Holding

The State Government ceases to have jurisdiction to review its order after one year; a pending review application thereafter is to be treated as a fresh application, and the reference to the Industrial Tribunal is valid under s.25‑0(5) alone, with the time limit in s.25‑0(5) not applicable due to the special circumstances.

Summary

The appellant, VAZIR GLASS WORKS Ltd., sought closure of its loss‑making factory under s.25‑0(1) of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, but the Maharashtra Government rejected the application on 12‑Oct‑1992. The company filed a review application under s.25‑0(5) within the one‑year period, which remained pending when the one‑year limitation expired; the Government then issued an order referring the matter to an Industrial Tribunal. The Union challenged the reference, arguing that the Government had no jurisdiction to review after the one‑year period and that the reference was invalid. The Supreme Court held that the Government’s jurisdiction to review ends after one year from the order under s.25‑0(2), and a pending review application after that period must be treated as a fresh application, making the reference valid under s.25‑0(5) alone. The Court also held that the special facts justified not applying the time limit in s.25‑0(5) and directed the Tribunal’s award to be published. Consequently, the appeal was disposed of, leaving the reference and award intact.

Issues considered

The State Government’s jurisdiction to review an order under s.25‑0(2) after the expiry of one year from the order.
Whether a reference to an Industrial Tribunal made under s.25‑0(5) read with s.10(1) is valid or should be treated as made solely under s.25‑0(5).
Whether a pending review application after the one‑year period can be treated as a fresh application for closure.
The applicability of the time limit in s.25‑0(5) to the present facts.

Legislation cited

Industrial Disputes Act, 1947s. 10(1), s. 25-0(1), s. 25-0(2), s. 25-0(4), s. 25-0(5)

Subjects

Industrial Disputes Actclosure of industrial unitreview of government orderjurisdictiontime limitIndustrial Tribunalreference orderfresh applicationstatutory review

Judgment

A VAZIR GLASS WORKS LTD.
v.
MAHARASHTRA GENERAL KAMGAR UNION AND ANR.

JANUARY 4, 1996

B [G.N. RAY AND S.B. MAJMUDAR, JJ.]

Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 :
\

Ss. 25-0 (I), 25-0(2) and 25-0(5)-Review by State Government qf an
order passed under S.25-0(2) refusing closure-Limitation for-Held, State
c Government would cease to have jurisdiction to review the order after expiry
of one year.from date of order under review--Application for review and order
thereon to be made before expiry qf the said time frame of one year.

S. 25-0(5) Reference to Industrial Tribunal by State Govemment-
D Appellant-company filing a review application within one year of order under
s.25-0(2) refusing closure-State Government making a reference to Industrial
Tribunal-Writ Petition filed in High Court challenging order of
reference-Later. SLP filed in this Court-Meanwhile parties appean·ng be-
fore industrial Tribunal and hearing concluded-On this Court's direction
Tribunal making award and sending it to this Court-Held, application for
E review to be Treated as.fresh application under s.25-0( I) and order o.f r4erence
to be treated as an order on such fresh application-Time limit provided under
s.25-0(5) not to apply on peculiar facts qf the case-Order of r~ference though
indicates to have been made under s.25-0(5) read with s.10(1 ), in law to be
treated to have been made under s.25-0(5) without aid of s.10( !). '
F
The appellant-company owned a factory wherein more than 700
workmen were employed. It was the case of the company that on account
of reasons beyond its control, tllte factory started incurring losses and the
manufacturing activities in the factory were s~pped. The company offered
voluntary retirement scheme, which was accepted by majority of the
G workmen. However, a number of workmen did not accept the scheme and
ultimately, on 14.8,1992, the company made an application under
s.25·0(1) of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 for closure of the factory. The
State Government rejected the application on 12.10.1992. On 23.2.1993
the company made an application for review of the order. The State
Government kept the review application pending and, after giving notice
H
110
VAZIR GLASS WORKS LTD. '· MAHARASHTRA GEN. KAMGAR UNION 111
to Maharashtra Kamgar Union, respondent no. 1, made reference under A
s.25-0(5) of the Act, to the Industrial Tribunal for adjudication of the case
of closure made by the company.

The respondent-Union challenged the order of reference in a writ
petition before the High Court. The Single Judge of the High Court
dismissed the writ petition. On appeal, the Division Bench of the High B
Court set aside the order of the. State Government. making the reference
to the Industrial Tribunal. Aggrieved, the Company filed the present
appeal.

' During the pendency of the appeal, on directions by this Court, the
c
Industrial Tribunal made the award, as parties had appeared before the
Tribunal and the hearing had been concluded.

It was contended for the appellant that the High Court erred in
holding that once the period of one year expired from the date of the order
of the Government passed under s.25-0(2) on the application under s.25- D
0(1), the power of review came to an and notwithstanding presentation of
an application for review within the said period of one year and pendency
' of such review application before the State Govt.; that the one year period
for attaching the finality to the order passed under s.25-0(2) got enlarged
till passing of the order on the review application made within the one year
time frame and as such the period of one year referred to in s.25-0(4) was E
subject to review to be made nuder s.25-0(5) of the Act. '

Disposing of the appeal, this Court
, HELD : 1.1. The Division Bench of the High Court was right in
holding that. the State Government would cease to have jnrisdiction to F
review its order passed under s.25-0(2) of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947
on the application for closure of an industrial unit after expiry of one year
from the date of rejection of such application. [118-E]

1.2. Although it has not been expressly indicated within what period
G
a review application validly made is to be disposed of, but in view of the
-I provisions ofsub-s.(4) ofs.25-0, that the order passed under s.25-0(2) of the
Act on an application fo~ closure would remain in force for one year and
in the absence of any embargo to make fresh application for such permis-
sion after expiry of one year even if a review application remains pending,
it is abundantly clear that in the scheme of Section 25-0, the review H
112 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996] 1 S.C.R.
A application is to be made before expiry of the said time frame of one year
and such application is to be disposed of within such time frame otherwise
such review application will become infructuous. (125-H; 126-A-B]

1.3. Failure on the part of a statutory authority to dispose of review
application within the time frame is of no conseque.nce because on expiry
B ' make
of the said time frame of one year, the party aggrieved bas a right to
a fresh application. [125-E-F]

2.1. An order under s.25-0(5) of the Act, made by way of review,
supersedes the order reviewed but not the ~ubsequent order on .a fresh
application under s.25-0(1), and such subsequent order being operative for (

c the next one year cannot be bypassed by any order of review of the earlier
order. [125-G-HJ

2.2. After expiry of one year from the date of rejection of the
application filed under s.25-0(1), the appellant-company was entitled to
make a fresh application. Such application was not filed because a review
D
application validity made within the time was pending before the State
Government. The appellant-company was labouring under an impression
that the State Government could pass a valid order on the said review
application and the State Government had in fact passed an order making
reference to the Industrial Tribunal. In special facts and circumstances of
E the case, it will be only appropriate to treat the application for review,
• which was pending· after the expiry of the said time frame of one year, as
a fresh application for permission for closure deemed to have been made
on March 9, 1994 and to treat the order of reference to Industrial Trfbunal
by the State Government as an order on such fresh application so that the
F entire exercise made before the 11rilmnal by both the parties and the award
made by the Tribunal are not rendered abortive. [126-G-H; 127-A, D-E]

2.3. The time limit provided iu Section 25-0(5) will not apply on the
peculiar fact• of this case as during the pendeucy of the writ appeal befo~e
the High Court, the proceedings were stayed, and, pending the proceedings
G before this Court, the Court had permitted the proceedings to g~ on but
the award was not to be published and was kept in sealed cover. Such 1

course of action, in the facts of the case, will be only proper and consistent ,..
with the justice to be made in this case. [127-F-G]

2.4. The award should be published within one month from the date
H · of receipt of the award. on being transmi.tted to the Industrial Tribunal by
VAZIR GLASS WORKS LTD. v. MAHARASHTRA GEN. KAMGAR UNION [G.N. RAY, J.] 113

this Court aud the date of receipt of the award by the Industrial Tribunal A
will be deemed to be the date of the award. It is clarified that once the
award is published, it will be open to the aggrieved party to challenge the
same in accordance with law. [127-F-G]

3. The reference to the industrial tribunal for adjudication of the
application fo.r permission to close an industrial unit is made under B
Section 25-0(5) of the Act and such reference is not under Section 10(1) of
the Act. Therefore, although it was mentioned in the order that the
reference to industrial Tribunal was made under s.25-0(5) read with s.10(1)
of the Act, such reference was in law made under s.25-0(5) of the Act
without the aid of s.10(1) of the Act. [126-E-F) C
Grindlays Bank Ltd. v. Central Government Industrial Tribunal and
Ors., [1980) Supp. SCC 420; Western Indian Match Co. v. Western Indian
Match Co. Worker Union and Ors., [1970) 3 SCR 370 and Laxmi Starch Ltd.
v. The Kunda Factory Workers Union; (1992) Labour and Industries Cases
1337, cited. D

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 267 of 1996.

From the Judgement asd Order dated 9.8.94 of the Bombay High Court
in A. No. 460/94 in W.P. No. 1446 of 1994.

V.A. Bobde, Mshesh Bhatt, Mukul Mudgal and Ms. Jambalkar for the
E
Appellant.

S.J. Deshmukh, Zaki Ahmed Khan and Ashok Kumar Gupta for the
. Respondents.

The Judgment of the Coun was ·delivered by F

G.N. RAY, J. Leave granted.

Heard learned counsel for the parties.

This appeal is directed against the judgment dated August 9, 1994 G
passed by the Division Bench of Bombay High Court ;n Appeal No. 460 of
1994 reversing the order dated June 22, 1994 passed by the Single Bench
of the High Court in Writ Petition No. 1446 of 1994.

By the impugned order, reference to the Industrial Tribunal under
Section 25(0) (5) read with Section 10 (1) of the Industrial Disputes Act made H
114 SU.PREME COURT REPORTS [1996] l S.C.R.
A by the Industries. Energy and Labour Department, Government of Maharashtra,
on April 7, 1994 was set aside.

It appears that the appellant, a Company incorporated under the Indian
Companies Act had an Unit at Andheri, Bombay. According to the Company,
the said unit beca1nc a heavily losing business venture for reasons beyond
B the control of the Company and the said unit started incurring losses from
the year 1991-92. The loss suffered by the said unit was to the tune of Rs.
29.20 lakhs. The factory· of the appellant-Company at Andheri was closed
since November 3, 1992 and since thereafter, no manufacturing activity has
been carried on in the said unit.
c •
It is the case of the Company that it had employed 774 workmen
originally in the said unit and after the said unit became a losing concern.,
in order to rehabilitate the workmen of the said unit, the Company offered
generous Voluntary Retirement Schemes from tin:ie to time to its wOrkmen
despite the Company's financial hardship. The Voluntary Retirement Scheme
D was accepted by the majority of the workmen and out of 774 originally
employed, 454 workmen-had accepted the 'Said scheme requiring payment to
be made to the tune of Rs. 560 lakhs. As 320 workmen did not accept the
said Voluntary Retirement Scheme, the appellant-Company was constrained
to seek closure of its industrial unit at Andheri because the monthly wage
bill of the remaining workmen would be Rs. 12 lakhs and the other
E
establishment expenses being another 12 lakhs per month, the total cost to
be incurred by the Company for the said unit would be about 3 crores per
annum.

The Company, therefore, made an application on August 14, 1992 for
F closure of the said unit at Andheri under Section 25 (0) (I) of the Industrial
. Disputes Act (hereinafter referred to as Act). Such application, however, was
rejecte.d by the State Government on October 12, 1992. The Company
thereafter made an application for review of the said order on February 23.
1993 under Section 25(0) (5) of the Act which was well .within one year of
the order of rejection.
G
The said review application was kept pending by the State Government
and in exercise of its powers conferred by Section 25(o)(5) read with Section -.,
10(1) of the Act, instead of reviewing the order of rejection dated October
12, 1992 the State Government made a reference to the Industrial Tribunal
H for adjudication of the case of closure made by the Company. Such reference
VAZIR GLASS WORKS LTD. v. MAHARASHTRA GEN. KAMGAR UNION [G.N. RAY, J.J 115

was made after notice and opportunity of being heard given to the respondent A
No. l, namely, the Maharashtra General Kamgar Union.

The Union thereafter moved a writ petition before the Bombay High
Court representing the interest of the said 320 workmen, challenging the
legality and validity of the order of reference made by the State Government
under Section 25(0)(5) read with Section IO(l) of the Act. The said. writ B
petition No. 1446 of 1994 was rejected by the Single Bench of the High
· Court by the order dated 22nd June, 1994. The Union thereafter preferred an
appeal before the Division Bench of the Bombay High Court being writ
Appeal No. 460of1994 assailing the judgment passed by the learned Single
Bench. By the impugned judgment, the Division Bench allowed the said
appeal and set aside the judgment passed by the learned Single Bench in. the
c
• said writ petition. It has -been held by the Division Bench that : (I) in terms
of Section 25(0)(4) ·of the Act, the order passed on the application for closure
remains operative for one year from the date of such order and after expiry
of such period, the power of review of the order automatically comes to an
end. (2) it is not correct to contend that until the review application filed by D
the company is riot finally disposed of, the order passed under Section
25(0)(2) by the State Government does not become final (3) The State
Government is not empowered to pass order under Section 25(0)(5) at any
time during the pendency of review application even if one year had elapsed
from the date of the order passed under Section 25(0)(2). As admittedly the E
review application was disposed of by making the said reference under
Section 25(0)(5) of the Act. By purporting to dispose of the review applica-
tion after expiry of one year from the date of the order rejecting the
application for permission to close, such drder of reference to the Industrial
Tribunal was invalid, having been passed without any jurisdiction.
F
The Company has challenged in this appeal the correctness of such
decision of the Bombay High Court in quashing the said reference made by
the State of Maharashtra. It will be appropriate to refer to Section 25(0) of
the Act as it stood at the relevant time.

SECTION 25(0) G
(I) An employer who intends to close down an undertaking of
an industrial establishment to" which this Chapter applies shall, in
the prescribed manner apply, for prior permission at least ninety days
before the date on which the: intended closure is to become effective,
to the appropriate Government stating clearly the reasons for the H
116 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996] l S.C.R.
A intended closure of the undertaking and a copy of such application
shall also be served simultaneously on the representative of the
workmen in the prescribed manner :

Provided that nothing in this sub-section shall apply to an
undertaking set up for the construction of buildings, bridges, roads,
B canals, dams or for other consiruction work.

(2) Where an application for permission has been made under
sub-section (1) the appropriate Government after making such en-
quiry as it thinks fit and after giving a reasonable opportunity of

c
being heard to the employee, the workmen and the persons inter- ..
ested in such closure may, having regard to the genuineness and
adequacy of the reasons siatecl by the employer, the interests of the
•
general public and ali other relevant factors, by order and for
reasons to be recorded in writing, grant of refuse to grant sUch
permission and a copy of such order shall be communicated to the
D employer and the workmen.

(3) Where an application has been made under sub-section (I) and
the appropriate Government does not communicate the order grant- •
ing or refusing to grant permission· to the employer within a period
of sixty days from the date on which such application is made, the
E permission applied for shall be deemed to have been granted on the
expiration of the said period of sixty days.

(4) An order of the appropriate Govemmen.t granting or refusing to
grant pennission shall subject to the provisions of sub-sections (5)
be final and binding on all the parties and shall remain in force for
F one year from the date of such order.

(5) The appropriate Government may, either on its own motion or on
the application made by the employer or any workman, review its
order granting or refusing to grant permission under Sub-Section (2)
or refer the matter to. a tribunal for adjudicatipn:
G
. Provided that where a reference has been made to a Tribunal
under this sub-section, it shall pass an award within a period of thirty
days from the date of such reference.

(6) Where no application for permission under. Sub-section (!)' 1s
H made within the period specified therein, or where the-permission for
VAZIR GLASS WORKS LTD. 1•. MAHARASHTRA GEN. KAMGAR UNION [G.N.· RAY, J.] 117

closure has been refused, the closure of the undertaking shall be A
deemed to be illegal from the date of closure and the workmen shall
be entitled to all the benefits under any law for .the time being in
force as if the undertaking had not been closed down.

(7) Notwithstanding anything cont.ained in the foregoing provisions
of this section, the appropriate Government may, if it is satisfied that B
owing to such exceptional circumslances aS accident in the under-
taking or death of the employer or the like, it is necessary so to do.
by order direct that the provisions of sub-section (I) shall not apply
in relation w such undertaking for .such period as may be specified'
in the order. c
(8) Where an undertaking is permitted to be closed down under Sub-
section (2) or where permission for closure is deemed to be granted
under Sub-Section (3), every workman who is employed in that
undertaking immediately before the date of application for perrilis-
sion under this action, shall be entitled to receiVe compensation D
which shall be equivalent to fifteen days average pay for every·
completed year of continuous service or any part thereof in excess
of six months."

Mr. Bobde learned senior counsel appearing for the appellant-Com-
pany has submitted that the Division Bench of the High Court has held that E
it is not the date of filing of apJ?lication but the date of the order rejecting
the application for permission for closure which must be taken into consid-
•. eration to exarnine whether the authority passing the order on review
application under Section 25(0) (5) 'had jurisdiction to pass an order. Mr.
Bobde has submitted that the Division Bench has erroneously held that once F
a period of one year expires from the date of the order passed under Section
25(0)(2)
. .
of the Act on the application for permission to close an industrial
UJldertaking, the power of review comes to end notwithstanding presentation
of an application for review within the said period of one year ·and pendency
of such review application before the State Government. Mr. Bobde has
·contended in terms of Section 25(0)( 4) of the .Act, the order passed under
G·
25(0)(2) of the Act rejecting the application for permissim. to close, does not
attain finality a.. ,· the review application does not be~ome infructuous after
expiry of one year from the date of order under Section 25(0)(2) of the Act.
On the contrary, the one year period for attaching the finality of the order
passed under Section 25(0)(2) of the Act gets enlarged till the order is made H
118 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996] l S.C.R.
A on the revie\V application. The period of one year as referred to in Section
25(0)(4) is subject to review to be made under Section 25(0)(5) of the Act.

Mr. Bobde has submitted that for giving appropriate meaning to sub-
section (4) and sub-section (5) of.Section 25(0) of the Act, it should be held
that the order passed under sub-section (2) remains valid and operative for
B· one year from the date of such order under sub-section (2) if within the said
period of one year, no application for review of the order has been made. But
if such application is made within the aforesaid time frame, the order under
·Section 25(0)(2) does not attain finality but remains operative subject to '
order by way of review. Since the order under sub-section (2) does not attain
c finality during the pendency of review application, the State Government
does not cease to have jurisdiction to entertain and consider the. review
application on merits. Any construction of Section 25(0)(4) and 25 (0)(5) of
the Act putting an embargo on the exercise of jurisdiction of the State
Government to review its order on a.n application presented by an aggrieved
party within one year of the order made under Sub-section (2) of the act will
D violate the very purpose of review and would make a review application
abortive and infructuous even though a statutory authority had failed and
neglected to consider the same.

Mr. Bobde has submitted that in the instant case, admittedly the
Company presented the review application before the expiry of one year from
E
the date of rejection of the Company's application for permission to close its
unit. After one year, the Company was entitled to make a fresh application .
for such permission to close despite rejection or its application earlier. But ,>

if the application for review has been made within the time frame, neither the
State Government is deprived of its jurisdiction to consider the review •
F application on merit nor the company is deprived of its right to get such
review application considered on merit by the State Government and on such
application being presented, the State Government• has jurisdiction to pass
order by itself or to make reference for adjudication by the Industrial
Tribunal.
G Mr. Bobde has also submitted that the case of closure of an industrial
unit is required to be considered by the concerned authority by taking into
consideration all relevant factors because such decision has not only an
impact on the workmen employed in the concerned industrial unit but it has
also an impact on the productivity of the Industry and economy of the
H country. In the instant case, the Company made an ~pplication for review
VAZIR GLASS WORKS LTD. v. MAHARASHTRA GEN. KAMGAR UNION [G.N. RAY, J.\ 119

before the State Govern1nent by drawing its attention to the relevant facts A
\Vhich according to the Cornpany warrant sanction for the closure. It is not
unlikely that the. State Govern1nenl in view of other urgent and pressing
problems could not consider the application of the Company before expiry
of one year fro1n the date of rejection of the application for permission for
closure. It appears that after the said application for review was taken up for
B
consideration, the State Government being alive to serious implication of
closure of an industrial uudertaking, t.hought it expedient that such question
should be gone into by the Industrial Tribunal in a more effective manner.
If on such perception, the State Government has made reference which is
neither lacking in jurisdiction nor \Vholly unreasonable or perverse, there is
no question of quashing such refereoce. Mr. Bobde has submitted that instead C
of decision by the State Government an adjudication by the Industrial
Tribunal is all the more desirable in the interest of both the parties.

Mr. Bobdc has submitted that the view taken by the High Court in the
impugned decision that it is the date of filing the application and not the date
of the order passed under such section (2) of Section 25(0) of the Act, which D
is to be taken into consideration for deciding the jurisdiction of the State
Government to pass order on the review application under Section 25 (5) of
the Act, is not correct. The State Government did not cease to have jurisdic-
tion simply with the expiry of one year from the date of order rejecting
application for permission to close. It retains its jurisdiction to review and E
does not bec9me functus officio if within a year, an application for review
is made and such application remains pending. In support of such contention,
Mr. Bobde has relied on the decision of this Court in Grindlays Bank Ltd.
v. Central Government lndustrial Tribunal and others, [1980] Supp. SCC
420. It h"as been held in the said decision that an application for setting aside
its ex parte award made within thirty days from the date of passing the award F
can be validly entertained by the Tribunal. The contention that the Tribunal
had become functus officio and as such lacked in jurisdiction to entertain
review application was negatived. It has been held that jurisdiction of the
Tribunal had to be seen on the date of the application made to it and not
on the date on which it passed the order. Mr. Bobde has submitted that the G
view taken by the High Court is, therefore, erroneous, being contrary to the
decision of this Court.

Mr. Bobde has also referred to another decision of this Court in Western
Indian Match Co. v. Western Indian Match Co. Workers Union and others,
[1970] 3 SCR 370 for contending that power to refer to Industrial Tribunal H
120 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1996] l S.C.R.
A rcn1a1ns unaffected even if on an earlier occasion, Government refused to
make reference. If a valid dispute still remains and on consideration of
relevant facts, the Goven1menL feels that a case for reference has been made
Out, it can direct for reference. Mr. Bobde has sub1nitted that on the date of
passing order of reference the case for closure espoused by the Company had
continued and despite earlier rejection for permission to close an industrial
B
unit, the State Government \Vas quite con1pctent to make an order of reference
to the Industrial Tribunal by considering relevant factors.

Mr. Bobde has also submitted that power of the State Government to ,.
reconsider the case for closure is not limited by any precondition. What is
C contemplated under Section 25 (0)(5) of the Act is not a limited review within
the meaning of Order XLVIJ Rule 1 of Civil Procedure Code. What is
intended is a reconsideration of the entire matter including the facts and law
omitted while passing· the first order as well as new development that took
place after the original order was passed. The object for the provision of
D review is to do. justice between the parties by considering whether the
original decision is correct or not. In support of such contention, a decision
of the Kerala High Court in Laxmi Starch Limited v. The Kumd& Fal:tory
workers Union, (1992] Labour and Industries Cases 1337 has been relied on
by Mr. Bobde.

E Mr. Bobde has further submitted that the State Government had juris-
diction to consider the case for closure of the industrial unit by entertaining
the application for review on merits and the .. State Government did not
becon1e functus officio in entirtaining such application for review because
the power to review is referable .to the date of making the application and
F not the date on which the order or such review application is made. In the
instant case, considering the possible impact on the employees and economy
as a whole if closure is effected. The State Government thought it expedient
that such consideration should be made by industrial Tribunal. Such refer-
ence, therefore, should not be held invalid. He has also submitted . that
hearing before the Tribunal was completed and this Court by an interim order
G directed the Tribunal to pass its award and send the same in a sealed cover.
Such award has since been sent in a sealed cover by the Tribunal to this
Court. As the reference is legal and valid, the Court should accept the said
award and direct for giving effect to such award by treating it as valid award
made on a reference under Section 25 (0)(5) read with Section 10 (1) of the
H Act.
VAZIR GLASS WORKS LTD. v. MAHARASHTRA GEN. KAMGAR UNION {G.N. RAY, J.] 121

Mr. Deshmukh, learned Senior counsel appearing for the respondent- A
Union has, however, refuted the contentions of Mr. Bobde. It has been
·-
contended by Mr. Deshmukh that the Company is closely held public United
Company - its shares being held by family members. The Company made
substantial profit in 1991-92 and reserve. share of the Company was 489 lakhs
against paid up share capital of 65 lakhs.
B
It was only when the same family had set up a new Company called
I Neutral Glass and Allied Industries Limited at Kosama in Surat mainly ·to
avail various benefits and tax evations for establishing industry in backward
area the Company had been neglected purposefully. The commercial produc-
tion of that new venture near Surat started in 1989-90. Immediately, produc- C
_, tion in the Company was cut down and production by the new venture was
increased. Even the officials of the Company had written to its clients in
1989 that all fut•re orders shouM be placed with the said new venture and
not with the Company. As a matter of fact, many officials of the Company
had worked both for the Company and also for new venture and documentary
proof of such detrimental steps had been submitted before the Industrial D
.. Court in Reference No. (IT) 25 of 1994. Hence, the bogey of closing down
a sick and losing concern is factually incorrect and should not be accepte~.

Mr. Deshmukh has further submilted that· the main question that
requires for consideration is whether or not on the date when reference to E
Industrial Tribunal was made, the State Government had jurisdiction to
entertain the Review Ap_plication and pass order on the same. The merits of
the application for closure of the said unit at Andheri, however, are not
)
germane for deciding the correctness and validity of the impugned judgment
of the Division Bench of the Bombay High Court. Mr. Deshmukh has
submitted that having regard to various provisions of Section 25(0) of the Act F
and particularly having regard to the stipulation in sub-Section (3) of Section
25(0) that the permission sought shall be deemed to have been granted if the
order on the application for permission is not communicated to the employer
within sixty days of the making of the application, it is quite evident that
the intention of the legislature th.at the time should play a dominant role in G
the proceedings for closure of an industrial unit, is abundantly clear. For any
interpretation of true import of Section 25(0) consisting of various sub-
Sections, the importance of time factor should not be missed.

Mr. Deshmukh has contended that closure of an industrial undertaking
is bound to have· serious repercussions on the employer, workmen and H
122 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996] 1 S.C.R.
A persons connected with the industry and also on the general public. Further,
factors having bearing on the decision to close are numerous and 1nany of
such factors change with the passage of tiine. Hence, it is necessary that
factors relevant for closure must be considered within a time frame so that
with the passage of ti1ne, such consideration may not lose its relevance.
Precisely for the said reason, legislature in ·its wisdom, has fixed one year as
B
the outer limit within which the factors pleaded by an employer for permis-
sion to close, may be reviewed .by the State Government.

C
Mr. Deshmukh has submitted that if a review application, though made
within the said time frame of one year from the date of rejecting the
employer's application for grant of permission for closure, is not considered
..
fat whatever reason, the employer does not in reality suffer any serious
prejudice. Because, the order rejecting the prayer for permission for closure
remains in force, subject to any review to be made within that time frame.
An employer after one year can make same prayer for permission to close not
only on the materials which he had placed earlier but on other or further
D materials which may crop up with the passage of time.

Mr. Deshmukh has submitted that the decision in Grindlays Bank's
case (supra) since relied on by Mr. Bobde, the learned counsel for the
appellant Company has no application in the facts of the case. In Grindlays
Bank's case, this Court has made distinction between review on procedural
E
lapse and review on merits of the case. After indicating that the ex parte order
made in that case was manifestly unjust, it has been indicated that every court
or ttibunal has inherent jurisdiction to review its order which has resulted in
miscarriage of justice in procedural nlatter. Such exercise of review to correct
procedural irregularity is based on the principle that court has a duty to '
F remedy the errors committed by it in following the procedures in a lis. In the
instant case, the State Government having applied its mind on the applica-
tion for permission for closure, held that such permission was not justified
and accordingly dismissed the application. The State government had not
committed any error in adopting any procedure which has brought about
G . miscarriage of justice. The Company by filing review application has sought
for reconsideration of the application. Such review application, for the
reasons already indicated, must be considered within the time frame of one·
year.

Mr. Deshmukh has submitted that the finality of the order passed under
H sub section (2) of Section 25(0) is undoubtedly subject to any order to be
VAZIR GLASS \YORKS LTD. v. MAHARASHTRA GEN. KAMGAR UNION (G.N. RAY, J.J 123

made on review application. If an application for permission for closure is A
rejected and immediately or shortly thereafter the employer makes an appli-
cation for review and within one year of the order of rejection, the State
Government on reviewing the grounds urged in support of closure, accepts
the case of the employer and grants permission within the said time frame of
one year, there i~ no manner of doubt that earlier order of rejection will stand
B
superseded. But it will not be correct to contend that because an order of
rejection is subject to any order that may be passed on review application

.. made against the order of rejection, such review application may be presented
at any time even beyond the said time frame of one year or· if review
application is made within such time frame, such review application will
remain alive for considerations even after expiry of the said time frame of
one year.
c

Mr. Deshmukh has submitted that the decisions in Mis. Westem Indian
Match Co. 's case (supra) and in Laxmi Starch's case (supra) have no
application in the facts of the case in question. The decision in the aforesaid
cases do not relate to the consideration of finality of an order passed under D
sub-section (2) of Section 25 (0) of the Act after expiry of one year and
• consequential invalidity of consideration by way of review after such period. ·
Mr. Deshmukh has submitted that for the constitutional validity of the
executive action taken under sub section (2) of Section 25 (0) without
making any provision for judicial review of such executive order, the time E
limit of one year within which the order made under subsection (2) of sub-
section 25(0) would remain operative coupled with the provision of making
review application even within such period of one year and right to make
fresh application for permission for closure after one year have been provided
in Section 25 (0). In support of this contention, Mr. Deshmukh has referred
to the Constitution Bench Decision of this Court in Meenakshi Mill's case F
[1992) 3 SCC 336 and Pappasan Labour Union's case [1995] I SCC 501.

Mr. Deshmukh has submitted that if lhe specific purpose of time frame
of one year in Section 25 (0) is kept in mind, the requirement of making a
review application and disposal of the same within the said time frame will
G
be quite evident. Since fresh application for permission may be presented
after one year from the date of rejection of an application for permission for
closure, the question of keeping alive a review application even beyond one
year so that a party making such review application does not suffer any
unmerited hardship, on account of non consideration of review application
within the tiine frame does not arise. H
''
124 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996] l S.C.R.
A Mr. Deshmukh has submitted that as the State Government lacked in
jurisdiction to deal with the review application after expiry of one year, the
reference made by it to the Industrial Tribunal in the purported exercise of
jurisdiction to entertain and dispose of review application cannot be held
valid. It will, therefore, be an irrelevant consideration that reference to
Industrial Tribunal instead of State Government itself taking a decision on
B
merit, is more describle in the interest of the parties. Mr. Deshmukh has
submitted that in the aforesaid facts, this appeal must fail and should be

..
dismissed.

After giving our careful consideration to the facts and circumstances of
'
C the case and the submissions made by the learned counsel for the parties, it
appears to us that it is quite evident from the Schc1nc of vari~us subsections
of s.ection 25 (0) of the Act that whenever an application for closure of an
industrial unit is 1nade by an employer, the State Govenunent before whom
such application is niade, is required to dispose of such application within
sixty days from the date of making the application and communicate its
D decision within the said period of sixty days so that an employer does not
suffer any hardship on account of failure on the part of the State Government
to dispose of such application for permission for closure expeditiously. In
order to impel the State Government to dispose of such application expedi-
tiously not exceeding sixty days, provision- has been made that if the
E decision of the S\ate Government on the application for permission to close
and industrial unit is not co1nmunicated within the said period of sixty days,
it will be deemed that such permission has been granted. Since the decision
on the application for permission for closure is to be taken by the executive
authority namely the State Government and since no provision for statutory
review before other authority has been made, the Legislature has incorporated
F the provision of review by the State Government of its decision on the
application for closure either on its own 1notion or on the basis of the
application to be made by the aggrieved party.

As the decision made by the State Government on the question of
G closure of an industrial unit cannot but bring about serious consequence
affecting productivity, employment opportunities etc., the decision taken on
the application for closure, has been made operative for one year only, so that
after such period, if an employer still desires that the industrial unit should
be closed, it may make a fresh application for permission to close the said
unit. It is quite ob~ious that in such application not only the factors which
H were indicated in the previous application in justification of closure of the
\

\-

VAZIR GLASS WORKS LTD. 11. MAHARASHTRA GEN. KAMGAR UNION [G.N. RAY. J.J 125

industrial unit but our other factors emerging with the passage of time may A
be placed before the State Government for taking decision on the application
for pennission to close. In order to evade any unmerited hardship meted out
to an aggrieved p<1rty on account of i1nproper or incorrect decision made by
the State Government on the application for pcnnission to close, even during
\
' the period of one year when the decision of the State Government remains
B
operative lhc review application 1nay be made by the party aggrieved. Even
apart from such applic~,tion, the State .Government 1nay also initiate suo n1oto

-·
proceeding to review its decision, if the State Government passes any order
on such rev1ew application, such order will supersede the initial order made
on the application for permission to close.

Since the decision made on an application for permission for closure is
c
to remain operative only for a year, in our vie\1i.1, it will be only proper to hold
that an order by way of review either on the aggrieved party's application or
on own motion of the State Government, must be made within the said period
of one year. Otherwise, the right to make fresh application for permission to
close after expiry of one year from the date of rejection of permission for closure D
will lose its relevance. It also appears to us that anamolous situation may arise
if the application for review, when presented within the said time frame of one
year is allowed to be decided even after the expiry of the said ti1ne frame of one
year when the order passed by the State Government has already ceased to be
operative. As an illustration, it may be indicated that a party aggneved makes E
an application for review of the order of the State Government within a year
during which the order is operative, but for some reason, such application is
not disposed of within one year. After expiry of one year, the aggrieved party
makes a fresh application for pennission to close and on such application an
order is made by the State Government or the party obtains a deemed order. This
order on a fresh application, subject to any review of the same, v. ill remain in
1
F
force for one year. If the State Govern1nent is permitted to pass order on the
review application made against the first order when the right to make fresh
application and to obtain an order has already accrued, any order on review to
be enforceable 1nust conform to the order passed or dee1ned to have been passed
on subsequent application for per1nission to close. Any other order is not G
conceivable because an order by way of review supersedes the order reviewed
but not the subsequent order on a fresh application made and such subsequent
order being operative for the next one year cannot be by passed by any order
of review of the earlier order.

Although it has not been expressly indicated within what period a review H
/-l '

126 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996] l S.C.R.
A application validly made is to be disposed of, but the provisions that order on
an application for closure would remain in force for one year and in the absence
of any embargo to make fresh application for such permission after expiry of
one year even if a review application remains pending, makes it abundantly
clear that in the scheme of Section 25(0), the review application is to be made
before expiry of the said time frame of one year and such application is to be
B disposed of within such time frame other wise such review application will
become infructuous. The argument that a party should not be .made to suffer

-
simply on account of failure on the part of a statutory authority to dispose of
review application \Vithin a time frame and thereby rendering it infructuous, is
>
not tenable because after expiry of the said time frame of one year, the party
C aggrieved has a right to make a fresh application by incorporating all the
material factors germane for consideration of its application for permission to
close, including the factor indicated in review application. Neither the general
principle of retaining jurisdiction to dispose of review application validity
made nor the principle that an authority if clothed with the power of review will
D not becomefunctus officio after expiry of the time frame of one year but it will
retain its authority to dispose of the pending review application will arise in
the context of the scheme of Section 25 (0).

It also appears to us that the reference to the industrial tribunal for
adjudication of the application for pern1ission to close an industrial unit is
E made under Section 25 (0) (5) of the Act and such reference is not under Section
10(1) of the Act. Hence, although it was mentioned in the order of the State
Government that the reference to industrial Tribunal for adjudication of the
application for permission for closure was made under Section 25 (0)(5) read
with Section 10(1) of the Act, such reference has in law been made under
Section 25 (0) (5) of the act without the aid of Section 10(1) of the Act. '
F
In the aforesaid facts, the impugned decision to the effect that the State
Government would cease to have jurisdiction to review its order on the
application for closure of an industrial unit after expiry of one year from the
date of rejection of the application for permission to close, is correct.
G It, however, appears to us that after expiry of one year from the date
of rejection of the application for permission for closure, the appellant-
company was entitled to make a fresh application, such application has not
been made because a review application validly made within the time frame
had not been disposed of by the State Government and the appellant-
H Company had been labouring under an impression that the State Government
VAZIR GLASS WORKS LTD. v. MAHARASHTRA GEN. KAMGAR UNION [G.N. RAY, J.J 127

could pass a valid order on the pending review application and State A
Government had in fact passed an order of reference for adjudication to the
industrial tribunal. The appellant-Company had occasion to feel assured
about the validity of the order of reference in view of dismissal of the writ
petition by the Single Bench of the High Court since moved by the
respondent Union for challenging the validity of the order of reference.
B
It also appears that on such reference before the Industrial Tribunal,
both the parties appeared and had made submissions and the hearing was
concluded before the Industrial Tribunal. In the aforesaid circumstances, this
Court, during the pendency of special leave petition challenging the order
of the Division Bench of the High Court allowing tl1e writ petition and
quashing the order of reference, directed the Industrial Tribunal to make the
c
award and send the srune in a sealed cover to this Court and such award has
been sent in a sealed cover to this Court.

In the special facts and circumstances of the case, it will be only
appropriate to treat the application for review which was pending after the D
expiry of the said time frame of one year as a fresh application for permission
for closure deemed to have been made on March 9, 1994 and to treat the
order of reference to Industrial Tribunal by the State Government as an order
of reference on such fresh application so that the entire exercise made before
the Tribunal by both the parties and the award made by the Tribunal are not
rendered abortive. It may be indicated that the time limit provided in Section E
25(0)(5) will not apply of the peculiar facts of this case as during the
pendency of the writ appeal before the High Court, the proceedings were
stayed and pending the proceedings before this Court, the Court had permit-
ted the proceedings to go on but the award was not to be published and to
be kept in sealed cover. Such course of action, in the facts of the case, will F
be only proper and consistent with the justice to be made in this case. We
order accordingly. Let the award be published within one month from the
date of receipt of the award on being transmitted to the concerned Industrial
Tribunal. It is further directed that date of receipt of the award by the
Industrial tribunal on transmission from this Court will be deemed to be the
date of the award. It is clarified that once the award is published, it will be G
open to the aggrieved party to chal1enge the same in accordance with ]aw.
The appeal is disposed of accordingly without any order as to cost.
R.P. Appeal disposed of.