Consumer Protection Act, 1986

The appellants, owners of a parcel of land, entered into a Joint Venture Agreement (JVA) and an irrevocable Power of Attorney (IPA) dated 6‑July‑2013 in favour of Respondent No.2, a builder, to develop the land and construct flats. The builder subsequently sold units to the complainants and the complainants filed consu…

The Central Bank of India granted a Rs 10 crore project loan to advertising firm Ad Bureau for post‑production of a movie, which later defaulted and was classified as an NPA. After a one‑time settlement and issuance of a No‑Dues Certificate, the bank erroneously reported the firm as a wilful defaulter to RBI, causing l…

The appellants, who were flat buyers, entered into a settlement with ICICI Bank and the builder to resolve disputes over loan repayment and possession of apartments. Under the settlement, the appellants paid the outstanding principal and pre‑EMI amounts, the builder contributed its share, and the bank waived interest a…

M/s Bengani Food Products Pvt Ltd shipped a 24,700‑quintal maize consignment under a Marine Transit Open (Declaration) policy issued by National Insurance Co. The goods were unloaded at Shalimar Railway Yard on 7 February 2007 and left exposed to heavy rain, causing fungal contamination. The insurer repudiated the clai…

The Supreme Court examined two civil appeals arising from NCDRC orders that barred the appellants from filing written statements because they missed the statutory 30‑day period under Section 13 of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986. In both cases the appellants had filed their written statements together with applicatio…

The appellant, Yash Raj Films, released a promotional trailer for its 2016 film "Fan" that featured a song which was not included in the final movie. The complainant, after viewing the trailer, purchased tickets expecting to see the song and alleged deficiency of service and unfair trade practice under the Consumer Pro…

The respondent, Snehasis Nanda, bought a flat and entered into a sale agreement with a borrower, while Citicorp Finance (the appellant) granted a home loan to the borrower and transferred part of the loan amount to the bank to foreclose the borrower's existing loan. Nanda claimed that under a purported Tripartite Agree…

The appellant, owner of a Delhi premises insured under a household policy, claimed loss after heavy rains in August 2016 flooded his basement, causing extensive damage to contents. The insurer rejected the claim, asserting that the damage resulted from continuous seepage, a peril not covered under the policy, and commi…

The appellant, Rajesh Kumar, suffered a motor vehicle accident in which his car overturned and later caught fire due to short‑circuiting while he was attending to an injured co‑passenger. He claimed the full insured sum under his policy, but the insurer denied part of the claim, citing delay in intimation and the vehic…

United India Insurance Co. Ltd. issued a Contractor's All Risk policy for a bridge project that collapsed during construction, killing 48 workers. The insurer repudiated the claim, invoking an exclusion clause covering loss due to faulty design, workmanship and construction defects, and relied on a surveyor's report an…

The Bar of Indian Lawyers filed a civil appeal challenging a National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (NCDRC) order that allowed a consumer complaint alleging deficiency in service against an advocate. The appellant argued that legal services are a "contract of personal service" and therefore fall within the exc…

The Indore Development Authority (IDA) allotted a plot to Dr. Hemant Mandovra in 1995 under a tender, requiring 50% payment upfront and the balance in installments. The respondent failed to pay the balance, leading to cancellation of the allotment in 2000. After a High Court order in 2006 directing the IDA to hand over…

Poly Medicure Ltd., a company engaged in import‑export of medical devices, bought a software licence from Brillio Technologies to automate its export‑import documentation. The software malfunctioned, and the company filed a consumer complaint seeking a refund, alleging deficiency in service. The State Consumer Commissi…

Shriram Chits (India) Private Ltd, a chit‑fund company, sued to set aside a consumer‑forum order that ordered it to refund Rs.18,750 with interest to Raghachand Associates, the complainant, for alleged deficiency in service after the chit business was terminated. The service provider contended that the complaint was no…

The Supreme Court examined whether a company’s purchase of luxury cars for the personal use of its directors fell within the definition of a "commercial purpose" under the Consumer Protection Act, 1986, and whether defects in the cars entitled the buyer to compensation. It held that such purchases are for personal use …

The deceased submitted a life insurance proposal on 6 July 1996 and paid the first premium by cheque on 9 July 1996; he died accidentally on 14 July 1996. The insurer issued an Acceptance‑cum‑First Premium Receipt on 9 July, which the appellants (widow and children) relied on to claim policy benefits. The insurer argue…

The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) issued show‑cause notices to Vital Communications Ltd (VCL) and related entities for misleading advertisements, leading to a series of orders: a 2008 restraint order, a 2014 order imposing market bans, and a 2018 disgorgement order. The Securities Appellate Tribunal set…

The appellant, Dharmendra Sharma, purchased an apartment from the Agra Development Authority (ADA) and sought possession after paying the agreed price, but ADA's offer of possession on 4 December 2014 was made without a completion certificate or firefighting clearance certificate. The appellant filed a consumer complai…

The appellant, a home buyer, applied for a home loan from HDFC (respondent No.1) after being assured via email that the interest rate would be linked to the RBI's Prime Lending Rate. The loan agreement, signed on 11 January 2006, included an adjustable rate clause that allowed HDFC to vary its retail prime lending rate…

The appellant, a real‑estate developer, was penalised by the National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (NCDRC) with 27 penalties under Section 27 of the Consumer Protection Act for failing to deliver possession of residential units. While insolvency proceedings were initiated against the appellant under Section 9…

The Supreme Court examined two civil appeals challenging the decisions of the National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission, State Commission and District Forum, which had held the insurer liable to pay the sum assured after the assured's suicide. The central issue was the date from which an insurance policy becomes …

The respondents booked an apartment with Godrej Projects and paid a 20% earnest money deposit as per the Apartment Buyer Agreement. After the developer offered possession in June 2017, the respondents cancelled the purchase citing a market recession and demanded a full refund of Rs.51,12,310 with interest. The NCDRC or…