Holding

The employer's dismissal order operates from the date it was made, not from the date of the Labour Court's award.

Summary

The appellant, a technician employed by Madras Fertilizers Ltd., was dismissed on 18 November 1981 after a domestic inquiry that was later held defective by the Labour Court. The Labour Court, however, allowed the employer to prove misconduct and, on its own appraisal of the evidence, upheld the dismissal, issuing its award on 11 December 1985. The appellant challenged the dismissal, arguing that the effective date should be the Labour Court's award. The Supreme Court examined the precedent set by the Constitution Bench in P.H. Kalyani v. Mis Air France, which holds that even where the inquiry is defective, the employer's dismissal order remains operative from its own date if the Labour Court later validates the misconduct. Observations in Gujarat Steel Tubes Ltd. v. Gujarat Steel Tubes Mazdoor Sabha were deemed per incuriam and not binding. Consequently, the Court held that the dismissal took effect from 18 November 1981, not from the Labour Court's award, and dismissed the appeal.

Issues considered

Whether a dismissal order issued by the employer in a defective domestic inquiry operates from the date of the order or relates back to the date of the Labour Court's award.
Whether the observations in Gujarat Steel Tubes Ltd. v. Gujarat Steel Tubes Mazdoor Sabha are binding or per incuriam in this context.

Legislation cited

Industrial Disputes Act, 1947

Subjects

dismissaldefective domestic inquiryLabour Courtrelation back doctrineIndustrial Disputes Actorder of punishmentper incuriam

Judgment

R. THIRUV!RKOLAM A
V.
PRESIDING OFFICER AND ANR.

NOVEMBER 18, 1996

(J.S. VERMA AND B.N. KIRPAL, JJ.] B

Labour Law:

Industrial Disputes Act, 1947:

Dismissal-Defective domestic enquiry-Date of taking effect of C
order-Employee dismissed after domestic enquiry on proofofmisconduct-
Labour Court found domestic enquiry defective but on evidence adduced
by employer it held misconduct as duly proved and punishment justified-
On appeals held: Even in such a case, order of dismissal operative from
date ofdismissal order and not from date of Labour Court's award D

The appellant was employed as a technician with respondent
No.2 and was dismissed from service.after a domestic inquiry on proof
of misconduct. The appellant challenged his dismissal before the
Labour Court. The Labour Court found the domestic inquiry to be
defective and permitted the management to prove the misconduct. E
On the basis of the evidence adduced before the Labour Court, it
came to the conclusion that the punishment imposed was justified as
the misconduct was duly proved. The appellant filed a writ petition
before the High Court which was dismissed. Being aggrieved the
appellant preferred the present appeal.
F
The question before this Court was whether the dismissal would
take effect from the date of order of the Labour Court or it would
relate to the date of the order of dismissal passed by the employer.

Dismissing the appeal, this Court G

HELD : I.I. The only point involved for decision in the appeal
is concluded against the appellant by the Constitution Bench decision
of this Court in Kalyani and the observations to the contrary in Gujarat
Steel are, therefore, per incurium and not binding. The order of H
687
688 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1996] SUPP. 8 S.C.R.

A punishment in the present case operated from the date when it was
made by the employer and not from the date of Labour Court's award.
1689 DE & 694 AB]

l'.H. Kalyani \'.Mis. Air France, Calcutta, 1196412SCR104; D.C.
Roy v. The /'residing Officer, Madhya Pradesh Industrial Court, Indore
B and Ors., 119761 3 SCR 801 and Rambahu Vyankuji Kheragade v.
Maharashtra Road Transport Corporation, [19951 Supp. 4 SCC 157,
followed.

Gujarat Steel Tubes Ltd, v. Gujarat Steel Tubes Mazdoor Sabha,
C 11980] 2 SCR 146 and Desh Raj Gupta v. Industrial Tribunal IV, U.l'
Lucknow and Anr. [1990[ Supp. 1 SCR 411, held per incuriam.

Wade: "Administrative Law," pp. 339 to 344 7th. Edn., referred
to.

D 1.2. The operation of the order of punishment made by the
employer does not depend on its confirmation by the Labour Court
to make it operative. Unless set aside by a competent authority, the
order of punishment made by the employer continues to be effective.
[692 AB[
E
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 54of1993.

From the Judgment and Order dated 22.4.91 of the Madras High
Court in W.A. No. 590 of 1991.
F
Jitendra Sharma, Ms. Gunwant Lara and P. Gaur for the Appellant.

N .B. Shetye and Ambrish Kumar for the Respondents.

G The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

J.S. VERMA, J. The appellant was employed as a technician ._.;ith
M/s Madras Fertilizers Ltd.-Respondent No.2. He was dismissed from
service after a domestic inquiry on November 18, 1981 on proof of
H misconduct. The appellant challenged his dismissal before the Labour Court.
R. THIRUVIRKOLAM v. PRESIDING OFFICER [J.S. VERMA, J.] 689

The Labour Court found the domestic inquiry to be defective and permitted A
the management to prove the misconduct before ' it. On the basis of the
evidence adduced before the Labour Court, it came to the conclusion that
the punishment imposed was justified as the misconduct was duly proved.
The Labour Court's order is dated December 11, 1985. Appellant then
filed a writ petition before the High Court which was dismissed by a
Single Bench. The writ appeal filed by the appellant was also dismissed B
by a Division Bench of the High Court. Hence this appeal by special
leave.

The leave granted in this appeal is confined only to the question:
whether the dismissal will take effect from the date of the order of the C
Labour Court, namely, December 11, 1985 or it would relate to the date
of the order of dismissal passed by the employer, namely, November 18,
198!.

The only point involved for decision is apparently concluded
by the decision of the Constitution Bench in P.H. Kalyani v. Mis Air D
France, Calcutta, [1964] 2 SCR I 04. However, this point appears
to have been raised on behalf of the appellant on the basis of certain
observations made in Gujarat Steel Tubes Ltd. v. Gujarat
Steel Tubes Mazdoor Sabha, [1980] 2 SCR 146, which appear to be
contrary.
E
Reference may be made first to the decision in Kalyani. This point
arose directly before the Constitution Bench and such a contention was
rejected, making a distinction between a case where no domestic inquiry
had been held and another in which the inquiry is defective for any reason
and the Labour Court on its own appraisal of evidence adduced before it F
reaches the conclusion that the dismissal was justified. It was held that in
a case where the inquiry was found to be defective by the Labour Court
and it then came to the conclusion on its own appraisal of evidence adduced
before it that the dismissal was justified, the order of dismissal made by
the employer in a defective inquiry would still relate to the date when that G
order was made. In that decision it was stated thus:

" .. .If the inquiry is defective for any reason, the Labour Court
would also have to consider for itselfon the evidence adduced
before it whether the dismissal was justified. However, on
coming to the conclusion on its own appraisal of evidence H
690 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996] SUPP.8 S.C.R.

A adduced before it that the dismissal was justified its approval
of the order of dismissal made by the employer in a defective
inquiry would still relate back to the date when the order
was made .. .ln the present case an inquiry has been held which
is said to be defective in one respect and dismissal has been
ordered. The respondent had however to justify the crder of
B dismissal before the Labour Coutt in view of the defect in
the inquiry. It has succeeded in doing so and therefore the
approval of the Labour Court will relate back to the date on
which the respondent passed the order of dismissal. The
contention of the appellant therefore that dismissal in this
case should take effect from the date from which the Labour
c Court's a\vard came into operation must fail."

(Pages 113 & 114)

In our opinion, the authoritative pronouncement by the Constitution
Bench in Kalyani puts the matter beyond doubt.
D
We may now refer to the decision by a three-judge Bench in Gujarat
Steel. Krishna Iyer, J. speaking for the three-Judge Bench observed at
page 215 (S.C.R.) as under:

E "Kalyani (1963) 1 LLJ 679 was cited to support the view of
relation back of the Award to the date of the employer's
termination orders. We do not agree that the ratio of Kalyani
corroborates the proposition propounded. Juriprudentially,
approval is not creative but confirmatory and therefore relates
back. A void dismissal is just void and does not exist. If the
F Tribunal, for the first time, passes an order recording a finding
of misconduct and thus breathes life into the dead she! of the
Managemen!'s order, predating of the nativity does not arise.
The reference to Sasa Musa in Kalyani enlightens this position.
The latter case of D. C. Roy v. The Presiding Officer, Madhya
Pradesh Industrial Court, Indore and Ors. (supra) specifically
G
refers to Kalyani's case and Sasa Musa's case and holds that
where the Management discharges a workmen by an order
which is void for want of an enquiry or for blatant violation
of rules of natural justice, the relation-back doctrine cannot
be invoked. The jurisprudential difference between a void
H order, which by a subsequent judicial resuscitation comes
R. THIRUVIRKOLAM v. PRESIDING OFFICER [J.S. VERMA, I.] 691

into being de novo, and an order, which may suffer from A
some defects but is not still born or void and all that is needed
in the law to make it good is a subsequent approval by a
tribunal which is granted, cannot be obfuscated.

We agree that the law stated in D.C. Roy (supra) is correct
but now that the termination orders are being set aside, the B
problem does not present itself directly ... "

(Page 215 )
[Emphasis supplied]

Apparently these observations appear to strike a discordant note, C
even though Kalyani is referred therein. The basis of the observations is
•. that "A void dismissal is just dismissal and does not exist." In other words,
the reason for making these observations is that a void order does not
come into existence until by a subsequent judicial resuscitation it comes
into being inasmuch as a void order is still born. Is this assumption D
jurisprudentially correct?

It is significant that the Constitution Bench decision in Kalyani, by
which the three-judges Bench was bound, is referred in Gujarat Ste'el and
attempt made to indicate that there is no different in the view taken therein.
It is also significant that agreement is expressed with the decision in D. C. E
Roy v. The Presiding Officer, Madhya Pradesh Industrial Court, Indore
and Ors., [1976] 3 SCR 801, to which Krishna Iyer, J. was a party and in
which Kalyani has been expressly followed. It has now to be seen whether
the above observations in Gujarat Steel are in consonance with Kalyani
and D.C. Roy and also conform to the jursitic basis indicated therein.
F
The above extract from Ka/yani which contains the ratio of the
decision clearly indicates that the above observations in Gujarat Steel are
not in conformity with Kalyani. In Kalyani it was held that the defect
found in the domestic inquiry is nullified by proof of misconduct on the
basis of evidence adduced before the Labour Court so that there is no G
ground available for the Labour Court to set aside order of punishment.
The question before the Labour Court is whether the orde1 of punishment
should be set aside on any ground and when the Labour Court ultimately
reaches the conclusion that even though the inquiry was defective, there is
material to justify in the punishment awarded, it r"jects the challenge to
the order of punishment which continues to operate. It is not as if the H
692 • SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996] SUPP. 8 S.C.R.

A order of punishment becomes effectively only on rejection of the challenge
to its validity. Unless set aside by a competent court on a valid ground, the
order of punishment made by the employer continues to operate. The
operation of the order of punishment made by the employer does not
depend on its confirmation by the Labour Court to make it operative.
Unless set aside by a competent authority, the order of punishment made
H by the employer continues to be effective. Obviously this is the ratio of
the decision in Kalyani.

The decision in D.C. Roy is by a two-judge Bench to which Krishna
Iyer, J. is a party. Therein also it was held that the award of the Labour
Court relates back to the date when the order of dismissal was passed by
C the employer when it found the inquiry to be defective but reaches the
conclusion on the evidence adduced before it that the dismissal was justified.
After referring to Kalyani it was held in D.C. Roy as under:
•
"These observations directly cover the case before us because
though the Labour Court, in the instant case, found that th~
D inquiry was defective as it infringed the principles of natural
justice, it came to the conclusion after considering the evidence
adduced before it, that the dismissal was justified. The award
of the Labour Court must therefore relate back to the date
when the order of dismissal was passed on the termination of
the Domestic Inquiry."
E
(Page 805)

We may now refer to the juristic principle on which the above quoted
observations in Gujarat Steel appears to be based. There is a very useful
F discussion of the topic under the heading "Void and Voidable" at pages
339 to 344 in Administrative Law by wade, Seventh Edition. The gist of
the discussion in Wade is as under:

" .. Here also there is a logical difficulty, since unless an order
of the court is obtained, there is no means of establishing the
G nullity of the list. It enjoys a presumption of validity, and
will have to be obeyed unless a court invalidates it. In this
sense every unlawful administrative act, however, invalid is
merely voidable. But this is no more than the truism t~at in
most situations the only way to resist unlawful action is by
recourse to the law. In a well-known passage Lord Radcliffe
H said:
R. THIRUVIRKOLAM v. PRESIDING OFFICER [J.S. VERMA. J.) 693

"An order, even if not made in good faith, is still an aci capable A
of legal consequence. It bears no brand of invalidity upon its
forehead. Unless the necessary proceedings are taken at law to
establish the cause ofinvalidity and to get it quashed or otherwise
upset, it will remain as effective for its ostensible purpose as the
most impeccable of orders. "
B
(Pages 341 & 342)

'"Void' is therefore meaningless in any absolute sense. The
meaning is relative, depending upon the Court's willingness to
grant relief in any particular situation. If this principle of legal
relativity is borne in mind, confusion over 'void or voidable' C
can be avoided."

(Pages 343 & 344)
(emphasis supplied)

With great respect, we must say that the above quoted observations
D
in Gujarat Steel at page 215 are not in line with the decision in Kalyani
which was binding or with D.C. Roy to which the learned Judge, Krishna
Iyer, J. was a party. It also does not match with the underlying juristic
principle discussed in Wade. For these reasons, we are bouI>d to follow the
Constitution Bench decision in Kalyani which is the binding authority on E
the point.

We may now refer to later decisions of this Court in Desh Raj Gupta
v. Industrial Tribunal IV, UP. Lucknow and Anr., [1990] Supp. I SCR
411, and Rambahu Vyankuji Kheragade v. Maharashtra Road Transport
Corporation, (1995] Supp. 4 SCC 157. In Rambahu, Kalyani and D.C. F
Roy were followed by a two-judge Be!!ch and similar view was taken that.
the order of dismissal takes effect from the date on which it was originally
passed and not from the date of the Labour Court's award when the Labour
Court, after holding the domestic inquiry to be defective reaches the
conclusion on the evidence adduced before it that the punishment awarded G
was justified. However, in Desh Raj Gupta the observations in Gujarat
Steel were relied on for taking a different view without any reference to
either Kalyani or D. C. Roy which appear to have been overlooked.
In these circumstances the decision in Desh Raj Gupta cannot be treated
as an authority on the point. Both these decisions were by two-judges
Bench. I-I
694 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996] SUPP. 8 S.C.R.

A As a result of the aforesaid decision it must be held that the only
point involved for decision in the appeal is concluded against the appellant
by the Constitution Bench decision of this Court in Kalyani and the
observations to the contrary in Gujarat Steel are, therefore, per incurium
and not binding. The order of punishment in the present case operated
from November 18, 1981 when it was made by the employer and not
B from December 11, 1985, the date of Labour Court's award. The appellant
is, therefore, not entitled to any relief.

The appeal is, accordingly, dismissed. No costs.

v.s.s. Appeal dismissed.