Holding

Section 34(5) is a procedural provision and is to be construed as directory, not mandatory.

Summary

The appeal arose from a Section 34 petition challenging an arbitral award where the filing party had not issued the prior notice or filed the required affidavit under Section 34(5) of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996. The Patna High Court had held the provision mandatory and dismissed the petition, but the Supreme Court was asked to decide whether Section 34(5) is a condition precedent (mandatory) or merely a procedural requirement (directory). Relying on the object of the amendment – to ensure expeditious disposal – and on precedents that procedural provisions lacking a penalty are directory, the Court held that Section 34(5) is a procedural, directory provision. It further observed that treating it as mandatory would defeat the purpose of the statute and cause injustice. Consequently, the Supreme Court allowed the appeal, set aside the High Court’s order and directed that the Section 34 petition be decided on its merits.

Issues considered

Whether Section 34(5) of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 is mandatory or directory.
Whether an earlier judgment can be overruled sub silentio without addressing its reasoning.

Legislation cited

Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996s. 29A, s. 34(1), s. 34(2), s. 34(3), s. 34(5), s. 34(6)
Code of Civil Procedure, 1908s. 80, s. Order 8 Rule 1
Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973s. 154(2)
Commercial Courts, Commercial Division and Commercial Appellate Division of High Courts Act, 2015s. 14
Consumer Protection Act, 1986s. 13(2)(a)

Subjects

ArbitrationSection 34Procedural provisionMandatory vs directoryStatutory interpretationTime limitsExpeditious disposalSupreme Court

Judgment

[2018] 7 S.C.R. 1147 1147

THE STATE OF BIHAR & ORS. A
v.
BIHAR RAJYA BHUMI VIKAS BANK SAMITI
(Civil Appeal No. 7314 of 2018)
JULY 30, 2018 B
[R. F. NARIMAN AND INDU MALHOTRA, JJ.]
Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996:
s. 34(5) – Whether mandatory or directory – Held: When a
provision results in general inconvenience or injustice, without C
promoting the real aim and object of the enactment, the provision
must be declared to be directory – s. 34(5) is a procedural provision,
infraction of which leads to no consequence – To construe such a
provision as mandatory would defeat the advancement of justice as
it would provide the consequence of scuttling the process of justice
D
by burying the element of fairness – Interpretation of Statutes.
Judgments/Orders:
An earlier judgment cannot be overruled sub silentio without
upsetting the reasons on which it is based.
Allowing the appeal, the Court E

HELD: 1.1 Section 34(5) of Arbitration and Conciliation
Act, 1996 is a procedural provision, the infraction of which leads
to no consequence. The object behind the provision is to
dispose of applications under Section 34 expeditiously. All rules
of procedure are the handmaids of justice and if, in advancing the F
cause of justice, it is made clear that such provision should be
construed as directory, then so be it. To construe such a
provision as being mandatory would defeat the advancement of
justice as it would provide the consequence of dismissing an
application filed without adhering to the requirements of Section G
34(5), thereby scuttling the process of justice by burying the
element of fairness. [Paras 20 and 22] [1163-F-G; 1165-A-B]
1.2 Considerations of convenience and justice are
uppermost, and if general inconvenience or injustice results,
H
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1148 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2018] 7 S.C.R.

A without promoting the real aim and object of the enactment, the
provision must be declared to be directory. [Para 19] [1163-E]
1.3 The only requirement in Section 34(1) is that an
application for setting aside an award be in accordance with
sub-sections (2) and (3). This, again, is an important pointer to
B the fact that even legislatively, sub-section (5) of s. 34 is not a
condition precedent, but a procedural provision which seeks to
reduce the delay in deciding applications under Section 34.
[Para 23] [1165-D-E]
1.4 It is evident from s. 29A that unlike Section 34(5) and
C (6), if an Award is made beyond the stipulated or extended
period contained in the Section, the consequence of the mandate
of the Arbitrator being terminated is expressly provided. This
provision is in stark contrast to Section 34(5) and (6) where, if
the period for deciding the application under Section 34 has
elapsed, no consequence is provided. This is one more indicator
D that the same Amendment Act, when it provided time periods in
different situations, did so intending different consequences.
[Para 24] [1166-D-E]
1.5 Therefore, it is not correct that Section 34(5) is
independent of Section 34(6) and is a mandatory requirement of
E law by itself. Sub-section (6) of s. 34 refers to the date on which
the notice referred to in sub-section (5) is served upon the other
party. This is for the reason that an anterior date to that of filing
the application is to be the starting point of the period of one
year referred to in Section 34(6). Even if sub-section (5) be
F construed to be a provision independent of sub-section (6), the
same consequence in law is the result – namely, that there is no
consequence provided if such prior notice is not issued.
[Para 25] [1166-F-G]
1.6 It shall be the endeavour of every Court in which a
G Section 34 application is filed, to stick to the time limit of one
year from the date of service of notice to the opposite party by
the applicant, or by the Court, as the case may be. In case the
Court issues notice after the period mentioned in Section 34(3)
has elapsed, every Court shall endeavour to dispose of the
Section 34 application within a period of one year from the date
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STATE OF BIHAR & ORS.v. BIHAR RAJYA BHUMI VIKAS 1149
BANK SAMITI

of filing of the said application, similar to what has been provided A
in Section 14 of the Commercial Courts, Commercial Division
and Commercial Appellate Division of High Courts Act, 2015.
This will give effect to the object sought to be achieved by
adding Section 13(6) by the 2015 Amendment Act. [Para 27]
[1168-B-C]
B
1.7 In cases covered by Section 10 read with Section 14 of
the Commercial Courts, Commercial Division and Commercial
Appellate Division of High Courts Act, 2015, the Commercial
Appellate Division shall endeavour to dispose of appeals filed
before it within six months, as stipulated. Appeals which are not
so covered will also be disposed of as expeditiously as possible, C
preferably within one year from the date on which the appeal is
filed. [Para 28] [1168-D, E]
Kailash v. Nanhku and Ors. (2005) 4 SCC 480:
[2005] 3 SCR 289 ; Topline Shoes v. Corporation Bank
(2002) 6 SCC 33 : [2002] 3 SCR 1167 ; Salem Advocate D
Bar Association v. Union of India (2005) 6 SCC
344 : [2005] 1 Suppl. SCR 929 ; New India Assurance
Co. Ltd. v. Hilli Multipurpose Cold Storage Pvt. Ltd.
(2015) 16 SCC 20 ; J. J. Merchant (Dr.) v. Shrinath
Chaturvedi (2002) 6 SCC 635 : [2002] 1 Suppl. SCR E
469 ; State v. N.S. Gnaneswaran (2013) 3 SCC 594 ;
Bikhraj Jaipuria v.Union of India [1962] 2 SCR 880 –
relied on.
Bihari Chowdhary and Anr. v. State of Bihar and Ors,
(1984) 2 SCC 627 : [1984] 3 SCR 309 – referred to. F
2. An earlier judgment cannot be overruled sub silentio
without upsetting the reasons on which it is based. [Para 17]
[1161-H; 1162-A]
Maxwell on Interpretation of Statutes 10th Edn. p. 376
– referred to. G
Case Law Reference

[2005] 3 SCR 289 relied on Para 4
[2002] 3 SCR 1167 relied on Para 11
[2005] 1 Suppl. SCR 929 relied on Para 13 H
1150 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2018] 7 S.C.R.

A (2015) 16 SCC 20 relied on Para 14
[2002] 1 Suppl. SCR 469 relied on Para 14
(2013) 3 SCC 594 relied on Para 18
[1962[ 2 SCR 880 relied on Para 19
B [1984] 3 SCR 309 referred to Para 21
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 7314
of 2018.
From the Judgment and Order dated 28.10.2016 of the High Court
of Judicature at Patna in Letters Patent Appeal No. 1841 of 2016.
C
Nagendra Rai, Parag P. Tripathi, Sr. Advs., Gopal Singh, Manish
Kumar, Ms. Aprajita Sud, Jayant Kumar Mehta, Rajesh K. Singh, Rajesh
Prasad Chaudhary, Suveni Bhagat, Ms. Mishika Bajpai, Advs. for the
appearing parties.
D The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
R. F. NARIMAN, J. 1. Leave granted.
2. The question raised in this appeal pertains to whether Section
34(5) of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, inserted by Amending
Act 3 of 2016 (w.e.f. 23rd October, 2015), is mandatory or directory.
E
3. The present appeal arises out of an arbitration proceeding which
commenced on 24.05.2015. An arbitral award was made on 06.01.2016.
A Section 34 petition challenging the said award was filed on 05.04.2016
before the Patna High Court, in which notice was issued to the opposite
party by the Court on 18.07.2016. Despite the coming into force of Section
F 34(5), the common ground between the parties is that no prior notice
was issued to the other party in terms of the said Section, nor was the
application under Section 34 accompanied by an affidavit that was
required by the said sub-section.
4. A learned Single Judge of the Patna High Court, by a judgment
G dated 06.09.2016, held that the provision contained in Section 34(5) was
only directory, following our judgment in Kailash v. Nanhku and Ors.,
(2005) 4 SCC 480. A Letters Patent Appeal to a Division Bench yielded
the impugned order dated 28.10.2016, by which it was held, adverting to
the Law Commission Report which led to the 2015 amendment, that the
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STATE OF BIHAR & ORS.v. BIHAR RAJYA BHUMI VIKAS 1151
BANK SAMITI [R. F. NARIMAN, J.]

mandatory language of Section 34(5), together with its object, made it A
clear that the sub-section was a condition precedent to the filing of a
proper application under Section 34, and, on the analogy of a notice
issued under Section 80 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, being a
condition precedent to the filing of a suit against the Government, the
Division Bench held that since this mandatory requirement had not been
B
complied with, and as the period of 120 days had run out, the Section 34
application itself would have to be dismissed. In the end, it allowed the
appeal and set aside the judgment of the learned Single Judge.
5. Shri Nagendra Rai, learned Senior Advocate appearing on behalf
of the Appellants, has argued that the Letters Patent Appeal itself was
not maintainable. He further went on to argue that in any event, Section C
34(5) and (6) form part of a composite scheme, the object of which is
that an application under Section 34 be disposed of expeditiously within
one year. He points out that as no consequence is provided if such
application is not disposed of within the said period of one year, the
aforesaid provisions are only directory, despite the mandatory nature of D
the language used therein. He also added that procedural provisions
ought not to be construed in such a manner that justice itself gets trampled
upon. For this purpose, he referred to and relied upon various judgments
of this Court.
6. Shri Parag P. Tripathi, learned Senior Advocate appearing on E
behalf of the Respondent, defended the High Court judgment, both on
maintainability as well as on Section 34(5) being a mandatory provision.
According to the learned Senior Advocate, despite the fact that no
consequence has been provided if the time period of Section 34(6) goes,
yet, an application that is filed under Section 34 without complying with
the condition precedent as set out in Section 34(5), is an application that F
is non est in law. He further argued that the consequence that follows,
therefore, follows not from sub-section (6) of Section 34 but from sub-
section (3) thereof, under which, such application cannot be considered
if it is beyond the stipulated period and/or extended period mentioned in
Section 34(3). He relied upon the Law Commission Report which led to G
the 2015 amendment, as well as the mandatory nature of the language
of Section 34(5). Also, according to the learned Senior Advocate, the
vast majority of High Courts have decided in favour of the provision
being construed as mandatory, the only discordant note being struck by
the Bombay High Court.
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1152 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2018] 7 S.C.R.

A 7. Section 34(5) and (6) are set out hereunder as follows:
“34. Application for setting aside arbitral award.—
xxx xxx xxx
(5) An application under this section shall be filed by a party only
B after issuing a prior notice to the other party and such application
shall be accompanied by an affidavit by the applicant endorsing
compliance with the said requirement.
(6) An application under this section shall be disposed of
expeditiously, and in any event, within a period of one year from
C the date on which the notice referred to in sub-section (5) is served
upon the other party.”
8. There is no doubt whatsoever that the language of Section 34
does lend itself in support of the argument of Shri Tripathi, as the
expressions used are “shall”, “only after” and “prior notice” coupled
D with such application which again “shall” be accompanied by an affidavit
endorsing compliance.
9. The 246th Law Commission Report, which introduced the
aforesaid provision, also makes interesting reading, which is set out
hereinbelow:
E “3. The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (hereinafter
“the Act”) is based on the UNCITRAL Model Law on
International Commercial Arbitration, 1985 and the
UNCITRAL Conciliation Rules, 1980. The Act has now been
in force for almost two decades, and in this period of time,
although arbitration has fast emerged as a frequently chosen
F
alternative to litigation, it has come to be afflicted with various
problems including those of high costs and delays, making it
no better than either the earlier regime which it was intended
to replace; or to litigation, to which it intends to provide an
alternative. Delays are inherent in the arbitration process,
G and costs of arbitration can be tremendous. Even though
courts play a pivotal role in giving finality to certain issues
which arise before, after and even during an arbitration, there
exists a serious threat of arbitration related litigation getting
caught up in the huge list of pending cases before the courts.
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STATE OF BIHAR & ORS.v. BIHAR RAJYA BHUMI VIKAS 1153
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After the award, a challenge under section 34 makes the award A
inexecutable and such petitions remain pending for several
years. The object of quick alternative disputes resolution
frequently stands frustrated.
4. There is, therefore, an urgent need to revise certain
provisions of the Act to deal with these problems that frequently B
arise in the arbitral process. The purpose of this Chapter is
to lay down the foundation for the changes suggested in the
report of the Commission. The suggested amendments address
a variety of issues that plague the present regime of arbitration
in India and, therefore, before setting out the amendments, it
would be useful to identify the problems that the suggested C
amendments are intended to remedy and the context in which
the said problems arise and hence the context in which their
solutions must be seen.
xxx xxx xxx
D
25. Similarly, the Commission has found that challenges to
arbitration awards under sections 34 and 48 are similarly
kept pending for many years. In this context, the Commission
proposes the addition of sections 34(5) and 48(4) which would
require that an application under those sections shall be
disposed of expeditiously and in any event within a period of E
one year from the date of service of notice. In the case of
applications under section 48 of the Act, the Commission has
further provided a time limit under section 48(3), which mirrors
the time limits set out in section 34(3), and is aimed at ensuring
that parties take their remedies under this section seriously F
and approach a judicial forum expeditiously, and not by way
of an afterthought …………”
10. There is no doubt that the object of Section 34(5) and (6) is, as
has been stated by the Law Commission, the requirement that an
application under Section 34 be disposed of expeditiously within a period G
of one year from the date of service of notice. We have to examine as
to whether this, by itself, is sufficient to construe Section 34(5) as
mandatory, keeping in view the fact that if the time limit of one year is
not adhered to under Section 34(6), no consequence thereof is provided.

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1154 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2018] 7 S.C.R.

A 11. Some of the judgments of this Court throw considerable light
on similar provisions being construed as being only directory in nature.
Thus, in Topline Shoes v. Corporation Bank, (2002) 6 SCC 33, Section
13(2)(a) of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986, spoke of a reply being
filed by the opposite party “within a period of 30 days or such extended
period not exceeding 15 days, as may be granted by the District Forum”.
B
This Court referred to the Statement of Objects and Reasons of the
Consumer Protection Act, 1986, which is similar to the object sought to
be achieved by the amendment made in Section 34(5) and (6) of the
Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, as follows:
“8. The Statement of Objects and Reasons of the Consumer
C Protection Act, 1986 indicates that it has been enacted to promote
and protect the rights and interests of consumers and to provide
them speedy and simple redressal of their grievances. Hence,
quasi-judicial machinery has been set up for the purpose, at
different levels. These quasi-judicial bodies have to observe the
D principles of natural justice as per clause 4 of the Statement of
Objects and Reasons, which reads as under:
“4. To provide speedy and simple redressal to consumer
disputes, a quasi-judicial machinery is sought to be set up at
the District, State and Central levels. These quasi-judicial bodies
E will observe the principles of natural justice and have been
empowered to give reliefs of a specific nature and to award,
wherever appropriate, compensation to consumers. Penalties
for non-compliance of the orders given by the quasi-judicial
bodies have also been provided.”

F (emphasis in original)
Thus the intention to provide a time-frame to file reply, is really
meant to expedite the hearing of such matters and to avoid
unnecessary adjournments to linger on the proceedings on the
pretext of filing reply. The provision, however, as framed, does
G not indicate that it is mandatory in nature. In case the extended
time exceeds 15 days, no penal consequences are prescribed
therefor. The period of extension of time “not exceeding 15 days”,
does not prescribe any kind of period of limitation. The provision
appears to be directory in nature, which the consumer forums are

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STATE OF BIHAR & ORS.v. BIHAR RAJYA BHUMI VIKAS 1155
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ordinarily supposed to apply in the proceedings before them. We A
do not find force in the submission made by the appellant-in-person,
that in no event, whatsoever, the reply of the respondent could be
taken on record beyond the period of 45 days. The provision is
more by way of procedure to achieve the object of speedy disposal
of such disputes. It is an expression of “desirability” in strong
B
terms. But it falls short of creating any kind of substantive right in
favour of the complainant by reason of which the respondent may
be debarred from placing his version in defence in any
circumstances whatsoever. It is for the Forum or the Commission
to consider all facts and circumstances along with the provisions
of the Act providing time-frame to file reply, as a guideline, and C
then to exercise its discretion as best as it may serve the ends of
justice and achieve the object of speedy disposal of such cases
keeping in mind the principles of natural justice as well. The Forum
may refuse to extend time beyond 15 days, in view of Section
13(2)(a) of the Act but exceeding the period of 15 days of
D
extension, would not cause any fatal illegality in the order.”
The Court further held:
“11. We have already noticed that the provision as contained under
clause (a) of sub-section (2) of Section 13 is procedural in nature.
It is also clear that with a view to achieve the object of the E
enactment, that there may be speedy disposal of such cases, that
it has been provided that reply is to be filed within 30 days and the
extension of time may not exceed 15 days. This provision
envisages that proceedings may not be prolonged for a very long
time without the opposite party having filed his reply. No penal
consequences have however been provided in case extension of F
time exceeds 15 days. Therefore, it could not be said that any
substantive right accrued in favour of the appellant or there was
any kind of bar of limitation in filing of the reply within extended
time though beyond 45 days in all. The reply is not necessarily to
be rejected. All facts and circumstances of the case must be taken G
into account. The Statement of Objects and Reasons of the Act
also provides that the principles of natural justice have also to be
kept in mind.”

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1156 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2018] 7 S.C.R.

A 12. In Kailash (supra), this Court was faced with the question
whether, after the amendment of Order VIII Rule 1 of the CPC by the
Amendment Act of 2002, the said provision must be construed as being
mandatory. The provision is set out in paragraph 26 of the judgment as
follows:
B “26. The text of Order 8 Rule 1, as it stands now, reads as under:
“1. Written statement.—The defendant shall, within thirty days
from the date of service of summons on him, present a written
statement of his defence:
Provided that where the defendant fails to file the written statement
C within the said period of thirty days, he shall be allowed to file the
same on such other day, as may be specified by the court, for
reasons to be recorded in writing, but which shall not be later than
ninety days from the date of service of summons.”
In an instructive judgment, this Court held:
D
“27. Three things are clear. Firstly, a careful reading of the language
in which Order 8 Rule 1 has been drafted, shows that it casts an
obligation on the defendant to file the written statement within 30
days from the date of service of summons on him and within the
extended time falling within 90 days. The provision does not deal
E with the power of the court and also does not specifically take
away the power of the court to take the written statement on
record though filed beyond the time as provided for. Secondly, the
nature of the provision contained in Order 8 Rule 1 is procedural.
It is not a part of the substantive law. Thirdly, the object behind
F substituting Order 8 Rule 1 in the present shape is to curb the
mischief of unscrupulous defendants adopting dilatory tactics,
delaying the disposal of cases much to the chagrin of the plaintiffs
and petitioners approaching the court for quick relief and also to
the serious inconvenience of the court faced with frequent prayers
for adjournments. The object is to expedite the hearing and not to
G scuttle the same. The process of justice may be speeded up and
hurried but the fairness which is a basic element of justice cannot
be permitted to be buried.
xxx xxx xxx

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STATE OF BIHAR & ORS.v. BIHAR RAJYA BHUMI VIKAS 1157
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30. It is also to be noted that though the power of the court under A
the proviso appended to Rule 1 Order 8 is circumscribed by the
words “shall not be later than ninety days” but the consequences
flowing from non-extension of time are not specifically provided
for though they may be read in by necessary implication. Merely
because a provision of law is couched in a negative language
B
implying mandatory character, the same is not without exceptions.
The courts, when called upon to interpret the nature of the provision,
may, keeping in view the entire context in which the provision
came to be enacted, hold the same to be directory though worded
in the negative form.
xxx xxx xxx C

35. Two decisions, having a direct bearing on the issue arising for
decision before us, have been brought to our notice, one each by
the learned counsel for either party. The learned Senior Counsel
for the appellant submitted that in Topline Shoes Ltd. v. Corpn.
Bank [(2002) 6 SCC 33] a pari materia provision contained in D
Section 13 of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 came up for the
consideration of the Court. The provision requires the opposite
party to a complaint to give his version of the case within a period
of 30 days or such extended period not exceeding 15 days as may
be granted by the District Forum. The Court took into consideration E
the Statement of Objects and Reasons and the legislative intent
behind providing a time-frame to file reply and held: (i) that the
provision as framed was not mandatory in nature as no penal
consequences are prescribed if the extended time exceeds 15
days, and; (ii) that the provision was directory in nature and could
not be interpreted to mean that in no event whatsoever the reply F
of the respondent could be taken on record beyond the period of
45 days.
xxx xxx xxx
46. We sum up and briefly state our conclusions as under: G
xxx xxx xxx
(iv) The purpose of providing the time schedule for filing the written
statement under Order 8 Rule 1 CPC is to expedite and not to
scuttle the hearing. The provision spells out a disability on the
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1158 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2018] 7 S.C.R.

A defendant. It does not impose an embargo on the power of the
court to extend the time. Though the language of the proviso to
Rule 1 Order 8 CPC is couched in negative form, it does not
specify any penal consequences flowing from the non-compliance.
The provision being in the domain of the procedural law, it has to
be held directory and not mandatory. The power of the court to
B
extend time for filing the written statement beyond the time
schedule provided by Order 8 Rule 1 CPC is not completely taken
away.
xxx xxx xxx”
C 13. To similar effect are the observations of this Court in Salem
Advocate Bar Association v. Union of India, (2005) 6 SCC 344 at
paragraph 20, which is reproduced hereinbelow:
“20. The use of the word “shall” in Order 8 Rule 1 by itself is not
conclusive to determine whether the provision is mandatory or
D directory. We have to ascertain the object which is required to be
served by this provision and its design and context in which it is
enacted. The use of the word “shall” is ordinarily indicative of
mandatory nature of the provision but having regard to the context
in which it is used or having regard to the intention of the legislation,
the same can be construed as directory. The rule in question has
E to advance the cause of justice and not to defeat it. The rules of
procedure are made to advance the cause of justice and not to
defeat it. Construction of the rule or procedure which promotes
justice and prevents miscarriage has to be preferred. The rules of
procedure are the handmaid of justice and not its mistress. In the
F present context, the strict interpretation would defeat justice.”
14. However, a discordant note was struck by a Judgment dated
04.12.2015, reported in New India Assurance Co. Ltd. v. Hilli
Multipurpose Cold Storage Pvt. Ltd., (2015) 16 SCC 20. A Bench
of three learned Judges resurrected the judgment of J.J. Merchant
G (Dr.) v. Shrinath Chaturvedi, (2002) 6 SCC 635. J.J. Merchant (supra)
was distinguished in Kailash (supra) as follows:
“38. The learned counsel for the respondent, on the other hand,
invited our attention to a three-Judge Bench decision of this Court
in J.J. Merchant (Dr.) v. Shrinath Chaturvedi [(2002) 6 SCC
635] wherein we find a reference made to Order 8 Rule 1 CPC
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vide paras 14 and 15 thereof and the Court having said that the A
mandate of the law is required to be strictly adhered to. A careful
reading of the judgment shows that the provisions of Order 8
Rule 1 CPC did not directly arise for consideration before the
Court and to that extent the observations made by the Court are
obiter. Also, the attention of the Court was not invited to the
B
earlier decision of this Court in Topline Shoes Ltd. case [(2002)
6 SCC 33].”
Despite this observation, New India Assurance Co. Ltd. (supra)
went on to follow the judgment in J.J. Merchant (supra), and stated:
“25. We are, therefore, of the view that the judgment delivered in C
J.J. Merchant [J.J. Merchant v. Shrinath Chaturvedi, (2002)
6 SCC 635] holds the field and therefore, we reiterate the view
that the District Forum can grant a further period of 15 days to
the opposite party for filing his version or reply and not beyond
that.
D
26. There is one more reason to follow the law laid down in J.J.
Merchant (supra). J.J. Merchant (supra) was decided in 2002,
whereas Kailash [Kailash v. Nanhku, (2005) 4 SCC 480] was
decided in 2005. As per law laid down by this Court, while deciding
Kailash (supra), this Court ought to have respected the view
expressed in J.J. Merchant (supra) as the judgment delivered in E
J.J. Merchant (supra) was earlier in point of time. The aforestated
legal position cannot be ignored by us and therefore, we are of
the opinion that the view expressed in J.J. Merchant (supra) should
be followed.”
15. J.J. Merchant (supra) arose out of a miscellaneous petition F
which was filed before the National Consumer Disputes Redressal
Commission, praying that the complaint filed for alleged medical negligence
be decided by the Civil Court, as complicated questions of law arise. A
criminal prosecution against the said doctors was also pending. In
paragraph 4 of the judgment, the Court stated that some guidelines need G
to be laid down with regard to the type of cases which the Consumer
Forum will not entertain. After noticing that there was an inordinate
delay of almost nine years in disposal of the complaint, this Court felt
that such delay would not be a ground for rejecting the complaint and for
directing the complainant to approach the Civil Court. In answering the
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1160 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2018] 7 S.C.R.

A contention that complicated questions of fact cannot be decided in
summary proceedings, this Court held that speedy trial does not mean
that justice cannot be done when questions of fact are to be dealt with
and decided. It was in this context of speedy trial that the Court made an
observation about the legislative mandate of not granting more than 45
days in submitting the written statement. In fact, the Court was alive to
B
the fact that there was no time frame under the unamended Consumer
Protection Act, 1986 for disposing of complaints, appeals and revisions.
This Court, therefore, stated:
“23. For reducing the arrears and for seeing that complaints,
appeals and revisions are decided speedily and within the stipulated
C time, we hope that the President of the National Commission would
draw the attention of the Government for taking appropriate actions
within the stipulated time and see that the object and purpose of
the Act is not frustrated.
xxx xxx xxx
D
25. It can be hoped that the National Commission would ensure
its best to see that District Forums, State Commissions and the
National Commission can discharge its functions as efficiently
and speedily as contemplated by the provisions of the Act. The
National Commission has administrative control over all the State
E Commissions inter alia for issuing of instructions regarding
adoption of uniform procedure in hearing of the matters etc. It
would have also administrative control in overseeing that the
functions of the State Commissions or District Forums are
discharged in furtherance of the objects and purposes of the Act
F in the best manner.”
The Court then referred to the Consumer Protection (Amendment)
Bill, 2002, which envisaged insertion of sub-section (3-A) in Section 13
of the Act, which reads as under:
“30. ……
G
“13. (3-A) Every complaint shall be heard as expeditiously as
possible and endeavour shall be made to decide the complaint
within a period of three months from the date of receipt of notice
by opposite party where the complaint does not require analysis
or testing of commodities and within five months if it requires
H analysis or testing of commodities:
STATE OF BIHAR & ORS.v. BIHAR RAJYA BHUMI VIKAS 1161
BANK SAMITI [R. F. NARIMAN, J.]

Provided that no adjournment shall be ordinarily granted by A
the District Forum unless sufficient cause is shown and the
reasons for grant of adjournment have been recorded in writing
by the Forum:
Provided further that the District Forum shall make such orders
as to the costs occasioned by the adjournment as may be B
provided in the regulations made under this Act.”
(emphasis in original)
31. From the wording of the aforesaid section, it is apparent that
there is legislative mandate to the District Forum or the
Commissions to dispose of the complaints as far as possible within C
the prescribed time of three months by adhering strictly to the
procedure prescribed under the Act. The opposite party has to
submit its version within 30 days from the date of the receipt of
the complaint by him and the Commission can give at the most
further 15 days for some unavoidable reasons to file its version.” D
The Court was, therefore, alive to the fact that no consequence is
prescribed for non-adherence to the time limit of three months. In the
result, the case was disposed of with certain directions for avoiding delay
in disposal of proceedings under the Consumer Protection Act, 1986.
16. It will thus be seen that there was no focused argument in E
J.J. Merchant (supra) on whether the provisions of Section 13(2)(a)
of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 could be held to be directory in as
much as no consequence was provided for a written statement being
filed beyond 45 days. In point of fact, this Court’s judgment in Topline
Shoes (supra) was not even cited before the Bench hearing J.J. F
Merchant (supra).
17. In this view of the matter, it is a little difficult to appreciate
how the three-Judge Bench in Kailash (supra) ought to have respected
an obiter dictum view of Order VIII Rule 1, CPC in J.J. Merchant
(supra). Unfortunately, what was missed in New India Assurance Co.
G
Ltd. (supra) is paragraph 38 of Kailash (supra) which has been
extracted hereinabove. The fact that Topline Shoes (supra) was not
cited before the three-Judge Bench in J.J. Merchant (supra), as has
been held in paragraph 38 of Kailash (supra), would render the aforesaid
judgment vulnerable on Section 13(2)(a) of the Consumer Protection
Act, 1986 being held to be mandatory. An earlier judgment cannot be H
1162 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2018] 7 S.C.R.

A overruled sub silentio without upsetting the reasons on which it is based.
J.J. Merchant (supra) does not deal with Topline Shoes’ (supra) ratio
– namely, that no penal consequence was provided in case the extended
time of 15 days was exceeded; that therefore, no substantive right accrued
in favour of the claimant; and that the Statement of Objects and Reasons
of the Act also provided that the principles of natural justice be kept in
B
mind. The judgment in New India Assurance Co. Ltd. (supra) did not
refer to paragraph 38 of Kailash (supra) or appreciate that J.J.
Merchant (supra) was distinguished correctly on the ground that Order
VIII Rule 1, CPC did not directly arise for consideration in J.J. Merchant
(supra). The observations on Order VIII Rule 1, CPC in paragraphs 14
C and 15 of J.J. Merchant (supra) were correctly held to be in the nature
of obiter dicta, and therefore, not binding on the three-Judge Bench of
Kailash (supra). Insofar as Kailash (supra) is concerned, it is a binding
judgment on the effect of Order VIII Rule 1, CPC, whose reasoning has
been confirmed by a three-Judge Bench in Salem Bar Association
(supra).
D
18. In State v. N.S. Gnaneswaran, (2013) 3 SCC 594, this Court
was concerned with whether Section 154(2) of the Code of Criminal
Procedure, 1973 was mandatory or directory. The said Section reads as
follows:
E “154. Information in cognizable cases.—
xxx xxx xxx
(2) A copy of the information as recorded under sub-section (1)
shall be given forthwith, free of cost, to the informant.”

F Despite the mandatory nature of the language used in the provision,
no consequence was provided if the Section was breached. This Court
referred to a number of judgments which laid down tests for determining
whether a provision is mandatory or directory, and then held that Section
154(2) was directory.
19. However, Shri Tripathi has relied strongly upon the judgment
G
of Bikhraj Jaipuria v. Union of India, (1962) 2 SCR 880. In that
case, this Court held that the provision contained in Section 175(3) of the
Government of India Act, 1935, which requires that contracts on behalf
of the Government of India shall be executed in the form prescribed,
was mandatory in nature, despite the fact that the Section did not set out
H any consequence for non-compliance. This Court referred to an instructive
STATE OF BIHAR & ORS.v. BIHAR RAJYA BHUMI VIKAS 1163
BANK SAMITI [R. F. NARIMAN, J.]

passage in Maxwell on Interpretation of Statutes, 10th Edn, p. 376, as A
follows:
“It has been said that no rule can be laid down for determining
whether the command is to be considered as a mere direction or
instruction involving no invalidating consequence in its disregard,
or as imperative, with an implied nullification for disobedience, B
beyond the fundamental one that it depends on the scope and
object of the enactment. It may perhaps be found generally correct
to say that nullification is the natural and usual consequence of
disobedience, but the question is in the main governed by
considerations of convenience and justice, and when that result
would involve general inconvenience or injustice to innocent C
persons, or advantage to those guilty of the neglect, without
promoting the real aim and object of the enactment, such an
intention is not to be attributed to the legislature. The whole scope
and purpose of the statute under consideration must be regarded.”1
It then went on to hold that the provision was in the interest of the D
general public because the question whether a binding contract has been
made between the State and the private individual should not be left
open to dispute and litigation. We must not forget that, as has been laid
down in Maxwell (supra), considerations of convenience and justice are
uppermost, and if general inconvenience or injustice results, without E
promoting the real aim and object of the enactment, the provision must
be declared to be directory.
20. It will thus be seen that Section 34(5) does not deal with the
power of the Court to condone the non-compliance thereof. It is
imperative to note that the provision is procedural, the object behind F
which is to dispose of applications under Section 34 expeditiously. One
must remember the wise observation contained in Kailash (supra), where
the object of such a provision is only to expedite the hearing and not to
scuttle the same. All rules of procedure are the handmaids of justice and
if, in advancing the cause of justice, it is made clear that such provision
should be construed as directory, then so be it. G
21. Take the case of Section 80 of the CPC. Under the said
provision, the Privy Council and then our Court have consistently taken
the view that a suit against the Government cannot be validly instituted
1
Bikhraj Jaipuria v. Union of India, (1962) 2 SCR 880, para 16. H
1164 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2018] 7 S.C.R.

A until after the expiration of two months after the notice in writing has
been delivered to the parties concerned in the manner prescribed by the
said Section. If such suit is filed either without such notice or before the
said two months’ period is over, such suit has to be dismissed as not
maintainable. The reason for this is felicitously set out in Bihari
Chowdhary and Anr. v. State of Bihar and Ors., (1984) 2 SCC 627,
B
as follows:
“3. …… When we examine the scheme of the section it becomes
obvious that the section has been enacted as a measure of public
policy with the object of ensuring that before a suit is instituted
against the Government or a public officer, the Government or
C the officer concerned is afforded an opportunity to scrutinise the
claim in respect of which the suit is proposed to be filed and if it
be found to be a just claim, to take immediate action and thereby
avoid unnecessary litigation and save public time and money by
settling the claim without driving the person, who has issued the
D notice, to institute the suit involving considerable expenditure and
delay. The Government, unlike private parties, is expected to
consider the matter covered by the notice in a most objective
manner, after obtaining such legal advice as they may think fit,
and take a decision in public interest within the period of two
months allowed by the section as to whether the claim is just and
E reasonable and the contemplated suit should, therefore, be avoided
by speedy negotiations and settlement or whether the claim should
be resisted by fighting out the suit if and when it is instituted.
There is clearly a public purpose underlying the mandatory provision
contained in the section insisting on the issuance of a notice setting
F out the particulars of the proposed suit and giving two months’
time to Government or a public officer before a suit can be instituted
against them. The object of the section is the advancement of
justice and the securing of public good by avoidance of
unnecessary litigation.”
G 22. Section 80, though a procedural provision, has been held to be
mandatory as it is conceived in public interest, the public purpose
underlying it being the advancement of justice by giving the Government
the opportunity to scrutinize and take immediate action to settle a just
claim without driving the person who has issued a notice having to institute
a suit involving considerable expenditure and delay. This is to be
H
STATE OF BIHAR & ORS.v. BIHAR RAJYA BHUMI VIKAS 1165
BANK SAMITI [R. F. NARIMAN, J.]

contrasted with Section 34(5), also a procedural provision, the infraction A
of which leads to no consequence. To construe such a provision as being
mandatory would defeat the advancement of justice as it would provide
the consequence of dismissing an application filed without adhering to
the requirements of Section 34(5), thereby scuttling the process of justice
by burying the element of fairness.
B
23. However, according to Shri Tripathi, an application filed under
Section 34 is a condition precedent, and if no prior notice is issued to the
other party, without being accompanied by an affidavit by the applicant
endorsing compliance with the said requirement, such application, being
a non-starter, would have to be dismissed at the end of the 120 days’
period mentioned in Section 34(3). Apart from what has been stated by C
us hereinabove, even otherwise, on a plain reading of Section 34, this
does not follow. Section 34(1) reads as under:
“34. Application for setting aside arbitral award.—(1)
Recourse to a Court against an arbitral award may be made only
by an application for setting aside such award in accordance with D
sub-section (2) and sub-section (3).”
What is conspicuous by its absence is any reference to sub-section
(5). The only requirement in Section 34(1) is that an application for setting
aside an award be in accordance with sub-sections (2) and (3). This,
again, is an important pointer to the fact that even legislatively, sub- E
section (5) is not a condition precedent, but a procedural provision which
seeks to reduce the delay in deciding applications under Section 34. One
other interesting thing needs to the noted – the same Amendment Act
brought in a new Section 29A. This provision states as follows:
“29A. Time limit for arbitral award.— (1) The award shall be F
made within a period of twelve months from the date the arbitral
tribunal enters upon the reference.
Explanation.— For the purpose of this sub-section, an arbitral
tribunal shall be deemed to have entered upon the reference on
the date on which the arbitrator or all the arbitrators, as the case G
may be, have received notice, in writing, of their appointment.
(2) If the award is made within a period of six months from the
date the arbitral tribunal enters upon the reference, the arbitral
tribunal shall be entitled to receive such amount of additional fees
as the parties may agree. H
1166 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2018] 7 S.C.R.

A (3) The parties may, by consent, extend the period specified in
sub-section (1) for making award for a further period not exceeding
six months.

(4) If the award is not made within the period specified in sub-
section (1) or the extended period specified under sub-section
B (3), the mandate of the arbitrator(s) shall terminate unless the
Court has, either prior to or after the expiry of the period so
specified, extended the period:

Provided that while extending the period under this sub-section, if
the court finds that the proceedings have been delayed for the
C
reasons attributable to the arbitral tribunal, then, it may order
reduction of fees of arbitrator(s) by not exceeding five per cent
for each month of such delay.”

24. It will be seen from this provision that, unlike Section 34(5)
D and (6), if an Award is made beyond the stipulated or extended period
contained in the Section, the consequence of the mandate of the Arbitrator
being terminated is expressly provided. This provision is in stark contrast
to Section 34(5) and (6) where, as has been stated hereinabove, if the
period for deciding the application under Section 34 has elapsed, no
consequence is provided. This is one more indicator that the same
E Amendment Act, when it provided time periods in different situations,
did so intending different consequences.

25. Shri Tripathi then argued that Section 34(5) is independent of
Section 34(6) and is a mandatory requirement of law by itself. There are
two answers to this. The first is that sub-section (6) refers to the date on
F
which the notice referred to in sub-section (5) is served upon the other
party. This is for the reason that an anterior date to that of filing the
application is to be the starting point of the period of one year referred to
in Section 34(6). The express language of Section 34(6), therefore,
militates against this submission of Shri Tripathi. Secondly, even if sub-
G section (5) be construed to be a provision independent of sub-section
(6), the same consequence in law is the result – namely, that there is no
consequence provided if such prior notice is not issued. This submission
must therefore fail.

H
STATE OF BIHAR & ORS.v. BIHAR RAJYA BHUMI VIKAS 1167
BANK SAMITI [R. F. NARIMAN, J.]

26. We come now to some of the High Court judgments. The A
High Courts of Patna,2 Kerala,3 Himachal Pradesh,4 Delhi,5 and Gauhati6
have all taken the view that Section 34(5) is mandatory in nature. What
is strongly relied upon is the object sought to be achieved by the provision
together with the mandatory nature of the language used in Section 34(5).
Equally, analogies with Section 80, CPC have been drawn to reach the
B
same result. On the other hand, in Global Aviation Services Private
Limited v. Airport Authorities of India,7 the Bombay High Court, in
answering question 4 posed by it, held, following some of our judgments,
that the provision is directory, largely because no consequence has been
provided for breach of the time limit specified. When faced with the
argument that the object of the provision would be rendered otiose if it C
were to be construed as directory, the learned Single Judge of the Bombay
High Court held as under:
“133. Insofar as the submission of the learned counsel for the
respondent that if section 34(5) is considered as directory, the
entire purpose of the amendments would be rendered otiose is D
concerned, in my view, there is no merit in this submission made
by the learned counsel for the respondent. Since there is no
consequence provided in the said provision in case of non-
compliance thereof, the said provision cannot be considered as
mandatory. The purpose of avoiding any delay in proceeding with
the matter expeditiously is already served by insertion of E
appropriate rule in Bombay High Court (Original Side) Rules. The
Court can always direct the petitioner to issue notice along with
papers and proceedings upon other party before the matter is
heard by the Court for admission as well as for final hearing. The
vested rights of a party to challenge an award under section 34 F
cannot be taken away for non-compliance of issuance of prior
notice before filing of the arbitration petition.”
2
Bihar Rajya Bhumi Vikas Bank Samiti v. State of Bihar and Ors., L.P.A. No. 1841 of
2016 in C.W.J.C. No. 746 of 2016 [decided on 28.10.2016].
3
Shamsudeen v. Shreeram Transport Finance Co. Ltd., Arb. A. No. 49 of 2016 [decided
on 16.02.2017]. G
4
Madhava Hytech Engineers Pvt. Ltd. v. The Executive Engineers and Ors., O.M.P.
(M) No. 48 of 2016 [decided on 24.08.2017].
5
Machine Tool (India) Ltd. v. Splendor Buildwell Pvt. Ltd. and Ors., O.M.P. (COMM.)
199-200 of 2018 [decided on 29.05.2018].
6
Union of India and Ors. v. Durga Krishna Store Pvt. Ltd., Arb. A. 1 of 2018 [decided
on 31.05.2018].
7
Commercial Arbitration Petition No. 434 of 2017 [decided on 21.02.2018]. H
1168 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2018] 7 S.C.R.

A The aforesaid judgment has been followed by recent judgments
of the High Courts of Bombay8 and Calcutta.9
27. We are of the opinion that the view propounded by the High
Courts of Bombay and Calcutta represents the correct state of the law.
However, we may add that it shall be the endeavour of every Court in
B which a Section 34 application is filed, to stick to the time limit of one
year from the date of service of notice to the opposite party by the
applicant, or by the Court, as the case may be. In case the Court issues
notice after the period mentioned in Section 34(3) has elapsed, every
Court shall endeavour to dispose of the Section 34 application within a
period of one year from the date of filing of the said application, similar
C to what has been provided in Section 14 of the Commercial Courts,
Commercial Division and Commercial Appellate Division of High Courts
Act, 2015. This will give effect to the object sought to be achieved by
adding Section 13(6) by the 2015 Amendment Act.
28. We may also add that in cases covered by Section 10 read
D with Section 14 of the Commercial Courts, Commercial Division and
Commercial Appellate Division of High Courts Act, 2015, the Commercial
Appellate Division shall endeavour to dispose of appeals filed before it
within six months, as stipulated. Appeals which are not so covered will
also be disposed of as expeditiously as possible, preferably within one
E year from the date on which the appeal is filed. As the present appeal
has succeeded on Section 34(5) being held to be directory, we have not
found it necessary to decide Shri Rai’s alternative plea of maintainability
of the Letters Patent Appeal before the Division Bench.
29. As a result, the appeal is allowed and the judgment of the
F Patna High Court is set aside. The Section 34 petition that has been filed
in the present case will now be disposed of on its merits.

Kalpana K. Tripathy Appeal allowed.

G
8
Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation Ltd. v. Simplex Gayatri Consortium
and Ors., Commercial Arbitration Petition No. 453 of 2017 [decided on 19.04.2018].
9
Srei Infrastructure Finance Limited v. Candor Gurgaon Two Developers and Projects
Pvt. Ltd., A.P. No. 346 of 2018 [decided on 12.07.2018].

H