THE MANAGING DIRECTOR, NORTHEAST K.R.T.C.versusDEVIDAS MANIKRAO SADANANDA

A                 THE MANAGING DIRECTOR, NORTHEAST K.R.T.C.
                                            \:




                                                                                       -
                         DEVIDAS MANIKRAO SADANANDA

                                 SEPTEMBER 15. 2006

B                     [ARIJIT PASAYAT AND S.H. KAPADIA, JJ.)


            Maxim-Res ipsa loquitur '-Applicabilily of-Bus accident causing
      injuries and deaths of passengers-Disciplinary Authority terminating the
C    services of the driver of the offending bus--lndustrial dispute-Due to lack
      of evidence termination order set aside by labour Court as upheld by Single
     Judge and Division Bench of High Court-Applicability of the maxim in the
     facts of the case-Held: Maller remilled to labour court to decide applicability
     of the maxim in the facts of the case-labour laws-Termination ofservice-
     lndustrial Disputes Act, 19-17.
D
           Respondent-workman was a drhcr in the appellant-Corporation. While
     he was driving the bus, in the process of overtaking, he collided the hind
     portion of his bus with another bus and as a consequence other bus dashed
     against a tree resulting in injuries to 56 and death of 4 passengers. Enquiry
     was made. After receipt of the Enquiry Report, Disciplinary Authority
E    dismissed him from the services. Respondent raised an industrial dispute.
     Labour Court held that although the domestic enquiry was fair and proper,
     but in absence of evidence to prove that his driving was fatal, dismissal order
     was liable to be set aside. Respondent was reinstated with full back wages.

F          Appellant-Corporation filed Writ Petition, wherein Single Judge of High
     Court upheld the finding of Labour Court. In Writ Appeal, Division Bench of
     the High Court held that in absence of evidence the doctrine of res ipsa
     loquitur was not applicable to the facts of the present case and dismissed the
     writ appeal. Hence the present appeal.

G            Allowing the appeal, and remanding the matter to Labour court, the
     Court

           HELD: I. The maxim "res ipsa loquilllr"does not embody any rule of
     substantive law nor a rule of evidence. It is resorted to when the accident is
     shown to have occurred and the cause of the accident is primarily within the
11                                        284
          MANAGING DIRECTOR. NORTHEAST K.R.T.C. ,.. DEVIDAS MANIKRAO SADANANDA [KAPADIA. J]   285

     knowledge of the driver. Where the evidence shows dashing of the vehicle                       A
     against the tree was so violent that it caused the death of the passengers then
     the burden rests on the opposite party to show that the cause of the accident


..   could not have been avoided by exercise of ordinary care and caution.
                                                                     1288-A-B; D-EI

          Shyam Sunder and Ors. v. The State of Rajasthan, 1197411 SCC 690;                         B
     Pushpabai Purshottam Udesh and Ors. v. Mis. Ranjit Glning and Pressing
     Co. (P) Ltd and Anr., [19771 2 SCC 745 and Cho/an Roadways Ltd v. G.
     Thirugnanasambandam, 1200513 SCC 241, referred to.

           2. The facts show that the offending bus collided with the hind portion                  C
     of the other bus. That other bus was running in front of the offending bus.
     The impact of the offending bus running into the other bus was so great that
     the other bus went and dashed into a tree resulting in injuries to 56
     passengers and death of 4 lives. The matter is remitted to the Labour Court
     to decide whether on the facts and circumstances of this case the maxim "res
     ipsa loquilllr" applies or not. 1287-G; 289-CI                                                 D
           CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 4147 of2006.

          From the Judgment and final Order dated 14.3.2005 of the High Court
     of Kamataka and Bangalore in W.A. No. 6521/2002 (L. KSRTC)

          Basava Prabhu S. Patil, V.N. Raghupathy. B. Subrahmanya Prasad and                        E
     Narayan P Kengasur for the Appellant.

           Anitha Shenoy for the Respondents.

           The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

          . KAPADIA, J. Leave granted.
                                                                                                    F
            This civil appeal by grant of special leave to appeal is directed against
     the judgment of the Division Bench of the Kamataka High Court dated
      14.3.2005 in Writ Appeal No.6521 of2002 by which the writ appeal preferred
     by Northeast Karnataka Road Transport Corporation (hereinafter referred to G
     as, "the Corporation") stood dismissed.

             The short question which arises for determination in this civil appeal is:
     whether on the facts and circumstances of the case the Labour Court misdirected
     itself in not invoking the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur, namely, the facts speak
     for themselves.
                                                                                                    H
    286                      SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2006] SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A          The Corporation is an 'Undertaking' which is catering to the requirements
    of the travelling public in various parts of the State of Karnataka. It has more
    than 60,000 employees appointed under Karnataka State Road Transport
    Corporation (Cadre and Recruitment) Regulations. 1982. The service conditions
    of each employee are governed by Karnataka State Road Transport
B   Corporation Servants (Conduct and Discipline) Regulations. 1971 (hereinafter
    referred to as. ''the 1971 Regulations").

        Respondent-workman was working as a driver in the Corporation. On
  I3.2.96 the bus which he was driving on the route from Basavakalyan to
  Hyderabad met with an accident while trying to overtake another bus of the
C Corporation. According to the management of the Corporation, in the rrocess
  of overtaking the bus which was driven by respondent-workman collided with
  the hind portion of the other bus and consequent upon which the other bus
  went and dashed against a tree resulting in injuries to 56 passengers and
  death of 4 passengers. This was in addition to severe damage caused to the
  bus of the Corporation. On I0.6.96 the officials of the Corporation collected
D statements of the passengers in the preliminary enquiry and reported the
  matter to the Disciplinary Authority of the Corporation constituted under the
  1971 Regulations. Based on the said report on which the respondent-workman
  also gave his reply, the departmental enquiry was instituted. On 11.8.97 the
  enquiry was conducted under the said 1971 Regulations. On receipt of the
E enquiry report, the Disciplinary Authority passed an order on the same day
  dismissing the respondent-workman from the services of the Corporation.

         Aggrieved by the order of dismissal dated 11.8.97, the respondent-
  workman raised a dispute under Section 10(4A) of the Industrial Disputes
  Act, 1947 before the Labour Court, Gulbarga bearing number K.l.D. No. 147
F of 1998. On receipt of the notice from the Labour Court the Corporation filed
  its written statement. On the preliminary issue as to whether the departmental
  enquiry held by the management was fair and proper, the Labour Court vide
  its order dated 24.8.98 held that the domestic enquiry held by the management
  was fair and proper, that the enquiry conducted was in accordance with rules
  of natural justice and in accordance with the regulations; and that there was
G no vagueness or uncertainty in the proceedings so as to render the enquiry
  unfair. Accordingly, the contention of the respondent-workman that the enquiry
  was not fair and proper, stood rejected. This was Part-I Award. However, vide
  Part-II Award dated 19.10.99, the Labour Court held that there was no evidence
  whatsoever to show that the respondent-driver had not taken reasonable care
H in the process of driving. The Labour Court took the view in this connection
     MANAGING DIRECTOR, NORTllEAST K.R T.C >'.OF.VIDAS MANIKRAO SAD,\NANDA [KAPADIA, J.)   287
that the management ought to have examined the driver of the bus against                         A
which the offending vehicle (bus) collided. According to the Labour Court
non-examination of the said driver was fatal to the case of the management.
According to the Labour Court there was no eye-witness to the accident.
According to the Labour Court the reporting officer of the Corporation was
not an eye-witness and the statements collected by him from the respective                       B
passengers cannot be considered as substantive evidence. to say that the
respondent-driver acted in a negligent manner. In the circumstances, the
Labour Court set aside the order of dismissal and directed the respondent-
driver to be reinstated with full back wages.

       The Part-II Award of the Labour Court was challenged by the Corporation C
by filing writ petition before the learned Single Judge of the Kamataka High
Court who took the view that in absence of any evidence before the Labour
Court, reinsta•cment was rightly awarded. At this stage, it may be pointed out
that the learned Single Judge directed reinstatement initially without back
wages. On an application for review, the learned Single Judge, however,
granted reinstatement with 50% back wages. It is interesting to note that while D
refusing the petition of the Corporation, the learned Single Judge has observed
that he was reducing the back wages so that in future the respondent-driver
would perfonn his duties satisfactorily keeping in view the safety of the
general public. This order by implication finds respondent-driver guilty of
rash and negligent driving. Be'-that as it may, the matter was carried in appeal E
by the Corporation to the Division Bench of the High Court. As stated above,
by the impugned judgment the Division Bench held that in the absence of
evidence the doctrine of res ipsa ioquitur was not applicable to the facts of
the present case. Accordingly, by the impugned judgment the writ appeal
stood dismissed. Hence this civil appeal.
                                                                                                 F
      As stated above, the short question which arises for determination in
the present case is: whether the Labour Court had erred in the facts and
circumstances of this case in not invoking the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur.

      The facts, as narrated above, show that the offending bus collided with
the hind portion of the other bus. That other bus was running in front of the                    G
offending bus. The impact of the offending bus running into the other bus
was so great that the other bus went and dashed into a tree resulting in
injuries to 56 passengers and death of 4 lives. In such circumstances, was the
Labour' Court not required to apply the doctrine of res ipsa loq11it11r, is the
question which we have to answer.
                                                                                                 H
    288                       SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2006) SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A           In the case of Shyam Sunder and Ors. v. The State of Raiasthan, [1974)
        SCC 690, this Court held that the maxim "res ipsa loquitur" does not
    embody any rule of substantive law nor a rule of evidence. It is resorted to
    when the accident is shown to have occurred and the cause of the accident
     is primarily within the knowledge of the driver. It was held that the mere fact
B   that the cause of the accident is unknown does not prevent the plaintiff from
    recovering damages from the defendant if the proper inference to be drawn
    from- the circumstances which are known is that the accident was caused by
    the negligence of the defendant. It was held that the fact of the accident may
    constitute evidence of negligence and in such cases the above maxim applies.
    The principal function of the maxim is to prevent injustice which would result
C   if the management is compelled to prove the precise cause of the accident,
    particularly, when the respondent-driver has knowledge of the cause of the
    accident This judgment has not been considered by the Division Bench of
    the Karnataka High Court.

         In the case of Pushpabai Purshottam Udeshi and Ors .. v. Mis. Ranjit
0   Ginning & Pressing Co. (P.) ltd. and Anr.. [1977) 2 SCC 745, this Court held
    that where the evi<.irnce shows dashing of the vehicle against the tree was
    so violent that it cauccd the death of the passengers then the burden rests
    on the opposi•e party to .how that the cause of the accident could not have
    been avoided by exercise uf ordinary care and caution (See: para 5}. In the
E   present case no such attempt ·vas made by the driver to show the plea of
    inevitability. therefore, the Lab0t1r Court had erred in misdirecting itself in not
    invoking the maxim "res ipsa loquitur ".

         In the case of Chalan Roadways ltd. v. G. Thirugananasambandam,
    [2005] 3 SCC 241, this Court held that in certain cases the accident speaks
F for itself; that in such cases the management has only to prove the accident
    and nothing more; and that in such cases the driver has to establish that the
    accident happened due to some cause other than his own negligence. Once
    the maxim "res ipsa /oquitur · is found to be applicable, the burden of proof
    would shift on the delinquent In such cases, the nature of impact has to be
    seen because it indicates that the vehicle was being driven rashly and
G   negligently. In such cases, the burden of proof was on the driver to show that
    the offending vehicle was not driven by him rashly and negligently. In the
    said case, it was further held that the learned Single Judge of the High Court
    in that case had erred in observing that unless witnesses (passengers) were
    examined by the management it was not possible to draw any inference of
H   misconduct against the workman.· In this connection. it was held that the
     MANAGING DIRECTOR, NORTHEAST K.R.T.C ''· DEVIDAS MANIKRAO SADANANDA [KAPADIA, I]   289

 principles of Evidence Act have no application in a domestic enquiry. It was A
 observed that the principles of natural justice are required to be complied with
 in a domestic enquiry, however, they cannot be stretched too far nor can they
 be applied in a vacuum. In the case of Cho/an Roadways (supra) this Court
 came to the conclusion that in cases of accident of the above nature it was
 not necessary as a relevant factor to examine before the enquiry officer B
.passengers of the bus and that the Labour Court had failed to apply the
 correct standard of proof in relation to the domestic enquiry, which is
 "preponderance of probability" and thus a case for judicial review stood,
 clearly made out by the Corporation.

      Accordingly the matter is remitted to the Labour Court to decide whether                C
on the facts and circumstances of this case the above maxim "res ipsa
loquitur" applies or not.

      We, accordingly, allow the civil appeal with no order as to costs.

K.K.T.                                                               Appeal allowed.