Holding

A non‑speaking arbitration award does not on its face constitute a settlement of other pending suit claims, and the arbitrators' mental deliberations cannot be scrutinised to infer such settlement.

Summary

Star Construction and Transport Co. and others appealed against The India Cements Ltd. after a non‑speaking arbitration award of Rs. 65,00,000 was reduced to Rs. 49,00,000 by the respondent, who claimed a set‑off of Rs. 16,00,000 arising from two suits pending before the High Court. The respondent sought to treat the award as a settlement of those suit claims under Order XXIII Rule 3 of the CPC. The Supreme Court held that a non‑speaking award does not, on its face, settle or adjust claims not expressly referred to the arbitrators, and the arbitrators' mental process cannot be examined to infer such settlement. Consequently, the Single Judge’s decree based on the alleged settlement could not be sustained, and the Division Bench’s reversal was affirmed, dismissing the appeal.

Issues considered

The award, being non‑speaking, can be treated as a settlement of the suit claims pending before the High Court.
Whether the arbitrators could consider and adjust claims that were not expressly referred to them.
Whether the mental process of arbitrators can be examined to determine inclusion of undisclosed claims.
Whether Order XXIII Rule 3 CPC can be invoked to pass a decree on the basis of an alleged compromise arising from an arbitration award.

Legislation cited

Arbitration Act, 1940s. 14(2), s. 17(1)
Code of Civil Procedure, 1908s. Order XXIII Rule 3

Subjects

arbitrationnon‑speaking awardsettlementset‑offOrder XXIII Rule 3Civil Procedure CodeArbitration Act 1940scope of referencecompromise decree

Judgment

A STAR CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSPORT CO. AND ORS.
v.
THE INDIA CEMENTS LTD.
~ -
FEBRUARY 12, 2001

B [S. RAJENDRA BABU AND K.G. BALAKRISHNAN, JJ.]

Arbitration Act, 1940---Civil Procedure Code, I 906-0rder XXlll Rule
3-Non-speaking award-Award of arbitrator sellling money claim-
Adjustment of another money claim dispute pending before High Court while
c satisfjiing the award-Maintainability of-Held, on facts, the arbitrators
have not taken into consideration the disputed claim pending before High
Court at the time of giving the award-Mental process of arbitrators cannot
be looked into to find out whether the claims have been considered in the
award or not.
D
Appellants and respondent had a money claim dispute which was referred
to arbitration. The arbitrators published the award directing the respondent
to pay the appellants an amount of Rs. 65,00,000 in full and final settlement
of the claim with interest at the rate of 9% per annum. The award was filed

E
in Court under Section 14(2) of the Arbitration Act, 1940. A decree was
passed in terms of the award under Section 17(1) of the Act. The respondent
"*"
paid Rs. 49 lacs to the appellants withholding a sum of Rs. 16 lacs on the
ground that the amount is due from the appellants which are pending in two
different suit proceedings before High Court. In the two pending suits,
applications were filed by the appellants under Order XXlll, Rule 3 of the
C.P.C. for settlement. Single Judge allowed t,he applications of the appellants
F on the ground that a settlement has been arrived at between the parties,
which is disclosed in the award of the arbitrator that instead of an award of
Rs. 81 lacs, an award of Rs. 65 lacs has been made after setting off the
disputed amount of Rs. 16 lacs. The respondent filed an appeal before the
Division Bench of the High Court. The Division Bench reversed the judgment
G of the Single Judge holding that the award of the arbitrator cannot be
considered as having resulted in a settlement of claims. Hence the appeal. ...
The appellants contended that the reference to the arbitrators was made
as per the agreement; that the particular clause in the agreement is wide
enough to include all disputes between the parties; that there need not be
H 1000
STAR CONST. AND TPT. CO. r. INDIA CEMENTS LTD. 1001

separate reference for the disputed amount for arbitration; that the A
respondents claimed set-off of the disputed amount before the arbitrators;
that the respondents filed a reconciliation statement before the arbitrators
showing the disputed suit-amounts; and that the suit amounts were taken
into consideration by the arbitrators in the non-speaking award in deciding
the claims of the parties by the arbitrators.
B
The respondent contended that the two applications filed by appellants
under Order XXIII Rule 3 C.P.C. was not maintainable; that the disputed
amounts in the suits were never referred to the arbitrators; that the figures
mentioned in the reconciliation statement produced before the arbitrator
during arbitration proceedings do not pertain to the suit claim; that the C
appellants themselves requested the respondent to set off the disputed suit
amount of Rs. 16 lacs and pay the balance decreed amount of Rs. 49 lacs; that
the ·appellants undertook that on such payment, the decree would not be
executed till the suits are disposed or the matter is settled amicably between
both the parties.
D
Dismissing the appeal, the Court

HELD: I.I. In the case ofa non-speaking award, trite to say that the
mental process of the arbitrators in reaching the conclusion cannot be gone
into or examined as the same are not disclosed in the award. Therefore, to
glean into the minds of the arbitrators to find out whether they included the E
claims stated to have been made in the reconciliation statement is a very
torturous process, not an easy one, hazarded with too many difficulties. The
contention of the appellants that the suit claims were in the minds of the
arbitrators can only be imagined and not definitely inferred from the facts.
~ (1008-D-F[
F
1.2. Unless it is clearly established that such accord or compromise
has been entered into between the parties, the powers under Order XXIll
Rule 3 CPC could not be exercised. The respondent's case is that the claim
made in the suit were never before the arbitrators in any form and even the
figures mentioned in the reconciliation statements also do not pertain to the G
suit claim and the scope of reference to the arbitrators does not enable them
to make an award on that aspect of the matter. Those objections have to be
dealt with appropriately on full trial. There must be factual foundation for
those claims and established in the course of a trial. Uninfluenced by the
views of the Division Bench, after examining the correctness of the order of
the Single Judge made in the two suits on applications filed under Order H
1002 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2001] I S.C.R.

A XX 111 Ruic 3 CPC, the order of the Single Judge cannot be sustained. The
Division Bench of the High Court has not shut out the case p'llt forth by the
appellants but only relegated the parties to work out their respective rights
in an appropriate manner in the course 1fa suit.11009-D-E;G-H; 1010-Al

Smt. Santa Si/a Devi & Anr. v. Dhirendra Nath Sen & Ors., AIR (19631
B SC 1677, referred to.

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeals Nos. 9420-9423
of 1995.

From the Judgment and Order dated 9.11. 94 of the Madras High Court
c in O.S.A. Nos. 320-322 and 359 of 1989.
F.S. Nariman, R. Murari and K.R. Nambiar for the Appellants.

Gopal Subramanium and Vineet Kumar for the Respondent.

D The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

RAJENDRA BABU, J. In respect of a dispute arising out of a money
claim made by the appellants against respondent the matter was referred to
arbitration. The reference was entered into in January 1983. The arbitrators
published their award on 15.2.1986 which, after setting out certain matters
E which were preliminary in nature, inter a/ia, stated as under :-

"We J.C. Shah and P.S. Subramaniam, Arbitrators appointed by the
parties do hereby award and order that the Company (Indian Cements
Ltd.) do pay to Star Construction and Transport Company Rs. 65,00,000
(in words Rupees Sixty Five Lacs) in full and final settlement of the
F claim of Star Construction and Transport Company with interest at the
rate of9(nine) per cent per annum from the date hereof; and we further
award and declare that all the disputes referred to by the parties under
the claim made by the Star Construction and Transport Company and
denied by the Indian Cements Ltd. are finally disposed of by this
G Award and that no part of the claim remains undetermined; and we
further award and order that each party to bear its respective cost of
and incidental to the arbitration proceeding including its share of the
amount of remuneration paid by it to the Arbitrators.

Made this 15th day of February, 1986 at Bombay, in token whereof
H the Arbitrators have subscribed their signatures which are duly
STAR CONST. AND TPT. C0.1· INDIA CEMENTS LTD. [RA.IENDRA BABU, J.] ]003
attested." A
The award was. filed in court on 15.4. 1986 in O.P. No. 174 of 1986 under
Section 14(2) of the' Arbitration Act, 1940 (hereinafter referred to as 'the Act').
A decree was passed in terms of the award under Section 17( 1) of the Act.
Thereafter, the respondent by its letter dated 8.8,J 986 paid a sum of Rs. 49
lacs while withholding a sum of Rs. 16 lacs which is stated to be money claims B
,.,,_ due to it in Suit No. C.S. 246of1984 and C.S. 315of1984, although this was
disputed by the appellants in their letter dated 5.8,J 986. It was stated therein
that a 'Reconciliation of Account' had been furnished to the arbitrators
showing an amount of about Rs. 16 lacs claimed to be due from them in
respect of which they had in.stituted the said two suits. The respondent C
contended that the issues before the arbitrators by way of several claims
recorded in the award which the arbitrators had settled did not take into
account moneys received by the appellants from it as advance and moneys
paid by them on their behalf and which stand to their credit and accordingly
credit should be given thereto. In the two pending suits applications were
filed under Order XXIII, Rule 3 of the Code of Civil Procedure to record the D
satisfaction of the suit claim and dismiss the suit with other incidental reliefs.
The learned single Judge of the High Court who was dealing with the suits
passed a judgment on 17.4.1989 allowing the applications by holding that it
was at the instance of the respondent that the claim in the suit was brought
in before the arbitrators on 8.2.1986 and elected to claim this set off immediately E
under the award to be pronounced which was not opposed by the appellants
and, therefore, under these circumstances, instead of an award of Rs. 81 lacs,
an award of Rs. 65 lacs was made. On appeal the Division Bench of the High
Court reversed the judgment of the learned Single Judge by holding that
whether there was a settlement or not between the parties is a matter to be
decided as an issue in the suit and that the award per se cannot be considered F
as having resulted in a settlement of suit claims.

The principal objection raised on behalf of the respondent is that the
two applications filed under Order XXlll Rue 3 C.P.C. could not be maiatained.
It was also disputed that the amounts claimed in the suits related to the G
agreement dated 27. 7.1979 which was not the subject matter of arbitration. It
was contended that the subject matter of the suits could not be the subject
matter of arbitration without further submission by the parties requesting the
arbitrators to include the said matter and factually there was no such
submission. The learned single Judge considered the case on the original
statements filed by the respondent before the arbitrators. The claim in suit H
1004 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2001] 1 S.C.R.

A C.S. No. 315 of 1984 was for recovery of a sum of Rs. 19, 75,821.60 together
with interest on Rs. 14,55,625.08 and the costs. The claim in the plaint comprised
of a sum of Rs. 9,20,452.17 being the difference between the value of the
assets taken over by the respondent and the amount was stated to be due
from the appellants to the respondent which formed the subject matter of the
agreement dated 27.7.1979 and a sum of Rs. 5135,172.91 was said to be the
B
liability of the appellants on account of accrued and unavailed leave of the
workmen employed by the appellants. Other suit C.S. No. 246 of 1984 was filed
for recovery of a sum of Rs. 1,53,812.50 with interest at 12% per annum frum
the date of plaint and for costs. The claim of the respondent is that this
amount represented the motor vehicles tax demanded by R.T.O. Salem for the
C period from 1.4.1974 to 31.3.1982. According to the respondent, the amount
was payable by the appellants and the respondent was obliged to pay it when
the permits for the vehicles were transferred to it. It is after the decree in terms
of the award was passed that the appellants wrote a letter to the respondent
without prejudice referring to reconciliation statement of account filed by the
D respondent before the arbitrators showing an amount of Rs. 16 lacs claimed
to be due from the appellants and proposing that the respondent should pay
a sum of Rs. 49 lacs being approximately the amount decreed in O.P. No. 174
of 1986 less the amount claimed by the respondent. The appellants also
undertook that on such payment being made they would not execute the t
decree till these two suits are disposed of or the matter is settled in a manner
E acceptable to both parties. This proposal was accepted by the respondent
without prejudice and along with a letter dated 8.8.1986 a cheque of Rs. 49
lacs was sent by the respondent to the appellants. In that letter it was made
clear that in respect of amounts settled by the arbitrators the claims in the
two suits were not included in the settlement arrived at by the arbitrators. The
F appellants suggested that both the parties or their advocates should obtain
clarifications from the arbitrators as to whether or not the amount shown by
the respondent as due to it in the statement of reconciliation of accounts filed
before the arbitrator5 had been adjusted by them in awarding the sum of Rs.
65 lacs to the appellants. The respondent did not agree to the suggestion as
in its opinion there was no scope for obtaining any clarification from the
G arbitrators as there was no ambiguity with regard to the issue before them.
The stand of the respondent is clear that the arbitration did not pertain to the
agreement dated 27.7.1979 but only the matters arising under the agreement
dated 20.8.1974. An affidavit ofShri P.S. Subramaniam Iyer, one of the arbitrators
and two documents were filed which are zerox copies of the statements filed
H by the respondent before the arbitrators on 8.2.1986. As the original statements
STAR CONST. AND TPT. CO." INDIA CEMENTS LTD. [RAJENDRA BABU, J ] 1005

filed before the arbitrators were also produced in the suit with all other A
records of the arbitrators, the learned single Judge did not rely upon the
affidavit of Shri P.S, Subramaniam Iyer as he had not been examined before
the court and he ignored the same. However, the learned Judge proceeded to
consider the case on the basis of the original statements filed by the respondent
before the arbitrators which have been· produced in the court along with O.P. B
No. 174 of 1986 and a letter dated 1.2.1986 written by Shri S. Padmanabhan,
who was one of the advocates appearing for the respondent, to the effect that
the respondent had worked out loss at Rs. 72.51 lacs subject to adjustment
of amounts payable and receivable. It was also stated that items marked 9B
to 9E could not be accepted in working out the basis for any compromise.
The learned Judge proceeded to analyse the statement of reconciliation of C
account which referred specifically to a sum of Rs. 9,20,452.17 which is one
of the amounts claimed in suit C.S. No. 315 of 1984 and the other amount
claimed for leave wages as Rs. 5,35,000 which are set out in para 6 of the plaint
in C.S. No. 315 of 1984. With reference to the claim in C.S. 246 of 1984 the
amount was split into two paras in the statement. A sum of Rs. 30,000 was D
shown as paid to R. T.. O. towards differential tax and the balance of Rs.
1,53,812.50 was shown as a separate entry tax arrears in respect of vehicles
taken over from the appellants paid on 28.6.1982. Thus, the learned Judge
i came to the conclusion that the amount claimed in the two suits found place
in the statement of reconciliation of account. The learned Judge thereafter
referred to proceedings dated 8.2.1986 in which the list of documents attached E
to the original petition submitted during the arbitration proceedings and the
description given in the list attached to the original petition contained 21
items The last of which is further documents of claimant and respondent
compromise proposal and reconciliation of Accounts by respondent. On this
basis, the learned Judge found that it was clear that the arbitrators have taken F
into account the statement of reconciliation of account filed by the respondent
before passing the award. The learned Judge proceeded to observe that the
arbitrators would not have taken the statements on record but returned the
same to the respective parties and proceeded without any reference to the
said statement and, therefore, the respondent was taking undue advantage of G
the fact that the award is a non-speaking one. The learned Judge relying upon
'f· the decision of this Court in Smt. Santa Si/a Devi and another v. Dhirendra
Nath Sen and others, AIR (1963) SC 1677, held that the award finally disposed
of all the matters in difference inasmuch as there is an express declaration by
the arbitrators to that effect and no part of the claim remained undetermined.
The learned Judge also gave further findings that when the appellants had H
1006 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2001] 1 S.C.R.

A approached the arbitrators with a· particular claim and the respondent in
defence put forth its claim arising out of the same contract but crystalised to
a large extent by the agreement dated 27.7.1979 which, in fact, set off before
the arbitrators there was no necessity for submission of a fresh or independent
reference, much less through court and relied upon the following passage in
B Russell on Arbitration, 9th Edn, at pages I02 and I 03 :-

"It has been often held that a submission by A and B of the one part
and C of the other, "of all matters in difference between them"
authorises the arbitrator to decide on all matters that either of the two
has against the third jointly or severally, such as an action by A alone
C against C, on the ground that the words are to be taken distributively.
This view was adopted in the Court of Exchequer and affirmed in the
Exchequer Chamber" Six partners by two bonds submitted to arbitration
all matters relating to their trade. By the one bond three of them
became jointly and severally bound to the other three to obey the
award as to all matters between the partners or any of them. But the
D second bond the latter three became bound to .the former three in like
manner. It was held that the arbitrator was authorised to award on a
matter in dispute between two co- obligators only, on the ground that
the reference was of all matters between them or any of them Winter
v. White, (1819) lB & B 350.
E
A reference of all matters in difference gives an arbitrator power
over all matters down to the period of the submission, but does not
except under very special circumstances, enable him to award on
future and contingent claims, or to give damages in respect of money
demands becoming due after the date of the submission, though
F pursuant to an agreement made previous to it, or indeed respecting
any subjects of dispute arising after the reference.

Even if the submission be of all differences and 'of anything in
anywise relating thereto' these latter words do not extend the power
of the arbitrators to matters which though relating to the existing
G
differences, arise after the date of the submission nor do they authorise
the calculation and awarding of interest subsequent to that date.

The parties may, however, if they please give the arbitrator power
to determine on contingent claims, or on matters in dispute or demands
H arising after the date of the submission and this course has often
STAR CONST. AND TPT. CO. v. INDIA CEMENTS LTD. [RAJENDRA BABU, J.] ]007
been perused." A

The learned Judge, therefore, held that it was open to the arbitrators to
arbitrate the same. Alternatively, the learned Judge proceeded to state that
even if the reference was limited, it was open· to the parties to enlarge the
scope thereof as it was not a reference made by a court. The statements in B
writing filed by the parties before the arbitrators were sufficient to serve the
purpose and the absence of signature of any representative of the respondent
does not at all matter. The learned Judge also proceeded to consider that the
respondent had elected to claim set off before the arbitrators and having
chosen to work out that remedy it is not open to the respondent to pursue
the same by ignoring the award. ft was held that the respondent having C
obtained the benefit under the award, namely, the adjustment of the amounts
due from the appellants as against the amounts found payable to the
appellants, it is not open to the respondent to challenge the validity of the
award in the proceedings, particularly when the appellants had not raised any
objection to a decree being passed by the court in terms of the award. D

Appeals were filed before the Division Bench of the High Court by the
respondent, which were allowed relegating the parties to thrash out the
question whether there is a settlement or not between the parties is a matter
to be decided as an issue in the suit and that the award per se cannot be
considered as having resulted in a settlement of the suit claim. These appeals E
are directed against that order of the Division Bench of the High Court.

Shri F.S.Nariman, learned senior Advocate for the appellants, submitted
that if the conclusion is that the award has resulted in a settlement of the suit
claim, the court ought to have given a finding that there was a settlement F
between the parties and hence nothing remains in the suit to be decided. He
focussed his attention mostly to the question that the award on the face of
it indicates the settlement of the suit claim. To support this proposition, he
heavily relied upon the view expressed by the learned Single Judge while
disposing of the suits on the basis of the applications filed under Order XXIll, G
Rule 3 CPC to which we have made elaborate reference. He submitted that the
fact is that the reference to the arbitration was made in pursuance of clause
24 of the agreement dated 20th August, 1974 as a private reference validly
made without the intervention of the court. He· submits that clause 24 is very
wide in its terms to include all questions of difference whatsoever touching
upon the agreement or subject matter thereof or arising out of or in relation H
1008 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2001) I S.C.R.

A thereto and wheiher as to construction of the agreement .or otherwise. When
the appellants approached the arbitration with a particular claim, the respondent
in defence thereto put forward its claim arising out of the same contract but
crystallised to a large extent by the agreement dated 27 .7.1979. The later
agreement between the parties emerged only out of the earlier contract which
B was the foundation of the transaction between the parties. The respondent
pleaded only a set off or a counter-claim before the arbitrators while defending
the claim put forward by the appellants. Thus there was no necessity for
submission of a fresh or independent reference and much less through a
Court. The fallacy in this approach is that when the reference was made in
respect of the disputes arising out of the agreement dated 20.8.1974 and those
C disputes had to be settled no claim by way of set off or a counter-claim was
raised by the respondent herein. It is only at the last stage of the proceedings
a reconciliation statement is stated to have been filed which, it is said, has
reference to certain claims made in the two suits and those claims are stated
to have been taken into consideration in the non-speaking award in deciding
D the claims of the parties by the arbitrators. In the case of a non-speaking
award, trite to say that the mental process of the arbitrators in reaching the
conclusion cannot be gone into or examined as the same are not disclosed
in the award. Therefore, to glean into the minds of the arbitrators to find out
whether they included the claims stated to have been made in the reconciliation t
statement is a very torturous process, not an easy one, hazarded with too
E many difficulties. To get out of such a quagmire Shri Nariman very astutely
contended that there was a reference to the documents filed in the case and
the reconciliation statement is one such which was also produced before the
court when the award was filed for passing the decree in terms thereof which
would indicate that this was present to the minds of the arbitrators. Whether
F it is so or not can only be imagined and not definitely inferred from the facts.
Therefore, this line of reasoning adopted by the learned Single Judge does
not appeal to us nor are we impressed with the alternative view taken by him
that even assuming that the scope of the original reference was limited, it was
open to both parties to enlarge the same before the arbitrators as it was not
G a reference made by a court. Even if it were so, there is no way of finding
out the rationale on which the arbitrators passed the award. Though it may
have been permissible to refer such a dispute, whether in fact done so, is the Y
question. That is a matter which is under serious dispute between the parties.
Shri Nariman pointed out the conflict in decisions in relation to the question
whether the matters in difference in a pending suit can be referred to the
H arbitration without the order of the court and when the same would result in
STAR CONST. AND TPT. CO. v. INDIA CEMENTS LTD. [RAJENDRA BABU, J] 1009

.,, ..
settlement of claim in the suit. However, that aspect also does not arise for
consideration at this stage of the proceedings.
A

We may also notice that the learned Single Judge is of the view that
the respondent having taken advantage of the award which, in fact, took note
of the reconciliation statement they are estopped from contending that there
is no significance of the suit claims in the arbitration proceedings. Again, this B
view proceeds on the basis of award being made after taking note of the
·"' reconciliation statement, which conclusion we have pointed out to be slippery.
Hence this aspect also does not assist the appellants.

In this case, applications are filed under Order XXIII, Rule 3 CPC. This c
rule is a provision for making a decree on any lawful agreement or compromise
between the parties during the pendency of the suit by which claim is
satisfied or adjusted. The agreement, compromise or s_atisfaction may relate
to the whole of the suit or part of the suit or it may also include matters
beyond the subject matter of the suit. But Rule 3 clearly envisages a decree
being passed in respect of part of subject matter on a compromise. Whether D
in fact there has been compromise or adjustment of the suit claim or any part
thereof is itself put in dispute in this case. Unless it is clearly established that
such accord or compromise has been entered into between the parties, the
powers under Order XXIII Rule 3 CPC could not be exercised. The respondent's
case is that the claim made in the suit were never before the arbitrators in any E
form and even the figures mentioned in the reconciliation statement also do
not pertain to the suit claim and the scope of reference to the arbitrators does
not enable them to make an award on that aspect of the matter. Those
objections have to be dealt with appropriately on full triaL That is the course
now adopted by the Division Bench of the High Court.
F
Although many other arguments were addressed before u's as to the
scope of the proceedings before an arbitrator as to how in the course of
arbitration, additional claims can be raised before them and an adjudication
thereof, if results, an award is binding on parties. These aspects also do not
help the appellants in any manner for we find that there must be factual
G
.., foundation for those claims and established in the . course of a triaL
Uninfluenced by the views of the Division Bench we have examined the
correctness of the order of the learned Single Judge made in the two suits
on applications filed under Order XXIll Rule 3 CPC and we are clearly of the
opinion that the order of the learned Single Judge cannot be sustained. The
Division Bench of the High Court has not shut out the case put forth by the H
1010 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [200 I] I S.C.R.

A appellants but only relegated the parties to work out their respective rights
in an appropriate manner in the course of a suit. "¥

Therefore, we find no merit in these appeals and the same shall stand
dismissed. The parties shall bear their own costs.

B B.S. Appeals dismissed.