STATE OF GUJARAT AND ORS.versusJAYANTIBHAI ISHWARBHAI PATEL

696                      [2023]REPORTS
               SUPREME COURT    2 S.C.R. 696               [2023] 2 S.C.R.


A                      STATE OF GUJARAT AND ORS.
                                        v.
                    JAYANTIBHAI ISHWARBHAI PATEL
                     (Civil Appeal Nos. 1753-1754 of 2023)
B                              MARCH 17, 2023
                [M. R. SHAH AND MANOJ MISHRA, JJ.]
             Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land
      Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 : s. 24(2) –
      Land acquisition, when deemed to have lapsed – Subject land
C
      acquired in 1992 for resettlement Project – Consent award passed
      – Thereafter, order passed for payment of 90% and 10%
      compensation, however the land owner did not accept the same –
      Land owner applied for cancellation of acquisition – Thereafter,
      order of compensation under the award came to be cancelled –
D     However, land owner in possession of land and continued to
      cultivate– Thereafter, the amount of compensation as granted by
      the consent award restored – Writ petition by the land owner for
      setting aside the consent award – Meanwhile, 2013 Act came into
      effect – High Court held the acquisition deemed to have lapsed in
      view of s. 24(2) – On appeal, held: For a deemed lapse u/s. 24(2),
E
      there shall be a lapse on the part of the Acquiring Body / beneficiary
      in not taking the possession and not paying the compensation –
      Both the conditions not satisfied – There was a consent award under
      the 1894 Act – Possession was taken by drawing the panchnama at
      the time of passing of the consent award – However, because of the
F     reluctance on the part of the land owner, he did not actually and
      physically hand over the possession and continued to cultivate the
      acquired land which actually vested in the State Government –
      Compensation was offered pursuant to the consent award but the
      land owner refused to accept the same, thus, there cannot be any
      deemed lapse of acquisition u/s. 24(2) – Once the land owner refuses
G
      to accept the amount of compensation offered by the Acquiring Body,
      it would not be open for the original land owner to pray for lapse
      of acquisition on the ground that the compensation has not been
      paid – High Court did not appreciate and consider the conduct on
      the part of the land owner – Thus, impugned the order of the High
H     Court quashed and set aside.
                                       696
       STATE OF GUJARAT AND ORS. v. JAYANTIBHAI                       697
                  ISHWARBHAI PATEL

      Allowing the appeal, the Court                                  A
       HELD: 1.1 As per the law laid down by this Court in the
case of Indore Development Authority, taking over the possession
of the land by drawing panchnama is held to be legally permissible
and can be said to be taking over the possession legally. In the
instant case, there was a consent award under Section 11 of the       B
Act, 1894. The possession was taken by drawing the panchnama
at the time of passing of the consent award dated 11.06.1993.
However, thereafter, because of the reluctance on the part of the
land owner, he did not actually and physically hand over the
possession and he continued to cultivate the acquired land which
actually vested in the State Government / Acquiring Body / Sardar     C
Sarovar Rehabilitation Agency. [Para 5.4][709-H; 710-A-B]
      1.2 There shall not be any deemed lapse u/s. 24(2) of the
Act, 2013 on the ground that the amount of compensation was
not paid. After the consent award, under Section 11 of the Act,
1894, was passed on 11.06.1993, the amount of compensation            D
was in fact offered to the land owner alongwith other land owners
and the respondent-original land owner was called upon to remain
present in the office of Talati-cum Mantri to receive/accept the
compensation. However, the land owner refused to accept the
compensation though offered. In that view of the matter, once         E
the compensation was offered, which as such was offered pursuant
to the consent award under Section 11 of the Act, 1894, but the
land owner refused to accept the same, how there can be any
deemed lapse of acquisition u/s. 24(2) of the Act. [Para 6][710-C-
E]
                                                                      F
       1.3 For a deemed lapse under Section 24(2) of the Act, 2013,
there shall be a lapse on the part of the Acquiring Body /
beneficiary in not taking the possession and not paying the
compensation. In the present case, both the conditions are not
satisfied. In fact, the amount of compensation under the consent
award under Section 11 of the Act, 1894 was offered and the land      G
owner was called upon to accept the compensation however, the
land owner refused to accept the same. Even the possession was
taken by drawing the panchnama at the time of declaration of the
consent award under Section 11 of the Act, 1894. However,
                                                                      H
698            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                      [2023] 2 S.C.R.


A     thereafter, because of the reluctance on the part of the original
      land owner, the physical and actual possession of the land could
      not be taken by the Acquiring Body. From the aforesaid it can be
      seen that there was no lapse at all on the part of the Authority
      neither in offering / paying the compensation nor in not taking
B     the possession. Therefore, the Division Bench of the High Court
      materially erred in declaring that the acquisition with respect to
      the land in question is deemed to have lapsed under Section 24(2)
      of the Act, 2013. [Para 6.1][710-F-H; 711-A-B]
             1.4 As regards, the impugned judgment and order passed
C     by the High Court in setting aside the award dated 11.06.1993 on
      the ground that the award has not been implemented for number
      of years and the amount of compensation has not been paid for
      number of years and the land is not utilized / used for number of
      years is concerned, at the outset it is required to be noted that it
      was the original owner who refused to accept the compensation
D     offered in the year 1993. Therefore, an order dated 07.05.1993
      was passed cancelling the order of offering the compensation.
      However, the acquisition and the consent award, both continued.
      However, thereafter, the land owner continued to make
      representations to release the land from acquisition. Therefore,
E     it was the original land owner who did not accept the compensation
      offered and continued to make representations to release the
      land from acquisition. In these circumstances, the Division Bench
      committed a very serious error in setting aside the consent award
      on the aforesaid ground. The consent award under Section 11 of
F     the Act, 1894 ought not to have been set aside in the manner in
      which it is set aside. The High Court has not at all properly
      appreciated and considered the conduct on the part of the land
      owner. At this stage it is required to be noted that at many places
      the High Court has observed that “the petitioner, alongwith other
      land owners of the area, agreed to acquisition of his land on a
G     fixed rate of compensation”. Even the High Court has also taken
      note of the fact that the amount of compensation was offered but
      the original land owner refused to accept the same. Once the
      land owner refuses to accept the amount of compensation offered

H
       STATE OF GUJARAT AND ORS. v. JAYANTIBHAI                           699
                  ISHWARBHAI PATEL

by the Acquiring Body, thereafter it will not be open for the original    A
land owner to pray for lapse of acquisition on the ground that the
compensation has not been paid. There shall be deemed lapse of
acquisition u/s. 24(2) if there is a lapse on the part of the Acquiring
Body / beneficiary in not taking the possession and the
compensation is not paid. Even otherwise, for the deemed lapse            B
u/s. 24(2), twin conditions of not taking the possession and not
paying the compensation, both are required to be satisfied.
Therefore, if one of the conditions is not satisfied, there shall not
be any deemed lapse. [Para 7][711-B-H; 712-A-B]
       1.5 As regards, the prayer on behalf of the land owner to          C
remand the matter to the High Court to consider the legality and
validity of the subsequent order dated 21.01.2009 cancelling the
earlier order dated 07.03.1995 is concerned, at the outset it is
required to be noted that the order dated 21.01.2009 was as such
not the subject matter of the writ petition before the High Court.        D
No prayer was made to set aside the order dated 21.01.2009
passed by the Assistant Commissioner. What was challenged
before the High Court was award under Section 11 of the Act,
1894 and the subsequent communication dated 05.04.2010 issued
by the Special Land Acquisition Officer calling upon the land
owner to remain present in the office of Talati cum Mantri to             E
accept the compensation and to release the land. Be that as it
may, assuming that the order dated 21.01.2009 was bad in law
and the earlier order dated 07.03.1995 is restored, in that case
also, it would not have a bearing on the aspect of deemed lapse
under Section 24(2) of the Act, 2013. The fact remains that though        F
the amount of compensation was offered and the original land
owner was called upon to accept the compensation as per the
consent award, he refused to accept the same. [Para 8][712-B-E]
      Indore Development Authority vs. Manoharlal and Ors.
      (2020) 8 SCC 129 : [2020] 3 SCR 1 – followed.                       G

                       Case Law Reference
[2020] 3 SCR 1                   followed             Para 5.4

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700              SUPREME COURT REPORTS                           [2023] 2 S.C.R.


A           CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal Nos. 1753-
      1754 of 2023.
            From the Judgment and Order dated 31.08.2015 in SCA No. 9740
      of 2012 and dated 01.04.2016 in MCA No. 3036 of 2015 and SCA
      No.9740 of 2012 of the High Court of Gujarat at Ahmedabad.
B          Madhu Prakash, Rituraj Choudhary, Chandan Kumar, Ms.
      Deepanwita Priyanka, Ms. Sujeeta Srivastava, Advs. for the Appellants.
            Vikramjeet Banerjee, A.S.G., Nakul Dewan, Sr. Adv., Pradhuman
      Gohil, Mrs. Taruna Singh Gohil, Ms. Ranu Purohit, Alapati Sahithya
      Krishna, Ms. Jaikriti S. Jadeja, Charudatta Vijayrao Mahindrakar, Keshav
C     Hegde, Aftab Rasheed, Aftab Ali Khan, Kanu Agarwal, Rajan Kumar
      Chourasia, Ms. Baby Devi Bonia, A K Kaul, Shashank Bajpai, Prashant
      Singh II, Arvind Kumar Sharma, Sudarsh Menon, Samarendra Beura,
      Rajesh Rathore, Nitin Mishra, Ishaan Sharma, Ashwani Kumar, Anshay
      Dhatwalia, Shree Pal Singh, N. S. Vasisht, Ms. Jyoti Kataria, Advs. for
D     the Respondent.
               The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
               M. R. SHAH, J.
             1. Feeling aggrieved and dissatisfied with the impugned judgment
      and order dated 31.08.2015 passed by the High Court of Gujarat at
E
      Ahmedabad in Special Civil Application No.9740/2012 by which the
      Division Bench of the High Court of Gujarat has allowed the said writ
      petition and has declared that the acquisition with respect to the land in
      question is deemed to have lapsed under Section 24(2) of the Right to
      Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation
F     and Resettlement Act, 2013 (hereinafter referred to as “Act, 2013”) as
      also the judgment and order dated 01.04.2016 passed by the High Court
      of Gujarat in Misc. Civil Application (For Review) No.3036 of 2015 in
      Special Civil Application No.9740/2012, the State of Gujarat and others
      have preferred the present appeals.
G              2. The facts leading to the present appeals in nut-shell are as
      under:
             2.1 That, the respondent herein – original writ petitioner was the
      owner of the land bearing Survey No.287 admeasuring 2 Hectare 37
      Are 75 Sq. Mtrs. of village Tarsava, Taluka Vaghodia, District Vadodara
H     (hereinafter referred to as “land in question”). A notification under Section
       STATE OF GUJARAT AND ORS. v. JAYANTIBHAI                             701
           ISHWARBHAI PATEL [M. R. SHAH, J.]

4 of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (hereinafter referred to as “Act,       A
1894”) came to be issued on 11.04.1991 to acquire the land in question
alongwith adjacent agricultural lands for the purpose of re-settlement of
Narmada Project oustees. That, thereafter, notification under Section 6
of the Act, 1894 was issued on 06.02.1992. The respondent herein –
original land owner – original writ petitioner entered into an agreement
                                                                            B
and a consent award was passed on 11.06.1993. As per the agreement
and the consent award, initially 90% of the amount of compensation
was required to be paid to the land owners and 10% amount was required
to be paid thereafter. However, it appears that the respondent – land
owner had second thought about the consent and on 13.02.1995, he
wrote to the Assistant Commissioner, Sardar Sarovar Rehabilitation          C
Agency that the compensation may not be paid and the land in question
be released from acquisition. On such application, the Assistant
Commissioner passed an order dated 07.03.1995, in which, he recorded
that the order was passed for payment of 90% of the compensation,
however, the land owner did not accept such compensation. Thereafter,
                                                                            D
even the order of payment of remaining 10% of compensation was also
passed however, the land owner – respondent herein did not accept
such compensation and that he has now applied for cancellation of
acquisition itself on the ground that due to family disagreements, he is
not prepared to sell the land. Thereafter, nothing further happened till
2009 and it appears that the land owner/s continued to be in possession     E
and continued to cultivate the agricultural lands.
       2.2 That, on 21.01.2009, the Assistant Commissioner, Sardar
Sarovar Rehabilitation Agency cancelled the order dated 07.03.1995 by
observing that the acquisition of the land in question has been completed
and the land has been vested in Sardar Sarovar Rehabilitation Agency        F
and on basis of that affected persons were allotted also and therefore,
as per the legal provision, once an order is passed, it is mandatory to
make the payment of compensation. Therefore, the Assistant
Commissioner, Sardar Sarovar Rehabilitation Agency cancelled the earlier
order dated 07.03.1995 and restored the order for 90% and 10% amount
of compensation as per the earlier orders dated 05.05.1993 and              G
09.02.1994 (for payment of 90% and 10% of the amount of compensation
respectively). Pursuant to the aforesaid order dated 21.01.2009 of the
Assistant Commissioner, the Special Land Acquisition Officer vide
communication / letter dated 05.04.2010 conveyed to the respondent
herein – original land owner that his case for payment of compensation      H
702             SUPREME COURT REPORTS                           [2023] 2 S.C.R.


A     is fixed on 16.04.2010 in the office of Talati-cum-Mantri, Tarsava and
      therefore, he shall remain present and receive compensation. That,
      thereafter the respondent No.1 – original writ petitioner filed the writ
      petition for setting aside the consent award dated 11.06.1993 passed
      under Section 11 of the Act, 1894.
B            2.3 Before the High Court, it was the case on behalf of respondent
      No.1 – original writ petitioner – land owner that his request for withdrawal
      of the consent was accepted by the Special Land Acquisition Officer
      and thereafter, no compensation was received and the possession of the
      land in question was also not taken over and therefore, many years later
      the authority cannot implement the award by insisting on payment of
C
      compensation.
             2.4 In the meantime, Act, 2013 came into force with effect from
      01.01.2014 and therefore, Section 24(2) of the Act, 2013 was pressed
      into service and it was submitted on behalf of the land owner that as,
      neither the compensation has been paid nor the possession of the land in
D
      question is taken and that the land owner continued to be in possession
      of the land in question, the acquisition proceedings are deemed to have
      lapsed under Section 24(2) of the Act, 2013.
             2.5 It was the case on behalf of the Acquiring Body and the State
      Government that the land owner cannot withdraw such consent once
E
      the award was passed. It was also submitted on behalf of the Acquiring
      Body and the State Government that merely because the land owner did
      not accept the compensation would not make any difference. It is
      submitted that once the award was passed and a further order was
      passed to pay the amount of compensation as per the consent award,
F     the same has to be implemented and therefore, the Assistant
      Commissioner was justified in passing the order dated 21.01.2009 which
      was communicated by Land Acquisition Officer on 05.04.2010 asking
      the land owner to receive the compensation, as originally fixed.
             2.6 By the impugned judgment and order, the High Court has set
G     aside the order dated 05.04.2010 by observing that such an order could
      not have been passed after a period of 15 years having once accepted
      the request on behalf of the land owner to cancel the acquisition.
      Thereafter, the Division Bench of the High Court has further passed an
      order that as, neither the compensation is paid nor the possession is
H     taken and/or the original land owner continued to be in possession and
       STATE OF GUJARAT AND ORS. v. JAYANTIBHAI                              703
           ISHWARBHAI PATEL [M. R. SHAH, J.]

cultivating the land in question, the acquisition is deemed to have lapsed   A
under Section 24(2) of the Act, 2013. Consequently, the Division Bench
of the High Court has allowed the said writ petition by setting aside the
land acquisition award dated 11.06.1993 qua the land in question.
       2.7 That, thereafter the Assistant Commissioner and others filed
the review petition before the High Court against the observations made      B
by the Division Bench that possession has not been taken over. It was
pointed out that as such the possession was already taken over by the
Sardar Sarovar Rehabilitation Agency at the time of passing of the award.
However, the High Court has dismissed the review application.
      2.8 The impugned judgment and order passed by the High Court           C
in Special Civil Application as well as the impugned order passed in
Review Application are the subject matter of present appeals.
       3. Ms. Deepanwita Priyanka, learned counsel appearing for the
State of Gujarat has vehemently submitted that as such the issue involved
in the present appeals viz. Whether in the facts and circumstances of        D
the case, there shall be deemed lapse of acquisition under Section 24(2)
of the Act, 2013 is now not res integra in view of the decision of the
Constitution Bench of this Court in the case of Indore Development
Authority Vs. Manoharlal and Ors. reported in (2020) 8 SCC 129.
      3.1 It is submitted that in the present case there was a consent       E
award passed on 11.06.1993 and thereafter the orders were passed to
pay 90% and 10% compensation vide orders dated 05.05.1993 and
09.02.1994. However, the original land owner did not accept the
compensation though offered and he insisted for withdrawal of the
acquisition. It is submitted that therefore, thereafter vide order dated
                                                                             F
07.03.1995, the order of compensation under the award came to be
cancelled.
      3.2 It is submitted that however as Award under Section 11 of the
Act, 1894 continued and amount of compensation was to be paid under
the consent award / award, the Assistant Commissioner was justified in
                                                                             G
passing the order dated 21.01.2009, which was communicated to the
original writ petitioner by the Special Land Acquisition Officer vide
communication dated 05.04.2010.
      3.3 It is submitted that once the award under Section 11 of the
Act, 1894 was a consent award, the same could not have been set aside
                                                                             H
704             SUPREME COURT REPORTS                            [2023] 2 S.C.R.


A     by the High Court subsequently on the ground that the compensation
      under the Act, 1894 has not been paid for number of years and that the
      land owner continued to be in possession of the land in question. It is
      submitted that as such it was the specific case on behalf of the appellants
      before the High Court that it was the original land owner who did not
      accept the compensation offered and despite consent award, he continued
B
      to cultivate the land forcibly. It is submitted that even it was the specific
      case on behalf of the appellants before the High Court that possession
      of the land in question was taken over by drawing panchnama at the
      time of passing of the consent award. It is submitted that however the
      High Court has not believed taking over the possession considering the
C     affidavit filed by the Assistant Commissioner in which the Assistant
      Commissioner stated that the land owner continued to cultivate the land.
      It is submitted that however the High Court has not considered the entire
      affidavit on possession in its true perspective. It is submitted that as per
      the decision of this Court in the case of Indore Development Authority
      (Supra) taking over the possession of land / open land by drawing the
D
      panchnama is one of the mode which is legally permissible. It is submitted
      that therefore the High Court has materially erred in setting aside the
      award dated 11.06.1993 under Section 11 of the Act, 1894 and also
      declaring that the acquisition with respect to the land in question is deemed
      to have lapsed under Section 24(2) of the Act, 2013.
E           3.4 Ms. Deepanwita Priyanka, learned counsel appearing for the
      appellants – State of Gujarat and Others has further submitted that even
      otherwise in the facts and circumstances of the case, there shall not be
      any deemed lapse of acquisition under Section 24(2) of the Act, 2013.
             It is submitted that in the present case admittedly pursuant to the
F     consent award passed under Section 11 of the Act, 1894, the orders
      were passed to pay the compensation to the land owner and the land
      owner was called upon to come to the office of Talati-cum-Mantri,
      Tarsava to accept the compensation. However, the land owner refused
      to accept the compensation as offered. It is submitted that once there
G     was a refusal on the part of the land owner to accept the compensation
      though offered, there shall not be any deemed lapse under Section 24(2)
      of the Act, 2013.
             3.5 It is further submitted that as observed and held by this Court
      in the case of Indore Development Authority (Supra), only in a case
H     where there is a lapse on the part of the Acquiring Body in not tendering
        STATE OF GUJARAT AND ORS. v. JAYANTIBHAI                                 705
            ISHWARBHAI PATEL [M. R. SHAH, J.]

/ paying the compensation, and not taking over the possession, there             A
shall be deemed lapse under Section 24(2) of the Act, 2013. It is submitted
that in the present case there was no lapse at all on the part of the
Acquiring Body and/or State Government in not taking the possession
and in not tendering / paying the compensation. It is submitted that as
such the original land owner refused to accept the compensation which
                                                                                 B
has been recorded in the order dated 07.03.1995.
      Making above submissions and relying upon decision of the
Constitution Bench of this Court in the case of Indore Development
Authority (Supra), it is prayed to allow the present appeals.
       4. Present appeals are vehemently opposed by Shri Nakul Diwan,            C
learned senior counsel appearing on behalf of the contesting respondent
– original writ petitioner – original land owner.
       4.1 It is prayed by Shri Diwan, learned senior counsel appearing
on behalf of the original land owner that before the High Court there
was a challenge to the subsequent communication dated 21.01.2009 by              D
the Assistant Commissioner communicated vide letter dated 05.04.2010
by the learned Special Land Acquisition Officer suo moto cancelling the
earlier order dated 07.03.1995. It is submitted that the said issue has not
been decided by the High Court and therefore, the matter may be
remanded to the High Court to consider the legality and validity of the
order dated 21.01.2009 passed by the Assistant Commissioner and the              E
communication dated 05.04.2010 by the Special Land Acquisition Officer
calling upon the land owner to remain present in the office of Talati-
cum-Mantri, Tarsava to receive / accept the compensation.
        4.2 It is further submitted by Shri Diwan, learned senior counsel
appearing on behalf of the original land owner that in the present case          F
the original land owner withdrew his consent and therefore, refused to
accept the compensation awarded under the consent award and requested
to withdraw the acquisition, which came to be accepted by the Assistant
Commissioner vide order dated 07.03.1995 and the award was cancelled.
It is submitted that in that view of the matter, thereafter, after a period of   G
15 years, it was not open for the Assistant Commissioner to cancel the
order dated 07.03.1995 that too in exercise of suo moto powers and
without giving any opportunity of hearing to the original land owner.
       4.3 It is further submitted by Shri Diwan, learned senior counsel
that even otherwise when the original land owner continued to remain in
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706             SUPREME COURT REPORTS                           [2023] 2 S.C.R.


A     physical possession and cultivating the land in question even for a period
      of 15 years after the consent award passed in the year 1993 and the
      compensation was not paid for number of years, in view of Section
      24(2) of the Act, 2013, there shall be deemed lapse of acquisition
      proceedings. It is submitted that therefore the Division Bench of the
      High Court has not committed any error in setting aside the consent
B
      award on the ground that the same has not been implemented for number
      of years and that the land in question is not used by the Acquiring Body
      for the purpose for which it was acquired and the High Court has rightly
      declared that the acquisition with respect to the land in question is deemed
      to have lapsed under Section 24(2) of the Act, 2013.
C           Making above submissions, it is prayed to dismiss the present
      appeals.
             5. We have heard learned counsel appearing for respective parties
      at length.

D            5.1 At the outset it is required to be noted that the original award
      dated 11.06.1993 passed under Section 11 of the Act, 1894 was a consent
      award with respect to the land owned by the present respondent – original
      land owner as well as other lands acquired for re-settlement of Narmada
      Project oustees. It is also to be noted that thereafter and pursuant to the
      consent award, the amount of compensation (90% + 10%) was in fact
E     offered to the land owner and he was called upon to accept the
      compensation offered, but the respondent – original land owner refused
      to accept the compensation offered and insisted to withdraw the
      acquisition. It was the case on behalf of the appellants before the High
      Court that the possession of the land in question was taken by drawing
      spot panchnama at the time of passing of the consent award. However,
F
      the High Court has disbelieved the same by observing that even as per
      the affidavit of the Assistant Commissioner, the land owner continued to
      be in possession of the land in question and continued to cultivate the
      same. However, the affidavit which is reproduced in the impugned
      judgment and order is required to be considered in its true perspective
G     and in its entirety. In the affidavit dated 22.03.2013 filed by one Shri
      Bhagora Kamlasingh Jokhanbhai on behalf of the Assistant
      Commissioner, it was stated as under:
            “6. I state that however the Petitioner refused to handover
            the land and to take compensation along with other similarly
H           situated farmers whose land were also acquired as per the
       STATE OF GUJARAT AND ORS. v. JAYANTIBHAI                               707
           ISHWARBHAI PATEL [M. R. SHAH, J.]

      Award dated 11.06.1993. The Petitioner along with other                 A
      persons made an application dated 27.07.1993 for
      cancellation of the Award.
      7. I state that by the order dated 07.03.1995, pursuant to the
      reluctance of the Petitioner to hand over the possession and
      to take the compensation on so called grounds of family                 B
      disputes, the order of payment of compensation was cancelled,
      but at the same time, the order of acquisition was not cancelled.
      It appears that the Petitioner has successfully avoided to
      handover the possession of the land acquired under the
      provisions of Act though the land is vested in the Respondent
                                                                              C
      No.3"
      14. With regard to the averments made in para No.3.2 of the
      petition, I deny the same inasmuch as Petitioner refused to
      take the compensation and therefore, last notice was given to
      the Petitioner on 05.04.2010 and the Petitioner refused to
                                                                              D
      accept the compensation, the same is now, deposited with the
      Government Treasury as stated hereinabove. The Petitioner
      is, therefore, require to handover the possession of land to
      the Respondent No.3 so that the same can be allotted for
      rehabilitation of the affected persons of Narmada Project.”
       5.2 Thus, from the aforesaid it can be seen that it was the specific   E
case on behalf of the appellants and the Assistant Commissioner that
the land owner refused to hand over the land and refused to accept the
compensation alongwith other similarly situated farmers whose lands
were also acquired as per the consent award dated 11.06.1993. It can
also be seen that it was the case on behalf of the appellants that by order   F
dated 07.03.1995, pursuant to the reluctance of the land owner to hand
over the possession (physical possession) and to take the compensation
on so-called ground of family disputes, the order of payment of
compensation was cancelled. But at the same time, the order of acquisition
was not cancelled and that the land owner successfully avoided to hand
                                                                              G
over the possession of the land acquired under the provisions of the Act,
1894 though the land vested in the Sardar Sarovar Rehabilitation Agency.
      5.3 Considering the aforesaid factual aspects it is required to be
considered whether there shall be deemed lapse of acquisition under
Section 24(2) of the Act, 2013 as observed and held by the High Court ?
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708           SUPREME COURT REPORTS                           [2023] 2 S.C.R.


A           In the case of Indore Development Authority (Supra), it is
      observed and held as under:
              “366. In view of the aforesaid discussion, we answer the
           questions as under:
               366.1. Under the provisions of Section 24(1)(a) in case the
B          award is not made as on 1-1-2014, the date of commencement of
           the 2013 Act, there is no lapse of proceedings. Compensation has
           to be determined under the provisions of the 2013 Act.
              366.2. In case the award has been passed within the window
           period of five years excluding the period covered by an interim
C          order of the court, then proceedings shall continue as provided
           under Section 24(1)(b) of the 2013 Act under the 1894 Act as if it
           has not been repealed.
               366.3. The word “or” used in Section 24(2) between possession
           and compensation has to be read as “nor” or as “and”. The deemed
D          lapse of land acquisition proceedings under Section 24(2) of the
           2013 Act takes place where due to inaction of authorities for five
           years or more prior to commencement of the said Act, the
           possession of land has not been taken nor compensation has been
           paid. In other words, in case possession has been taken,
           compensation has not been paid then there is no lapse. Similarly,
E          if compensation has been paid, possession has not been taken
           then there is no lapse.
               366.4. The expression “paid” in the main part of Section 24(2)
           of the 2013 Act does not include a deposit of compensation in
           court. The consequence of non-deposit is provided in the proviso
F          to Section 24(2) in case it has not been deposited with respect to
           majority of landholdings then all beneficiaries (landowners) as on
           the date of notification for land acquisition under Section 4 of the
           1894 Act shall be entitled to compensation in accordance with the
           provisions of the 2013 Act. In case the obligation under Section
           31 of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 has not been fulfilled, interest
G
           under Section 34 of the said Act can be granted. Non-deposit of
           compensation (in court) does not result in the lapse of land
           acquisition proceedings. In case of non-deposit with respect to
           the majority of holdings for five years or more, compensation under
           the 2013 Act has to be paid to the “landowners” as on the date of
H          notification for land acquisition under Section 4 of the 1894 Act.
       STATE OF GUJARAT AND ORS. v. JAYANTIBHAI                              709
           ISHWARBHAI PATEL [M. R. SHAH, J.]

          366.5. In case a person has been tendered the compensation         A
      as provided under Section 31(1) of the 1894 Act, it is not open to
      him to claim that acquisition has lapsed under Section 24(2) due
      to non-payment or non-deposit of compensation in court. The
      obligation to pay is complete by tendering the amount under Section
      31(1). The landowners who had refused to accept compensation
                                                                             B
      or who sought reference for higher compensation, cannot claim
      that the acquisition proceedings had lapsed under Section 24(2)
      of the 2013 Act.
         366.6. The proviso to Section 24(2) of the 2013 Act is to be
      treated as part of Section 24(2), not part of Section 24(1)(b).
                                                                             C
         366.7. The mode of taking possession under the 1894 Act and
      as contemplated under Section 24(2) is by drawing of inquest
      report/memorandum. Once award has been passed on taking
      possession under Section 16 of the 1894 Act, the land vests in
      State there is no divesting provided under Section 24(2) of the
      2013 Act, as once possession has been taken there is no lapse          D
      under Section 24(2).
          366.8. The provisions of Section 24(2) providing for a deemed
      lapse of proceedings are applicable in case authorities have failed
      due to their inaction to take possession and pay compensation for
      five years or more before the 2013 Act came into force, in a           E
      proceeding for land acquisition pending with the authority concerned
      as on 1-1-2014. The period of subsistence of interim orders passed
      by court has to be excluded in the computation of five years.
          366.9. Section 24(2) of the 2013 Act does not give rise to new
      cause of action to question the legality of concluded proceedings      F
      of land acquisition. Section 24 applies to a proceeding pending on
      the date of enforcement of the 2013 Act i.e. 1-1-2014. It does not
      revive stale and time-barred claims and does not reopen concluded
      proceedings nor allow landowners to question the legality of mode
      of taking possession to reopen proceedings or mode of deposit of       G
      compensation in the treasury instead of court to invalidate
      acquisition.”
       5.4 Therefore, as per the law laid down by this Court in the case
of Indore Development Authority (Supra), taking over the possession
of the land by drawing panchnama is held to be legally permissible and
                                                                             H
710            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                          [2023] 2 S.C.R.


A     can be said to be taking over the possession legally. In the present case,
      there was a consent award under Section 11 of the Act, 1894. The
      possession was taken by drawing the panchnama at the time of passing
      of the consent award dated 11.06.1993. However, thereafter, because
      of the reluctance on the part of the land owner, he did not actually and
      physically hand over the possession and he continued to cultivate the
B
      acquired land which actually vested in the State Government / Acquiring
      Body / Sardar Sarovar Rehabilitation Agency.
             6. Even otherwise, in the facts and circumstances of the case,
      there shall not be any deemed lapse under Section 24(2) of the Act,
      2013 on the ground that the amount of compensation was not paid. It is
C
      an admitted position that after the consent award, under Section 11 of
      the Act, 1894, was passed on 11.06.1993, the amount of compensation
      was in fact offered to the land owner alongwith other land owners and
      the respondent – original land owner was called upon to remain present
      in the office of Talati-cum-Mantri to receive / accept the compensation.
D     However, the land owner refused to accept the compensation though
      offered. In that view of the matter, once the compensation was offered,
      which as such was offered pursuant to the consent award under Section
      11 of the Act, 1894, but the land owner refused to accept the same, how
      there can be any deemed lapse of acquisition under Section 24(2) of the
      Act, 2013?
E
             6.1 As per the law laid down by this Court in the case of Indore
      Development Authority (Supra) and even otherwise considering the
      object of providing the deemed lapse of acquisition under Section 24(2)
      of the Act, 2013 seems to be that if there is any lapse on the part of the
      Acquiring Body / agency in not taking the possession and not paying the
F
      compensation there shall be deemed lapse of acquisition. Therefore, for
      a deemed lapse under Section 24(2) of the Act, 2013, there shall be a
      lapse on the part of the Acquiring Body / beneficiary in not taking the
      possession and not paying the compensation. In the present case, both
      the conditions are not satisfied. In fact, the amount of compensation
G     under the consent award under Section 11 of the Act, 1894 was offered
      and the land owner was called upon to accept the compensation however,
      the land owner refused to accept the same. Even the possession was
      taken by drawing the panchnama at the time of declaration of the consent
      award under Section 11 of the Act, 1894. However, thereafter, because
      of the reluctance on the part of the original land owner, the physical and
H
       STATE OF GUJARAT AND ORS. v. JAYANTIBHAI                               711
           ISHWARBHAI PATEL [M. R. SHAH, J.]

actual possession of the land could not be taken by the Acquiring Body.       A
From the aforesaid it can be seen that there was no lapse at all on the
part of the Authority neither in offering / paying the compensation nor in
not taking the possession. Therefore, the Division Bench of the High
Court has materially erred in declaring that the acquisition with respect
to the land in question is deemed to have lapsed under Section 24(2) of
                                                                              B
the Act, 2013.
        7. Now, so far as the impugned judgment and order passed by the
High Court in setting aside the award dated 11.06.1993 on the ground
that the award has not been implemented for number of years and the
amount of compensation has not been paid for number of years and the
land is not utilized / used for number of years is concerned, at the outset   C
it is required to be noted that it was the original owner who refused to
accept the compensation offered in the year 1993. Therefore, an order
dated 07.05.1993 was passed cancelling the order of offering the
compensation. However, the acquisition and the consent award, both
continued. However, thereafter, the land owner continued to make              D
representations to release the land from acquisition. Therefore, it was
the original land owner who did not accept the compensation offered
and continued to make representations to release the land from
acquisition. In these circumstances, the Division Bench of High Court
has committed a very serious error in setting aside the consent award on
the aforesaid ground. The consent award under Section 11 of the Act,          E
1894 ought not to have been set aside in the manner in which it is set
aside. The High Court has not at all properly appreciated and considered
the conduct on the part of the land owner. At this stage it is required to
be noted that at many places the High Court has observed in paragraph
11 that “the petitioner, alongwith other land owners of the area, agreed      F
to acquisition of his land on a fixed rate of compensation”. Even the
High Court has also taken note of the fact that the amount of
compensation was offered but the original land owner refused to accept
the same. Once the land owner refuses to accept the amount of
compensation offered by the Acquiring Body, thereafter it will not be
open for the original land owner to pray for lapse of acquisition on the      G
ground that the compensation has not been paid. As observed
hereinabove, there shall be deemed lapse of acquisition under Section
24(2) of the Act, 2013 if there is a lapse on the part of the Acquiring
Body / beneficiary in not taking the possession and the compensation is
not paid. Even otherwise as observed and held by this Court in the case       H
712              SUPREME COURT REPORTS                          [2023] 2 S.C.R.


A     of Indore Development Authority (Supra), for the deemed lapse
      under Section 24(2) of the Act, 2013, twin conditions of not taking the
      possession and not paying the compensation, both are required to be
      satisfied. Therefore, if one of the conditions is not satisfied, there shall
      not be any deemed lapse.
B            8. Now, so far as the prayer on behalf of the land owner to remand
      the matter to the High Court to consider the legality and validity of the
      subsequent order dated 21.01.2009 cancelling the earlier order dated
      07.03.1995 is concerned, at the outset it is required to be noted that the
      order dated 21.01.2009 was as such not the subject matter of the writ
      petition before the High Court. No prayer was made to set aside the
C     order dated 21.01.2009 passed by the Assistant Commissioner, Sardar
      Sarovar Rehabilitation Agency. What was challenged before the High
      Court was award under Section 11 of the Act, 1894 and the subsequent
      communication dated 05.04.2010 issued by the Special Land Acquisition
      Officer calling upon the land owner to remain present in the office of
D     Talati cum Mantri to accept the compensation and to release the land.
      Be that as it may, assuming that the order dated 21.01.2009 was bad in
      law and the earlier order dated 07.03.1995 is restored, in that case also,
      it would not have a bearing on the aspect of deemed lapse under Section
      24(2) of the Act, 2013. The fact remains that though the amount of
      compensation was offered and the original land owner was called upon
E     to accept the compensation as per the consent award, he refused to
      accept the same.
             9. In view of the above and for the reasons stated above, present
      appeals succeed. Impugned judgment and order dated 31.08.2015 passed
      by the High Court of Gujarat in Special Civil Application No.9740/2012
F     and the order dated 01.04.2016 passed in review application being Misc.
      Civil Application (For Review) No.3036 of 2015 in Special Civil
      Application No.9740/2012 are hereby quashed and set aside. In the facts
      and circumstances of the case, there shall be no order as to costs.

G     Nidhi Jain                                                   Appeals allowed.
      (Assisted by : Abhishek Pratap Singh and Rakhi, LCRAs)




H