Holding

The Supreme Court upheld the acquittal, finding that the circumstantial evidence was insufficient and the appellate court could not interfere as the lower courts' decision was not perverse.

Summary

The State of Goa appealed the acquittal of Sanjay and Anjali Thakran for murder, robbery and criminal conspiracy of a newly‑wed couple. The prosecution relied solely on circumstantial evidence – the accused were last seen with the victims, some jewellery and clothing were recovered from them, and the accused gave no explanation under Section 313 Cr.P.C. The Supreme Court held that the circumstantial evidence did not satisfy the established tests: the chain of circumstances was incomplete, the time gap between the last‑seen incident and the discovery of the bodies was substantial, the recovered articles were not positively identified as belonging to the victims, and the identification parade was irregular. Consequently, the appellate court could not set aside the lower courts' acquittals as they were not perverse. The appeals were dismissed, upholding the acquittal.

Issues considered

The adequacy of circumstantial evidence to sustain a conviction under IPC sections 120‑B, 302, 364, 392 and 34.
Whether the appellate court may interfere with an order of acquittal when the lower court's findings are not perverse.
The evidentiary value of jewellery and clothing recovered from the accused without proper identification.
The relevance of the 'last seen together' doctrine given the time gap between the last sighting and the crime.
The significance of the accused's failure to explain the incident under Section 313 Cr.P.C.
The impact of irregularities in the test identification parade on the prosecution's case.

Legislation cited

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973s. 313
Constitution of Indias. Article 136
Indian Penal Code, 1860s. 120-B, s. 302, s. 34, s. 364, s. 392

Subjects

circumstantial evidenceacquittalappellate jurisdictionlast seen together doctrineidentification paradeSection 313 Cr.P.C.criminal conspiracymurderrobberyIndian Penal CodeCriminal Procedure Code

Judgment

STATE OF GOA A
v.
'• SANJA Y THAKRAN AND ANR.

MARCH 2, 2007

[B.N. AGRA WALANDP.P. NAOLEKAR, JJ.] B

Constitution of India-Article I 36-Penal Code, I 860- Sections I 20-
B, 364, 302 and 392-Criminal Procedure Code, 1973--Section 313-Accused
! J
charged of criminal conspiracy, abduction, murder and robbery on basis of C
circumstantial evidence-Accused last seen with deceased together-Recovery
of articles of deceased with accused-Tira! Court and High Court acquitting""'•,,
the acccused-Correctness of-Held, court in appeal can set aside the order
of acquittal only when the decision is perverse-On examination of evidence,
there was a considerable time gap between the persons last seen together
and the proximate time of crime-Prosecution failed to prove that the articles D
recovered were that of the deceased-Hence, acquittal of accused upheld in
the absence of any other corroborative evidence to complete the chain of
circumstances.

Respondents-couple were charged for offences under sections 120-8,
364, 302 and 392 read with section 34 IPC for murdering and robbing the E
deceased couple on the basis of circumstantial evidence. The trial court and
the High Court acquitted the respondents of the charges on the ground that
th~ proseuction failed to prove involvement of the respondents in the
commission of the crime.

In appeal to this Court, the appellant-State contended that certain F
articles, including some gold jewels belonging to the deceased were seized
from the respondents; that certain witnesses had deposed that the deceased
werl!-last seen with the respondents; and that the respondents have not
explained as to in what circumstance!!, the victims suffered the death, in their
statements under section 313 Cr.P.C. G
The respondents contended that this Court, in an appeal.arising out of
special leave petition under Article 136 of the Constitution oflndia, cannnot,
on reappraisal of evidence, take a different view against the concurrent orders

507 H
508 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 3 S.C.R.

A of acquittal by the trial court and High Court; and that the courts below have
rightly reached the conclusion on consideration of evidence on record that
the prosecution has failed to prove the case beyond reasonable doubt in
f ...
commission of the crime.

Dismissing the appeals, the Court
B
HELD: 1.1. When the case rests upon circumstantial evidence, such
evidence must satisfy the following tests:

(1) The circumstances from which an inference of guilt is sought to be
l f
drawn, must be cogently and firmly established;
c
(2) those circumstances should be of a definite tendency unerringly
pointing towards guilt of the accused;

(3) the circumstances, taken cumulatively, should form a chain so
complete that there is no escape from the conclusion that within all human
D probability the crime was committed by the accused and none else; and

( 4) the circumstantial evidence in order to sustain conviction must be
complete and incapable of explanation of any other hypothesis than that of
guilt of the accused and such evidence should not only be consistent with the
guilt of the accused but should be inconsistent with his innocence. (Para 13)
E
State of U.P. v. Satish, (2005) 3 SCC ll4; Padala Veera Reddy v. State
of Andhra Pradesh & Ors., (1989) Supp. 2 SCC 706; Sharad Birdichand
Sarda v. State of Maharashtra, (1984) 4 SCC ll6; Gambhir v. State of
Maharashtra, (1982) 2 SCC 351; Hanumant Govind Nargundkar & Anr. v.
State of Madhya Pradesh, AIR (1952) SC 343, referred to.
F ....
1.2. While exercising the powers in appeal against the order of acquittal,
the court of appeal would not ordinarily interfere with the order of acquittal
unless the approach of the lower court is vitiated by some manifest illegality
and the conclusion arriv~ at would not be arrived at by any reasonable person
G and therefore, the decision is to be characteried as perverse. Merely because
two views are possible, the court of appeal would not take the view which would
upset the judgment delivered by the court below. (Para 15) (519-A-B)
i -
Tota Singh & Anr. v. State ofPunjab, (1987) 2 SCC 529; Ramesh Babula/
Doshi v. State of Gujarat (1996) 9 SCC 225; State ofRajasthan v. Raja Ram,
H (2003( 8 SCC 180; Bhagwan Singh v. State of MP., (2002) 4 SCC 85; Shivaji
STA TE OF GOA v. SAN.TAY THAKRAN 509

-
.... l
Sahabrao Bobade v. Stale of Maharashtra, 11973) 2 SCC 793; Ramesh Bab/al A
Doshi v. State of Gujarat, 11996) 9 SCC 225 and Jaswant Singh v. State of
Haryana, 12000) 4 SCC 484, referred to

1.3. The Recovery of these articles from the accused in the absence of
their identification as belonging to the deceased, does not help the
prosecution. Further, the whole purpose and authenticity of the recovery of B
the ornaments have been lost when the witnesses admitted that a day ahead of
the recovery, the accused was shown to him in the police station.
(Paras 20 and 21) [522-E; 523-C)

" J
1.4. It is a settled rule of criminal jurisprudence that suspicion, however
grave, cannot be substituted for a proof and the courts shall take utmost c
precaution in finding an accused guilty only on the basis of circumstantial
evidence. The time gap between the accused persons seen in the company of
the deceased and the detection of the crime would be a material consideration
for appreciation of the evidence and placing reliance on it as a circumstance
against the accused. It cannot be said that the evidence of last-seen together
is to be rejected merely because the time gap between the accused persons D
and the deceased last seen together and the crime coming to light is after a
considerable long duration. There can be no fixed or straight jacket formula
for the duration of time gap in this regard and it would depend upon the
evidence led by the prosecution to remove the possibility to any other person
meeting the deceased in the intervening period. In the present case, since
there was a considerable time gap between the persons seen together and the E
proximate time of crime, the circumstance of last-seen together, even if proved,
cannot fasten the guilt on the accused. [Paras 28, 29 and 31 ).
(527-D-E; 528-E-G; 530-H; 531-A(

Bodh Raj alias Bodha & Ors. v. State ofJammu and Kashmir, (2002) 8
SCC 45; Stale of U.P. v. Satish, JT (2005) 2 SC 153; [2005) 3 SCC 114; F
Ramreddy Rajeshkhanna Reddy & Anr. v. State ofAndhra Pradesh, JT (2006)
~ 4 SC 16 and Jaswant Gir v. State ofPunjab, (2005) 12 SCC 438, referred to.

1.5. The accused persons not giving any explanation in their
examination under section 313 Cr. P.C. could not be taken to be a circumstance
pointing towards irresistible conclusion that they are involved in the G
commission of the crime. (Para 33) 1532-B)

·- 4 Ammit alias Ammu v. State of Maharashtra, (2003( 8 SCC 93; Mohibur
Rahman v. State ofAssam, (2002) 6 SCC 715; Birbal v. State of MP., (2000)
IO SCC 212; Raju v. State of Haryana, (2001) 9 SCC 50 and Babu Sia
Raveendran v. Babu Slo Bahuleyan and Anr., (2003) 7 SCC 37, referred to. H
510 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2007] 3 S.C.R.

A
2004.
CJUMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 873 of
-
From the Judgment and final Order dated 30.9.2003 of the High Court
of Bombay at Goa in Criminal Appeal No. 7 of 2002.

B WITH

Cr!. A. No. 874 of2004.

Mahendra Anand, Dhruv Mehta, Harshvardhan Jha, Yashraj Singh Deora,
l .(
Manoj Mehta (for K.L. Mehta & Co.), Mohit Chaudhary, Manish Jain, Pooja
C Sharma and Shobha for the Appellant.

R.K. Jain, Rajiv Dutta, B.S. Chahar, Jyoti Chahar and Vinay Garg for the
Respondents.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
D
P.P. NAOLEKAR, J. 1. Aggrieved by the judgment and final order dated
30-09-2003 of the High Court of Bombay at Goa whereby the accused persons/
respondents, namely, Sanjay Thakran (respondent no. l/A-1) and his wife
Anjali Thakran (respondent no. 2/A-2) were acquitted of the offences charged
E under Sections 120-B, 364, 302 and 392 read with Section 34 of the Indian
Penal Code, 1860, these ~riminal appeals have been preferred by the State of
Goa and father of one of the deceased persons. Earlier, by the judgment
delivered on 09-01-2002, the Court ofllnd Additional Sessions Judge, Panaji
has acquitted both the accused persons of all the abovementioned charges
levelled against them.
F
2. The relevant facts, as per the evidence adduced and the First
Information Report, are that on 26-02-1999, the deceased couple, namely, Vikas
Nanda (D-1, age 26 years) and Kavita Nanda @ Priya Nanda (D-2, age 23 •
years), arrived in Goa from Mumbai for their honeymoon and stayed in Hotel
Seema at Ribandar. On 27-02-1999, the deceased couple went for sight-seeing
G at Ozran, Vagator with P.W.13-Vincent, who was the car driver and had also
taken them for the sight-seeing trip a day ~arlier as well. At about 2.30 p.m.,
D-1 tole\ P.W.-13 that they had met some friends from Delhi and hence P.W.-
13 returned from there. P.W.30-Suhasini Govekar, who operated a shack at
Anjuna beach with her husband, mentioned that on 27-02-1999, the accused
H couple and their children came to her place in between 1.00-2.00 p.m. and then
- STATE OF GOA v. SANJAY THAKRAN [NAOLEKAR. J.) 511

went to take bath. When they returned back, the deceased couple accompanied
them. The accused couple was running a bar and the restaurant Iguana Miraj
and hotel Lalita Beach Resort in Goa. P.W.11-Dinesh Adhikari, who was
A

servant of the respondents, saw the deceased couple at respondents' hotel
2 or 3 days preceding the festival of Holi in the year 1999 at approximately
6.00-7.00 p.m. According to this prosecution witness, A-1-Sanjay Thakran, D- B
1-Vikas Nanda and P.W.14-Calvert were sitting outside the hotel and A-2-
Anjali Thakran was sitting with D-2-Priya Nanda inside a room in the hotel.
He saw A-1-Sanjay Thakran and D-1-Vikas Nanda walking towards the beach
sometime after 9.00-9.30 p.m. and that was the last time when D-1 was seen
alive. After sometime P.W.11 saw A-1-Sanjay Thakran, A-2-Anjali Thakran
and D-2-Priya Nanda as they were walking away from Iguana Miraj. Another C
prosecution witness, P.W.14-Calvert Gonsalves also saw the deceased couple
at the hotel of the accused couple. As per P.W.6-Amit Banerjee, who was
working as a receptionist at Hotel Seema, D-2-Priya Nanda returned to Hotel
Seema without D-1 and along with A-1-Sanjay Thakran at about 11.30 p.m.
She asked for the key of their room from P.W. 6. A-1-Sanjay Thakran helped
her to carry the luggage from the Hotel room.as she checked out about 11.40 D
p.m. A-2 did not come to the hotel and remained seated in the white colour
Maruti Car that had a Delhi registration number on it. D-2-Priya Nanda, A-
1-Sanjay Thakran and A-2-Anjali Thakran went away in that car and thus, D-
2 was also last seen alive in the company of th~ accused couple.
E
3. On 28-02-1999, P.W.2-Charles Mills lodged a report at Anjuna Police
Station that a dead body of unknown female foreigner (later identified as D-
2) was found at the Vagator Beach. According to this witness, who was
staying near the beach, at around 7.30 a.m., he was told by someone that a
female body was floating in the seawater. The deceased was wearing a blue
skirt and a top. On the same day, P.W.17-Fausto Afonso lodged report with F
Colva Police Station that a dead body of unknown male foreigner (later
identified as D-1) was found at about 00.30 hours at the Benaulim Beach. The
distance between the Vagator Beach and Benaulim Beach is around 60
kilometers.

4. As the deceased couple neither returned to Delhi as expected by 01- G
03-1999 nor contacted P.W.33-Subhash Nanda i.e., father of D-1, he called up
P.W.4-A.C. Duggal to inquire about them. Accordingly, P. W. 4-A.C. Duggal,
+
who was uncle of D-1 and lived in Mumbai, called up N. Murari, who was
posted in Goa and worked in the Union Bank of India with P.W.-4, to know
about their whereabouts on 01-03-1999. N. Murari told P. W.-4 that they had H
-
512 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2007] 3 S.C.R.

A already checked out of the Hotel Seema. Since the deceased couple did not
reach Mumbai as stipulated by P.W.-4 on 02-03-1999, he again called up N. f
Murari. On 03-03-1999 at about 7.15 p.m., N. Murari informed P.W.-4 that
a dead body of male person with similar description to that of Vikas had
been found and asked him to come to Goa. P.W.-4 rushed to Goa and
identified the dead body ofD-1-Vikas Nanda on 04-03-1999. On the same day,
B N. Murari lodged a missing report [Exhibit No. 20] at Old Goa Police Station.
After identifying the body of D-1-Vikas Nanda at morgue, P.W.-4 went to
Seema Guest House and made inquiries about the couple. The dead body of
D-2 was also identified on 05-03-1999. P.W.-4 lodged a complaint [Exhibit
<
No.21] on 05-03-1999 at Anjuna Police Station with P.W. 38- Sub-Inspector
C Sandesh Chodankar. According to this complaint, on 04-03-1999, P.W.-4 was
informed by Hotel Manager that D-2 checked out from hotel on 27-03-1999
at about 11.40 p.m. and another person having short built, bald from front and
having fair complexion accompanied her. The complainant believed that since
the dead bodies of the couple had been found at places nearly 60 kilometers
away from each other, the newly married couple must have been lured by
D some disgruntled mischievous element, who had killed them for their ornaments,
as all the gold ornaments of the deceased couple were found missing. P

5.. W.26-Dr. Silvano Dias Sapeco, who conducted the postmortem [Exhibit
No. 80] on the body ofD-2 on 01-03-1999, found the following ante-mortem
injuries:
E
I. Red bruise 20 ems. Diameter on left mid upper arm.
2. Red bruise 1.5 ems. Diameter on right inner aspect of upper third
region of thigh.
3. Red bruise 1.5 ems diameter on left mid thigh in inner aspect.
F
4. Red bruise 1.25 ems. Diameter on right mid lower leg at calf
region.
5. Red bruise 1.25 ems. Diameter on left mid lower leg at calfregion.

G and it was opined that these were caused by blunt weapons. Due to the fact
that the doctor, who initially conducted postmortem on body of D-1-Vikas
Nanda on 01-03-1999, had not preserved any viscera or material, on 05-03-1999
a second postmortem [Exhibit No. 95] was conducted by P.W.32-Dr. E.J.
Rodrigues, which exposed the following ante-mortem injuries:

H I. Abrasion reddish and fresh of 6 x 4.5 ems. Present on upper outer
...
' ... ~
STATE OF GOA v. SANJAYTHAKRAN [NAOLEKAR, J.) 513
part on right side face between outer orbital margin, 2 ems. in
front of right tragus of ear and extending on outer part of right
A

cheek bone. No bruising underneath.
2. Abrasion reddish and fresh of 2.5 x I ems. Placed vertically on
the ridge of nose. No bruising underneath. No injuries to alae of
nose. B
3. Abrasion reddish and fresh of 5 x 3 ems. on left side upper part
of face 2 ems. in front of left tragus of ear extending upto outer
~ _; orbital margin and also on outer part of left cheek bone. No
bruising underneath.
4. Abrasion reddish and fresh of 0.5 x 0.5 ems., I cm. above outer c
end of right eyebrow.
5. Abrasion reddish and fresh of 0.5 x 0.5 ems., 1.5 ems. above outer
end of left eyebrow.
6. Abrasion reddish and fresh of 3 x 2 ems., upper middle back of
D
right shoulder.
7. Abrasion reddish and fresh of 2 x 1.5 ems., upper back of left
shoulder at acromial process region.

and it was opined that they were caused with blunt surface. The postmortem
reports of both the deceased persons have concluded that death had occurred E
as a result of asphyxia due to drowning in shallow beach water.

6. From their initial investigation, the Goa police found out about the
description of the accused couple and their children. The flat belonging to
the accused persons was sealed under the orders of a Civil Court. P.W.-38,
therefore, applied to the Judicial Magistrate, !st Class, Margoa for issuance F
of search warrant. The Judicial Magistrate, !st Class, Margoa directed that the
bailiff of the Court would accompany P.W.-38 and in the presence of two
respectable panchas from the locality, the seal of the court would be opened
and inventory of the movable articles and fixtures found in the flat should be
made. After the search, the flat should be resealed/locked and the bailiff G
would file a report to the Court. Accordingly on 17-12-1999, the police
conducted search of the flat of accused, which was located at Sapna Residency,
Colva. During this search, ?.W.-38 attached the passports of the accused-
respondents and their two children, two visiting cards of P.W. 19-Subrato
Padhi, a visiting card of Iguana Restaurant and one laminated photograph.
[House Search Panchnama as Exhibit No. 13 and Report regarding Search H
514 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 3 S.C.R.

A Warrant which was submitted to Judicial Magistrate, 1st Class, Margoa as ....
Exhibit No. 108]. The Court bailiff, who accompanied with P.W.-38 and other .'
panch witnesses, prepared a list of movable articles of the flat [Exhibit No.
112]. The flat was resealed after the search was over.

7. On 30-01-2000, the accused persons were arrested in Agra by P.W.
B 15- Police Inspector Navrang Singh, who was posted at police station of
Sadar Bazar, Agra. P.W.-38 accompanied with Dy. Superintendent of Police
P.W.29-Arvind Gawas, arrived at Agra on the same day. P.W.-15 informed
them that A-1-Sanjay Thakran handed over a double barrel gun and A-2-
Anjali Thakran took out and handed over a single barrel 12-bore gun from the
C cupboard. During the house search of the accused persons, police recovered
a churidhar set, a ladies purse and some newspapers containing reports that
were connected with investigation of the present case. According to the
prosecution story, the recovered materials were identified by P.W.33-Subhash
Nanda, father of Vikas and P. W.5-Kishen Valecha, brother of Priya as belonging
to the deceased couple. P.W.38-Sandesh Chodankar, Sub-Inspector
D interrogated the accused persons and satisfied himself of their complicity in
the crime. On 31-01-2000, he further obtained transit remand and custody of
the accused couple. The accused were brought back to Goa on 01-02-2000
and formally arrested in connection with the present case.

8. On 08-02-2000, as alleged by prosecution, during the interrogation A-
E 1-Sanjay Thakran disclosed to P.W. 38Sandesh Chodankar about the fact that
murder of the deceased couple was committed by his wife and him and that
the belongings of the deceased couple were present in his flat. On 11-02-
2000, in presence of Court bailiff-Peter Fernandes and other panch witnesses,
A-I handed over jewellery from his flat 8-2 F-3 at Sapna Residency, Colva.
F The jewellery, which was handed over to police, consisted of eight yellow
metal bangles, one pair of ear-rings and one finger ring. As has been alleged
by the prosecution side, he also produced clothes such as a white full-sleeves ;

shirt, a saffron-coloured women's kameez with a cream-coloured salwar, a
green-coloured saree with blouse, a light cream-coloured silken kurta pyjama
and a designer black full-sleeves shirt, which belonged to the deceased
G couple.
9. During interrogation, on 13-02-2000, A-2-Anjali Thakran allegedly
I -
disclosed [Exhibit No. 77] that she would point out the goldsmith to whom
she had sold the gold ornaments. As per the directions of A-2-Anjali Thakran,
H a police party and panch witnesses reached the jewellery shop of P.W. 12-
STATE OF GOA v. SANJA Y THAKRAN [NAOLEKAR, J.) 515

Ulhas Lotlikar at Khareband Margao. P.W.12-Ulhas Lotlikar produced two A
- bangles bearing the identification mark 'RK 22 KL', weighing 23 .5 grams.
According to the prosecution case, the said bangles bearing the identification
mark 'RK 22 KL' were gifted to the newly wed couple on their marriage by
P.W.-33. The prosecution has alleged that A-2-Anjali Thakran sold these
bangles along wit.i a necklace and a ring to the jewellery shop run by P.W.-
12. It has also been alleged by the prosecution that A-2-Anjali Thakran sold B
these jewellery on the pretext that as their restaurant was not running well,
they were in urgent need of money.
• j
IO. The learned Sessions Judge, Panaji, as well as the High Court on
evaluation of the circumstantial evidence, came to the conclusion that the C
prosecution has failed to prove involvement of accused respondents in
commission of the crime and acquitted them of all charges.

11. Admittedly, the case of the prosecution is based on circumstantial
evidence as there is no evidence on record that any of the witnesses, examined
by the prosecution, have seen actual commission of the crime. Mr. Mahendra D
Anand, the learned senior counsel for the appellant(s), to prove the case
against A-1-Sanjay Thakran, has placed reliance on the following circumstances:
the recovery of ladies purse and salwar suit by police at Agra on 30.01.2000
and the recovery of jewellery and clothes made from the flat of the accused
persons in Goa on 11.02.2000 and the evidence of seen together with the
deceased couple before the actual incident by P.W.30-Suhasini Govekar and E
evidence of P.W.11-Dinesh Adhikari, P.W.14-Calvert Gonsalves and P.W.6-
Amit Banerjee to the effect that A-1 was accompanied with the deceased
couple on 27.02.1999 and that the deceased couple was last seen alive in his
company. As far as the evidence against the respondent A-2-Anjali Thakran fit
is concerned, the learned senior counsel for the appellant(s) has relied upon F
the aspect of recovery of ladies purse and salwar suit; the recovery of two
bangles bearing t~e identification mark 'RK 22 KL' at her instance from the
jewellery shop of P.W.12-Ulhas Lotlikar; and the evidence of P.W.11- Dinesh
Adhikari, P.W.14-Calvert Gonsalves and P.W.6-Amit Banerjee, that Anjali was
last seen in the company of her husband with the deceased couple before the
commission of the crime. The learned senior counsel for the appellant( s) has G
further submitted that no explanation is forthcoming from the accused
- l respondents in the statement recorded under Section 313 of the Code of
Criminal Procedure, 1973 (Cr.P.C.) as to what has happened after they were
seen in the company of the deceased couple, would indicate involvement of
accused respondents in commission of the crime. The learned senior counsel H
516 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007) 3 S.C.R.

A for the appellant(s) has then pointed out that the chain of circumstances
highlighted in the present case clearly establishes the fact that the accused (
...
couple did not only meet the deceased couple in Goa but they were the ones
with whom the deceased persons were last seen alive. It has also been
contended that the recovery of ladies purse and salwar suit from the house
of accused couple at the time of their arrest in Agra on 30.01.2000; recovery
B of jewellery and clothes at the instance of A-1-Sanjay Thakran from the flat
of accused persons in Goa on 11-02-2000 and recovery of two bangles
belonging to D-2-Priya Nanda bearing the identification mark 'RK 22 KL' at
the instance of A-2-Anjali Thakran from the jewellery shop of P.W.12-Ulhas
l
Lotlikar on 13-02-2000, further substantiate that the accused couple, in order
c to carve away the belongings of the newly married couple, committed the
offence of murder. It has also been pointed out that the High Court and the
lower court have erred in (i) rejecting the evidence regarding the recovery of
incriminating materials and (ii) not appreciating the key prosecution witnesses.

12. On the other hand, late Shri R.K. Jain, the learned senior counsel for
D the respondents, urged that the present matter before us, is an appeal arising
out of special leave petition under Article 136 of the Constitution against
concurrent orders of acquittal by the Sessions Court and the High Court and,
thus, merely because on reappraisal of the evidence, the other view of the
matter than taken by the courts can be legitimately arrived at, would not be
a sufficient ground to interfere with an order of acquittal, unless this Court
E reaches the conclusion that the entire approach of the courts below in
appreciating the evidence was patently illegal, erroneous or unsustainable
and that if, on reappraisal of the evidence, only one view is possible, then
alone the Court will exercise the jurisdiction in appeal and will convict the
acquitted accused persons. It is submitted that on consideration of the
F evidence on record, the courts below have rightly reached the conclusion that
the prosecution has failed to prove the case beyond reasonable doubt of

-
involvement of accused respondents in commission of the crime of murder of _.
the deceased couple.

13. The prosecution case is based on the circumstantial evidence and
G it is a well-settled proposition of law that when the case rests upon
circumstantial evidence, such evidence must satisfy the following tests:

(1) The circumstances from which an inference of guilt is sought to I ~

be drawn, must be cogently and firmly established;

H (2) those circumstances should be of a definite tendency unerringly
STATE OF GOA v. SANJAYTHAKRAN [NAOLEKAR, J.) 517
pointing towards guilt of the accused; A
(3) the circumstances, taken cumulatively, should form a chain so
complete that there is no escape from the conclusion that within all
human probability the crime was committed by the accused and none
else; and
B
(4) the circumstantial evidence in order to sustain conviction must be
complete and incapable of explanation of any other hypothesis than
that of guilt of the accused and such evidence should not only be
consistent with the guilt of the accused but should be inconsistent
with his innocence.
c
[See: State of U.P. v. Salish, [2005] 3 SCC 114, Padala Veera Reddy v. State
of Andhra Pradesh and Ors., [1989] Supp. 2 SCC 706, Sharad Birdhichand
Sarda v. State of Maharashtra, [1984] 4 sec 116, Gambhir v. State of
Maharashtra, [1982] 2 SCC 351 and Hanumant Govind Nargundkar and Anr.
v. State of Madhya Pradesh, AIR (1952) SC 343].
D
14. By a series of decisions, this Court has laid down the parameters
of appreciation of evidence on record and jurisdiction and limitations of the
appellate court, and while dealing with appeal against order of acquittal this
Court observed in Tota Singh and Anr. v. State of Punjab, [ 1987] 2 SCC 529
as under :
E
"6 .... The jurisdiction of the appellate court in dealing with an appeal
against an order of acquittal is circumscribed by the limitation that no
interference is to be made with the order of acquittal unless the
approach made by the lower court to the consideration of the evidence
in the case is vitiated by some manifest illegality or the conclusion F
recorded by the court below is such which could not have been
possibly arrived at by any court acting reasonably and judiciously
and is, therefore, liable to be characterised as perverse. Where two
views are possible on an appraisal of the evidence adduced in the
case and the court below has taken a view which is a plausible one,
the appellate court cannot legally interfere with an order of acquittal G
even if it is of the opinion that the view taken by the court below on
its consideration of the evidence is erroneous."

Further, this Court has observed in Ramesh Babula/ Doshi v. State of Gujarat,
[1996] 9 sec 225:
H
518 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007) 3 S.C.R.

A "7 .... This Court has repeatedly laid down that the mere fact that a
view other than the one taken by the trial court can be legitimately (
arrived at by the appellate court on reappraisal of the evidence cannot
constitute a valid and sufficient ground to interfere with an order of
acquittal unless it comes to the conclusion that the entire approach
of the trial court in dealing with the evidence was patently illegal or
B the conclusions arrived at by it were wholly untenable. While sitting
in judgment over an acquittal the appellate court is first required to
seek an answer to the question whether the findings of the trial court
are palpably wrong, manifestly erroneous or demonstrably
unsustainable. If the appellate court answers the above question in
c the negative the order of acquittal is not to be disturbed. Conversely,
if the appellate court holds, for reasons to be recorded, that the order
of acquittal cannot at all be sustained in view of any of the above
infirmities it can then - and then only - reappraise the evidence to
arrive at its own conclusions. "

D and in State of Rajasthan v. Raja Ram, [2003] 8 SCC 180:

"7. There is no embargo on the appellate court reviewing the evidence
upon which an order of acquittal is based. Generally, the order of
acquittal shall not be interfered with because the presumption of
innocence of the accused is further strengthened by acquittal. The
E golden thread which runs through the web of administration of justice
in criminal cases is that if two views are possible on the evidence
adduced in the case, one pointing to the guilt of the accused and the
other to his innocence, .the view which is favourable to the accused
should be adopted. The paramount consideration of the court is to
ensure that miscarriage of justice is prevented. A miscarriage of
F
justice which may arise from acquittal of the guilty is no less than
from the conviction of an innocent. In a case where admissible
evidence is ignored, a duty is cast upon the appellate court to re-
appreciate the evidence in a case where the accused has been
acquitted, for the purpose of ascertaining as to whether any of the
G accused committed any offence or not. {See Bhagwan Singh v. State
of MP., [2002] 4 SCC 85}. The principle to be followed by appellate
court considering the appeal against the judgment of acquittal is to
I -
interfere only when there are compelling and substantial reasons for
doing so. If the impugned judgment is clearly unreasonable, it is a
compelling reason for interference. These aspects were highlighted
H
STATE OF GOA v. SANJAYTHAKRAN [NAOLEKAR, J.] 519

by this Court in Shivaji Sahabrao Bobade v. State of Maharashtra, A
[1973] 2 SCC 793, Ramesh Babula/ Doshi v. State ofGujarat, [1996]
9 SCC 225 and Jaswant Singh v. State of Haryana, [2000] 4 SCC 484."

15. From the aforesaid decisions, it is apparent that while exercising the
powers in appeal against the order of acquittal the court of appeal would not
ordinarily interfere with the order of acquittal unless the approach of the lower B
court is vitiated by some manifest illegality and the conclusion arrived at
would not be arrived at by any reasonable person and, therefore, the decision
is to be characterized as perverse. Merely because two views are possible,
> the court of appeal would not take the view which would upset the judgment
delivered by the court below. However, the appellate court has a power to C
review the evidence if it is of the view that the view arrived at by the court
below is perverse and the court has committed a manifest error of law and
ignored the material evidence on record. A duty is cast upon the appellate
court, in such circumstances, to re-appreciate the evidence to arrive at a just
decision on the basis of material placed on record to find out whether any
of the accused is connected with commission of the crime he is charged with. D
16. In the light of the aforesaid principles laid down, we shall consider
the evidence placed on record to find out whether the courts below have
7 committed any error in dealing with the evidence, which can be said to be
patently illegal, or that the conclusion arrived at is wholly untenable, calling
for interference by us. E
17. Even before the arrest of the accused couple, the flat of the accused
persons situated at Goa was searched on 17.12.1999 in the presence of
P.W.39-Mariono Pereiera, who was the court bailiff. The court bailiff
accompanied this search party as the flat was sealed under the orders of the F
civil court. The Judicial Magistrate, !st Class, Margao, had passed an order
that the bailiff of the court would accompany P.W.-38, police officer, and in
the presence of two panch witnesses, the seal of the court on the lock of the
--,( .
flat would be opened and inventory of movable articles and fixtures found in
the flat should be made. The Judicial Magistrate, Margao also directed that
after the search, the flat should be re-sealed/locked and the bailiff would file G
a report in the court. In his cross-examination, P.W.-39 admitted that the court
had asked to prepare a list of all movable items of the flat and not only
- j valuables, and he committed a mistake as he did not mention all articles found
in the flat in the inventory and, therefore, there was no mention of any
jewellery in the list prepared by him. As per this witness, when the search H
was made on 17.12.1999, there were no gold ornaments in the said flat and
520 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2007] 3 S.C.R.

A that there were various articles, which appeared like that of gold. A box full
of such articles was kept in the suitcase. According to P.W.1- Erecko
( <
Fernandez, a panch witness, the door of the flat was locked with three locks
and there was also a metal chain around the lock. The locks were required
to be cut with the help of a hacksaw blade. But since the door also was
B latched from inside, it could not be opened. They noticed a small window
with a broken glass pane and one of the police personnel who accompanied
them, with the help of a screw driver, removed the screws of the grill of the
window. One of the police personnel went inside the flat and opened the
latch and thereafter all of them entered into the flat. They noticed some
suitcases in the flat and on opening the same some clothes were found and l
C jewellery was found inside the cupboard. In his cross-examination, this
witness very specifically stated that the said window was wide enough to
allow a person to gain entry in the flat. P.W.38- Sandesh Chodankar, who led
the police party for the search conducted on 17.12.1999, had found lot of
clothes and jewellery of yellow metal, lot of belongings of shack, electronic
items and household items in the flat. He has explained that he did not attach
D any valuable or other articles as he was not sure to whom those things
belonged and also as there was a civil dispute pending in the court.

18. The panchnama of the search made on 17.12.1999 (Exhibit No.13)
mentioned that after conducting the search, the door was closed and one old
E and two new locks were put on the do9r and they were sealed by a one-rupee
coin as the court seal was not available. The court bailiff mentioned that he
sealed three locks l\fter the search was conducted by P.W.-38 on 17.12.1999.

19. After the arrest of A-1, this flat was once again searched on 11.2.2000
in the presence of another court bailiff Peter Fernandez and other panch
F witnesses as A I allegedly confessed about the crime on 08.02.2000. According
to the prosecution version, he agreed to handover the incriminating articles
to the police. P.W.8- Sanjay Naik, a witness to the confession of A-1, was
also present .as panch witness when A- I had allegedly handed over jewellery J.

items, i.e., eight yellow metal bangles, one pair of ear-rings and one finger ring
and clothes such as a white full-sleeves shirt, a saffron-coloured women's
G kameez with cream-coloured salwar, a green-coloJJred saree with blouses, a
light cream-coloured silken kurta pyjama and a designer black full-sleeves
shirt, on the search of the flat of the accused persons in Goa on 11.02.2000.
This witness further said that the flat was locked and when the bailiff of the
court tried to open the lock after breaking the seal it did not open and the
H key got damaged in the process of opening of the lock and the lock was
STATE OF GOA v. SANJA Y THAKRAN [NAOLEKAR, J.] 521

opened by using a wire. P.W.-38 mentioned that on 11.02.2000 the flat was A
found sealed and was opened in the presence of the bailiff and panch
witnesses. The panchnama of recovery made on 11.02.2000 (Exhibit No.34)
mentioned that the bailiff of the court removed the seals and tried to open
the locks with keys. According to this panchnama, one iron rod was used
to open up the locks but instead of the locks, the latch of the door got B
broken. When the chain of latch was removed, it was found that the door
was locked due to body lock. Since the door was locked, the grills of the
window were removed and after removing the broken glasses, one person was
lowered and finally entry was made in the flat. The courts below have
rejected the evidence of recovery made on 11.02.2000 and they have found
that the first list of the articles found in the flat as prepared on 17.12.1999 did C
not mention any box or gold-like materials/artificial jewellery or any other gold
article or any clothes in the list of movable articles of the flat (Exhibit No.112).
How is it that the articles were found in the subsequent search from the same
flat which was locked and sealed? The panchnama of the flat searched on
17.12.1999 though mentioned about three big suitcases full of clothes and D
artificial jewellery, no details, whatsoever, regarding those articles were made
and without any reference as to the quality of golden colour ornaments, P. W.-
38 considered them as artificial jewellery. On both occasions when the search
was made in the flat, it was not sealed properly with the court seal and,
instead thereof, one- rupee and five-rupee coins were used. The entry in the
flat on both occasions, i.e. on 17.12.1999 and 11.02.2000, was made through E
the window which shows that this flat was easily accessible although the seal
of the court was put on it, without interfering with the seal after removing
the grill of the window. There was material contradiction in the panchnama
of flat search made on 11.02.2000 and evidence of P.W.-8 and P.W.-38 with
respect to the way in which the entry was made to the flat of the accused
persons on 11.02.2000. When at the first instance no jewellery was found F
inside the flat, how it was recovered on the subsequent search? The search
f and recovery of articles by the police on 11.02.2000 does not inspire confidence
as the flat was easily accessible, without disturbing the lock and planting of
the articles by the police cannot totally be ruled out. We have carefully gone
through the evidence of the witnesses and the panchnamas and list of seized G
articles and have found that reasoning adopted by the courts below in
discarding the evidence of seizure of articles from the flat of the accused
- ) persons cannot be said to be without any basis.

20. On the information received by the police, the accused persons were
arrested at Agra and at the time of arrest on 30.01.2000, as per the prosecution, H
522 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 3 S.C.R.

A certain incriminating articles were seized from the accused couple at Agra.
The police recovered the ladies purse and salwar suit from A-2-Anjali Thakran.
These articles were put for Test Identification which was conducted in the <
presence of P.W.24- Vinayak S.N. Alomekar, Special Judicial Magistrate on
I0.02.2000. During this T.I. Parade, P. W.5-Kishen Valecha, brother of deceased
B Priya Nanda, was unable to identify the salwar suit, but he had identified the
ladies purse belonged to his sister and the reason given for identifying it was
that she was carrying the same purse while leaving for Vaishnodevi after
marriage. Another witness P. W.33- Subhash Nanda, identified both purse and
salwar kameez as belonging to his daughter-in-law, Priya Nanda. In his cross-
examination, P.W.-33 has mentioned that he identified the salwar kameez only
C from the colour and design and not from any other identification mark. He
has admitted that same salwar suit and purse are available in the market. P.W.-
5 has also admitted in his cross-examination that there was no distinctive mark
on the purse. Identification of these articles have been disbelieved by the
courts below and, in our opinion, rightly so. When the persons identified it,
they did not have sufficient opportunity to see these articles used by the
D deceased for a long duration, and when the articles do not carry any distinctive
marks, on the basis of which the articles can be distinguished from the similar
articles which are easily accessible and available in the market, identification
of the articles by the witnesses would be difficult to be believed. The
recovery of these articles from the accused in the absence of their identification
E as belonging to the deceased, does not take the prosecution case any further.
21. The learned senior counsel for the appellant(s) Mr. Mahendra Anand
has placed.reliance on the recovery of two bangles which had the
identification mark 'RK 22 KL', weighing approximately 23.5. g.-ams, from
the shop of P.W. 12-Ulhas Lotlikar at the instance of A-2. On 13.02.2000,
F during interrogation she disclosed that she would point out the goldsmith to
whom the gold ornaments were sold. Accordingly, as per her directions,
police party and panch witnesses approached the jewellery shop of P.W.-12
at Khareband, Margao. In presence of panchas, P.W.-12 produced the two
bangles bearing identification mark 'RK 22 KL', weighing 23.5. grams, before
G the police party. As per this witness, the accused came to his shop and sold
two bangles, a necklace and a gold finger ring. When he asked for the reason
as to why she was selling .these ornaments, A-2 told him that their restaurant
was not running well and hence, they were in urgent need of money. He paid
Rs.12,400/-, Rs. 3,200/- and Rs.1,200/- respectively, for two bangles, a necklace
and a gold finger ring. He did not melt the bangles since they were in good
H condition. As per the prosecution, these gold ornaments belonged to deceased
STATE OF GOA v. SANJA Y THAKRAN (NAOLEKAR, J.) 523
Priya Nanda. During cross-examination, P.W.-12 volunteered to produce the A.
book where he maintained the record of sale of these ornaments. However,
inspite of ample opportunity given to him to produce the book, he did not
do so. In his cross-examination, he admitted that a day before recovery, A-
2 was shown to him in the office of Dy. Superintendent of Police, Mapusa.
That apart, the police had not recovered the other ornaments alleged to have B
been sold by the accused to P.W.-12 as it is said that h~ had melted those
ornaments. It is highly improbable that P.W.-12 would have retained the
bangles, which have the distinctive mark over them and would have melted
1 other ornaments with no distin,ctive marks on them. The whole purpose and
authenticity of the recovery of these ornaments have been lost when the
witness has admitted that a day ahead of the recovery the accused was C
shown to him in the police station.

22. Another piece of evidence, on which the prosecution strongly
relied, is of identification of the accused persons in the Test Identification
parade on 07.02.2000. P.W.24-VSN Alornekar, Special Judicial Magistrate,
Tiswadi and Bardez Talukas, conducted Test Identification parade, wherein D
P.W.6-Amit Banerjee, P.W.30-Suhasini Govekar and P.W.7- Ganpat , were the
identifying witnesses. P.W.-6 had identified both the accused persons as the
persons who came with D-2 Priya Nanda to Hotel Seema on the night of
27.02.1999. The trial court as well as the High Court have found certain
irregularities in the manner of conducting the identification parade. A-I and E
A-2 were placed in the same identification parade with 6 dummies each, which
was contrary to Paragraph 16(2)(h) of the Criminal Manual issued by the High
Court of Bombay, which mentioned that :

"if two suspects were not similar in appearance or where there were
more than two suspects, separate parade should be held using F
different person on each parade. "

We have gone through the original record of the memorandum of identification
parade (Exhibit No.70) and have found that P.W.-24 has mentioned as follows
in this memorandum :
G
'The dummy accused who are put in the parade I.e., 6 ladies and
6 gents are more or less of the same f eatures and age groups as that
of the accused couple to be put in the parade. They are also more
or less the same height and status in appearance as that of the
accused "
H
524 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2007] 3 S.C.R.

A As far as case of A-1 is concerned, who was around 38 years old at that time,
. 5 of the dummy persons belonged to age-group of 23-27 and another dummy
was of 40 years old. Hence, there is a serious doubt regarding the fairness
of the test identification. ·

23. We have now to consider the veracity and authenticity of the
B evidence led by the prosecution to show that the accused persons were seen
with the deceased couple in Goa moving around together and that they were
the same persons who had been last seen together by the witnesses with the
deceased couple, and if so, what shall be the resultant inference which can
be drawn from the facts proved in the surrounding circumstances.
c 24. P.W.-30 was examined to prove the acquaintance of the accused
persons with the deceased couple prior to the date of incident. As per P.W.-
30, on 26.02.1999 the accused couple and their children came to her shack
which was located at Anjuna Beach. A-I approached P.W.-30 and told her
that she was looking pretty and that he would give her work and would take
D her on ship and would give her whatever she wanted. He had also made
enquiries whether the ornaments which she was wearing were real or artificial
and that what was her bank balance. On 27.02.1999, the accused couple and
their children came to her shack between I and 2 p.m. and went to take bath
on the beach . When they returned from the beach, they were accompanied
E ~ya newly married couple. P.W.-30 had a talk with D-2-Priya Nanda, who was ·
wearing the reddish-coloured bangles and, accordingly, she assumed that
they were newly married couple. The newly married lady, who had come with
the accused lady, changed her clothes and wore a blue-coloured skirt and
blouse. After having· lunch at her shack, the two couples and the children
went away. About a month later, the police showed her two or three
F photographs and asked her to identify the persons in the photographs. She
identified D-1-Vikas Nanda and D-2-Priya Nanda, as the newly married couple,
who had c.ome to her shack on 27.02.1999 along with the accused couple. She
also identified articles, blue skirt and blouse, to be belongings of deceased
Priya Nanda. The evidence of this witness of remembering the persons after
G a month when no particular incident was mentioned by her for remembering
them, after a lapse of time, appears to be unnatural, particularly so, when she
was running a shack at a beach where hundreds of persons were visiting.
The evidence of this witness of the accused approaching her and making
enquiries about the value of the ornaments and her bank balance in the first
meeting, does not inspire confidence. Apart from this, the witness has failed
H to identify any of the accused persons in the identification parade conducted
STATE OF GOA v. SAN JAY THAKRAN [NAOLEKAR, J.] 525

on 07.02.2000. That apart, in the cross-examination, this witness said that the A
children accompanying the accused were in the age group of 20-21 years
whereas it has come in evidence that children of the accused couple were a
boy and a girl, aged about 12 years and 6 years respectively.

25. The prosecution examined P.W.14-Calvert Gonsalves to prove that
he had seen the deceased couple and accused couple at Iguana Miraj B
Restaurant. As per this witness, he used to meet the accused persons at
Iguana Restaurant as also at Lalita Beach Resort. The accused's children
were a boy and a girl. The boy was about 12 years of age and the girl was
about 6 years of age. He was introduced by A-I to one Vikas Nanda (D-1)
on the evening of27.02.1999, while D-1 was sitting beside A-1 outside Iguana C
Restaurant. He was also told by A-I that D-1 was his friend from Delhi and
had come to Goa for his honeymoon. It was also informed to him by A-1 that
the wife of D-1 was inside Iguana Restaurant. The witness deposed that
there was one AC room in the Restaurant containing bedroom, TV, etc. which
was used by A-1. D-1 told him that his wife was in the AC room alongwith
A-2. The name of the wife ofD-1 was told to him as Priya. D-1 told him that D
his wife was in the company of A-2. D-1, A-I and he talked for about one-
and-a-half hours. After that, A-1 told him that he and D-1 were going to disco
and he left for his home. The time was at about 9.30 p.m. From the statement
of this witness, it is apparent that at the night of27.02.1999, he himself had
not seen A-2 and D-2 sitting in the room at Iguana Restaurant. This witness E
further proved the fact that till 9.30 p.m. on 27.02.1999, A-I was seen in the
company of D-1 when he left them at Iguana Restaurant.

26. P.W.11-Dinesh Adhikari, who was working as a domestic help in the
bar and restaurant of Iguana Miraj and Lalita Beach Resort, deposed that the
accused were running a hotel at Semabhati Colva known as Iguana Miraj F
which was a bar and restaurant and they were also running a hotel besides
the said restaurant and the name of that hotel was Lalita Beach Resort. He
knew the accused persons right from the days he used to work for them in
Haryana (Gurgaon) and thereafter he joined them in Goa. Some time in June
1999, the police had shown the photograph of a lady and a gent and asked G
him whether he could identify anyone of them. He told the police that he
could identify the persons in the photograph. He identified the persons from
the photographs and said that he had seen those persons 2 to 3 days prior
to Holi of the year 1999 in the hotel of the accused. They came to the hotel
at about 6.00 to 7.00 p.m. He saw that A-1, the gentleman in the photograph,
and one person named Calvert were sitting outside the hotel while A-2 and H
526 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2007] 3 S.C.R.

A the lady in the photograph were sitting inside the hotel. He was asked to
bring a bag from a white colour Maruti car when they had come to the hotel (
in the evening. After some time, A- I and the man from the photograph
started walking in the direction of the beach and after about 30 to 45 minutes
he saw A-I alone while A-2 was sitting with the lady in the photograph. He
B furtht~r deposed that although he did not enter the room but he saw A-2 and
D-2 sitting in the bedroom through the glass fixed to the bedroom door. In
his cross-examination, this witness deposed that the beach is at a distance
of about 200 to 300 metres frbm Iguana Miraj Hotel. A-I and D-1 went to
the beach at around 9.30 to 10.00 p.m. and thereafter he went to his living
quarter. When he came back, he saw only A-I in the hotel. He was not sure
C at what time the accused couple left with the lady in the photograph from
Iquana Miraj Hotel. From the statement of this witness, it is apparent that
A-2 and D-2 were sitting in the hotel room and it was only A-1 and D-1 who
left towards the beach and after 30 to 45 minutes only A-1 returned and
thereafter A-1 and A-2 along with D-2 left the hotel.
D 27. P.W.6-Amit Banerjee, who was working as the Receptionist of Hotel
Seema where the deceased couple stayed when they came to Goa, deposed
that on 26.02.1999, D-1 and his wife D-2 had come to the hotel. They were
provided a room which was reserved for the Union Bank of India as its
holiday home. Mr. A.C. Duggal, General Manager of the Union Bank oflndia
E had informed him on phone that these guests were coming to the hotel and
he should take care of them. On 27.02.1999 at about 2330 hours, D-2 came
alone and asked for the room key and told him that she was checking out of
the hotel. D-1-Vikas Nanda, the husband ofD-2-Priya Nanda, was not along
with her. He asked her why she was checking out at that odd time. At that,
she informed that she had met some friends from Delhi and that she was
F going to join them. D-2 went to her room and he went to the reception area
where the security guard was on duty. He asked the security guard as to how
she had come to the hotel. The guard informed him that the guest had come
in a car along with a man who had followed her to the room. He had noticed
a white colour 800CC Maruti car parked outside the gate of the hotel and one
G lady with short hair was sitting on the rear seat. He noticed her for a minute
or two. D-2 returned to the reception from her room within 15 minutes and
A- I was carrying the luggage. She settled the bill and thereafter left the hotel.
In his cross-examination, this witness mentioned that when at reception
counter D-2 was making the payment, he saw A-1 who passed along with the
H luggage putting his head down. In the Test Identification Parade on 07.02.2000,
this witness identified A-I as the person who came along with D-2 on
STATE OF GOA v. SANJAY THAKRAN [NAOLEKAR, J.] 527
~
I
27.02.1999 when she checked out of the hotel and identified A-2 as the same A
• lady who was sitting in the Maruti car on 27 .02.1999. He stated that he did
not find anything abnormal about the departure of D-2 and behaviour of D-
2 at that time was normal. From the statement of this witness, it appears that
he had merely a fleeting glance of A-2 sitting in the parked car and thus he
had described her as the lady with a short hair. Although in the test
identification parade conducted after more than 11 months he identified both B
the accused, but when the police recorded his statement on 07.03.1999 in
Hotel Seema he had not given the description of the accused persons to the
police to be the persons who came to his hotel along with D-2. The witness
admitted that in the hotel register the check-out timing column was blank.
Therefore, the record produced does not indicate the timing of departure of C
D-2 from Hotel Seema. The prosecution has also not examined the guard of
the hotel to identify A-2 to be the person who was sitting in the car.

28. Before we analyse the evidence of P.W.11-Dinesh Adhikari, who was
working as a domestic help in the bar and restaurant Iguana Miraj, P.W.14-
Calvert Gonsalves, who was said to be in the company of A- I and D-1 on D
the evening of 27 .02.1999 outside the lounge of the restaurant and P. W.6-Amit
Banerjee, who was working as Receptionist of Hotel Seema, we would refer
to certain decisions of this Court on the point of 'last seen together'. It is
a settled rule of criminal jurisprudence that suspicion, however grave, cannot
be substituted for a proof and the courts shall take utmost precaution in E
finding an accused guilty only on the basis of circumstantial evidence. This
Court has applied the above-mentioned general principle with reference to the
principle of last seen together in Bodh Raj alias Bodha & Ors. v. State of
Jammu and Kashmir, (2002] 8 SCC 45 as under:

"31. The last-seen theory comes into play where the time-gap between p
the point of time when the accused and the deceased were seen last
alive and when the deceased is found dead is so small that possibility
of any person other than the accused being the author of the crime
becomes impossible. It would be difficult in some cases to positively
establish that the deceased was last seen with the accused when there
is a long gap and possibility of other persons coming in between G
exists. In the absence of any other positive evidence to conclude that
the accused and the deceased were last seen together, it would be
hazardous to come to a conclusion of guilt in those cases ... "

[See also: State of U.P. v. Satish, JT (2005) 2 SC I53 = (2005] 3 sec 114 (para H
528 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2007] 3 S.C.R.

A 22) and Ramreddy Rajeshkhanna Reddy & Anr. v. State of Andhra Pradesh,
JT (2006) 4 SC 16 (para 29)]. (

In Ramreddy Rajeshkhanna Reddy (supra), this Court further opined that
even in the cases where time gap between the point of time when the accused
and the deceased were last seen alive and when the deceased was found dead
B is too small that possibility of any person other than the accused being the
author of the crime becomes impossible, the courts should look for some
conoboration.

In Jaswant Gir v. State of Punjab, [2005] 12 SCC 438, it was observed
C that:
"5. In the absence of any other links in the chain of circumstantial
evidence, it is not possible to convict the appellant solely on the
basis of the 'last-seen' evidence, even if the version of PW 14
in this regard is believed. ..... "
D 29. From the principle laid down by this Court, the circumstance of last-
seen together would normally be taken into consideration for finding the
accused guilty of the offence charged with when it is established by the
prosecution that the time gap between the point of time when the accused
and the deceased were found together alive and when the deceased was
E found dead is so small that possibility of any other person being with the
deceiised could completely be ruled out. The time gap between the accused
persons seen in the company of the deceased and the detection of the crime
would be a material consideration for appreciation of the evidence and placing
reliance on it as a circumstance against the accused. But, in all cases, it
cannot be said that the evidence of last seen together is to be rejected merely
F because the time gap between the accused persons and the deceased last
seen together and the crime coming to light is after a considerable long
duration. There can be no fixed or straight jacket formula for the duration of
time gap in this regard and it would depend upon the evidence led by the
prosec:ution to remove the possibility of any other person meeting the deceased
G in the intervening period, that is to say, if the prosecution is able to lead such
an evidence that likelihood of any person other than the accused, being the
author the crime, becomes impossible, then the evidence of circumstance of
last se.en together, although there is long duration of time, can be considered .; ..
as one of the circumstances in the chain of circumstances to prove the guilt' '
agains1t such accused persons. Hence, if the prosecution proves that in the
H light of the facts and circumstances of the case, there was no possibility of
STATE OF GOA v. SANJAY THAKRAN [NAOLEKAR. J.] 529

-
any other person meeting or approaching the deceased at the place of incident A
) or before the commission of the crime, in the intervening period, the proof of
last seen together would be relevant evidence. For instance, if it can be
demonstrated by showing that the accused persons were in exclusive
possession of the place where the incident occurred or where they were last
seen together with the deceased, and there was no possibility of any intrusion B
to that place by any third party, then a relatively wider time gap would not
affect the prosecution case.

30. We will first consider the applicability of the last seen together
doctrine with respect to the murder of D-1-Vikas Nanda. According to P.W.14-
Calvert Gonsalves, A-1 and D-1 were present outside the Hotel Iguana Miraj C
at around 9.30 p.m. and as told to him by D-1, A-2 and D-2 were sitting inside
one of the rooms of the hotel. P.W.11- Dinesh Adhikari has also stated that
after serving drinks to A-1, P.W.-14 and D-1, he went away. He returned to
the hotel at around 9.00-9.30 p.m. and found that only A-1 and D-1 were
sitting outside the hotel and P.W.-14 had gone away. He has also mentioned
that A-2 and D-2 were sitting inside a room of the hotel. According to P.W.- D
11, A-1 and D-1 started walking towards the beach after some time when he
saw them sitting together at around 9.00-9.30 p.m. After about 30 to 45
minutes, he saw A-1 aione in the hotel. According to the prosecution
version, A-1 murdered D-1 by drowning him in the shallow beach water.
However, it is highly improbable that A-1, who at the relevant time was in E
his late 30s, was able !o overpower D-1 who was not only well-built but also
about 10 years younger and taller than him. We have also noticed that when
the dead body of D-1 was recovered, it had no clothes except an undergarment.
It is highly unlikely that a single person not only forcefully drowned the
deceased D-1 in the shallow beach water but also forced him to take out all
the clothes and ornaments which he was wearing at that time. The post- F
mortem report also does not mention any serious injury on any of the vital
parts of D-1 to support the prosecution version. It is clear from the deposition
of P.W.-11 that A-1 went along with D-1. P.W.-14 has also stated that A-2
and D-2 were sitting inside a room of the hotel. From this evidence, it is clear
that A-2 had no role whatsoever to play with reference to the murder of D- G
1-Vikas Nanda, especially when the prosecution has not been able to produce
any material or evidence to establish the fact that they either pre-planned a
plot or conspired with each other to murder the deceased couple to carve
away their valuable materials. We have also not found any other link in the
chain of circumstances to conclusively establish that A-1 murdered D-1 or
A-2 played any role in assisting him to murder D-1. Even if we believe the H
530 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 3 S.C.R.

A evidence of P.W.-11 that he saw D-1 in the company of A-I walking towards
the b~~ach and thereafter saw A-I returning alone after 30 to 45 minutes, there f
has been a time gap of about 2 <hours when A-I and D-1 were last seen
together and when the dead body of D-1 was found at around 00.30 a.m. at
the Bi:naulim Beach. No evidence was Jed by the prosecution to prove the
B fact that there was no possibility of any other person approaching D-1 on the
beach which is a public place, during the intervening period when A-I was
last seen with the deceased and when the crime was detected.

31. We shall now weigh the last seen doctrine with respect to D-2- Priya
Nanda. According to P.W.-11, after about 30 to 45 minutes when he saw A-
C I and D-1 walking towards the beach, he had seen A-I alone while A-2 was
sitting with D-2 in the hotel. After some time, he saw the accused persons
and D-2 walking away from Iguana Miraj Hotel. We can safely assume that
P. W.-11 saw both the accused persons along with D-2 latest by around I 0.30
-11.00 p.m. P.W.-6 Amit Banerjee had only a momentary glance of the lady
sitting in the Mamti car who, according to the prosecution, came to Hotel
D Seema on 27.02.1999 with D-2 with a male person allegedly A-1. P.W.-6 has
mentioned that the guard of the hotel had an opportunity to see the persons
who came along with D-2. However, the prosecution chose not to examine
the ·guard to identify either A-I or A-2. It is difficult to believe P. W.-6 that
he had seen A-2 sitting in the car when he had got an opportunity to look
E at her for merely one to two minutes. In his statement, he has described her
as a lady with short hair. He has not given any description indicating that
he had seen somebody sitting in the car whose face was visible from one
side. Even when he was examined by the police, he had not described the
features of A-2. In the absence of any other supporting material on record,
it will not be possible to believe the statement of P. W.-6 that he had seen A-
F 2 sitting in the car on the night of 27.02.1999 to establish the fact that when
D-2 left the hotel she accompanied A-2. Similarly, with respect to A-1, P.W.-
6 who had an opportunity to see A-I for the first time for a very short
duration to recognize him to be a person who accompanied D-2 to Hotel
Seema on the night of27.2.l 999, he had only a fleeting glance of male person
G who came with D-2 as he was busy in settling the account with her. That
apart, the dead body of D-2 was found at around 7.30 a.m. on 28.02.1999 at
Vagator Beach, around 60 kms. from the beach where the dead body of D-1
was recovered and quite a long distance from Hotel Seema. Hence, there has
been a considerable time gap of approximately 8 = hours when D-2 was last
seen alive with the accused couple. There being a considerable time gap
H between the persons seen together and the proximate time of crime, the
STATE OF GOA v. SANJA Y THAKRAN [NAOLEKAR. J.] 531
circumstance of last seen together, even if proved, cannot clinchingly fasten A
) the guilt on the accused.

32. It is urged by Mr. Mahendra Anand, the learned senior counsel for
the appellant(s), that the accused have not explained as to in what
circumstancrs the victims suffered the death in their statements under Section
313 Cr.P .C. and thus would be held to be liable for homicide. The learned B
senior counsel for the appellant(s) placed reliance on the following observations
of this Court made in Amit alias Ammu v. State of Maharashtra, [2003] 8 SCC
93:

"9. The learned counsel for the appellant has placed reliance on the
decision of this Court by a Bench of which one of us (Justice Brijesh C
Kumar) was a member in Mohibur Rahman v. State of Assam, (2002]
6 sec 715 for the proposition that the circumstance of last seen does
not by itself necessarily lead to the inference that it was the accused
who committed the crime. It depends upon the facts of each case. In
the decision relied upon it has been observed that there may be cases D
where, on account of close proximity of place and time the factum of
death, a rational mind may be persuaded to reach an irresistible
conclusion that either the accused should explain how and in what
circumstances the victim suffered the death or should own the liability
for the homicide. The present is a case to which the observation as
aforesaid and the principle laid squarely applies and the circumstances E
of the case cast a heavy responsibility on the appellant to explain and
in absence thereof suffer the conviction. Those circumstances have
already been noticed, in which case such an irresistible conclusion
can be reached will depend on the facts of each case. Here it has been
established that the death took place on 28th March between 3 and p
4 p.m. It is just about that much time that the appellant and the
deceased were last seen by PW 1 and PW 11. No explanation has
been offered in the statement by the appellant recorded under Section
313 Cr.PC. His defence is of complete denial. In our view, the conviction
for offence under Sections 302 and 376 has been rightly recorded by
the Court of Session and affirmed by the High Court." G
33. We have noticed the decision. However, the circumstances in the
... \ present case are not similar to the case where the ev~nt of the last seen
- together has very close proximity with the time and place of the commission
of the crime and other circumstances also favour the hypothesis of guilt and
H
532 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 3 S.C.R.

A consequently the fact that no explanation or false explanation offered by the
accused was taken as a link in the chain of circumstances. [See also : Birba/ (
v. State of M.P., [2000] 10 SCC 212; Raju v. State of Haryana, [2001] 9 SCC
50; and Babu S/o Raveendran v. Babu S/o Bahuleyan and Anr., [2003] 7 SCC
37]. Thus, in the circumstances of the case, the accused persons not giving
any explanation in their examination under Section 313, Cr.P.C. could not be
B taken to be a circumstance pointing towards irresistible conclusion that they
are involved in the commission of the crime.

34. In the light of the factors that evidence regarding the recovery of
the incriminating materials from the accused persons has been discarded; that
C there has been sufficient time gap between the instances when the accused
persons were last seen together with the deceased persons; and in the
absence of any other corroborative piece of evidence to complete the chain
of circumstances to fasten the guilt on the accused couple, we are of the
opinion that the accused have been rightly given"the benefit of doubt by the
courts below. We have found that the finding of the High Court thanhe
D chain of circumstances is not complete to conclusively establish that either
A-1 or A-2 alone or with the common intention of each other have committed
the dreadful crime of murder of newly married couple, is correct and merely
suspicion, however grave, cannot replace the weight attached to the evidence.
Accordingly, we order for dismissal of the appeals.
E B.S. Appeals dismissed.