntarily causing hurt). The trial court had acquitted him on the basis that the victim, being over 16 years old, was presumed to have consented, and the High Court upheld this view in a ter…

The appellant, Raghavendra Sharma, was convicted of murdering his wife Maya by suffocation. The trial court, relying on a post‑mortem report that showed asphyxia, swelling of the chest, and absence of food particles in the airway, found the death homicidal and rejected the defense expert’s claim of accidental death. Th…

The State of Punjab appealed the trial court’s acquittal of Sukhchain Singh and others for murder and related offences, while an accused (Paramjit Singh) appealed his conviction. The Supreme Court examined the scope of appellate power under Section 378 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, which allows the State to …

The appellant Krishan was convicted by a trial court for murder (IPC s.302) after allegedly delivering a lathi blow that caused the death of Chandgi Ram. The High Court acquitted him, holding that the FIR was lodged after an unreasonable delay and that the ocular evidence conflicted with the medical evidence, rendering…

Eicher Tractor Ltd. and others filed a petition under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure seeking to quash a criminal complaint filed by Harihar Singh under IPC sections 420, 468 and 471, alleging forgery. The petitioners argued that the complaint was a retaliatory "counter‑blast" to an earlier complaint they…

The State of Uttar Pradesh appealed against the Allahabad High Court's acquittal of Atar Singh and six others who had been convicted for the murder of Ram Murti and assault of three others. The trial court had sentenced the accused under IPC sections 302, 323, 324 r/w 149, 147, 148 and 452, but the High Court set aside…

The State of Rajasthan charged Kashi Ram with the murder of his wife and two infant daughters, alleging that the victims were last seen alive with him on 3 February 1998 and that the house was found locked thereafter, with the bodies discovered on 6 February. The trial court convicted him based on medical evidence of s…

The appellant, a constable, killed three fellow police personnel with a sten‑gun after being reprimanded and having adverse entries made against him. He was convicted under Section 302 IPC and Section 27 of the Arms Act and sentenced to death. The Supreme Court upheld the conviction under Section 302 but set aside the …

The Supreme Court examined applications filed by the Special Public Prosecutor (SPP) under Section 321 of the Criminal Procedure Code to withdraw TADA charges against accused linked to the forest brigand Veerappan, whose kidnapping of actor Rajkumar prompted the Karnataka government to concede to his demands. The SPP’s…

The State prosecuted Hari Mohan for the murder of his sister‑in‑law Roop Devi, whose body was found in a gunny bag with gunshot wounds. The trial court convicted Hari Mohan under Sections 302 and 34 of the IPC and sentenced him to life imprisonment, while other accused were convicted under Section 201. The Allahabad Hi…

The accused Mahendra Singh and five others were convicted by the trial court for murder, attempted murder and rioting under Sections 148, 302/149 and 307/149 IPC based on the testimony of three eye‑witnesses. The Allahabad High Court set aside the convictions, holding that the prosecution had not proved the guilt of th…

Sureendra Narain (Munna Pandey) was convicted of murder under IPC s.302 for shooting Shree Prakash in a rickshaw. The prosecution relied on three eye‑witnesses who named the accused in the FIR, and the accused surrendered later and sought a test identification parade, which was ordered by the Sessions Court but never c…

The petitioners, Chandraswami and another, were accused of cheating under Sections 120B and 420 of the IPC for allegedly obtaining US$1 lakh from a complainant in 1983. They were arrested in 1988, released on bail with conditions, and later permitted to travel abroad. After a Supreme Court‑ordered restraint on foreign …

Sewa Kaur and her paramour Bakhshish Singh were convicted for the murder of Sewa's husband, Havaldar Gurdev Singh, under IPC sections 302 and 201. The prosecution relied on the sole eyewitness testimony of the victim's son, extra‑judicial confessions made to a police informant, medical evidence of fatal head injuries, …

Prabha Dutt, chief reporter of Hindustan Times, filed a writ petition under Article 32 seeking a direction to allow her to interview two death‑row convicts, Billa and Ranga, in Tihar Jail. The Court examined whether Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution confers a press right to unrestricted access to information and hel…

Dr. S. Rajaseekaran filed a writ petition under Article 32 seeking comprehensive road‑safety measures, especially for pedestrians, helmet use, lane discipline and vehicle lighting. The Court examined the statutory framework under the Motor Vehicles Act, Road Regulations and related rules, and considered extensive data …

The appellants, a father, son and son‑in‑law, were accused of murdering Pushpendra Singh and were acquitted by the trial court but later convicted by the High Court on the basis of alleged ocular testimony and the recovery of swords and a kanta. The Supreme Court examined whether the appellants could be positively iden…

The appellant, Nilesh Baburao Gitte, was convicted of murdering his mother, Sunanda Gitte, under Section 302 IPC. The prosecution's case relied on circumstantial evidence, including alleged recovery of a nylon rope, post‑mortem findings of strangulation marks, and a purported motive of property gain. The Supreme Court …

The case arose from a violent clash in Katihar district where a mob of 400‑500 armed persons assaulted several villagers, resulting in the deaths of two men and injuries to five others. The trial court convicted 21 accused under Section 302 read with Section 149 of the IPC; the High Court affirmed the convictions of 12…

The Supreme Court examined a dispute over the custody of a minor child, Aditya, between his mother Smriti and father Perry, who had obtained custody in India based on a judgment dated 28 Oct 2020 and a subsequent order on 8 Dec 2020. The Court found that Perry had concealed material facts, failed to disclose the dismis…

The appellant Satya Deo was convicted of murder under IPC s.302 r/w s.34 and sentenced to life imprisonment. He claimed he was a juvenile at the time of the offence (aged 16 years 7 months) and sought relief under the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000. The Supreme Court examined the applicabi…

The daughter of the complainant was married to Girdhari Lal and died of severe burn injuries within seven years of marriage. The prosecution alleged that she was subjected to cruelty and harassment by her husband and in‑laws in connection with dowry demands, leading to her death. The trial court convicted the husband u…

The appellants, Gulam Sarbar and Dhiren Mahto, were convicted of murder under s.302 IPC and criminal conspiracy under s.120‑B IPC for the killing of Sant Kumar Sinha. The prosecution relied primarily on the testimony of a single eye‑witness (Dr. Gopal Prasad Sinha) and corroborative ocular and medical evidence to estab…

Vasudha, married to Laxman Ram Mane, drowned in a river about one and a half years after her marriage. The prosecution alleged that the husband, aided by his sisters, harassed her and maintained an illicit relationship with a woman named Pragati, leading to her suicide. The trial court convicted the husband under Secti…

The respondent Bharti filed a criminal complaint under IPC sections 406, 498A read with 114 against her husband Rajesh, his parents Neelu and Krishan Sarup Chopra, and a sister‑in‑law, alleging dowry demands, retention of jewellery and physical assault. The Judicial Magistrate took cognizance of the offences; the accus…

Arulvelu and his father were charged under IPC s.304B and s.498A for allegedly forcing their wife Mangayarkarasi to commit suicide by demanding dowry. The trial court, after a detailed examination of the evidence and noting that the suicide note did not implicate any accused, acquitted them. The Madras High Court rever…

Four elderly men were convicted under Section 395 of the Indian Penal Code for a dacoity in which the loot amounted to Rs.2,860 cash, one Iota and one glass, and two persons were injured by firearms. The trial court sentenced eleven accused to life imprisonment and the four appellants to five years' rigorous imprisonme…

N.K. Sharma, a Class‑I officer of the Haryana Government, was deputed as Managing Director of the Haryana State Cooperative Land Development Bank Ltd. A criminal complaint for defamation (IPC s.500) was filed against him after he sent a letter alleging false implication of a colleague. Sharma was summoned and applied t…

The case concerns the murder of Nawal Kishore Jha on 9 April 1980, for which fifteen persons were originally charged. The trial court convicted several of them under sections of the IPC and the Arms Act, but the Patna High Court later acquitted all the convicted persons. The informant appealed, challenging the High Cou…

The appellant, Sarwan Singh, was convicted by a Designated Court under Sections 302, 307, 34 of the IPC and Section 3 of the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, 1985 for the murder of Piara Singh. He appealed, claiming false implication, lack of independent witnesses, absence of a test identification …

The respondent, a temporary government employee, was removed from service after being convicted under Section 409 of the Indian Penal Code. He was later acquitted, and sought reinstatement with back wages. The Allahabad High Court directed payment of back wages, but the Supreme Court limited its review to that issue. E…

Ram Kumar and three co‑accused were charged with murder and attempt to murder arising from a land‑dispute. The trial court acquitted all, holding that the FIR was ante‑timed, that there was an unexplained delay in filing the FIR and in sending the special report to the magistrate, and that the eye‑witnesses (the victim…

The editors of the Tamil weekly Nakkheeran sought a writ under Article 32 to publish the alleged autobiography of condemned prisoner Auto Shankar, claiming the State and prison officials were trying to suppress it. The Court, without deciding the factual dispute over authorship, examined whether a citizen can prevent u…

The appellants, Chaitu Gowala and Ajay Ahari, were union office bearers accused along with 70 others of murdering the managing director of their company. The trial court, based on identification by three eye‑witnesses, convicted them under Sections 302, 392, 148, 323 and 149 of the IPC and sentenced them to life impris…

The appellant Shiv Kumar was convicted under Section 411 of the Indian Penal Code for allegedly receiving stolen household articles looted from a truck, based on police seizure and the testimony of co‑accused. On appeal, the Supreme Court examined whether the prosecution proved the essential element of knowledge that t…

The widowed appellant challenged the Allahabad High Court's order that released four accused murderers on bail pending appeal against their life‑sentence convictions under IPC sections 302, 149, 201 r/w 120B. The Supreme Court observed that the High Court's order lacked clarity on submissions, findings and reasoning, f…

Maqbool was charged with an acid attack in which the victim sustained injuries that a medical report described as simple. He applied for discharge under Section 326A of the Indian Penal Code, arguing that the provision applies only to grievous hurt. The trial court and the Allahabad High Court rejected his application,…

Meraj Ahmad was appointed temporarily as a Livestock Development Assistant in 1983 and was terminated in April 1984 after an FIR under Section 302 IPC was lodged against him. He was acquitted of the murder charge in October 1985 and, in February 1989, voluntarily sought a fresh appointment, expressly undertaking to for…

The State of Maharashtra filed a criminal appeal against Avinash, who had been arrested in connection with a fraud involving Rs 2.74 crore. While on bail, Avinash’s bank accounts were attached under Section 102 of the CrPC. He first sought to quash the FIR and have his accounts de‑frozen before a Division Bench, but wi…

The State, represented by the CBI, appealed against the High Court's acquittal of two police officers, accused No.2 (Inspector) and accused No.5 (Constable), who were convicted for a custodial death under Section 304 Part II read with Section 34 of the IPC. The trial court had rejected the defendants' alibi, noting ser…

The appellant, founder and managing trustee of a technical education society, was accused by a charity trust of forging lease deeds and submitting false information to obtain permission for running a school. The trust alleged that the appellant altered documents, forged a lease for 87 years, and misrepresented facts to…

The case concerns a 1978 incident in which seven accused, including Shyam Babu, were alleged to have fired on a group of villagers, resulting in five deaths and one injury. The trial court acquitted all seven, but the High Court set aside the acquittal and convicted three of the accused; four had died during the penden…

Mala Gupta filed a criminal complaint under Sections 406 and 498A IPC against her parents‑in‑law before the Judicial Magistrate, Patiala. The magistrate issued process, prompting the petitioners to seek a revision and later a quashing of the proceedings under Section 482 CrPC, arguing that the Patiala court lacked juri…

The appellant was charged with trespassing into Prakashi Devi's house and assaulting her with intent to outrage her modesty under IPC sections 452 and 354. Evidence showed that the assault was actually on Prakashi Devi's daughter‑in‑law, Sheela Devi, and not on Prakashi Devi. The trial court convicted the appellant on …

Des Raj, a retired police constable, got drunk and, after a quarrel between his wife and his neighbour's wife, opened fire with a licensed double‑barrel gun, killing three neighbours and injuring three others including a child. He was convicted under sections 302 and 307 of the IPC and sentenced to death by the Session…

The case arose from the killing of Chakku Mondal by Kulesh Mondal during a quarrel in which the victim was dragged and struck on the neck with a sharp‑edged weapon. The trial court and the Calcutta High Court convicted the accused under Section 302 read with Section 34 IPC, relying on eyewitness testimony of relatives …

Anantalal Ghosh was convicted under Sections 302, 201 read with 34 of the Indian Penal Code for the murder of Lilabati. The conviction was based solely on circumstantial evidence and the testimony of three prosecution witnesses, as there was no eye‑witness. The High Court upheld the conviction, finding that the injurie…

The respondents were convicted under s.302 read with s.34 IPC for murdering Rajinder Kumar. The High Court acquitted them, holding that the eye‑witness statements were inconsistent with the post‑mortem report, that the FIR omitted details about the use of spears as lathis, and that the witnesses were interested. The Su…

The appellant alleged that the respondent borrowed Rs. 2 lakh and issued a cheque as security, which later bounced for insufficient funds, leading to a complaint under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act. The trial court acquitted the respondent, finding contradictions in the appellant's testimony, lack of ev…

The Supreme Court examined two criminal appeals challenging High Court orders that quashed criminal complaints and set aside committal orders against police officers accused of custodial deaths. The appellants alleged that the deceased were killed in police custody and that the High Court relied solely on CID and CBI r…

The deceased Hoshiyar Singh was found dead at his home, and the prosecution alleged that his son Prem Singh, who had a property dispute with him, fled the scene and later implicated Kamal Kishore and Manoj as accomplices. The trial court and the Delhi High Court convicted the three accused under Section 302 read with S…

The Supreme Court, hearing a Special Leave Petition arising from sectarian violence in Manipur that included widespread sexual violence against women, directed the State and Union governments to restore law and order and ensure justice for victims. It ordered the formation of a three‑member committee of former female j…

The appellant Bhagwan was convicted for murdering his wife by setting her ablaze after pouring kerosene, while his two sons also suffered burns. The prosecution's case hinged on the victim's dying declaration, recorded by a Naib Tehsildar, and a medical officer's certificate that she was conscious throughout. The defen…

Mahesh Kumar was convicted under Section 304-B IPC for the death of his wife, Omwati, alleged to be a dowry death. The prosecution's case relied mainly on statements of the deceased's father and brother, and on several letters written by the deceased, asserting continuous harassment and dowry demands. The Supreme Court…

The complainant sought permission under Section 302 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 to conduct the prosecution for offences under Sections 498A, 406 and 34 of the Indian Penal Code. The magistrate declined the request without giving reasons, but the Bombay High Court granted the permission merely on the basis t…

Ram Narain was convicted under Section 302 IPC and sentenced to life imprisonment in 1978. After serving more than ten years, he applied before the Juvenile Justice Board, presenting a school transfer certificate that showed he was 15 years, 11 months old at the time of the 1976 murder. The Board declared him a juvenil…

The appellant, Ramaiah, was charged with dowry‑related offences (IPC 498‑A, 304‑B, 201, 176) and violations of the Dowry Prohibition Act (ss.3,4) after his wife Laxmi died an unnatural death within six months of marriage. The trial court acquitted him, finding no evidence of dowry demand, harassment, or that the presum…

The appellants were convicted of murder, attempt to murder and criminal conspiracy under IPC sections 302, 34, 323 and 114 based solely on the dying declaration of the victim, Champaben, who identified the accused as having set her ablaze with kerosene. The defence argued that three separate dying declarations were inc…

The complainant, Nasiruddin, alleged that he was shot in the legs by respondents 2‑4 during a family dispute, leading to a FIR under Section 326 IPC. The respondents sought anticipatory bail under Section 438 of the CrPC, and the Additional Sessions Judge granted it, stating that the injury was simple and the elements …

The appellants were convicted of gang rape under s.376(2)(g) IPC based solely on the prosecutrix's testimony. The Supreme Court examined contradictions between the FIR, the prosecutrix's statements, and the accounts of her niece and nephew, who denied any intrusion. Forensic evidence showed no semen on the alleged clea…

The Supreme Court examined an acquisition under the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 where only the life‑interest holders (recorded in revenue records) were served notice, while the vested remaindermen (not recorded) were not. The petitioners argued that the remaindermen were entitled to notice and challenged the acquisition…

The case concerned the discounting and rediscounting of two bills of exchange by UCO Bank, allegedly to provide funds to stock‑broker Harshad Mehta for securities transactions. The Supreme Court examined whether the Special Court (Trial of Offences Relating to Transactions in Securities) Act, 1992 had jurisdiction over…

The appellant, a mother‑in‑law, threw a burning wick onto her daughter‑in‑law who was wearing terylene clothing, causing severe burns. The victim was hospitalized with about 60% burns and died after eight days due to septicemia, a complication of the injuries. The trial court convicted the appellant under Section 304 P…

The case concerned a massive "call money" scam in which Rs 40 crore of National Housing Bank funds were diverted to broker Harshad Mehta’s account through officials of UCO Bank and NHB. The appellants – senior officials of UCO Bank and NHB – were convicted by a Special Court under the Special Court (Trial of Offences R…

The case concerned the death of Anuradha Saha, who was treated for Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) by several doctors in Kolkata and Mumbai. The complainant alleged that the doctors prescribed excessive doses of the steroid Depomedrol and failed to provide essential supportive care, constituting criminal negligence un…

The Supreme Court examined the conduct of four bank officers (Accused 1, 2, 4 and 5) and a securities broker (Accused 3) who were alleged to have credited large sums to the broker's account without the corresponding bankers' cheques being in the bank’s possession, thereby causing loss to the bank. The Court held that a…

The Assistant Collector of Central Excise appealed after a Special Judge acquitted Duncan Agro Industries Ltd. and its directors of offences under the Central Excise Act and IPC 120‑B. The acquittal was challenged on the ground that confessional statements recorded by customs officers under Section 108 of the Customs A…

The case involved a politically motivated murder of Nalluri Thirupathaiah in the office of a revenue officer on 26 February 1988. Seven appellants were alleged to have formed an unlawful assembly, entered the office armed, and killed the deceased with axes and knives. The trial court acquitted them, relying on the alle…

Tulsi Singh was convicted by a Special Court for the murder of his wife based solely on a confession he gave before a Judicial Magistrate. The appellant contended that the confession was not recorded in accordance with Section 164(2) of the Criminal Procedure Code, which requires the magistrate to caution the accused a…

The accused were charged under the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, 1987 (TADA) and the Indian Penal Code for the murder of Raju and injury to Keshav. They contended that TADA was wrongly invoked, arguing that the motive was inter‑gang rivalry, not terror. The Designated Court held that the stateme…

N. Madhavan was charged under Section 302 IPC for killing a person with his licensed 12‑bore gun. He successfully pleaded self‑defence, invoking Section 96 IPC, and the Sessions Judge acquitted him. However, the judge ordered the gun to be confiscated to the Government without giving any reasons or hearing the accused.…

The appellants, senior citizens who owned a 15 Kanal 2 Marla plot in Gurugram, alleged that the accused (Respondent No.2) forged a 1996 power of attorney and a 2022 sale deed to illegally transfer the land. An FIR was filed under sections 406, 420, 467, 468, 471 and 120‑B IPC. The accused sought anticipatory bail; the …

The petitioners Vikram Singh, Jasvir Singh and a third accused were convicted under Sections 302, 364A, 201 and 120B of the IPC and sentenced to death, with the death sentence of the female co‑accused later commuted to life imprisonment. They filed review petitions challenging the Supreme Court’s 2010 judgment on groun…

The appellants were convicted of murder under Section 302 read with Section 34 of the IPC for the death of Narendra Singh. The prosecution's case relied on the testimony of five ocular witnesses, two of whom were declared hostile and the remaining three were relatives of the deceased whose statements were recorded only…

The appellant Dinesh Tiwari was charged under IPC sections 323, 504 and 506, but the charge-sheet did not include section 302. The Sessions Court, after committal, framed an additional charge under section 302 and the appellant sought quashing of this order under CrPC section 482. The High Court dismissed the petition …

The case involved three accused—Dharambir (D), Prem Prakash (P) and Herchand (H)—charged under IPC sections 366 and 376(2)(g) for kidnapping and gang‑rape of Kumari Sudesh. The trial court convicted all three, a decision affirmed by the High Court. On appeal before the Supreme Court, D's appeal was dismissed in limine …

Om Prakash was convicted along with co‑accused Jai Prakash for kidnapping and raping a 14‑year‑old girl. The prosecution alleged that after kidnapping the girl, Jai Prakash took her to Om Prakash's house, where the girl was raped while Om Prakash allegedly failed to help her. The Supreme Court examined whether the elem…

The State of Rajasthan appealed the acquittal of Abdul Mannan, Afzal and Abdul Zabbar for the murder of two persons during a communal riot, where a mob of 50‑60 entered a house and 8‑10 armed assailants inflicted fatal injuries. The trial court convicted them under IPC sections 302/149, 148, 324/149 and 449, but the Hi…

The appellant Nand Kishore was convicted under Section 302 IPC read with Section 34 for the murder of Mahavir, who was killed during a quarrel over money. The prosecution proved that Mahesh Dhimar held the victim's arms, Dinesh Dhimar stabbed him with a knife, and Nand Kishore pelted stones at the victim even after he …

The State of Maharashtra prosecuted Goraksha Ambaji Adsul for the murder of his father, step‑mother and step‑sister, alleging that he poisoned the family with sedative‑laden sweets and later strangulated them, disposing of the bodies in railway trunks. The trial court convicted him under Sections 302 and 201 IPC and se…

The appellants were acquitted by the Sessions Court for murder and related offences under IPC ss. 148, 302, 504 r/w 149. The High Court set aside the acquittal, convicting four of the accused based on the testimony of a child witness (PW‑7) and other corroborative evidence, despite the trial court’s doubts about the wi…

The State of Uttar Pradesh appealed against the acquittal of Shahrunnisa (the mother) and Siraj Khan (the husband) in a case where two young boys were murdered as part of a superstitious ritual. The trial court had convicted all four accused under Sections 302, 307 and 34 of the IPC, but the Allahabad High Court upheld…

The appellant, Rajinder (Raju), was convicted under IPC sections 366 and 376 for forcibly kidnapping and raping an 18‑year‑old girl after misrepresenting that he would take her to a doctor. The girl testified that he dragged her to a secluded spot, gagged her, untied her clothing and committed sexual intercourse, causi…

The appellants entered into a sale agreement for agricultural land, received an advance and further payment, but later executed a deed of sale in favour of third parties and returned only part of the advance. The second respondent filed an FIR alleging cheating and criminal breach of trust, and the appellants sought to…

The appellants, medical practitioners, were charged under the Indian Penal Code and the Transplantation of Human Organs Act (TOHO) for alleged illegal organ removal. The initial FIR was lodged with the Gurgaon police, but investigation was transferred to the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), which filed a complain…

The appellant Jaswinder Singh was convicted for murder and attempt to murder under Sections 302, 307 and 34 of the IPC. He argued that he was not named in the FIR, that no test identification parade (TIP) was held, and that the evidence against him was unreliable. The sole eyewitness, the complainant PW‑1, testified th…

The appellants, a group of seven men, attacked D-1 and D-2 who had come to harvest a crop on land the appellants claimed to own. Armed with ballams, gadasas and lathis, the accused inflicted multiple fatal injuries, causing the victims to die on the spot. Eye‑witnesses, the victims' son and nephew, testified that the a…

Ganesh Gogoi was convicted by a Designated Court under Section 3(2)(i) of the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act (TADA) for the 1991 killing of Dinanath Agarwalla and sentenced to life imprisonment. The Supreme Court held that the prosecution offered no direct or material circumstantial evidence linki…

The appellant, Radhe, was convicted under Section 302 IPC for the murder of Gyan Singh after he allegedly chopped both of the deceased's legs and inflicted other injuries during a quarrel. He appealed, claiming the acts were in private defence, arguing that he feared for his life and property. The Supreme Court examine…

Bhaiya Lal Verma, an accountant in the District Agriculture Office, was caught accepting a bribe of Rs.150 after a trap was laid by the District Magistrate. Marked currency notes were recovered from him and he was convicted under Section 5(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947 and Section 161 of the IPC, receivi…

The appellant Murugan, employed as an assistant in the ground‑floor shop of PW‑1, was observed by PW‑1 through a window strangling PW‑1’s wife, who later died. PW‑1 chased the accused, who fled and later was arrested; blood‑stained clothing of the accused was recovered. The trial court convicted Murugan under IPC s.376…

The appellant, Natraj Chinnappa Nair, was brought to the police station by his mother after allegedly consuming poison and confessing to assaulting his wife in a fit of anger. The victim was found injured with incised wounds caused by a chopper and later died; the chopper and a blouse were recovered from the scene, lin…

Kusuma Ankama Rao was convicted for murdering Gottapu Adilakshmi after the prosecution presented circumstantial evidence that the accused and the deceased were last seen together and the body was found the next day. The accused also made an extra‑judicial confession before a Village Administrative Officer admitting to …

Lata Singh, a 27‑year‑old graduate, married a man of a different caste of her own free will. Her brothers filed false missing‑person and kidnapping reports, leading police to arrest her husband’s relatives. Despite a police final report and a medical opinion that Lata was mentally fit, the magistrate recorded her state…

The case arose from the Bofors scandal where the CBI filed charge‑sheets against Prakash P. Hinduja and others for offences under the IPC and the Prevention of Corruption Act. The accused contended that the charge‑sheets were illegal because the CBI had not placed the investigation report before the Central Vigilance C…

The case involved the murder of Nanji, for which five persons were charged. The Sessions Court convicted two accused (K and M) under Section 302 IPC and acquitted the remaining three, including Dhanna, due to insufficient evidence linking Dhanna to the crime. The Madhya Pradesh High Court reversed Dhanna's acquittal, i…

The case concerned three Maharashtra civil servants who, while under suspension, were convicted under the Prevention of Corruption Act and sentenced to imprisonment but remained on bail and were never actually incarcerated. Under Rule 151 of the Bombay Civil Service Rules, 1959, a second proviso reduced their subsisten…

The case arose from the double murder of Aarushi Talwar and her domestic servant Hemraj in Noida in May 2008, for which a First Information Report was filed by the victim's father, Dr. Rajesh Talwar. The investigation was taken over by the CBI, which later submitted a closure report citing insufficient evidence. Dr. Ra…

The State of Rajasthan prosecuted Wakteng and two others for murder, relying on a statement recorded two days after the assault (Exb.P-10) as a dying declaration and on the recovery of a sword allegedly used in the crime. The High Court acquitted the accused, holding that the statement could not be treated as a dying d…

The case concerns P. Nallammal, wife of a former MLA and minister, who was convicted under Section 109 IPC in conjunction with Sections 13(2) and 13(1)(e) of the Prevention of Corruption Act for allegedly abetting her husband in acquiring assets disproportionate to his known income. The trial court and the Madras High …

The appellant Sukhpal Singh was convicted of murdering his wife Usha under Section 302 IPC. The prosecution relied heavily on the sworn statement of the complainant, Ashok Kumar Pathak, recorded under Section 299 of the CrPC, as well as a confession note and handwriting expert report. The appellant challenged the admis…

Mallappa was charged with murdering his brother Earappa by assault with a club. The trial court acquitted Mallappa and his son, but the Karnataka High Court reversed the acquittal and convicted Mallappa under Section 302 IPC. On appeal, the Supreme Court examined the reliability of the key eyewitness, PW‑5, finding con…

The case concerned the death of Jayamma, who suffered extensive burns and allegedly named four accused in a dying declaration. The trial court acquitted the accused, finding the prosecution failed to prove the homicide beyond reasonable doubt, especially given doubts about the victim’s fitness to make a statement and t…

The appellants, Achhar Singh and Budhi Singh, were acquitted by the trial court of charges including murder, grievous hurt and rioting, but the Himachal Pradesh High Court set aside the acquittal and convicted them based on eye‑witness testimony and medical evidence. The Supreme Court examined whether the High Court co…

The appellant, Sanjay Kumar Rai, was charged under Sections 504 and 506 IPC for allegedly threatening a journalist and sought discharge under Section 239 CrPC, claiming the investigation was biased and the complainant’s testimony unreliable. The Chief Judicial Magistrate rejected the discharge application, and the High…

The appellant, Ashoksinh Jayendrasinh, was convicted under Sections 302 and 307 IPC read with Section 34, and Section 25(c) of the Arms Act for allegedly firing shots that killed Somiben and injured two others during a dispute over a road. The incident occurred at 9:00 PM in a dark agricultural field, and the prosecuti…

The appellants, including a former Rajya Sabha MP, filed anticipatory bail applications in a sexual harassment case and submitted a vakalatnama that purportedly bore their signatures dated 17 August 2016 in Madurai, although they were abroad at that time. The Madurai High Court held the vakalatnama to be forged, deemed…

The case involved a violent land dispute in which twenty‑four accused, including the appellants, attacked a group working on disputed land, resulting in two deaths and several injuries. The trial court convicted twenty‑one accused under Sections 302, 149, 148 and 323 of the IPC, a decision affirmed by the High Court. O…

The accused were tried for murder, conspiracy and related offences arising from a property dispute. The trial court acquitted them, finding the conduct of two key witnesses – the deceased's mother‑in‑law and the deceased’s eleven‑year‑old daughter – to be unnaturally silent and therefore unreliable. The High Court reve…

The appellant, Neel Kumar (also known as Anil Kumar), was convicted of raping and murdering his four‑year‑old daughter. The trial court and High Court relied on the victim’s custody, the appellant’s silence, blood‑stained clothing recovered from his disclosure statement, and the absence of any explanation for these inc…

The victim, a married woman with two children, was intercepted while traveling by rickshaw, taken to a house under construction and forcibly raped by the two appellants, Utpal Das and Haradhan Sutradar. She was later rescued, identified the accused, and lodged an FIR. The trial court acquitted the appellants, but the C…

The case arose from a land dispute over Gat No. 170 in Maharashtra, where a mob of 75‑100 persons clashed with the complainant party, resulting in two deaths and injuries to members of both sides. The trial court convicted 35 accused under various IPC provisions including murder (s.302) committed by an unlawful assembl…

The appellant, M. Natarajan, was charged under IPC sections 120B, 420, 467 and 471, and the Prevention of Corruption Act for preparing fabricated documents that facilitated the customs clearance of an imported car under the Transfer of Residence scheme. He claimed that the Kar Vivad Samadhan Scheme (KVSS) 1998, which g…

The appellant, Taraknath Kar, a court employee, was alleged to have married twice—first to Chandana and later to Lipika, who filed a maintenance suit under Section 125 of the CrPC. The trial court granted maintenance to Lipika, but the High Court set aside that order and directed a fresh hearing. While exercising its r…

The appellant, a retired headmaster, induced a complainant to pay Rs.2,000 as advance for a plot of land that he did not own, issuing bogus receipts and promising allotment within months. The trial court convicted him under Section 420 of the Indian Penal Code for cheating, and the Karnataka High Court upheld the convi…

The State of Maharashtra alleged that a gang led by Chota Shakeel conspired to murder politician Ramdas Nayak, arranging vehicles, firearms and ammunition. The Designated Court acquitted all accused of the murder and related offences, convicting only three of them under the Arms Act for possession of prohibited weapons…

The deceased Heeralal was attacked at night while sleeping; Sunder Lal struck him on the head with a gandasi and Laxmi Narain injured his legs. He died a few hours later and gave a dying declaration identifying the assailants. The trial court convicted both under Section 302 IPC, a conviction affirmed by the High Court…

The Supreme Court examined the constitutional validity of the Lotteries (Regulation) Act, 1998, particularly Section 5 which allows a State to prohibit the sale of lottery tickets organised by any other State. The Court held that State‑run lotteries remain gambling and cannot be classified as ‘trade’ within the meaning…

Pawan Kumar was appointed on an ad‑hoc basis as a Class IV field worker in Haryana. While in service he was convicted in a summary trial under Section 294 of the Indian Penal Code for an obscene act, pleading guilty and paying a fine of Rs 20. When his regularisation was considered, the authorities, relying on the conv…

The Supreme Court upheld the convictions and death sentences of Sevaka Perumal and Isakkimuthu for the pre‑meditated murder of four young boys, committed for cash and jewellery. The Court held that the dead bodies were positively identified by the victims' mother and forensic evidence, so corpus delicti was established…

The appellants were charged with murder under IPC sections 302 and 149. The trial court acquitted them, rejecting the testimony of five eyewitnesses and finding the identification parades perfunctory. The High Court reversed the acquittal, relying on the two eye‑witnesses and the identification parades, and convicted t…

Jagrup Singh struck his uncle Chanan Singh on the head with the blunt side of a gandhala during a marriage ceremony, causing a fatal head injury. The trial court convicted him of murder under s.302 IPC, a decision affirmed by the High Court, which held that the prosecution had proved intention to cause a bodily injury …

The appellant, Gautam Satnami, was convicted of murder under Section 302 IPC based largely on a 'last‑seen' testimony, recovery of a blood‑stained axe and his driving licence, and alleged motive. The High Court affirmed the conviction, but the Supreme Court examined whether the circumstantial evidence formed a complete…

The State of Maharashtra prosecuted Nisar Ramzan Sayyed for the murder of his pregnant wife and their three‑year‑old son, alleging that he poured kerosene on his wife and set her on fire after demanding Rs.50,000 as dowry. The trial court convicted him under Sections 302 and 498‑A of the IPC and sentenced him to death,…

The appellant, GOPAKUMAR B. Nair, sought to have criminal proceedings quashed under Section 482 of the CrPC, arguing that a private settlement with the bank had extinguished the dispute. The High Court of Kerala declined to quash the case, where the appellant was charged with criminal conspiracy under the Prevention of…

The Haryana State Co‑op Supply and Marketing Federation supplied cotton bales to Jayam Textiles and the latter issued four cheques that later bounced for insufficient funds. The Federation filed complaints under Sections 138 and 140 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, read with Section 420 of the IPC, but the Magistrate…

The deceased wife, Jyoti, left a letter accusing her husband, Sohan Raj Sharma, of sexual perversion and cruelty, and subsequently poisoned her two children and herself. The FIR alleged that the husband had compelled her to commit suicide, leading to his conviction under Section 306 of the Indian Penal Code by the tria…

The case involves the murder of Mahender Sarpanch on 15 July 1996, for which several accused, including Shamsher Singh, Balwant, Ladh Ram and Suresh (alias Hakla), were charged. The trial court convicted all accused under sections 302, 307 r/w 149 and 148 of the IPC, a decision upheld by the High Court. Two appeals rea…

The case involved six accused charged with dacoity with murder under Sections 396 and 412 read with 1208 of the Indian Penal Code. The trial court convicted four of them under Section 396 and acquitted two, a decision affirmed by the High Court. On appeal, the Supreme Court examined whether a conviction for dacoity can…