S. VANATHAN MUTHURAJAversusRAMALINGAM ALIAS KRISHNAMURTHY GURUKKAL AND ORS.

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                                S. VANATHAN MUTHURAJA                                      A
                                                 v.
                       RAMALINGAM ALIAS KRISHNAMURTHY
                              GURUKKAL AND ORS.

                                         APRIL 3, 1997
                                                                                            B
                       [K. RAMASWAMY AND D.P. WADHWA, JJ.)

                Tamil Nadu Mi11or I11ams (Abolitio11 a11d Co11versio11 into Ryotwari
                   •
          Act, 1963: Sectio11 8(2)(ii).
                                                                                            c
                 lnitiatio11 of suo motu e11quiry by Tehsildar, for gra11t of Ryotwari
          Patta-Tehsi/dar fou11d that Ryotwa1i Patta was granted i11 favour of the
          I11stitution-Dismissal of appeal filed before Tlibunal---Co11sequently Patta
          gra11ted to l11stitutio11 became fi11ai-011 seco11d appeal Single Judge held that
          by vi1tue of the provisions contained u11der the Act, the suit was 11ot mai11- D
          tai11abl~Appeal before Supreme Court-Held in this case, the Act concemed
          extinguishes the pre-existing right, creates new rights under the Act and requires
          Tribunals to e11quire into the rival claims and a f om1 of appeal has been
          provided agai11st the order of the primary authority-Thereby the 1ight and
          remedy made conclusive under the Act are given fi11ality by the orders passed
          under the Act-Thereby, by necessary implication, the jwisdiction of the civil E
          Court stands excluded.

                Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 ,' Sectio11 9.

                 Civil Court-Jurisdiction of-When stands excluded--Presumptio11 p
          would be infavour of jwisdiction-Exclusio11 would be an exceptio11-.Courts
          ge11erally constme the provisio11s st1ictly whe11 jwisdictio11 of Civil Cowts is
          claimed to be excluded-The Tamil Nadu Mi11or i11ams (Abolitio11 and
          Co11version illto Ryotwari) Act, 1963-Held, the Act provides for the jurisdic-
          tio11 of the Tribu11als in matters relating thereto a11d hierarchy of ap-
          peals/revisions are provided thereunder givi11g finality to the orders passed G
          thereundeT"-Thereby, by necessary implication, the jurisdiction of the civil
          court to take cog11izance of the suits of civil nature covered u11der the la11d
          refonn laws stand excluded giving 11ot only the fi11ality to the decisio11s of the
          Tribunal but also ensuring disposal of the matters by the T1ibwial and making
          the Ryotwari patta granted to the tiller of the soil conclusive.                   H
                                                 581
    582                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS                 [1997] 3 S.C.R.

A          Vattichemkwu Village Panchayat v. N01i Venkatarama Deekshithulu &
    Ors., [1991) Supp. 2 sec 228, relied on

          State of Tamil Nadu v. Ramalinga Samigal Madam, [1985] 4 sec 10,
    referred to.

B           CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 3039 of
    1986.

         From the Judgment and Order dated 16.7.83 of the Madras High
    Court in S.A. No. 222 of 1979.

C           S. Siva Subramaniam and R. Ayyam Pcrumal for the Appellant.

            S. Srinivasan for the Respondents.

            The following Order of the Court was delivered :

D        This appeal by special leave arises from the judgment of the learned
  single Judge of the Madras High Court, made on July 16, 1983 in Second
  Appeal No. 222/79. For the purpose of disposal of this appeal, it is not
  necessary to state all the facts. Suffice it to state that one Ayyasamy
  Gurukkal was common ancestor in respect of the suit property. He had
  four sons, namely, Annasamy, Subbiah, Sundara and Neelkanda. Ramani
E is the grand-son of Ayyasamy Gurukkal who was impleaded as first defen-
  dant. The appellant had purchased his 1/3rd share in the property under
  the sale deed, Ex. A-6, dated 6.5.1967. Subbaiah Gurukkal having been
  died unmarried; Sundara Gurukkal and Neelkanda Gurukkal and 1/3rd
  share each; Sundara died leaving behind him four grand-sons, D-3 to D-6
p through his son Rajarathina, widow Dorai, D-7; and another son Ramalin-
  gam, D-2. Neelkanda died leaving behind him his widow, D-8 and
  daughter, D-9. His widow D-8 had sold her 1/3rd share to the plaintiff No.
  1 under sale deed, Ex'.A-7, dated June 26, 1970. Initially, the plaintiff had
  filed OS No. 1848/67 for a declaration of title and injunction of the property
  purchased under Ex. A-6. Therein, it was held that though sale of un-
G divided I/3rd share is valid, no injunction could be granted against the
  co-owners and, therefore, the suit came to be dismissed. After the purchase
  of the property under Ex. A-7, the OS No. 946/1972 came to be filed for
  partition of the 2/3rd share and separate possession thereof. The defen-
  dants pleaded in the written statement that the lands are service inam lands
H and are burdened with service of performing pooja to the temple. Since
    '
                    S.VANATIIANMUTHURAJAv. RAMALINGAM                           583

        Annasamy, eldest son of Ayyasamy Gurukkal had failed to perform the A
        duty, he lost his right to the property. Ultimately Sundara, having been in
        possession, perfected his title of adverse possession and, therefore, appel-
        lant did not acquire any title to the property. The trial Court has accepted
        defence and dismissed the suit. However, on appeal, it was reversed with
        the holding that they did not acquire title of adverse possession against co- B
        owner. The finding in that respect is correct in law.

              When the appeal was pending under the Tamil Nadu Minor Inams
        (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Act, 1963 (30 of 1963), the
        Tehsildar had initiated suo motu enquiry for grant of ryotwari patta. After
        enquiry, the Tehsildar found that Ryotwari patta was granted in favour of      C
        the institution. An appeal filed before the Tribunal was dismissed. Thus
        the patta granted to the institution became final. When the second appeal
        was filed, the learned Judge held that by virtue of the provisions contained
        under the Act, the suit is not maintainable. Accordingly, the suit came to
        be dismissed. Thus, this appeal by special leave.
                                                                                       D
               The patta under Ex.B-1 dated February 28, 1974 granted under
        Section 8(2)(ii) of the Act by the Tehsildar was confirmed. On appeal, it
        was confirmed which order has become final. Thus, the title to the properly
        was vested in the institution and thereby, none of the parties has any right,
        title and interest in the property. Therefore, the suit of the appellant E



-
        without impleading the institution is not maintainable. Under Section 9,
        CPC, the Courts shall, subject to the provisions contained therein, have
        jurisdiction to try all suits of civil nature excepting suits cognizance of
        which is either expressly or impliedly barred. When a legal right is infr-
        inged, a suit would lie unless there is a bar against entertainment of such F
        civil suit and the civil Courts would take cognizance of it. Therefore, the
        normal rule of law is that civil Courts have jurisdiction to try all suits of
        civil nature except those of which cognizance is either expressly or by
        necessary implication excluded. The rule of construction being that every
        presumption would be made in favour of the existence of a right and
        remedy in a democratic set up governed by rule of law and jurisdiction of G
        the civil Courts is assumed. The exclusion would, therefore, normally be an
        exception. Courts generally construe the provisions strictly when jurisdic-
        tion of the civil courts is claimed to be excluded. However, in the develop-
        ment of civil adjudication of civil disputes, due to pendency of adjudication
        and abnormal delay at hierarchical stages, statutes intervene and provide H
    584                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS                   [1997) 3 S.C.R.

A alternative mode of resolution of civil disputes with less expensive but
  expeditious disposal. It is settled legal position that if a Tribunal with
  limited jurisdiction cannot assume exclusive jurisdiction and decide for
  itself the dispute conclusively, in such a situation, it is the Court that is
  required to decide whether the Tribunal with limited jurisdiction has
B correctly assumed jurisdiction and decided the dispute within its limits. It
  is settled law that when jurisdiction is conferred on a Tribunal,. the Courts
  examine whether the essential principles of jurisdiction have been followed
  and decided by the Tribunals leaving the decision on merits to the
  Tribunal. It is also equally settled legal position that where a statute gives
  finality to the orders of the special Tribunal, the civil court's jurisdiction
C must be held to be excluded, if there is adequate remedy to do what the
  civil Court would normally do in a suit. Such a provision, however, does
  not exclude those cases where the provisions of the particular Act have not
  been complied with or the statutory Tribunal has not acted in conformity
  with the fundamental principles of judicial procedure. Where there is an
D express bar of jurisdiction of the Court, an examination of the scheme of
  the particular Act to find the adequacy or the sufficiency of the remedies
  provided may be relevant but is not decisive to sustain the jurisdiction of
  the Civil Court. Where there is no express exclusion, the examination of
  the remedies and the scheme of the particular Act to find out the intend-
E ment becomes necessary and the result of the inquiry may be decisive. In
  the latter case, it is necessary that the statute creates a special right or
  liability and provides remedy for the determination of the right or liability
  and further lays down that all questions about the said right or liability shall
  be determined by the Tribunal so constituted and the question whether
  remedies are normally associated with the action in civil courts or
F prescribed by the statutes or not require examination. Therefore, each case
  requires examination whether the statute provides right and remedy and
  whether the scheme of the Act is that the procedure provided will be
  conclusive and thereby excludes the jurisdiction of the Civil Court in
  respect thereof. After the advent of independence, the land reforms was
G one of the policies of the Government abolishing fudal system of land
  tenures and conforment of the Ryotwari patta on the tiller of the soil.
  Thereby, the land reform laws extinguish pre-existing rights and create new
  rights under the Act. The Act provides for the jurisdiction of the Tribunals
  in matters relating thereto and hierarchy of appeals/revisions are provided
H thereunder giving finality to the orders passed thereunder. Thereby, by
            S. VANATIIAN MUTHURAJAv. RAMALINGAM                          585

necessary implication, the jurisdiction of the civil Court to take cognizance A
of the suits of civil nature covered under the land refomI laws stand
excluded giving not only the finality to the decisions of the Tribunal but
also ensuring disposal of the matters by the Tribunal ·and making the
Ryotwari patta granted to the tiller of the soil conclusive. Under the normal
course of civil procedure, the jurisdiction for the trial of the civil suits 1n B
relation to the matters covered under the Acts being time consuming and
tardy and there being the lack of financial resources or otherwise incapacity
to defend or want of knowledge of the parties as to their rights, energy
sapped civil suits with hierarchy of appeals are intended to be avoided.
Obviously, therefore, the civil suits by necessary implication stands ex-
cluded unless the fundamental principles of procedure are followed by the C
Tribunals constituted under the land reform laws. In this case, the Act
concerned extinguishes the pre-existing right, creates new rights under the
Act and requires Tribunals to enquire into the rival claims and a form of
appeal has been provided against the order of the primary authority.
Thereby the right and remedy made conclusive under the Act are given D
finality by the orders passed under the Act. Thereby, by necessary implica-
tion, the jurisdiction of the civil Court stands excluded.

       That apart, in view of the Jaw laid down by this Court in Vat-
tichentkunt Village Panchayat v. Nori Venkatarama Deekshithulu & Ors.,
(1991) Supp. 2 sec 228 wherein entire case law including the law laid down     E
in State of Tamil Nadu v. Ramalinga Samigal Madam, (1985) 4 SCC 10 was
discussed, we held that the suit is not maintainable, as held by the learned
single Judge.

      The appeal is, accordingly, dismissed. No costs.
                                                                               F
T.N.A.                                                   Appeal dismissed.