Holding

The omission in the copy of the affidavit is a curable irregularity; substantial compliance with Section 81(3) is sufficient and the election petition cannot be dismissed on that ground.

Summary

The appellant, Sri T. Phunzathang, filed an election petition challenging the election of Sri Hangkhanilian on the ground of alleged corrupt practice under Section 123 of the Representation of People Act, 1951. The respondent contended that the copies of affidavits served on him lacked the Oath Commissioner’s endorsement, signature and stamp, violating Sections 81(3) and 83(1)(c) and thus warranting dismissal under Section 86(1). The Supreme Court held that the requirement of serving a "true copy" is substantive, not formal, and that a copy substantially identical to the original, without material mis‑representation, satisfies Section 81(3). The omission was deemed a curable irregularity, corrected by supplying fresh copies before the hearing. Earlier precedents in Dr. Shipra and Harcharan Singh Josh were held to be overruled by the Constitution Bench decisions in T.M. Jacob and Anil R. Deshmukh. Consequently, the High Court’s dismissal was set aside and the matter remanded for merits.

Issues considered

Whether the absence of the Oath Commissioner’s endorsement, signature and stamp in the copy of the affidavit served on the respondent violates Section 81(3) and Section 83(1)(c) of the Representation of People Act, 1951, justifying dismissal under Section 86(1).
Whether such a defect is curable and whether substantial compliance with the statutory requirements suffices to avoid dismissal.
Whether the precedents set in Dr. Shipra v. Shanti Lal Khoiwal and Harcharan Singh Josh v. Hari Kishan remain good law in view of the Constitution Bench judgments in T.M. Jacob v. C. Poulose and Anil R. Deshmukh v. Onkar N. Wagh.
Whether an election petition can be dismissed on a technical ground when other substantive grounds exist.

Legislation cited

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908
Conduct of Election Rules, 1961s. Form 25, s. Rule 94(A)
Representation of People Act, 1951s. 123, s. 81(1), s. 81(3), s. 83(1)(c), s. 86(1)

Subjects

Election petitionTrue copySection 81(3)Section 83Section 86Substantial complianceCurable defectAffidavitCorrupt practiceRepresentation of People Act

Judgment

A SRI T. PHUNZATHANG
v.
SRI HANGKHANILIAN AND ORS.

AUGUST 28, 2001

B [DR. A.S. ANAND, CJ., R.C. LAHOTI AND N. SANTOSH HEGDE, JJ.]

Representation ofPeople Act, 1951: Sections 81(1), (3), 83(/)(c), 86(1)
and 123.

c Conduct of Election Rules, 1961 : Rule 94(A) and Form 25.

Election petition-Challenge of election result-A/legation of corrupt
practice-Affidavit in support of corrupt practice-Copy supplied to
respondent-Defect in-Endorsement made by Oath Commissioner attesting
D the affidavit, signature and rubber stamp not appearing on copy of affidavit
supplied-Subsequently said omission rectified and copies containing entire
verification supplied to respondent-Held, dismissal of election petition not
valid.
I

Words and Phrases :

E 'Copy'-Meaning of-Jn the context ofSection 81 (3) of the Representation
of People Act, 1951.

The appellant filed an election petition challenging the election of
respondent No. I. One of the grounds of challenge was that respondent No.I
had indulged in corrupt practice as contemplated in Section 123 of the
F Representation of People Act, I951. Respondent No.I filed an application
contending that copies of the affidavits filed in support of the corrupt practices
alleged in the election petition and supplied to him were defective as they did
not contain due verification and attestation by the Oath Commissioner or by
prescribed authority. The writ summons were complete in all respects
G excepting that the endorsement made by the Oath Commissioner attesting
the affidavit sworn by the deponent before him, his signature and rubber
stamp did not appear on the copy of affidavit delivered alongwith the copy
of election petition to respondent No. I. Consequently, it was contended that
there was violation of the mandatory requirement of Section 8I(3) and 83(I)
of the Act and therefore the election petition was liable to be dismissed. In
H 256
SRI T. PHUNZATHANG v. SRI HANGKHANILIAN 257
his application no grievance was raised by respondent No. 1 that the copy A
delivered to him was not in conformity with the original and, therefore, he
was prejudiced in his defence. But in his next application respondent No.1
took objection in this regard. However, a few days before this application was
taken up for hearing the plaintiff rectified the omission and supplied fresh
copies of affidavits containing full particulars of the attestation/verification B
made in support of the affidavit to the respondents and their advocates.
,,... Relying on two judgments of this Court viz. Dr. Shipra case* and Harcharan
Singh Josh's case** the High Court dismissed the election petition on the
ground of non-compliance with sub-section (3) of Section 81 read with Section
83(l)(c) of the Act.

In appeal to this Court it was contended on behalf of the appellant that
c
(i) the High Court erred in placing reliance on the said two judgments; (ii)
Section 81(3) does not contemplate the supply.of a true copy in the sense that
it should be an identical copy of the original filed before the Court; it would
suffice if the copy supplied is substantially correct and the omissions are not
such as would in any manner mislead the respondent in presenting his case D
~
or would prejudice his defence in any manner; (iii) the omission in the copy
having been rectified by the supply of copies containing entire verification,
the question of election petition being dismissed on technical ground did not
arise.

Allowing the appeal, the Court E
HELD : Per Hegde, J. (For himself and Dr. A.S. Anand, CJ)

1. The requirement of serving a true copy of an election petition and
the affidavit filed in support of the allegations of corrupt practice on the
respondent in the election petition is of substance and not of form. (265-C] F
•
2. The expression "copy" in Section 81(3) of the Representation of
People Act, 1951 means a copy which is substantially the same as original,
variation if any from the original should not be vital in nature or should not
be such that can possibly mislead a reasonable person in meeting the
allegation. If the copy differs in material particulars from the original same G
cannot be cured after the period of limitation. (265-F-GJ

3. In this case the only lacunae pointed out by the contesting respondent
is that the copy supplied to him did not contain the verification or affirmation
made by the Oath Commissioner or the Prescribed Authority as required in
Form 25 and Rule 95A of the Conduct of Election Rules, 1961. It is not the H
258 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2001] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A case of respondent No. I that the original affidavit filed alongwith the election
petition in Form 25 did not contain such verification or affirmation. On the
contrary, it is an admitted fact that such affirmation or verification was made
in the original affidavit filed before the High Court. The omission pointed
out by the respondent in his petition would not ipsofacto entail dismissal of
B the election petition under Section 86(1) of the Act. By reason of such omission
the copy supplied will not cease to be a 'true copy' and there is no possibility
of any prudent person being in any manner misled in defending himself or
being prejudiced in the defence of his case. Further, such omissions are only
curable irregularities. 1267-A-D]

C 4. On coming to know of the omission pointed out by the respondent,
the appellant had, a few days before the starting of the arguments, supplied
fresh copies of the affidavit containing the verification as found in the original
affidavit in its entirety. The defects pointed out in the petition being curable,
have been cured. Consequently the impugned judgment is set aside and the
matter is remanded to the High Court for disposal of the election petition on
D merits. 1267-E; 274-DI

*Dr. Shipra (Smt.) and Ors. v. Shanti Lal Khoiwal and Ors, p 996[ 5 SCC
181, explained and held inapplicable.

**Harsharan Singh Josh v. Hari Kishan, 11991[ lO SCC 294, overruled.
E T.M. Jacob v. C. Poulose and Ors., [1999) 4 SCC 274 and Anil R.
Deshmukh v. Onkar N Wagh, 119991 2 SCC 205, applied.

Murarka Radhey Shyam Ram Kumar v. Roop Singh Rathore and Ors.,
11964) 3 SCR 573 and Ch. Subba Rao v. Member Election Tribunal, Hyderabad,
F 11964) 6 SCR 213, referred to.

Per Lahoti J. (Supplcmentin·~):

1. The copy of affidavit supplied to the respondent No.I fulfilled the
object which the copy is intended to serve. There was no such variation from
G the original, as was calculated to mislead the respondent. There was no scope
of misunderstanding for the respondent. The respondent No.I was not
prejudiced. This is clear from the fact that no objection in this regard was
taken in the first application. lu the next application objection in this regard
was taken and immediately the election petitioner made available to the
respondent another copy of affidavit without defect. Thus the defect, if any,
H stood cured. 1274-B-CI
SRI T. PHUNZA THANG v. SRI HANGKHANILIAN 259
TM Jacob v. C.Poulose and Anr., (1999( 4 SCC 274; Murarka Radhey A
Shyam Ram Kumar v. Roop Singh Rathore, (1964( 3 SCR 573; Anil R. Deshmukh
v. Onkar, N Wagh (1999] 2 SCC 205 and Ch. Subbarao v. Member, Election
Tribunal Hyderabad, (1964( 3 SCR 213, relied on.

Dr. Shipra v. Shanti Lal Khoiwal, [1996] 5 SCC 181 and Harcharan Singh
Josh v. Hari Kish.an, (1997] 10 sec 294, held no longer good law. B
2. When the defect in the original affidavit is removed at a later stage,
copy of such affidavit would also be supplied to the respondent only at such
later stage. If the view of the High Court in the order impugned is to be upheld,
an election-petitioner having filed an affidavit fully satisfying the requirement C
of Section 83(1) proviso and Rule 94A in all resp.eels but having made an
omission in th.e copy of the affidavit delivered to the respondent would be
placed in a position worse than an election-petitioner whose original affidavit
filed with the election petition itself did not satisfy the requirement of section
/
83(1) proviso read with Ru.le 94A. This could not have been the intendement
of law. Such an interpretation would, to say the least, make a mockery of D
justice. Non-compliance with Section 83 cannot be a ground for dismissal of
the election petition under Section 86 and the defect, if any, is curable.
[273-D-F]

Manohar Joshi v; Nitin Bhaurao Patil and Anr., [199611 SCC 169; H.D.
Revanna v. G. PuttaswamyGowdaand Ors., [199912 SCC 217 and Kamal Narain E
Sanna v. Dwarka Prasad Mishra and Ors., [19661 I SCR 478, referred to.

3. Section 83(1) of the Representation of People Act, 1951 requires an
election petition to plead material facts setting forth full particulars of alleged
corrupt practice and to be signed by the petitioner and verified in the manner
laid down in the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 for the verification of F
pleadings. The proviso enacted to sub-section (I) requires that where the
petitioner alleges any corrupt practice, the petition shall also be accompanied
by an affidavit in the prescribed form in support of the allegation of such
corrupt practice and the particulars thereof. Rule 94-A (introduced by an
amendment in the Rules w.e.f. 27th February, 1962) requires that an affidavit G
referred to in the proviso to sub-section (I) of Section 83 shall be sworn before
a Magistrate of the First Class or a Notary or a Commissioner of Oaths and
shall be in Form 25. Form 25 appended to the Rules requires the election
petitioner to verify on solemn affirmation or oath the statements about the
commission of corrupt practice and the particulars of such corrupt practice
distinctly stating to what extent they are true to his knowledge and to what H
260 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (20011SUPP.2 S.C.R.

A extent they are true to his information. The requirement of proviso to Section
83(1) is an "affidavit in prescribed form". An endorsement by the specified
officer before whom the affidavit is sworn is not the requirement mentioned
in the Section. Rule 94A can be dissected into two parts : (i) the affidavit shall
be in Form 25, and (ii) it shall be sworn before a Magistrate of the First Class
or a Notary or a Commissioner of Oaths. What is prescribed is the form of
B affidavit. Swearing in before one of the three officers is mode and manner of
swearing in the affidavit. The latter requirement does not relate to form of
affidavit; it prescribes the persons recognised by the Act and the Rules as
competent to administer oath to the deponent of affidavit for the purpose of
Section 83(1) read with Rule 94A and suggests, for the sake of convenience
C and consistency, the manner of endorsement to be made by the Magistrate
Notary or Commissioner of Oaths administering oath to the deponent. Such
endorsement made by the officer administering oath to the deponent is not
an integral part of the affidavit. Preparing, signing and swearing an affidavit
are acts of the deponent; administering oath and making an endorsement in
proof thereof on the affidavit are acts of the officer administering the oath.
D (269-F-G; 270-C-E)

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 4605 of
2000.

From the Judgment and Order dated 27.6.2000 of the Assam, Nagaland,
E Meghalaya, Manipur, Tripura, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh High Court
in E.P. No. 1 of 2000.

Amarendra Sharan, Ms. Poonam Kumari, Sapam Biswajit, Ms. Jayashree
and Ashok Kumar Singh for the Appellant.

F T. Nanda Kumar Si ,gh and Kh. Nobin Singh for the Respondent No.I.

Ms. S. Janani for the Respondent Nos. 4-9.

The Judgments of the Court were delivered by

G SANTOSH HEGDE, J. The appellant before us had preferred Election
Petition No. l /2000 before the Imphal Bench of the Gauhati High Court
challenging the declaration of the results made in favour of respondent No.
I herein as the elected candidate in the elections held for the 48-Churachandpur
Assembly Constituency in the 7th Manipur Legislative Assembly Election.
One of the grounds of attack in the said petition was that respondent No. I
H indulged in corrupt practice as contemplated in Section 123 of the
SRI T. PHUNZA THANG v. SRI HANGKHANILIAN [SANTOSH HEGDE, J.) 261

Representation of People Act, 1951 (hereinafter referred to as 'the Act') A
among other grounds, hence, he had prayed that the declaration made in
favour of respondent No. I be set aside and he be declared as the elected
candidate from the said Constituency.

Respondent No. I herein moved an application being Civil Miscellaneous
(Election) Case No.3/2000 contending that the copies of the affidavits filed B
in support of the corrupt practices alleged in the election petition and supplied
to him, did not contain due verification and attestation by the Oath
Commissioner or by the Prescribed Authority, hence there was a violation of
the mandatory requirement of Sections 81(3) and 83(1) of the Act and,
therefore, the election petition in question was liable to be dismissed. It is to C
be noted herein that on coming to know of the Civil Misc. Petition, the
plaintiff supplied fresh copies of the affidavits containing' full particulars of
the attestation/verification made ir\ support of the affidavit filed in Form
No.25 before the High Court to the respondents and their advocates, a few
days before the Civil Miscellaneous Petition was taken up for hearing.
D
. The High Court relying on the two judgments of this Court in Dr.
Shipra (Smt.) and Ors. v. Shanti Lal Khoiwal and Ors., [1996] 5 SCC 181
and Harcharan Singh Josh v. Hari Kishan, [ 1997] 10 SCC 294 accepted the
contention of the first respondent and by its order dated 27 .6.2000 dismissed
the election petition under Section 86(1) of the Act on the ground of non-
compliance of sub-section (3) of Section 81 read with Section 83(1)(C) of the E
Act.

In this appeal, it is contended on behalf of the appellant before us that
the High Court erred in placing reliance solely on the judgments of this Court
in Dr. Shipra and Harcharan Singh Josh (supra). It was contended that the J
judgment of this Court in Dr. Shipra's case had been explained by a F
Constitution Bench of this Court in the case of TM Jacob v. C. Poulose &
Ors., [1999] 4 SCC 274 and the observation in Dr. Shipra's case has been
held to be not universally applicable and is confined to the facts of that case
only. While in regard to Harcharan Singh Josh's case, it was contended that
in view of the judgment of the larger Bench in Jacob's case (supra), the Josh's G
case stands impliedly overruled. It was further contended that Section 81 (3)
does not contemplate the supply of a true copy in the sense that it should be
an identical copy of the original filed before the court. According to the
appellant, it would suffice that if the copy supplied is substantially correct
and the omissions pointed are not such omissions as would in any manner
mislead the respondent in presenting his case or would prejudice his defence H
262 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2001] SUPP. 2 S.C.R

A in any manner. At any rate, it was argued that the omission in the copy
having been rectified by the supply of copies containing entire verification,
the question of the election petition being dismissed on that technical ground
did not arise. It was further contended that assuming for argument's sake that
the defect pointed out by the respondents did vitiate that part of the election
B petition attracting the provisions of Section 86(1) of the Act even then since
the defect pointed out was with reference to only one of the grounds raised
in the election petition pertaining to corrupt practice, the entire election petition
could not have been dismissed on that score because the said petition raised
other substantial and independent grounds ir1 regard to which respondents
objections did not apply and they by themselves were sufficient to set aside
C the election c, respondent No. I.

On behalf of the contesting respondents, it was contended before us
that the judgment in Dr. Shipra (supra) has not been overruled by the
Constitution Bench in Jacob's case (supra). It was further argued that the
facts involved in the cases of Dr. Shipra and Harcharan Singh Josh (supra)
D were identical with the facts involved in the present case, hence, the ratio laid
down in the said judgment squarely applied to the facts of the present appeal.
It was also contended that the omissions or irregularities mentioned in Sections
81 (I) and 83(1) are not of curable character, they being mandatory in nature,
same cannot be condoned or cured by subsequent corrections.·
E We have carefully considered the arguments addressed on behalf of the
parties and perused the records.

So far as Dr. Shipra's case is concerned, this Court in TM. Jacob's case
(supra), in clear terms has held that the opinion expressed therein is applicable
• F
to the fact situation in that case only because the Constitution Bench came
to the conclusion that the defect pointed out in Dr. Shipra's case pertained to
those in the original affidavit filed before the Court in support of the allegations
of corrupt practice and not with reference to the copies supplied to the
respondents. This is clear from the following observations of the Constitution
Bench in paragraph 16 of Jacob's case:
G
"Thus, from the "facts" noted by Bharucha, J., it transpires that in
Dr. Shipra case the "true copy" of the election petition furnished to
the respondent gave an impression that the election petitioner's affidavit
supporting his allegations of corrupt practice had not been duly sworn
and verified by the election petitioner before the Notary, who also
H had not attested the same thereby rendering that document as "no
SRI T. PHUNZA THANG v. SRI HANGKHANILIAN [SANTOSH HEGDE, J.) 263
affidavit" at all in the eye of the law. The defect found in the "true A
copy" of the affidavit, was thus, not merely the absence of the name
of the Notary or his seal and stamp but a complete absence of "notarial
endorsement" of the verification as well as absence of an
"affirmation" or "oath" by the election petitioner. It was in that
context that the Bench had found in Dr. Shipra Case that the returned B
candidate would have got the impression, on a perusal of the "true
copy" of the affidavit, that there was no duly sworn and verified
affidavit filed in support of the allegations of corrupt practice by the
election petitioner. It was precisely on account of this "fatal'' defect
that K. Ramaswamy, J. opined that "the principle of substantial
compliance cannot be accepted in the fact situation". c
(emphasis supplied)

Proceeding further, the Constitution Bench in Jacob's case (supra)
reiterated its view of Dr. Shipra's case (supra) in the following words :

"27. We, therefore, reject the argument of learned counsel for the D
appellant regarding the applicability of the "observations" from Dr
Shipra case to the fact situation in the present case.

28. Thus, our answer to the reference is that the judgment in Dr
Shipra case is confined to the "fact situation" as existing in that case
and has no application to the established facts of the present case and E
the wide observations made therein were made in the context of the
facts of that case only." (See paras 27 & 28).

From the above law laid down by the Constitution Bench in Jacob's
case, it is crystal clear that the principle found in Dr. Shipra's case is not
universal in its application, per contra, it is confined to the facts of that case F
only.

Apart from holding that the views expressed in Dr. Shipra case are
only confined to the fact-situation of that case in Jacob's case, the Constitution
Bench turned down the contention advanced on behalf of the appellant that G
if the copy of the affidavit supplied to the respondent in an election petition
does not contain the name and other particulars of the Notary or the stamp
and seal of the Notary which had been affixed on the affidavit filed along
with the election petition, the same would amount to violation of Section
81 (3) of the Act, and such variation between the original affidavit filed
before the High Court and the copy supplied to the respondent would render H
264 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2001] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A the copy as not a 'true copy' of the original, hence, the election petition is
liable to be rejected.

While rejecting the above contention of the appellant in Jacob's case,
the Bench placed reliance on two earlier judgments of the Constitution Bench
of this Court in the cases of Murarka Radhey Shyam Ram Kumar v. Roop
B Singh Rathore and Ors., [1964] 3 SCR 573 and Ch. Subbarao v. Member,
Electron Tribunal, Hyderabad, [ 1964] 6 SCR 2 i3. In the first of the above
cases, i.e. Murarka 's case, the Constitution Bench discussing the meaning of
the words "true copies" as found in the Representation of the People Act had
observed:

c "Having regard to the provisions of Part VI of the Act, we are of
the view that the word 'copy' does not mean an absolutely exact
copy. It means a copy so true that nobody can by any possibility
misunderstand it. The test whether the copy is a true one is whether
any variation from the original is calculated to mislead an ordinary
D person. Applying that test we have come to the conclusion that the
defects complai.ned of with regard to Election Petition No.269 of
1962 were not such as to mislead the appellant; therefore there was
no failure to comply with the last part of sub-section (3) of Section
81. In that view of the matter sub-section (3) of Section 90 was not
attracted and there was no question of dismissing the election petition
E under that sub-section by reason of any failure to comply with the
provisions of Section 81.. .... "

"When every page of the copy served on the appellant was attested
to be a true copy under the signature of the petitioner, a fresh signature
below the word 'petitioner' was not necessary. Sub-section (3) of
F Section 81 requires that the copy shall be attested by the petitioner
under his own signature and this was done. As to the second defect
the question realiy turns on the true scope and effect or the word
·copy' occurring in sub-section (3) of Section 81. On behalf of the
appellant the argument is that sub-section (3) of Section 81 being
G mandatory in nature all the requirements of the sub-section must be
strictly complied with and the word 'copy' must be taken to be an
absolutely exact transcript of the original. On behalf of the respondents
the contention is that the word ·copy' means that which comes so
near to the original as to give to every person seeing it the idea
created by the original. Alternatively, the argument is that the last
H part of sub-section (3) dealing with a copy is merely directive, and
SRI T. PHUNZA THANG v. SRI HANGKHANILIAN [SANTO SH HEGDE, J .] 265
for this reliance is placed on the decision of this Court in K. Kamaraja A
Nadar v. Kunju Thevar. We are of the view that the word 'copy' in
sub~ection (3) of Section 81 does not mean an absolutely exact
copy, but means that the copy shall be so true that nobody can by any
possibility misunderstand it (see Stroud's Judicid/ Dictionary, Third
Edn., Vol.4, p.3098). In this view of the matter it is unnecessary to B
go into the further question whether any part of sub-section (3) of
Section 81 is merely directory".

And after considering the similar views expressed by a latter Constitution
Bench judgment in Ch. Subbarao's case, this Court in Jacob's case held the
object of serving.af:rue copy of an election petition and the affidavit filed in C
support of the allegations of corrupt practice on the respondent in"the election
petition is to enable the respondent to understand the charge against him so
that he can effectively meet the same in the written statement and prepare his
defence. The requirement is, thus, of substance and not of form. Having
come to the said conclusion, this Court in Jacob's case held:
D
'The expression "copy" in Section 81(3) of the Act, in our opinion,
means a copy which is substantially so and which does not contain
any material or substantial variation of a vital nature as could possibly
mislead a reasonable person to understand and meet the charges/
allegations made against him in the election petition. Indeed a copy
which differs in material particulars from the original cannot be treated E
as a true copy of the original within the meaning of Section 81(3) of
the Act and the vital defect cannot be permitted to be cured after the
expiry of the period of limitation."

From the above conclusion of this Court in Jacob's case, two principles
can be deduced; (a) The expression "copy in Section 81(3) of the Act means F
a copy which is substantially the same as original, variation if any from the
original should not be vital in nature or should not be such that can possibly
mislead a reasonable person in meeting the allegation; (b) If the copy differs
in material particulars from the original same cannot be cured after the period
of limitation. G
Having laid down the law as stated above, the Court in Jacob's case
proceeded to apply the same to the facts of that case, and came to the
conclusion that non-mention of the name of the Notary or the absence of the
stamp and seal of the Notary in the otherwise true copy supplied to the
appellant could not be construed to be an omission or variation of a vital H
266 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2001] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A nature and the defect, if at all it could be construed as a defect, not attracting
the consequences of Section 86(1) of the Act. It further held that under the
circumstances, it must be held that there was no failure on the part of the
election petitioner to comply with the last part of sub-section (3) of Section
81 of the Act, hence, Section 86(1) was not attracted entailing the dismissal
B of the election petition.
At this stage, it will be useful for us to refer to another judgment of this
Court which had an occasion to consider Dr. Shipra's case in an almost
similar fact situation as in this appeal i.e. the case of Anil R. Deshmukh v.
Onkar N. Wagh, [1999] 2 SCC 205 which judgment was also relied on by the
C Constitution Bench in Jacob's case. In the case of Deshmukh (supra), one of ·.
the defects pointed out to attract the dismissal of the election petition was the I
absence of the endorsement of verification and the stamp and seal of the
attesting officer on the copy of the affidavit supplied to the first respondent
and the argument was that in absence of such endorsement in the copy
supplied to that respondent will not make it to be a true copy. Negating the
D said contention and reversing the judgment of the High Court, this Court held
that there was sufficient compliance of the provisions of Section 83 read with
Section 81 (3) of the Act because absence of notarial endorsement in the
copies supplied to the respondent did not attract the dismissal of the election
petition on the ground of non-compliance of the requirement of Section 81
or 83 of the Act. In that case the Court took note of the fact that correct
E
copies of the affidavit containing endorsement of verification etc. were served
on the respondent as well as his counsel before the arguments were heard,
hence, the irregularities were cured.

Here we must notice that the judgment in Deshmukh's case (supra) was
F delivered prior to the judgment in Jacob's case and it had the benefit of
examining the law laid down by this Court in Dr. Shipra's case, and finding
it not applicable to the facts of its case, the Court distinguished the same. It
also noticed the fact that by the iaw laid down in Dr. Shipra's case was
already referred to a larger Bench on the grou11d that the same ran counter
to the judgments of the Constitution Bench in the cases of Murarka and
G Subbarao (supra). It is to be noted here that this judgment in Deshmukh case
was specifically approved in the Constitution Bench judgment of Jacob's
case, and in para 20 of the said judgment it is stated thus : "In A nil R.
Deshmukh case Srinivasan, J. has correctly distinguished the case of Dr Shipra
bringing out the difference in the type of defects found in the two cases.··

H In the above declared legal position, if we examine the case in hand,
SRI T. PHUNZA THANG v. SRI HANGKHANILIAN [SANTOSH HEGDE, J.) 267

we notice that the only lacunae pointed out by the contesting respondent in A
his application in Civil Miscellaneous Election Case No~ 3/2000 is that the
copy supplied to him did not contain the verification or affirmation made by
the Oath Commissioner or the Prescribed Authority as required in Form 25
and Rule 94A of the Conduct of Election Rules, 1961. It is not the case of
respondent No. I that the original affidavit filed along with the election petition B
in Form 25 did not contain such verification or affirmation. On the contrary,
it is an admitted fact that such affirmation or verification was made in the
original affidavit filed before the High Court. Therefore, the question arising
in this appeal is: would this omission as pointed out by the respondent in his
petition, ipso facto entail dismissal of the election petition under Section
86(1) of the Act? In view of the law laid down in Jacob's case (supra), the C
answer then should be 'no' because by such omission the copy supplied will
not cease to be a "true copy" and there is no possibility of any prudent
person being in any manner misled in defending himself or being prejudiced
in the defence of his case. Further, such omissions are only curable
;
irregularities.
D
In this appeal, it is also to be noted that on coming to know of the
omission pointed out by the respondent, the appellant had. on 6.6.2000 a few
days before the starting of the arguments supplied fresh copies of the affidavit
containing the verification as found in the original affidavit in its entirety,
hence, as was laid down in the case of Deshmukh (supra), it should be held E
that the defects pointed out in the petition being curable. have been cured.

Having come to the conclusion that the facts of the present appeal are
fully covered by the Constitution Bench judgment of this Court in Jacob's
case and Deshmukh's case, we will now discuss the applicability of Harcharan
Singh Josh's case (supra) to the facts of this case bearing in mind that the F
High Court has relied on this case also to dismiss the election petition. It is
true that in Josh's case, this Court extended the principle laid down in Dr.
Shipra's case but then this Court in Jacob's case in clear terms held that the
application of the principle found in Dr. Shipra's case is confined only to the
facts of that case; meaning thereby that it is applicable only in cases where G
the original affidavit filed before the High Court contained the omissions and
not to copies of the affidavit supplied to the respondents. Therefore, it is clear
that the application of the principle in Dr. Shipra's case to the facts of Josh's
case is clearly impermissible. In that view of the matter, the decision in
Josh's case being contrary to Jacob's case,. the same cannot be construed as
a good law any more. Therefore, .the ;High Court in the instant case could not H
268 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2001] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A have relied on Josh's case to dismiss the election petition.

Before we conclude, we must note that the appellant had in support of
his argument raised an additional contention to the effect th~t assuming that
irregularities pointed out by the respondent in the copy ofthe·affidavit supplied
to him is an incurable defect, even then the election petition could not have
B been dismissed in its entirety because it had raised other substantial grounds
questioning the declaration of result in favour of respondent No. I. In our
opinion, it is not necessary for us to express any opinion on this issue because
of the view expressed on the main contention arg1.1ed- in this appeal.

For the reasons stated above, this appeal succeeds and the same is
C allowed. The impugned judgment and order is set aside and the matter is
remanded to the High Court for disposal of the election petition on merits.
No costs.

R.C. LAHOTJ, J. I am in respectful agreement with the order proposed
D by my learned brother N. Santosh Hegde, J, and place on record my
concurrence with the reasoning and conclusion arrived at by him. However,
I propose to assign additional reasons in support of the view taken by my
learned brother.

The relevant facts have been succinctly stated and relevant provisions
E of law quoted by my learned brother, yet a quick recap of the facts and
relevant statutory provisions, as a prologue to this opinion of mine, would be
in order. It is undisputed that the election petition filed by the appellant,
putting in issue the election of respondent No. I, alleges commission of
corrupt practice by the respondent no. I and also pleads grounds other than
commission of corrupt practice, in support of the relief for declaring the
F election of returned candidates to be void. The election petition is signed and
verified by the petitioner in the manner laid down in the Code of Civil
Procedure for the verification of pleadings. The petition is accompanied by
an affidavit in Form 25 as required by proviso to sub-section (I) of Section
83 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951 (hereinafter, 'the Act') and
G Rule 94-A of the Conduct of Election Rules, 1961 (hereinafter, 'the Rules').
The affidavit so filed has been sworn before a Commissioner of Oaths and
bears, to that effect, an endorsement, signature and rubber stamp of the Oath
Commissioner administering oath to the deponent in the manner and form ..
contemplatec.I by Form 25. It is also not disputed that the set of the copies
which accompanied the election petition at the time of filing and which was
H delivered to the respondent no. I alongwith the writ of summons was complete
SRI T. PHUNZATHANG v. SRI HANGKHANILIAN (R.C. LAHOTI, J.) 269
in all respects excepting that the endorsement made by the Oath Commissioner A
attesting the affidavit to have been sworn by the deponent before him, his
signature and rubber stamp do not appear on the copy of the affidavit delivered
alongwith the copy of election petition to respondent No. I On 22.5.2000 an
application was filed by respondent No. I before the learned Designated
Election Judge under Sections 83 and 86 of the Act calling for dismissal of
the election petition on the ground that the verification on the election petition B
was defective and material facts and particulars as to the alleged corrupt
practice were not given but therein no grievance was raised that the copy
delivered to the respondent no. I was not in conformity with the original and,
therefore, the respondent no. I was prejudiced in his defence. On 5.6.2000
another application was filed by respondent no. I wherein such an objection C
was taken. Soon on receipt of the copy of the application, served on the
petitioner out of the Court, the counsel for the election petitioner delivered
another set of copy of election petition with affidavit which had the
endorsement and rubber stamp of the Oath Commissioner as it was on the
original and this was done before the application came up for hearing before
the learned designated Election Judge. However, the learned Judge felt that D
there was non-compliance of Section 83(1)(c) proviso read with Section 81(3)
and hence the petition was liable to be dismissed under Section 86( I) of the
Act.

Section 83(1) of the Act requires an election petition to plead material E
facts setting forth full particulars of alleged corrupt practice and to be signed
by the petitioner and verified in the manner laid down in the Code of Civil
Procedure, 1908 for the verification of pleadings. The proviso enacted to
sub-section (I) requires that where the petitioner alleges any corrupt practice,
the petition shall also be accompanied by an affidavit in the prescribed form
in support of the allegation of such corrupt practice and the particulars thereof. F
Rule 94-A (introduced by an amendment in the Rules w.e.f. 27th February,
1962) requires that an affidavit referred to in the proviso to sub-section (1)
of Section 83 shall be sworn before a magistrate of the first class or a notary
or a commissioner of oaths and shall be in Form 25. Form 25 appended to
the Rules requires the election petitioner to verify on solemn affirmation or G
oath the statements about the commission of corrupt practice and the particulars
of such corrupt practice distinctly stating to what extent they are true to his
knowledge and to what extent they are true to his information. The form also
prescribes the following endorsement to appear below the signature of the
deponent on affidavit:-
H
270 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2001) SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A "Solemnly affirmed/sworn by Shri/Shrimati.
............................ at. .................... this ..................................................... .

.................... day of...................... 19.
Before me,
Magistrate of the first class/Notary/
B Commissioner of Oaths."

The requirement of Section 83(1) proviso is of an "affidavit in prescribed
form". An endorsement by the specified officer before whom the affidavit is
sworn is not the requirement mentioned in the Section. Rule 94-A can be
C dissected into two parts: (i) the affidavit shall be in Form 25, and (ii) it shall
be sworn before a magistrate of the first class or a notary or a commissioner
of oaths. What is prescribed is the form of affidavit. Swearing in before one
of the three officers is mode and manner of swearing in the affidavit. The
later requirement does not relate to form of affidavit; it prescribes the persons
recognised by the Act and the Rules as competent to administer oath to the
D deponent of affidavit for the purpose of Section 83(1) read with Rule 94-A
and suggests, for the sake of convenience and consistency, the manner of
endorsement to be made by the magistrate, notary or commissioner of oaths
administering oath to the deponent. Such endorsement made by the officer
administering oath to the deponent is not an integral part of the affidavit.
E Preparing; signing and swearing an affidavit are acts of the deponent;
administering oath and making an endorsement in proof thereof on the affidavit
are acts of the officer administering the oath.
In T.M. Jacob v. C. Poulose and Anr., [1999] 4 SCC 274; the
Constitution Bench has reaffirmed the law as stated earlier by two Constitution
F Benches in Murarka Radhey Shyam Ram Kumar v. Roop Singh Rathore,
[1964] 3 SCR 573; and Ch. Subbarao v. Member, Election Tribunal,
Hyderabad, [1964] 3 SCR 213 and has also explained and expanded the
principles laid down by the earlier two Constitution Benches. In TM. Jacob's
case, copy of the election petition delivered to the contesting respondent did
not show that the verification of the Notary Public required as per Rule 94-
G A and Form 25 was contained in the original and, therefore, the copy was
objected to as being defective and amounting to non-compliance with the
requirements of Section 81 (3) of the Act. The case was placed before the
Constitution Bench specifically for reconsidering the Three-Judges Bench
decision in Dr. Shipra v. Shanti Lal Khoiwal, [1996] 5 SCC 181 and while
H doing so the Constitution Bench also noticed another later Three-Judges Bench
SRI T. PHUNZA THANG v. SRI HANGKHANILIAN [R.C. LAHOTI, J.] 271

decision of this court in Anil R. Deshmukh v. Onkar N. Wagh, [1999] 2 SCC A
205. The law laid down by the '.constitution Bench may be summed up as
under:-

(i) The object of serving a "true copy" of an election petition and
the affidavit filed in support of the allegations of corrupt practice
of the respondent in the election petition is to enable the B
respondent to understand the charge against him so that he can
effectively meet the same in the written statement and prepare
his defence. The requirement is of substance and not of form.
(Para 35)

(ii) The test to determine whether a copy was a true one or not was c
to find out whether any variation from the original was calcula!ed
to mislead a reasonable person. (Para 33)

(iii) The word "copy" does not mean an absolutely exact copy. It
means a copy so true that nobody can by any possibility
misunderstand it. (Para 34) D
(iv) Substantial compliance with Section 81(3) was sufficient and the
petition could not be dismissed, in limine, under Section 86(1)
where there had been substantial compliance with the requirements
of Section 81(3) of the Act. (Para 34)
(v) There is a distinction between non-compliance with the E
requirement of Section 81 (3) and Section 83. A substantial
compliance with the requirements of Section 81(3) read with the
proviso to Section 83(1) of the Act is enough. Defects in the
supply of true copy under Section 81 of the Act may be considered
to be fatal, where the party has been misled by the copy on
F
account of variation of a material nature in the original and the
copy supplied to the respondent. The prejudice caused to the
respondent in such cases would attract the provision of Section
81(3) read with Section 86(1) of the Act. The same consequence
would not follow from non-compliance with Section 83 of the
Act. (Para 3 7) G
(vi) The argument that since proceedings in election petition are purely
statutory proceedings and not civil proceedings as commonly
understood, there is no room for invoking and importing the
doctrine of substantial compliance into Section 86(1) read with
Section 81 (3) of the Act, cannot be accepted and has to be H
272 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2001] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A repelled. (Para 38)
(vii) It is only the violation of Section 81 of the Act which can attract
the application of the doctrine of substantial compliance as
expounded in Murarka Radh(!V Shyam and Ch. Subbarao cases.
The defect of the type provided in Section 83 of the Act, on the
B other hand, can be dealt with under the doctrine of curability, on
the principles contained in the Code of Civil Procedure. This
clearly emerges from the scheme of Sections 83(1)and 86(5) of
the Act. (Para 38)
(viii) A certain amount of flexibility is envisaged. While an
c impermissible deviation from the original may entail the dismissal
of an election petition under Section 86( I) of the Act, an
insignificant variation in the true copy cannot be construed as a
fatal defect. It is, however, neither desirable nor possible to
catalogue the defects which may be classified as of a vital nature
or those which are not so. It would depend upon the facts and
D circumstance of each case and no hard and fast formula can be
prescribed. The tests suggested in Murarka Radhye Shyam case
are sound tests and are now well settled. (Para 40)

Dr. Shipra 's case [ 1996] 5 SCC 181, was referred to, doubted and
distinguished in Anil R. Deshmukh [ 1999] 2 SCC 205, which also is a three-
E Judge Bench decision. Both these decisions were placed before the Constitution
Bench in T. M Jacob's case. In Dr. Shipra 's case, the Constitution Bench
decisions in Ch. Subharao and Murarka Radhey Shyam have been just referred
to vide para I 0 but not dealt with. In T.M Jacob's case the Constitution
Bench has clearly held that the view taken in Dr. Shipra's case must be
F confined to the fact-situation of that case and cannot be considered to be of
general application. The statement of law in Anil R. Deshmukh 's case has
been approved wherein the copy of the affidavit delivered to the respondent
did not bear the endorsement of attestation or the seal or stamp of the attesting
officer found on the original. But for the absence of the notarial endorsement,
it was a true copy of the original as it was a zerox copy and was attested as
G 'true copy' under the signature of the election-petitioner. A copy along with
notarial endorsement was later on furnished to the respondent. Applying the
theories of substantial compliance and of curability this Court held that the
election petition was not liable to be dismissed in limine. In Harcharan Singh
Josh v. Hari Kishan, [1997] I 0 SCC 294, the defect in the copy of the
H affidavit supplied to the respondent was the same as is in the present case and
SRI T. PHUNZATHANG v. SRI HANGKHANILIAN [R.C. LAHOTI, J.] 273
a three-Judge Bench of this Court, solely by relying on Dr. Shipra 's case A
held that the election petition was liable to be dismissed in limine. In Dr.
Shipra and Harcharan Singh Josh-both three-Judge Bench decisions, this

- Court has held the defect to be not curable and the concept of substantial
compliance having no application in such a case. In Murarka Radhey Shyam 's
case and T. M Jacob 's case the Constitution Benches have held such a defect B
to be curable and the test of substantial compliance to be applicable. The
very premise on which the decisions in Dr. Shipra and Harcharan Singh
Josh proceed, thus, runs counter to the view taken by Constitution Bench. In
view of the Constitution Bench decisions, Dr. Shipra 's case and Harcharan
Singh Josh's case cease to be good law.

There is another angle from which the point at issue may be examined.
c
In Murarka Radhey Shyam 's caseJhe Constitution Bench has held that where
an affidavit is in the prescribe<! form but there is a mistake in the verification
portion of the affidavit such mistaken verification of the oath commissioner
cannot be a sufficient ground for dismissal of the election petition summarily
as the provisions of Section 83 are not mandatorily to be complied with nor D
make a petition invalid and such affi.qavit can be allowed to be filed at a later
stage also. Obviously when the defect in the original affidavit is removed at
a later stage, copy of such affidavit would also be supplied to the respondent
.
only at such later stage. If the view of the High
.
Court in the order impugned
before us is to be upheld, an election-petitioner having filed an affidavit fully E
satisfying the requirement of Section 83( 1) proviso and Rule 94-A in all
respects but having made an omission in the copy of the affidavit delivered
to the respondent would be placed in a position worse than an election-
petitioner whose original affidavit filed with the election petition itself did
not satisfy the requirement of Section 83(1) proviso read with Rule 94-A.
This could not have been the intendment of law. Such an interpretation F
would, to say the least, make a mockery of Justice. That non-compliance with
Section 83 cannot be a ground for dismissal of the election petition under
Section 86 and the defect, if any, is curable, has been the view taken by
three-Judge Bench in Manohar Joshi v. Nitin Bhaurao Patil and Anr., [1996]
1 SCC 169 and also in HD. Revanna v. G. Puttaswamy Gowda and Ors.,
[1999] 2 sec 211 wherein an the decisions available till then have been G
considered. In Kamal Narain Sarma v. Dwarka Prasad Mishra and O~s.,
[ 1996] 1 SCR 4 78, affidavit was sworn in before the clerk of Court attached
with the office of the District Judge i<mpowered by the District Judge. Under
Section l 39(c) of Code of Civil Procedure for the purpose of administration
of oaths on affidavits made under the Code of Civil Procedure. The Election H
274 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2001] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A Tribunal allowed a fresh affidavit to be filed in place of such affiadvit treating
it to be defective. On the matter reaching this Court, a Constitution Bench
held that an extreme and technical view was not justified. The affidavit was
held to be proper and the second affidavit was held to be not necessary.

In the case before us, the copy of affidavit supplied to the respondent
B no.I fulfilled the object which the copy is intended to serve. There was no
such variation from the original, as was calculated to mislead the respondent.
There was no scope of misunderstanding for the respondent. The affidavit
satisfied the test of substantial compliance, as propounded in Murarka Radhey
Shyam and reaffirmed in TM Jacob. The respondent no. I was not prejudiced.
C This is clear from the fact that no objection in this regard was taken in the
application dated 22.5.2000. In the next application dated 5.6.2000, objection
in this regard was taken and immediately the election petitioner made available
to the respondent another copy of affidavit without defect. Thus the defect,
if any, stood cured as held in Anil R. Deshmukh 's case.

D For the abovesaid additional reasons I agree with my learned brother
that the judgment of the High Court has to be set aside and the case remanded
to the High Court for trial and disposal of the election petition on merits.

T.N.A. Appeal allowed.