Holding

An offence under Section 364A may be tried by any court having jurisdiction over any place where any ingredient of the offence occurred; therefore, the Additional Sessions Judge, Nainital, has jurisdiction.

Summary

The petition concerned a kidnapping for ransom where the victim was abducted in Lucknow (U.P.), ransom demands were made in Haldwani (Uttarakhand) and the bodies were recovered in Unnao (U.P.). The FIR was lodged and investigation commenced at Haldwani. The question before the Supreme Court was which court had territorial jurisdiction to try the offence under IPC 364A, given that its ingredients occurred in different places across two states. The Court examined Sections 177, 178, 179 and 181(2) of the CrPC and held that any court having jurisdiction over any place where any ingredient of the offence was committed may try the case. Since the investigation began at Haldwani, the Additional Sessions Judge, Nainital, was competent to try the matter. Consequently, the Special Leave Petition was dismissed.

Issues considered

Whether the offence under IPC 364A can be tried by a court having jurisdiction over any place where any ingredient of the offence occurred.
Whether Section 181(2) of the CrPC applies to the offence of kidnapping for ransom under Section 364A.
Whether the Additional Sessions Court at Nainital has territorial jurisdiction despite parts of the offence occurring in Uttar Pradesh.

Legislation cited

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973s. 177, s. 178, s. 179, s. 181(2)
Indian Penal Code, 1860s. 364A

Subjects

kidnapping for ransomterritorial jurisdictionCrPCIPC 364Amulti‑state offencespecial leave petition

Judgment

A VISHWANA TH GUPTA
v.
STATEOFUTfARANCHAL

MARCH 21, 2007

B [A.K. MA THUR AND LOKESHWAR SINGH PANTA, JJ.]

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973:

ss. 2(j) and 178-0.ffence of kidnapping for ransom uls 364-A, IPC-
C. Local jurisdiction-Place of trial-Victim kidnapped at Lucknow-Demand
for ransom received at Haldwani, Nainital-Dead body of victim found at
· Unnao (UP}-FIR registered and case investigated at Haldwani, Nainital-
Held, trial could be conducted in any of local jurisdiction of Haldwani,
Nainital in State of Uttaranchal, Lucknow or Unnao in State of U.P.-But
D since case was registered at Police Station, Haldwani, and investigation
started at Haldwani, therefore, local jurisdiction to try the offence shall be
at Haldwani/Nainital-Additional Sessions Judge, Nainital will have
jurisdiction to try the offence-Penal Code, 1860-s.364-A.

Penal Code, 1860 :
E
s.364-A-lngredients of-Discussed.

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Petition for Special Leave to
Appeal (Cr!.) No. 4516 of2006.

F From the Final Judgment and Order dated 17.7.2006 of the High Court
of Uttaranchal at Nainital in Misc. Case No. 938 of 2006.

Shambhu Prasad Singh, Prem Sunder Jha and Manjula Gupta for the
Petitioner.

G Siddhartha Dave, Javed Mahud Rao, Shahid Ali Rao, Musharraf
Chawdhry and Rachana Srivastava for the Respondent.

The Order of the Court was delivered by y
\
ORDER
H 332
... VISHW ANA TH GUPTA v. ST ATE OF UTT ARANCHAL

1. Heard Learned counsel for the parties.
333
A
2. This special leave petition is directed against the order passed by the
High Court of Uttaranchal at N ainital dated 17.7 .2006 whereby the High Court
has set aside the order passed by the Additional Sessions Judge, Third Fast
Track Court, Nainital dated 29.6.2006 whereby the Additional Sessions Judge
l, has held that no Sessions Court of the State of Uttaranchal has the territorial B
I
jurisdiction to conduct the trial of the case and only the Sessions Court of
~
Lucknow or Unnao District in the State of Uttar Pradesh has the jurisdiction
to try this offence. Aggrieved against the order of the High Court, the
accused petitioner has approached this Court by way of special leave petition.

3. Brief facts which are necessary for the disposal of the special leave c
petition are that on the basis of written information of Sub Inspector Shyam
Nath Pandey of Police Station Haldwani of District Nainital on 22.12. 2003, the
first information report was registered under Section 364A IPC. There was a
news item published in the Daily Dainik Jagran to the effect that one Ravi
. Varshney, Advocate, was pleading the matters of members of the gan.g of D
· Prakash Pandeya alias P.P. and was in touch with them on telephone and cell
;,
phone. Shri Ravi Varshney, Advocate, had gone from Dehradoon to Lucknow
by train along with one contractor named Anoop Samant and thereafter the
family members of Ravi Varshney were receiving calls for ransom amount and
it has also been stated that Ravi Varshney was abducted at Lucknow for
ransom money. Thereafter, the investigation was taken up and the statement E
of Surendra Chandra Varshney, father of Ravi Varshney was recorded and in
that statement it was alleged that the calls were received from the abductors

- .>
at Nainital for the ransom money. It is alleged that thereafter two bodies one
that of Anoop Samant and other that of Ravi Varshney were recovered from
the factory of the accused under the Kotwali Police Station in District Unnao . F
The dead bodies were seized and panchnama was prepared at Unnao, U.P.
Then an application was filed that the Nainital Court has no jurisdiction to
frame the charges as the offence has been committed in the State of Uttar
Pradesh arid, therefore, the State of Uttaranchal has no territorial jurisdiction.
The matter was taken up to this Court and this Court, by order dated 24.4.2006,
declined to transfer the trial from Nainital to Lucknow. However, the Court left G
the question of territorial jurisdiction open to be decided by the appropriate
forum. When the matter was taken up before this Court, the .grievance ":as
~
that the accused Petitioner was not likely to get a fair trial because none of
the members of the Bar were going to take up the case of the accused-
Petitioner. But an affidavit was filed by the Bar Association, Nainital, before H
334 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007) 4 S.C.R.

A this Court that they will provide sufficient legal assistance to the accused and
on that basis the matter was disposed of. When the case was committed to
the Additional Sessions Judge, again a question was raised of the territorial
jurisdiction and the learned Additional Sessions Judge, after hearing both the
parties, recorded a finding that mere receiving of telephone calls at Nainital
B from Lucknow demanding a ransom cannot be said that the offence was
committed in Nainital and therefore the learned Additional Sessions Judge by
his order dated 29.6.2006 held that in view of the provisions of Section 181
(2) of the Code or Criminal Procedure, the case should be tried in the Court
located either in District Unnao or District Lucknow, in the State of Uttar
Pradesh. The matter was taken up before the High Court and the High Court
C without examining the matter in that light, set aside the order of the Additional
Sessions Judge and dismissed the application on the basis of the order
passed by this Court on 24.4.2006. The order passed by the High Court was
an ex parte order. Aggrieved against that order present special leave petition.

4. We have heard learned counsel for the parties and have perused the
D record. Section 364A of the Indian Penal Code reads as under:-

"364A. Kidnapping for ransom, etc, - Whoever kidnaps or abducts
any person or keeps a person in detention after such kidnapping or
abduction and threatens to cause death or hurt to such person, or by
his conduct gives rise to a reasonable apprehension that such person
E may be put to death or hurt, or causes hurt or death to such person
in order to compel the Government or any foreign State or international
inter-governmental organisation or any other person to do or abstain
from doing any act or to pay a ransom, shall be punishable with death,
or imprisonment for life, and shall also be liable to fine."
F
5. According to Section 364A, whoever kidnaps or abducts any person
and keeps him in detention and threatens to cause death or hurt to such
person and by his conduct gives rise to a reasonable apprehension that such
person may be put to death or hurt, and claims a ransom and if death _is
caused then in that case the accused can be punished with death or
G imprisonment for life and also liable to pay fine.

. . 6. The important ingredient of Section 364A is the abduction or
kidnapping, as the case may be. Thereafter, a threat to the kidnapped/abducted V
that if the demand for ransom is not made then the victim is likely to be put
H to death and in the event death is caused, the offence of Section 364A is
,
JL...

VISHW ANA TH GUPTA v. ST ATE OF UTT ARANCHAL 335

... complete. There are three stages in this Section, one is the kidnapping or A-
abduction, second is threat of death coupled with the demand of money and
lastly when the demand is not made, then causing death. if the three ingredients
are available, that will constitute the offence under Section 364A of the Indian
Penal Code. Any of the three ingredients can take place at one place or at
different places. In the present case the demand of the money with the threat
perception has been made at (Haldwani) NainitaL The deceased were kidnapped B
at Lucknow and they were put to death ai Unnao. Therefore, the first offence
was committed by the accused when they abducted Ravi Varshney and
.,.. Anoop Samant at Lucknow. Therefore, Lucknow could have territorial
~
jurisdiction to try the case, Second, threat perception was communicated to
the complainant at Haldwani, Nainital raising a demand for money. Therefore, c
the Court at Haldwani, Nainital could also have territorial jurisdiction to try
the matter. Likewise, ultimately the dead bodies were recovered at Unnao,
therefore the District Court at Unnao could also has jurisdiction to try the
offence. It is unfortunate that the learned Additional Sessions Judge, did not
examine the necessary ingredients of Section 364A. As a matter of fact one
of the important ingredients is the threat perception coupled with the demand D
of money which had taken place ofHaldwani, Nainital, and when the demand
. of payment of ransom was not satisfied, the victims were put to death.
Therefore, all the three courts will have territorial jurisdiction to try the matter.
In the present case two States are involved i.e., Uttaranchal and the State of
/
Uttar Pradesh. Part of the offence was committed in Uttaranchal and part of E
the offence was committed in Uttar Pradesh. There fore, both the Courts·at
Uttar Pradesh a~ well as Uttarachal will have territorial jurisdiction to try this
offence. But the first information was registered at Haldwani.

7. Learned counsel for the Petitioner has tried to persuade us reference
to Sections 177, 178, 179 and sub-section (2) of Section 181 of the Code of F
Criminal Procedure and submitted that the offence has been completed at
Unnao/Lucknow therefore the District Court Unnao/Lucknow will have
jurisdiction to try the offence. Chapter 13 of the code of Criminal Procedure
deals with the jurisdiction of the Criminal Courts in inquiries and trials.
Section 177 says that every offence shall ordinarily be inquired into and tried
by a Court within whose local jurisdiction it was committed. "Local jurisdiction"
G
has been defined in Section 20) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which
reads as under :-
- t
"local jurisdiction", in relation to a Court or Magistrate, means the
local area within which the Court or Magistrate may exercise all or any
H
336 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 4 S.C.R.

A of its or his powers under this Code and such local area may comprise
the whole of the State, or any part of the State, as the State
Government may, by notification, specify."

8. The expressions "local jurisdiction" means the local area within which
the Court or Magistrate may exercise all or any of its or his powers under this
B Code and such local area may comprise the Y'~ole of the State or any part
of the State as the State Government may by notification specify. Normally,
the State issues the notification wherein the local limits of the each Magistrate
is defined and Section 7 of the Cr. P.C. says about the territorial divisions.
Section 9 defines about the Court of Session. Section 9 further states that the "" ~

State Government shall establish a Court of Session for every sessions division.
c Every Court of Session shall be presided over by a Judge, to be appointed
by the High Court and the High Court may also appoint Additional Sessions
Judges and Assistant Sessions Judges to exercise jurisdiction in a Court of
Session. The Sessions Judge of one sessions division may be appointed by
the High Court to be also an Additional Sessions Judge of another division,
D and in such case he may sit for the dispmsal of cases at such place or places
in the other division as the High Court may direct. Where the offence of the
Sessions Judge is vacant, the High Court may make arrangement for the
disposal of any urgent applications which is, or may be, made or pending
before such Court of Session by an Additional or Assistant Sessions Judge,
or, if there be no Additional or Assistant Sessions Judge, by a chief Judicial
E ~agistrate, in the Sessions division; and every such Judge or Magistrate -....

shall have jurisdiction to deal with any such application. Therefore, for the
administrative convenience of the State the aforesaid session division has
been defined and their local limits are also earmarked. Section I I deals with
the Courts of Judicial Magistrates and Courts of Magistrates are constituted
F like first class or second class at such places as the State Government after
consultation by the High Court by notification specify and that Magistrate
will have local area and wherein he will exercise his jurisdiction of the class
of cases specified therein. In this hierarchy of the courts if any offence is
committed in the local area of particular police station then the concerned
Magistrate of that area alone will have power to entertain the case and if the
G offence is triable by the Court of Sessions then that Magistrate will commit
the case to the Sessions Court. Section I 78 deals with the place of inquiry
or trial. when there is uncertainty as to in which of several local areas an
offence was committed, or where an offence is committed partly in one local ..... #

area and partly in another, or where an offence is continuing one, and continues
H to be committed}n more local areas than one, or where it consists of Several
VISHWANATHGUPTAv. STATEOFUTTARANCHAL 337
acts done in different local areas, it may be inquired into or tried by a Court A
having jurisdiction over any of such local areas. Therefore, Section 178 has
to be construed liberally and it has to be inquired into that how the offence
has been committed. In case offence has been committed in two local areas
then it can be tried by any of them. Section 179 deals with the offence triable
where act is done or consequence ensues. When an act is an offence by
reason of anything which has been done and consequence which has ensued B
in another area, the offence may be inquired into or tried by a Court within
whose local jurisdiction such thing has been done or such consequence has
ensued. Section 181 deals with the place of trial in case of certain offences.
Under Sections 181 various offences has been characterised and specially it
has been meant that where the offence has been commited that Court will C
have jurisdiction to try that offence. we are concerned with sub-section (2)
of Section 181 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which reads as under :-

"Sections 181 (2) Any offence of kidnapping or abduction of a person
may be inquired into or tried by a Court within whose local jurisdiction
the person was kidnapped or abducted or was conveyed or concealed D
<
or detained."

Any offence of kidnapping or abduction may be inquired or tried by a Court
within whose local jurisdiction the person was kidnapped or abducted or was
conveyed or concealed or detained. In case of kidnapping and abduction the
local jurisdiction shall be where the person concerned has been abducted or E
' kidnapped or was conveyed or concealed or detained. It is likely that a person
has been kidnapped from one part of the country and kept in another part ·
of the State. For example, if a person is kidnapped from Rajasthan and is kept
in the State of Haryana, then both the Magistrate and Sessions Judge will
have jurisdiction to try the offences. As regards the completion of Section F
364A is concerned, something more is required for that offence. Section 364A
was introduced in the IPC by the Criminal Amendment Act of 42 of 1993
which came into effect with from 22.5.1993 because of the increasing number
of cases where the victim is abducted and a demand for money is raised with
a threat perception or danger to the life on that person and that person is
ultimately put to death. Such kind of offences are not covered under sub- G
section (2) of Section 181. It is not simply abduction or kidnapping. It is
· something more in ordinary case of abdu~tion or kidnapping as defined in
Sections 359 and 362. They are offence simplicitor of kidnapping and abduction.
But here in the case of Section 364A something more is there that is, that a
person was abducted from Lucknow and demand has been raised at Haldwani, H
338 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 4 S.C.R.

A Nainital with threat. If the amount is not paid to the abductor then the victim
is likely to be put to death. In order to constitute an offence under Section
364A, all the ingredients have not taken place at Lucknow or Unnao. The two
incidents took place in the State of Uttar Pradesh that is abduction and death
of the victims but one of the ingredient took place that is threat was given
B at the house of the victims at Haldwani. Nainital demanding the ransom
money otherwise the victim will be put to death. Therefore, one of the
ingredients has taken place within the territorial jurisdiction of Haldwani,
Nainital. Therefore, it is a case wherein the offence has taken place at three
places i.e. at Haldwani, Nainital, where the threat to the life of the victim was
given and demand of money was raised, the victim was abducted from Lucknow
C and he was ultimately put to death at Unnao. Therefore, the trial could be
conducted in any of the local jurisdiction that is Haldwani, Nainital, in the
State of Uttaranchal, Lucknow or Unnao, within the State of Uttar Pradesh.
But in the present case the case was registered at police Station, Haldwani,
and the investigation started at Haldwani therefore the local jurisdiction to try
the offence shall be at Haldwani/Nainital. If the investigation agency wants
D to prosecute or file a chaHan a,I Haldwani/Nainital Court, then District Nainital
will have jurisdiction to try. the matter. It is wrong to say that Additional
-~·
Sessions Judge, Third Fast Track Court, Nainital has no jurisdiction. The view
taken by tl:e Additional Sessions Judge. Third Fast Track Court, Nainital is
wrong and we set aside the same though High Court, has set aside but for
E wrong reasons. In this view of the matter, we are not inclined to interfere with
this matter. We dismiss the special leave petition and direct that Additional
Sessions Judge, Nainital will have jurisdiction to try the offence.

R.P. SLP dismissed.