Holding

The conviction is upheld because the eyewitness testimony is deemed creditworthy and acceptable, and the procedural omissions do not defeat the prosecution’s case.

Summary

The appellant, Sarwan Singh, was convicted by a Designated Court under Sections 302, 307, 34 of the IPC and Section 3 of the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, 1985 for the murder of Piara Singh. He appealed, claiming false implication, lack of independent witnesses, absence of a test identification parade, no ballistic expert report, and reliance on interested witnesses. The Supreme Court examined whether such procedural lapses could defeat the conviction, emphasizing that the creditworthiness and acceptability of the eyewitnesses outweighed the deficiencies. It held that the presence of interested but credible witnesses, the recognition of the accused in the FIR, and the context of terrorist activity rendered the evidence sufficient. The Court also ruled that a prior acquittal in a separate FIR and the lack of a ballistic report did not undermine the prosecution’s case. Consequently, the appeal was dismissed and the conviction upheld.

Issues considered

The credibility of interested eyewitnesses in the absence of independent witnesses
Whether the failure to conduct a test identification parade invalidates a conviction
The impact of the absence of ballistic expert testimony on the prosecution case
The relevance of a prior acquittal in a different FIR to the present charges
The applicability of special procedural provisions of TADA over ordinary criminal procedure

Legislation cited

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973s. 162
Indian Penal Code, 1860s. 302, s. 307, s. 34
Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, 1985s. 12, s. 14(1), s. 14(3), s. 19(1), s. 20(6), s. 3, s. 9(1)

Subjects

TerrorismTADAIdentification paradeEyewitness testimonyIndependent witnessBallistic evidenceFalse implicationSpecial court procedure

Judgment

A SARWAN SINGH
V.

STATE OF PUNJAB

OCTOBER 7, 2002

B [UMESH C. BANERJEE AND Y.K. SABHARWAL, JJ.]

Penal Cade, 18601 Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act,
1985-Sectfons 302 and 307 rlw Section 34/Section 3-Prosecution under-
C Incident witnessed by injured eye witness-Accused known to the victim party--
Conviction by Designated Court-On appeal-Conviction upheld as evidence
is credit-worthy and acceptable.

Criminal Trial

D Failure to examine independent witnesses-Effect of-Held, if evidence
of interested witnesses is acceptable and creditworthy, prosecution can prove
its case with its assistance.

Test Identification Parade-Requirement of-Failure to hold-Effect of-
Held, factum of recognition and placement of names in FIR do away with its
E requirement-Conviction cannot be challenged on failure to hold test
Identification Parade if the evidence of witness identifying the accused is
acceptahle and creditworthy.

Appellant-accused was prosecuted for offences under Sections 302,
F 307 r/w Section 34 IPC and Section 3 of Terrorist and Disruptive Activities
(Prevention) Act, 1985. Prosecution case was that the accused on
12.10.1990 at3 a.m. alongwith another person called the deceased and his
brother (injured eye-witness) and the informant out of their house and
took the deceased and the injured eye-witness towards a field and sent
back the informant. After sometime injured eye-witness returned and told
G the informant that the appellants had killed the deceased. The assailants
were known to the victim party. Designated Court convicted the appellants
for the offences charged under.

In appeal to this court appellant contended that they were falsely
implicated in the case due to previous enmity; that their involvement in
H the case did not arise as they were already in police custody on 13.10.1990
128
SAR WAN SINGH v. STATE OF PUNJAB 129
on the basis of FIR dated 13.10.1999; that prosecution case was not A
creditworthy as it failed to examine independent witnesses; that in absence
of Test Identification Parade, statement of interested witnesses have no
evidentiary value; that the weapons were not sent to the ballistic expert
and no expert opinion was available connecting the gun with the empty
cartridge.
B
Dismissing the appeal, the Court

HELD: 1.1. The preponderance of evidence available on record
justifies the view taken by the Designated Court and the same cannot be
interfered with. (140-A, Bl

1.2. The evidence available on record negates the plea of false
c
implication. Human behaviour also runs counter to such a plea since it is
absurd to suggest that an injured person would take recourse to implicate
someone against whom there was enmity leaving aside the real assassin.
In any event on the state of evidence the factum of appellant together with
another person calling out the deceased and the injured eye-witness and D
compelling them to accompany them to the fields does not seem to stand
contradicted at any point of time. The evidence to that effect stands out
to be credit-worthy and thus acceptable. (135-G, H; 136-AI

1.3. Incidentally, in early nineties, terrorist activities were on peak
in the border districts of Punjab and it has practically been an axiomatic E
truth in the area in question that no-one would in fact come out of the
residential houses after dusk unless perforced at 3 O'clock in the morning.
There exists no other evidence nor even there being any suggestion of
existence of any other factor for such perforced outing at 3 a.m. It is a
rule of essential justice that whenever the opponent has declined to avail F
himself of the opportunity to put his case in cross-examination it must
follow that the evidence tendered on that issue ought to be accepted.·
1135-G, H; 136-AI

AEG Carapiet v. AY Derderian, AIR (1961) Calcutta 359, referred to.
1.4. In the instant case, the occurrence took place at 3.00 a.m. on G
12.10.1990 and the prosecutor stated that after committing the crime,
accused fled away from the spot. On 13.10.1990 there was possibility of
firing upon police officials. Thus acquittal of accused in FIR dated
13.10.1990 is not sufficient to ignore the prosecution story because evidence
is to be read independently in both the FIRs. (136-E, Fl H
130 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002) SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A l.S. In the instant case no weapon was recovered, as such question
of having any ballistic expert opinion as regards the gun and the empty
cartridges would not arise. [139-H; 140-A)

2.1. The test of creditworthiness and acceptability ought to be the
guiding factors and if so the requirements of examination of independent
B persons or witnesses is not required and question of raising an eyebrow
on reliability of witness would be futile. The test is the credibility and
acceptability of the witnesses available-if they are so, the prosecution
should be able to prove the case with their assistance. (138-B)

Ambika Prasad and Anr. v. State, (Delhi Admn.), (2000) 2 SCC 646
C referred to.
2.2. In the instant case while it is true that there is no independent
witness, but the evidence available on record does inspire confidence and
the appellant has not been able to shake the credibility of the eye-witnesses.
D There Is not even any material contradiction in the case of the prosecution.
[138-CJ

2.3. Ordinarily identification of an accused for the first time in Court
by a witness should not be relied upon for the purpose of passing the order
of conviction without a definite corroboration since identification for the
E first time in Court cannot possibly be termed to be non-admissible but it
Is a matter of prudence and jurisprudential requirement that the same
should be upon proper corrboration otherwise the justice delivery system
may stand affected. The Designated Court has In fact recorded a positive
finding that the witnesses knew the appellant from before and they were
acquainted with each other by reason wherefor the names could be
F mentioned in the FIR Itself and in view of such a state of affairs question
of decrying the evidence of all the so-called interested witnesses on a first
time Identification in Court would not arise. The requirement. of the
concept of justice is-acceptability and credibility of the evidence tendered
by the witnesses. Once that stand completed, it will be difficult if not an
G impossibility to challenge a conviction only on the ground of failure to hold
prior test identification parade. [138-D-G)

Budhsen and Anr. v. State of V.P., 11970) 2 SCC 128, relied on.

'2.4. The factum of recognition and placement of the names in the
H FIR practically do away with the requirement of the test Identification
SAR WAN SINGH v. STATE OF PUNJAB [BANERJEE,J.) 131

parade-someone knows them: someone deals with them and someone talks A
to them regularly-does not mean and imply that without the test
identification parade at an earlier stage and an identification in the court
would have the effect of a sullied prosecution. It is the concept of justice
which predominates and if this is reiterated. the witness seems to be
creditworthy and the acceptability would do away with the minor lapses. B
(139-D-G(

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No.
480 of 2001.

From the Judgment and Order dated 30.5.2000 of the Additional Sessions
Court at Ferozepur (Punjab) in S.C. No. 3 of 28.8.1992 Sessions Trial No. C
.. 28 of 2000, F.l.R. No. 135/12.10.1990 in Mallanwala Police Station.

Mohit Mathur, Abhay Kumar, S.N Jha, for Subramonium Prasad, for
the Appellant.

Mrs. Monika Gusain for Rajeev Sharma for the Respondent. D

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

BANERJEE, J, On the backdrop of escalation of terrorist activities in
the country, Parliamentary wisdom prompted it.. ..... to introduce in the Statute
Book the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, 1985 and since E
there was an expectation that the activities concerned would be curbed within
a period of two years, life of the said Act of 1985 was restricted to a period
of two years from the date of its commencement. But unfortunately, the
terrorist violence continued unabated and resultantly the Government thought
it prudent to extend the life of the legislation from time to time. In one of the F
earliest pronouncements of this Court after the introduction of the said Act,
this Court in Usmanbhai Dawoodbhai Memon and Ors. v. State of Gujarat,
[1988] 2 sec 271 in no uncertain terms stated that the intendment of the
legislation is to provide special machinery to combat the growing menace of
terrorism in different parts of the country. This court also did emphasise that
since the legislation is a drastic one, the same should not ordinarily be resorted G
to unless the government's law enforcing machinery fails. In paragraphs 17
and 18 of the Report this Court observed :

"17. The legislature by enacting the law has treated terrorism as a
special criminal problem and created a special court called a H
132 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002) SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A Designated Court to deal with the special problem and provided for
a special procedure for the trial of such offences. A grievance was
made before us that the State Government by notification issued under
Section 9(1) of the Act has appointed District and Sessions Judges as
well as Additional District and Sessions Judges to be judges of such
Designated Courts in the State. The use of ordinary courts does not
B necessarily imply the use of standard procedures. Just as the legislature
can create a special court to deal with a special problem, it can also
create new procedures within the existing system. Parliament in its
wisdom has adopted the framework of the Code but the Code is not
applicable. The Act is a special Act and creates a new class of offences
c called terrorist acts and disruptive activities as defined in Sections
3( I) and 4(2) and provides for a special procedure for the trial of
such offences. Under Section 9( 1), the Central Government or a State
Government may by notification published in the Official Gazette,
constitute one or more Designated Courts for the trial of offences
under the Act for such area or areas, or for such case or class or
D group of cases as may be specified in the notification. The jurisdiction
and power of a Designated Court is derived from the Act and it is the
Act that one must primarily look to in deciding the question before
us. Under Section 14(1), a Designated Court has exclusive jurisdiction
for the trial of offences under the Act and by virtue of Section 12( I)
E ''it may also try any other offence with which the accused may, under
the Code, be charged at the same trial ifthe offence is connected with
such other offence. Where an enactment provides for a special
procedure for the trial of certain offences, it is that procedure that
must be followed and not the one prescribed by the Code.

F 18. No doubt, the legislature by the use of the words 'as if it were'
in Section 14(3) of the Act vested a Designated Court with the status
of a Court of Session. But, as contended for by learned counsel for
. the State Government, the legal fiction contained therein must be
restricted to the procedure to be followed for the trial of an offence
under the Act i.e. such trial must be in accordance with the procedure
G prescribed under the Code of the trial before a Court of Session,
:insofar as applicable. We must give some meaning to the opening
words of Section 14(3) 'Subject to the other provisions of the Act'
and adopt a construction in furtherance of the object and purpose of
the Act. The manifest intention of the legislature is to take away the
H jurisdiction and power of the High Court under the Code with respect
SAR WAN SINGH v. STATE OF PUN.JAB [BANERJEE, J.) 133
to offences under the Act. No other construction is possible. The . A
expression 'High Court' is defined in Section 2(1 )(e) but there are no
functions and duties vested in the High Court. The only mention of
the High Court is in Section 20(6) which provides that Sections 366-
371 and Section 392 of the Code shall apply in relation to a case
involving an offence triable by .a Designated Court, subject to the B
modifications that the references to 'Court of Session' and 'High
Court' shall be construed· as references to 'Designated Court' and
'Supreme Court' respectively. Section 19(1) of the Act provides for
a direct appeal, as of right, to the Supreme Court from any judgment
or order of the Designated Court, not being an interlocutory order.
There is thus a total departure from different classes of criminal courts C
enumerated in Section 6 of the Code and a new hierarchy of courts
is sought to be established by providing for a direct appeal to the
Supreme Court from any judgment or order of a Designated Court
not being an interlocutory order, and substituting the Supreme Court
for the High Court by Section 20(6) in the matter of confirmation of D
a death sentence passed by a Designated Court."

In a subsequent decision in Niranjan Singh (Niranjan Singh Karam
Singh Punjabi v. Jitendra Bhimraj Bijjaya, [ J°990] 4 SCC 76, it has been
stated that while extra care must be taken to ensure that those of whom the
legislature did not intend to be covered by the express language of the statute E
are not to be roped in by stretching the language of the Act in question but
that however, does not mean and imply adoptation of a negative attitude if
the materials so justify. In this context, reference may be made to the decision
of this Court in Anil Sanjeev Hegde v. State of Maharasthra, [ 1992] Supp.
2 sec 230.
F
One other aspect of the special statute (Terrorist and Disruptive Activities
(Prevention) Act) ought to be noted in order to give credence to the legislative
wisdom by reason of the incorporation of Section 12 therein. For convenience
sake Section 12 is noticed hereinbelow :

"12. Power of Designated Courts with respect to other offences.- G
(I) When trying any offence, a Designated Court may also try any
other offence with which the accused may, under the Code, be charged
at the same trial if the offence is connected with such other offence.

(2) If, in the course of any trial under this Act of any offence, it is
found that the accused person has committed any other offence un.der H
134 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2002) SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A this Act or any rule made thereunder or under any other law, the
Designated Court may convict such person of such other offence and
1pass any sentence authorised by this Act or such rule or, as the case
may be, such other law, for the punishment thereof."

Obviously, the effort on the part of the legislature is not to have two
B sets of trial, one under general law and the other under special statute and
availability of such a power cannot but be ascribed to be in tune with the
jurisprudence of the country. Be it noted that the instant appeal is statutory
in nature in tenns of the provisions of Section 19 of the Terrorist and Disruptive
Activities (Prevention) Act, 1987 and arises against the judgment and decision
C of the Designated Court of Ferozepur in Sessions Trial No.28 of 2000.

At this juncture, it would be convenient to briefly advert to the
prosecution case, which runs as below :
'
Darshan Singh, a resident of village Yareshah Wala has been the
. D @compl~inant in th ed instant matter.hT@hey we1:e five brothers : Mukhtiar Singh
t Kah wast 11e e1 est. Piara Sing , Murh was younger to Mukhtiar Singh
and Sukha Singh was the youngest. Mohinder Singh and Sukha Singh were
unmarried ones ·whereas Darshan Singh (complainant) along with Mukhtiar
Singh and Piara Singh were the married ones. Piara singh @ Murli was
residing separately. The complainant along with .Mukhtiar Singh were residing
E jointly. Mohinder Singh and Sukha Singh were residing with their father
Waz.Jr Singh. Houses of all the brothers were in the same complex. On
12.10.1990, at about 3.00 AM Mukhtiar Singh and his wife Rano were sleeping
on the roof of the house of Mukhtiar Singh and somebody from the outside
called Kala and directed to open the door. Complainant and his brother
F Mukhtiar Singh replied in the negative and by reason wherefor the persons
present outside the door stated that in the event of the door remain closed,
their house would be set on fire. Out of fear, the complainant and his brother
Mukhtiar Singh opened the door and upon coming outside the house, sighted
Sarwan Singh son of Kashmir Singh armed with 12 bore gun (SB) of their
village and one Bagicha Singh son of Joginder Singh resident of Karmoowala,
G who used to visit the house of Sarwan Singh; Bagicha Singh was known to
them earlier because he used to visit Sarwan Singh and was armed with 12
bore double barrel gun with butt and barrel cut. It was a moonlit night and
both the accused tied the arms of Mukhtiar Singh. In the same manner arms
of Piara Singh were also tied. The complainant along with his brothers started
imploring the accused, but Sarwan Singh accused replied that they should be
H ta ~ght a lesson for quarreling with him. With the help of gun the complainant
1
SAR WAN SINGH v. STATE OF PUNJAB [BANERJEE, J.] 135

was directed to return. Mukhtiar Singh and Piara Singh were taken away by A
the accused towards the field of Shabeg Singh. After 15 minutes there was
firing from the fields of Shabeg Singh. Out of fear, the complainant remained
standing in the courtyard and after about half-an-hour, Mukhtiar Singh arrived
with profuse bleeding. There were injuries on hands and head of Mukhtiar
Singh and he disclosed that Sarwan Singh and Bagicha Singh had murdered
Piara Singh in the fields of Shabeg Singh, and fire arm injuries were also B
inflicted to Mukhtiar Singh and with Butt blows on the head of Mukhtiar
Singh. The accused persons however fled away from the spot with their
respective weapons· towards the side of village Sher Khan. Out of fear and
darkness of the night outside, Mukhtiar Singh and Darshan Singh remained
in their house. In the morning Mukhtiar Singh was shifted to Civil Hospital, C
Ferozepur on the tractor trolley of Piara Singh. Mohan Singh son of Jaimal
Singh was deputed to guard the dead body of Piara Singh. Darshan Singh,
complainant had gone to lodge the report and while near the flour-mill of
Jagir Singh in the area of village Chugte Wala, met the police party headed
by Jaspal Singh AS! when the statement of Darshan Singh was taken upon
compliance with the required formalities. Subsequently, however the statement D
was sent to the Polici: Station, on the basis of which formal FIR was recorded
at 11.15 AM on 12.10.1990.

On the further factual score, it appears that the Police party had gone
to the spot. Inquest report (Ex.PC) was prepared and the place of occurrence E·
was duly inspected. Blood stained earth and sample earth was lifted and
made into a parcel sealed with the seal bearing impressions "JS". Both the
sealed parcels were taken into police possession vide separate recovery memo.
Cartridges Ex.P-1 to P-4 were also lifted from the spot and were taken into
police possession vide memo attested by witnesses. Phatti of ttie gun too was
taken into possession from the spot. After making sealed parcels, the dead F
body was sent to the hospital for post-mortem examination through HC Lakhbir
Singh. It is on this factual backdrop the Charge was framed under Sections
302/307/34 !PC and 3 of TADA Act on 23.4.1993 to which the accused
pleaded not guilty and claimed trial. Undisputedly, Piara Singh and Mukhtiar
Singh were taken towards the fields of Shabeg Singh. Piara Singh was G
murdered in the fields and fire arm injuries were caused to Mukhtiar Singh
whereas contention of the accused is that due to previous enmity, he was
named falsely - the evidence available on record however negates such a plea
: Human behaviour also runs counter to such a plea since it is absurd to
suggest that an injured person would take recourse to implicate someone
against whom there was enmity leaving aside the real assassin. In any event H
136 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2002) SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A on the state of evidence the factum of Sarwan Singh together with Bagicha
Singh called out the deceased and Mukhtiar Singh and compelled them to
accompany them to the fields of Shabeg Singh does not seem to stand
contradicted at any point of time. The evidence to that effect stands out to
be credit-worthy and thus acceptable. On the wake of the aforesaid the
B contention as regards false implication fails.

Incidentally, in early nineties, terrorist activities were on peak in the
border districts of Punjab and it has practically been an axiomatic truth in the
area in question that no-one would in fact come out of the residential houses
after dusk unless perforced at 3'o clock in the morning. There exists no other
C evidence nor even there being any suggestion of existence of any other factor
for such perforced outing at 3 a.m. It is a rule of essential justice that whenever
the opponent has declined to avail himself of the opportunity to put his case
in cross-examination it must follow that the evidence tendered on that issue
ought to be accepted. A decision of the Calcutta High Court lends support to
the observation as above. [See in this context AEG Carapiet v. AY Derderian,
D AIR (1961) Calcutta 359 (P.B. Mukherjee, J. as he then was)].
Learned Advocate in support of the appeal next contended that accused
were in fact already in the custody of police as such involvement in the case
in hand does not and cannot arise. Incidentally on 13.10.1990 another FIR
was registered against the accused persons on the allegations that accused
E attempted to murder the police officials but subsequently the accused persons
were acquitted regarding the occurrence dated 13. I0.1990. Acquittal of accused
in FIR dated 13.10.1990 prompted the learned Advocate to state with emphasis
that the same has falsified the prosecution story. The contention of the defence
counsel is however without any force or merit. In this case, occurrence took
p place at 3.00 a.m. on 12. I0.1990 and the prosecutor stated that after committing
the crime, accused fled away from the spot. On 13.10.1990 there was
possibility of firing upon police officials. Thus acquittal of accused in FIR
dated 13.10.1990 is not sufficient to ignore the prosecution story because
evidence is to be read independently in both the FIRs.

· G Further contentions in support of the appeal are as below:

(i) Weapons were not sent to ballistic expert;
(ii) Only interested witnesses were examined;
(iii) No expert opinion connecting the gun with the empty cartridges;
H (iv) Accused was identified for the first time in Court and in the
SAR WAN SINGH v. STATE OF PUNJAB [BANERJEE. J.] 137
absence of test identification parade statement of the interested A
witnesses are without any evidentiary value.

We shall come to deal with the interested witnesses slightly later in this
judgment but adverting to the other counts, be it noted that there is no
evidence on record that the weapon recovered in FIR dated 13. I 0. I 990 was
the same weapon which was used by the accused while committing the crime B
on 12.10.1990. Much could have been argued or stated ifthere was availability
of such an evidence, but u11fortunately there being none, question of reliance
thereon wou Id not arise and in our view the Designated Court has dealt with
the issue in a manner proper and effective which does not call for any
interference.
c
As regards the examination of independent persons or witnesses, we.
would do well to note a decision of this Court in Ambika Prasad and Anr.
v. State (Delhi Admn.), [2000] 2 SCC 646, wherein this Court in paragraph
12 observed :

12. It is next contended that despite the fact that 20 to 25 persons D
collected at the spot at the time of the incident as deposed by the
prosecution witnesses, not a single independent witness has been
examined and, therefore, no reliance should be placed on the evidence
of PW5 and PW7. This submission also deserves to be rejected. It is
known fact that independent persons are reluctant to be witnesses or E
to assist the investigation. Reasons are not far to seek. Firstly, in
cases where injured witnesses or the close relative of the deceased are
under constant threat and they dare not depose the truth before the
court, independent witnesses believe that their safety is not guaranteed.
That belief cannot be said to be without any substance. Another reason
may be the delay in recording the evidence of independent witnesses F
and repeated adjournments in the court. In any case, if independent
persons are not willing to cooperate with the investigation, the
prosecution cannot be blamed and it cannot be a ground for rejecting
the evidence of injured witnesses. Dealing with a similar contention
in State of U.P. V. Anil Singh, [1988] Supp. sec 686, this Court G
observed : (SCC pp. 691-92, para 15)

"In some cases, the entire prosecution case is doubted for not
examining all witnesses to the occurrence. We have recently pointed
out the indifferent attitude of the public in the investigation of crimes.
The public are generally reluctant to come forward to depose before H
138 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002) SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A the Court. It is, therefore, not correct to reject the prosecution version
only on the ground that all witnesses to the occurrence have not been
examined. Nor it is proper to reject the case for want of corroboration
by independent witnesses if the case made out is otherwise true and
acceptable."

B The test of creditworthiness and acceptability in our view, ought to be
the guiding factors and if so the requirements as above, stand answered in the
affirmative, question of raising an eyebrow on reliability of witness would be
futile. The test is the credibility and acceptability of the witnesses avai1able
if they are so, the prosecution should be able to prove the case with their
assistance.
c
Coming to the contextual facts once again, while it is true that there is
no independent witness: but the evidence available on record does inspire
confidence and the appellant has not been able to shake the credibility of the ·
eye-witnesses : There is not even any material contradiction in the case of the
D prosecution.
The· other allied issue pertains to the identification of the accused in
Court for the first time: there is no manner of doubt as it stands well settled
that ordinarily identification of an accused for the first time in court by a
witness should not be relied upon for the purpose of passing the order of
E conviction without a definite corroboration since jdentification for the first
time in court cannot possibly be termed to be non-admissible but it is a
matter of prudence and jurisprudential requirement that the same should be
upon proper corroboration otherwise the justice delivery system may stand
affecied. The Designated Court herein has in fact recorded a positive finding
that the witnesses knew the appellant from before and they were acquainted
F with each other by reason wherefor the names could be mentioned in the FIR
itself and in view of such a state of affairs question of decrying the evidence
of all the so-called interested witnesses on a first time identification in court
would not arise. We however, hasten to add that the requirement of the
concept of justice is - acceptability and credibility of the evidence tendered
G by the witnesses. Once that stand completed, it will be difficult if not an
impossibility to challenge a conviction only on the ground of the failure to
hold prior test identification parade. The law seems to be well settled and the
decisions are galore but we think it fit to refer to only one earlier judgment
of this Court in the case of Budhsen and Anr. v. State of UP., [1970] 2 SCC
128 wherein this Court stated in paragraph 7 as below:
H
SAR WAN SINGH v. STA TE OF PUNJAB [BANERJEE, .I.) 139
"7 ..... The evidence in order to carry conviction should ordinarily clarify A
as to how and under what circumstances he came to pick out the
particular accused person and the details of the part which the accused
played in the crime in question with reasonable particularity. The
purpose of a prior test identification, therefore, seems to be to test
and strengthen the trustworthiness of that evidence. It is accordingly B
considered a safe rule of prudence to generally look for corroboration
of the sworn testimony of witness in court as to the identity of the
accused who are strangers to them, in the form of earlier identification
proceeding. There may, however, be exceptions to this general rule,
when for example, the court is impressed by a particular witness; on
whose testimony it can safely rely, without such or other corroboration. C
The identification parades belong to the investigation stage. They are
generally held during the course of investigation with the primary
object of enabling the witnesses to identify persons concerned in the
offence, who were not previously known to them. This serves to
satisfy the investigating officers of the bona jides of the prosecution D
witnesses and also to furnish evidence to corroborate their testimony
in court. Identification proceedings in their legal effect amount simply
to this: that certain persons are brought to jail or some other place
and make statements either express or implied that certain individuals
whom they point out are persons whom they recognise as having
been concerned in the crime. They do not constitute substantive E
evidence. These parades are essentially governed by Section 162,
Criminal Procedure Code ............ "

The law laid down as above has since been accepted as a well settled
principle and has stood the test of time. We also do record our concurrence
therewith. The factum of recognition and placement of the names in the FIR F
practically do away with the requirement of the test identification parade -
someone knows them : someone deals with them and someone talks to them
regularly - does it mean and imply that without the test identification parade
at an earlier stage and an identification in the court would have the effect of
a sullied prosecution? The answer cannot possibly be in the affirmative. It is G
the concept of justice which predominates and if we reiterate this, the witness
seems to be creditworthy and the acceptability would do away with the minor
lapses. As such we do not find any merit or substance in the issue raised in
support of the appeal.

As regards (i) and (iii) above, it was contended that the weapons were H
..
l
140 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2002) SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A not sent to the ballistic expert and no expert opinion is available connecting
the gun with the empty cartridges. As noticed above, in the case in hand, no
weapon was recovered, as such question of having any ballistic expert opinion
as regards the gun and the empty cartridges would not arise.

The preponderance of evidence available on record, in our view, does
B justify the view taken by the Designated Court and the same cannot and
ought not to be interfered with.

In that view of the matter, th is appeal fails and is dismissed.

K.K.T. Appeal dismissed.

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