M/S NORTH EASTERN CHEMICALS INDUSTRIES (P) LTD. & ANRversusM/S ASHOK PAPER MILL (ASSAM) LTD. & ANR.

                 [2023] 15 S.C.R. 821 : 2023 INSC 1059



                             CASE DETAILS

  M/S NORTH EASTERN CHEMICALS INDUSTRIES (P) LTD.
                      & ANR.
                                      v.
         M/S ASHOK PAPER MILL (ASSAM) LTD. & ANR.
                     (Civil Appeal No. 2669 of 2013)

                          DECEMBER 11, 2023
           [ABHAY S. OKA AND SANJAY KAROL, JJ.]

                              HEADNOTES

       Issue for consideration: Whether Article 116 of the Limitation Act
1963, applies to proceedings under the Jogighopa (Assam) Unit of Ashok
Paper Mills Limited (Acquisition Transfer of Undertaking) Act, 1990 and;
if the Limitation Act does not apply then, in the absence of Limitation being
placed within the text of the Statute in question, could the Appeal filed
against the Order of the Commissioner of Payments be held as maintainable
having been filed after a period of nearly three years from the said order.
     Jogighopa (Assam) Unit of Ashok Paper Mills Limited (Acquisition
Transfer of Undertaking) Act, 1990 – Limitation Act 1963 – Article
116 – Applicability of Article 116 to proceedings under the 1990 Act –
Absence of particular period of time prescribed in the statute to file an
appeal – Principle of ‘reasonable time’ to govern:
      Held: The 1990 Act is not governed by the prescription of limitation
u/Article 116 of the Limitation Act, 1963, as the appeal thereunder, from an
order of the Commissioner of payments cannot be said to be an appeal under
the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908– Legislature of the State of Assam has
been categorical in limiting the application of the code to certain aspects of
the Act only – Given that the Jogighopa Act allows for a Judge of the High
Court to be the Commissioner of Payments and then categorically provides
for an appeal to lie therefrom, Division Bench of the High Court further
evidences the sui generis nature of the appeal procedure provided therein –
Further, in the absence of any particular period of time being prescribed to
                                     821
822           SUPREME COURT REPORTS                           [2023] 15 S.C.R.


file an appeal, the same would be governed by the principle of ‘reasonable
time’, for which, no straitjacket formula can be laid down and it is to be
determined as per the facts and circumstances of each case – Claimant-
appellants were aggrieved by order of The Commissioner of Payments
dtd.13.04.2005 – The appeal filed thereagainst was on 05.112008 – It was
submitted that in the intervening period, appellants pursued remedies by
way of Contempt Petition before the High Court which was disposed of on
01.04.2008 without any particular relief having been granted – Appeal before
the District Judge, u/s.22(8), Jogighopa Act, came to be filed thereafter and
the order in question was passed on 05.112008 – Neither the general nor the
specific statute providing for an appeal from an order of the Commissioner of
Payments within a specified period of time, the Claimant–Appellants’ appeal
cannot be said to be barred by time and is thus, maintainable – File restored
to the docket of the concerned District Judge – Code of Civil Procedure,
1908– Interpretation of Statutes– “expression unius est exclusion alterius”.
[Paras 28, 30.1, 30.2]
     Jogighopa (Assam) Unit of Ashok Paper Mills Limited (Acquisition
Transfer of Undertaking) Act, 1990 – ss.22(6), (7) – Code of Civil
Procedure, 1908 – Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 – Applicability
of the Codes:
      Held: s.22(6) of the Jogighopa Act makes sufficiently clear the
commissioner “for the purpose of making and investigation under this act”
shall have the powers vested in “a civil court” under the Code to the limited
extent as mentioned in (a), (b), (c), (d) – Not only u/s.22 (6) is the application
of the code limited but further u/s.22 (7) – The application thereof is also
equally well circumscribed therein, the Commissioner has been deemed to
be a Civil Court for the purposes of s.195 and Chapter XXVI of the Code
of Criminal Procedure, 1973 – The description of the powers of either
clearly testifies to the intent of the state legislature to specifically restrict
the application of both the said Codes, to only the extent provided – The
principle of statutory interpretation: expression unius est exclusion alterius
(the expression of one thing is the exclusion of the other) supports such a
view – Therefore, it is clear that the vesting of select few powers upon a
Tribunal, or as in the present case, a statutory authority, does not equate the
same to be a Court within the meaning of the Code – Further, s.22(6) stating
        M/S NORTH EASTERN CHEMICALS INDUSTRIES (P) LTD.                     823
              v. M/S ASHOK PAPER MILL (ASSAM) LTD.


“the Commissioner shall have the power to regulation his own procedure in
all matters arising out of the discharge of his functions including the place or
places at which he will hold his sittings” also supports the proposition that the
Code does not apply to the proceedings of the Commissioner. [Paras 15-18]
     Jogighopa (Assam) Unit of Ashok Paper Mills Limited (Acquisition
Transfer of Undertaking) Act, 1990 – s.22(8) – Plea of the respondent
that by virtue of s.22 (8) providing for an appeal to a court of Original
Civil Jurisdiction thereby the appeal being brought under the Code,
implies that the Jogighopa Act itself shall be governed by the Code:
     Held: s.22 (8) of the Jogighopa Act cannot be said to be an appeal
under the code governed by Article 116 of the Limitation Act – Thus, the
period of limitation mentioned under such article of the Limitation Act shall
not apply to s.22 (8) of the Jogighopa Act. [Para 21]
     Limitation – No express limitation provided in regard to the
exercise of a right to assail the order – Duty of Court:
       Held: When a Court is seized of a situation where no limitation stands
provided either by specific applicability of the Limitation Act or the special
statute governing the dispute, the Court must undertake a holistic assessment
of the facts and circumstances of the case to examine the possibility of delay
causing prejudice to a party – When no limitation stands prescribed, it would
be inappropriate for a Court to supplant the legislature’s wisdom by its own
and provide a limitation, more so in accordance with what it believes to be
the appropriate period – A court should, in such a situation consider in the
facts and circumstances of the case at hand, the conduct of the parties, the
nature of the proceeding, the length of delay, the possibility of prejudice
being caused, and the scheme of the statute in question – Also, when a party
to a dispute raises a plea of delay despite no specific period being prescribed
in the statute, such a party also bears the burden of demonstrating how the
delay in itself would cause the party additional prejudice or loss as opposed
to, the claim subject matter of dispute, being raised at an earlier point in time
– However, when a statute, either general or specific in application, provides
for a limitation within which to file an appeal, the parties interested in doing
so are put to notice of the requirement to act with expedition – Opposite
thereto, in cases such as the present one where neither statute provides for
an explicit limitation, such urgency may be absent – Although, this does
824           SUPREME COURT REPORTS                         [2023] 15 S.C.R.


not entitle parties to litigate issues decades later, however shorter delays, in
such circumstances, would not attract delay and laches – Jogighopa (Assam)
Unit of Ashok Paper Mills Limited (Acquisition Transfer of Undertaking)
Act, 1990 – Limitation Act 1963. [Paras 25, 27]
    Jogighopa (Assam) Unit of Ashok Paper Mills Limited (Acquisition
Transfer of Undertaking) Act, 1990 – ss.17, 19, 20 – Scheme of the Act
– Omission of period of limitation in s.22 (8) of the Act:
      Held: It is evident from the provisions of the Act that the state
legislature was conscious of the aspect of limitation and categorically
therefore, prescribed periods for claims to be made so as to not leave open
the possibility of a claim, indefinitely – However, crucially, the legislature
omitted placing any period of limitation when it came to s.22 (8) of the
Act. [Para 26]

       LIST OF CITATIONS AND OTHER REFERENCES

    Vidyacharan Shukla v. Khubchand Baghel & Ors., [1964] SCR 129 :
AIR 1964 SC 1099 – held inapplicable.
      International Asset Reconstruction Company of India v. Official
Liquidator, [2017] 10 SCR 199 : (2017) 16 SCC 137; State of Punjab &
Ors. v. Bhatinda District Cooperative Milk Producers Union, [2007] 11
SCR 14 : (2007) 11 SCC 363; Securities and Exchange Board of India
v. Sunil Krishna Khaitan & Ors., (2023) 2 SCC 643; Jagdish v. State of
Karnataka, (2021) 12 SCC 812; Madras Aluminium Co Ltd v. Tamil Nadu
State Electricity Board, (2023) 8 SCC 240; SEBI v. Bhavesh Pabari, (2019)
5 SCC 90; Ajaib Singh v. Sirhind Coop. Marketing-cum-Processing Service
Society Ltd., [1999] 2 SCR 505 : (1999) 6 SCC 82 – relied on.
     Nahar Industrial Enterprises Ltd. v. Hongkong & Shanghai Banking
Corporation, [2009] 12 SCR 54 : (2009) 8 SCC 646; Uttam Namdeo
Mahale v. Vithal Deo & Ors., [1997] 1 Suppl. SCR 257 : (1997) 6 SCC 73;
Amalendu Kumar Bera v. State of W.B., [2013] 2 SCR 484 : (2013) 4 SCC
52; Satyan v. Deputy Commissioner, [2019] 6 SCR 872 : (2020) 14 SCC
210; State of M.P v. Anshuman Shukla, [2008] 8 SCR 349 : (2008) 7 SCC
487; P. Sarathy v. SBI, [2000] 1 Suppl. SCR 402 : (2000) 5 SCC 355; Aga
Mahomed Hamadani v. Cohen, (1886) ILR 13 Cal 221; Ramasami Pillai v.
       M/S NORTH EASTERN CHEMICALS INDUSTRIES (P) LTD.               825
             v. M/S ASHOK PAPER MILL (ASSAM) LTD.


Deputy Collector of Madura, AIR 1920 Mad 407; Dropati v. Hira Lal, ILR
(1912) 34 All 496; Purohit & Co. v. Khatoonbee, [2017] 2 SCR 1 : (2017)
4 SCC 783 – referred to.

      OTHER CASE DETAILS INCLUDING IMPUGNED
             ORDER AND APPEARANCES

     CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 2669 of 2013.
    From the Judgment and Order dated 21.07.2011 of the High Court of
Guwahati, Assam in CRP No. 263 of 2009.
     Appearances:
     Parthiv K Goswani, Sr. Adv., Ms. Charu Mathur, Pradhuman Gohil,
Ms. Taruna Singh Gohil, Ms. Ranu Purohit, Alapati, Ms. Nidhi Mittal, Ms.
Atiga Singh, Advs. for the Appellants.
    Rajshekhar Rao, Sr. Adv., Ms. Liz Mathew, Areeb Amanullah, Harshil
Wason, Ms. Mallika Agarwal, Advs. for the Respondents.

      JUDGMENT / ORDER OF THE SUPREME COURT

                              JUDGMENT
     SANJAY KAROL J.,
     1. The questions to be determined in this lis are:
     A) Whether Article 116 of the Limitation Act 1963, applies to
        proceedings under the Jogighopa (Assam) Unit of Ashok Paper
        Mills Limited (Acquisition Transfer of Undertaking) Act, 1990.
     B) Contingently, if the Limitation Act does not apply then, in the
        absence of Limitation being placed within the text of the Statute
        in question, could the Appeal filed against the Order of the
        Commissioner of Payments be held as maintainable having been
        filed after a period of nearly three years from the said order?
     THE APPEAL
     2. This Civil Appeal assails a judgement of the Gauhati High Court
passed in CRP No. 263 of 2009 dated 21 July 2011, by which the Civil
826              SUPREME COURT REPORTS                                  [2023] 15 S.C.R.


Revision Petition against the Order dated 14 May 2009 passed by the learned
District Judge, Kamrup, Gauhati in M.A Case No. 18/2008 stands allowed.
        BACKGROUND OF FACTS AND PREVIOUS PROCEEDINGS
      3. The Claimant-Appellants1 and Respondents2 are both companies
registered under the Companies Act, 1956. The Appellant had received
Orders to supply certain goods to the Respondents. After doing so, they
raised certain bills which were only partly paid by the Respondents.
     3.1 Subsequently, the Respondents was declared “a sick company”
under the Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1935. For
the necessitated rejuvenation of the industry, the Government of Assam
promulgated the Jogighopa (Assam) Unit of Ashok Paper Mills Limited
(Acquisition Transfer of Undertaking) Act, 19903.
       3.2 The Appellant filed its claim under Section 16 of the Jogighopa Act
for a sum of 1,58,375/- along with interest-against which the Commissioner
of Payments awarded4 the principle sum but no interest. The award of such
amount was communicated to the Claimant - Appellants vide forwarding
letter dated 16 July 19975. By letter dated 16 July 19976, the Claimant -
Appellants, under protest, accepted the payment of principal amount in
full. They raised grievance in respect of non-payment of any interest for the
periods of January 1983 to March 1993 and from March 1993 to the date
of payment, i.e., 16 July 1997. In such letter, the total amount of interest
claimed was 21,49, 698/-at 18% interest per annum.
     3.3 Aggrieved by the non-payment of such interest claimed, a
Writ Petition7 before the High Court was filed seeking direction to the
Commissioner to consider an award interest on the principal amount due.
Such a request without adjudication of rights of the parties was acceded to by



1      Respondents before the High Court. Hereinafter referred to as Claimant-Appellant.
2      Review Petitioner before the High Court
3      Hereinafter referred to as the Jogighopa Act
4      In Claim Case No. CP/Cat.VI/91/153. By Order dated 30 October 1994
5      Not on record. The date of such forwarding letter is as reflected in Appellants’ response
      thereto.
6      Bearing Ref- NECIL/97-98
7      Bearing No. 4210 of 1997. Order Dated 10 November 1997
        M/S NORTH EASTERN CHEMICALS INDUSTRIES (P) LTD.                        827
     v. M/S ASHOK PAPER MILL (ASSAM) LTD. [SANJAY KAROL, J.]


the High with a direction to consider the claims within a period of 3 months.
       3.4 The Commissioner upon consideration of the request for grant of
interest on delayed payment, amounting to 6,83,688/- 8 granted the same.
Still aggrieved thereby, the claimants once again knocked the doors of the
High Court9.
      3.5 In such proceedings, the High Court in observing that the
entitlement of interest of the claimant company could not be questioned,
referred the matter back to the Commissioner of Payments to calculate the
interest payable afresh, in accordance with Sections 4 and 5 of the Interest
on Delayed Payments to Small-Scale and Ancillary Industrial Undertaking
Act 199310. It was directed that any additional interest, if found payable,
shall be paid within 60 days of the Order.
      3.6 Against the said Order, the Respondents – non-claimants herein
filed Review Application11. The ground of assail was that the amount payable
against the bills pending, have already been paid and therefore no ground
for re-calculation of interest is made out. The High Court, in consideration
of the 1993 Act under which the interest was claimed held that, the interest
calculable and due would only be from 23rd September, 1992 as the Act was
brought into force on such date.
       3.7 On further remand12, the Commissioner recorded lack of funds to
consider the request any further and stated that upon further recalculation,
as it is, no further amount payable was found.
     3.8 Subsequently, the Claimant - Appellants filed an appeal there
against as also, moved an Application before the District Judge, Guwahati
under Section 5 of the Limitation Act 1963 for condonation of delay in
filing Appeal No. 18/2008.



8  Made vide letter dated 9 August 2001 by Managing Director of the Appellant. The
   same is not on record. The record does show a representation dated 9 May 2001 in
   which the claim of interest on delayed payment is worth 15, 93,957. However, the
   Commissioner’s letter of award records that to have been an error in calculation.
9 Writ Petition No. 4520 of 2002. Order dated 19 May 2004
10 For short, “the 1993 Act”
11 Review Application 91 of 2001
12 Order bearing No- DI(V)APM/NEC/199/2005/26; Dated 13 April 2005
828            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                       [2023] 15 S.C.R.


     3.9 It was observed by the learned District Judge vide Order dated 14
May 2009 that since no specific time has been provided for preferring an
Appeal upon dissatisfaction with the decision of the Commissioner, before
the Principal Civil Court, such an Appeal is fit to be admitted.
     3.10 It is against this Order that the Order impugned before us in Civil
Revision13 came to be passed.
       THE IMPUGNED JUDGEMENT
      4. The Learned Single Judge in Civil Review, examined the Limitation
Act, 1963 along with various decisions rendered by this Court and concluded,
after detailed consideration that since an Appeal under Section 22 (8) has
been provided to a Principal Court of Civil jurisdiction without being
restricted by a period of Limitation it would be treated as an Appeal provided
under the Code, that is the Code of Civil Procedure14, to a Court subordinate
to that of a High Court and to such an Appeal, the period of Limitation as
prescribed under Article 116 of the Limitation Act, 1963 would apply. In the
instant facts therefore, the conclusion was that the Appeal was erroneously
admitted by the District Judge and the same to have been dismissed as not
maintainable on the ground of limitation.
       SUBMISSIONS ON BEHALF OF THE PARTIES
      5. We have heard at great length, the Learned Senior Counsel appearing
for both parties, Mr. Parthiv K Goswami for the Claimant - Appellants and
Mr. Rajshekhar Rao for the Respondent and have also perused the written
submissions filed.
       A. Claimant - Appellants
      6. It is submitted that, the Learned Single Judge’s reliance on
Vidyacharan Shukla v. Khubchand Baghel & Ors.15 (Five-Judges Bench)
to arrive at the conclusion that the Appeal under Section 22(8) would be
covered by Article 116 of The Limitation Act, 1963 was mistaken as, the
majority view therein was that to attract Article 156 of The Limitation Act



13    Petition No. 263/2009
14    Hereinafter referred to as “The Code”
15    AIR 1964 SC 1099 (Five-Judge Bench)
        M/S NORTH EASTERN CHEMICALS INDUSTRIES (P) LTD.                   829
     v. M/S ASHOK PAPER MILL (ASSAM) LTD. [SANJAY KAROL, J.]


1908, the corresponding Section to Article 116 of the present Act, it was
not necessary that the Appeal should be conferred by the Code itself.
It would be sufficient if the procedure governing the Appeal would be
according to the Code.
      6.1 Unlike the fact situation in Vidyacharan Shukla (supra) where
the concerned provision was 116A (2) of the Representation of People
Act, 1951, The Special Act herein and particularly the Appeal provision
mentioned therein does not provide that the procedure governing the
Appeal shall be in accordance with the Code. In particular, reliance
is placed on paras 6-8, 18, 19 and 33 of the said Constitution Bench
judgement.
      6.2 Another “condition precedent” for the employment of Article
116 is that the Appeal governed thereby arise from an Order or a Decree.
It is submitted that, in the present case, the Order passed is neither a
Decree nor an Order. Further it is submitted that the Order dated 13 April
2005 which was the Order against which the subject Appeal had been
filed, was an Order passed by an executive officer who is neither a Court
nor a Civil Court as recognised in Law. The Learned Senior Counsel
relies on Nahar Industrial Enterprises Ltd. v. Hongkong & Shanghai
Banking Corporation16. In particular, paras 26, 67 – 69, 71 – 73, 85,
86 and 89 are relied upon.
     6.3 The powers of the Civil Court, conferred upon the Commissioner
of payments are for a very limited purpose. It is for this reason that Article
116 would not apply. Thereby meaning that the present Appeal is outside
the purview of the Limitation Act and can be filed at any time. Reference
is made to Uttam Namdeo Mahale v. Vithal Deo & Ors.17
     6.4 It is further submitted that without prejudice to the contentions
made, even if it is concluded that Article116 of the Limitation Act would
apply or that the time period to file Appeal would be “a reasonable
period”, the matter may be remanded to the District Judge, as the
Principal Civil Court of Original jurisdiction (being the Appellate



16   (2009) 8 SCC 646
17   (1997) 6 SCC 73
830          SUPREME COURT REPORTS                         [2023] 15 S.C.R.


Court herein) for consideration of the application under Section 5 of
the Limitation Act.
      B. Respondent
      7. It is submitted that to attract Article 116 of the Limitation Act, it
is not necessary that such Appellate remedy should be conferred by the
Code. It is only that the procedure for such Appeal be governed under
the Code.
      7.1 The Act provides for an Appeal from the Order passed by the
Commissioner of payments to lie to a principal Civil Court of original
jurisdiction which, by all intent and purposes is governed by the Court.
      7.2 A reading of the Statutory scheme, it is submitted, suggests
that the Legislature intended the Commissioner to function as the Civil
Court for “all practical purposes”. The fact that an Appeal therefrom lies
to a Principal Civil Court of Original jurisdiction, further substantiates
such intention.
     7.3 It is submitted that Article 116 provides for Limitation in
cases of Appeal under the Code from any Decree or Order to High
Court. Vidyacharan Shukla carved out a third category where the
Appeal is not governed by the provisions of the Code but the procedure
therefore and the powers for dealing there with, are governed by the
Code.
      7.4 The Claimant - Appellants contention, it was submitted, runs
strictly contrary to the very objective of the Law of Limitation which is
to ensure that a dispute does not survive endlessly and that the parties
subject thereto are not forever, in the land of uncertainty.
       7.5 The Appeal before the District Judge, was filed 3 years 6 months
and 22 days after passing of the Order by the Commissioner of Payments.
It is submitted that the delay in Condonation Application, which states
that it was only then that the Appellant came to know of the provisions
of Section 22(8) of the Jogighopa Act, amounts to ignorance of Law
which is not an excuse permissible.
     7.6 It is further submitted that, it is now well settled that the Courts
are not to take a liberal approach in condonation of delay in the absence
        M/S NORTH EASTERN CHEMICALS INDUSTRIES (P) LTD.                    831
     v. M/S ASHOK PAPER MILL (ASSAM) LTD. [SANJAY KAROL, J.]


of sufficient cause. To substantiate this position, Learned Senior Counsel
refers to Amalendu Kumar Bera v. State of W.B.18
     7.7 It is further submitted without prejudice, that in the absence of a
prescribed Statutory Limitation, approaching the Court, is to be done within
“reasonable time”. Satyan v. Deputy Commissioner19 is relied on.
      7.8 Section 19 of the Act provides for a claim before the Commissioner
to be filed within 30 days from the specified date. It provides that if such
authority is satisfied that the claimant was prevented by sufficient cause, he
may entertain the claim within a further period of 30 days, but no later – this
suggests that the intention was to provide for a summary and expeditious claim
disposal mechanism. This further suggests, it is submitted, that it would be
unfair to suggest that the Legislature had provided a strict timeline for claims
but intended to provide an endless opportunity for appeals.
      CONSIDERATION BY THIS COURT
      8. The term “Court” is not defined under the Code. What it does define
is a decree and an order in Section 2(2) and Section 2(14) respectively. The
said definitions are extracted below.
      “Section 2(2) “Decree” means the formal expression of an adjudication
      which, so far as regards the Court expressing it, conclusively determines
      the rights of the parties with regard to all or any of the matters in
      controversy in the suit and may be either preliminary or final. It shall
      be deemed to include the rejection of a plaint and the determination of
      any question within 1*** section 144, but shall not include.
      (a) any adjudication from which an appeal lies as an appeal from an
      order, or
      (b) any order of dismissal for default.
      Explanation. A decree is preliminary when further proceedings have to
      be taken before the suit can be completely disposed of. It is final when
      such adjudication completely disposes of the suit. It may be partly
      preliminary and partly final.”


18   (2013) 4 SCC 52
19   (2020) 14 SCC 210
832            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                            [2023] 15 S.C.R.


       “Section 2(14) “order” means the formal expression of any decision
       of a Civil Court which is not a decree.”
       9. The Indian Evidence Act, 1872 defines the word “Courts” as under:-
       “3…..“Court”.––“Court” includes all Judges and Magistrates, and
       all persons, except arbitrators, legally authorised to take evidence.”
      However, this Court in State of M.P v. Anshuman Shukla20 while
referring to a judgment of the Calcutta High Court 21 observed that the
definition under the said Act is not exhaustive, but all authorities authorized
to take evidence must be held to be courts under the meaning of said
provision.
       10. In P. Sarathy v. SBI22 this Court has observed
       “13. The Court referred to the earlier decisions in Bharat Bank
       Ltd. v. Employees [1950 SCC 470 : AIR 1950 SC 188 : 1950 SCR
       459] ; Maqbool Hussain v. State of Bombay [AIR 1953 SC 325 : 1953
       SCR 730] and Brajnandan Sinha v. Jyoti Narain [AIR 1956 SC 66 :
       (1955) 2 SCR 955] . The Court approved the rule laid down in these
       cases that in order to constitute a court in the strict sense of the term,
       an essential condition is that the court should have, apart from having
       some of the trappings of a judicial tribunal, power to give a decision or
       a definitive judgment which has finality and authoritativeness which
       are the essential tests of a judicial pronouncement.”
      11. Article 116 of the Limitation Act provides the period of limitation
for an appeal, a) to a High Court i.e., 90 days from the date of order/decree;
and b) to any other court from an order, 30 days from the date of order/decree.
     12. The Claimant - Appellants contend that this court judgment in
Vidyacharan Shukla (supra) is clearly distinguishable from the present
dispute. In the said case, inter alia, the court was faced with a statute
(Representation of Peoples Act, 1951), to which the Court has been made
expressly applicable, whereas the same is not the case here. On the other



20    (2008) 7 SCC 487
21    Empress v. Ashootosh Chuckerbutty [ILR (1879-80) 4 Cal 483]
22    (2000) 5 SCC 355
        M/S NORTH EASTERN CHEMICALS INDUSTRIES (P) LTD.                    833
     v. M/S ASHOK PAPER MILL (ASSAM) LTD. [SANJAY KAROL, J.]


hand, the respondents argue that since an appeal under Section 22 (8) of
the Jogighopa Act is to a principal court of original civil jurisdiction, which
qualifies as an appeal ‘governed by the Court’ – Article 116 of the Limitation
Act shall be attracted.
      13. The Constitution Bench in Vidyacharan Shukla referred to
three judgments of High Courts in Aga Mahomed Hamadani v. Cohen23,
Ramasami Pillai v. Deputy Collector of Madura24, and Dropadi v. Hira
Lal25. In each of these three decisions, the respective High Courts were
tasked with the question of application of Article 156 of the Limitation Act
(now Article 116) to the Burma Court’s Act, the Provincial Insolvency Act,
1907 and Land Acquisition Act, 1894 respectively. In Cohen (supra) it was
observed that “the natural meaning of an appeal under the Civil Procedure
Code appears to us to be an appeal governed by the Code of Civil Procedure
so far as procedure is concerned”. In Hira Lal (Supra) the full bench of the
Allahabad High Court observed that the objection of Section 47 thereof
appears to be to attract the provisions of the Code. In Ramasami Pillai
(supra), it was held that by virtue of Section 54, the procedure in its entirety
set out in the code to govern appeals, was made applicable to the Land
Acquisition Act. Similar to the above said decisions of the High Courts this
Court in the said decision was also dealing with a statute which expressly
made applicable26, the provisions of the code. The holding, therefore, is
that appeals provided for in special statutes that are governed by the code,
can be said to be appeals under the code for the purposes of Article 116 of
the Limitation Act.
      14. We may now refer to Section 22(6) of the Jogighopa Act which
deals with the powers vested in the Commissioner under the Act. The relevant
portion of which reads as under: -
      “(6) The commissioner shall have the power to regulate his own
      procedure in all matters arising out of the discharge of his functions,
      including the place or places at which he will hold his sittings and



23   (1886) ILR 13 Cal 221
24   AIR 1920 Mad 407
25   ILR (1912) 34 All 496 (FB)
26   Section 90 of Representation of Peoples Act, 1951
834            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                              [2023] 15 S.C.R.


      shall, for the purpose of making an investigation under this Act, have
      the same powers as are vested in a Civil Court under the Code of
      Civil Procedure, 1908, in respect of the following matters, namely:-
      (a) The summoning and enforcing the attendance of any witness and
      examining him on Oath :
      (b) the discovery and production of any document or other material
      object producible as evidence ;
      (c) the reception of evidences on affidavits;
      (d) the issuing of any commission for the examination of witness.”
     15. A perusal of the above extracted section of the Jogighopa Act
makes sufficiently clear the commissioner “for the purpose of making and
investigation under this act” shall have the powers vested in “a civil court”
under the Code to the limited extent as mentioned in (a), (b), (c), (d).
      16. The intent of the Assam State Legislature is quite clear. Not only
under Section 22 (6) is the application of the code limited but further under
Section 22 (7)27. The application thereof is also equally well circumscribed
therein, the Commissioner has been deemed to be a Civil Court for the
purposes of Section 195 and Chapter XXVI of the Code of Criminal
Procedure, 1973. Section 195 provides for Prosecution for contempt of
lawful authority of public servants, for offences against public justice
and for offences relating to documents given in evidence. Chapter XXVI
relates to Provisions as to Offences Affecting the Administration of Justice.
      17. The above description of the powers of either the Code or
Cr.P.C. clearly testifies to the intent of the state legislature to specifically
restrict the application of both the said codes, to only the extent provided.
The principle of statutory interpretation: expression unius est exclusion
alterius (the expression of one thing is the exclusion of the other) supports
such a view. We also notice this Court holding International Asset



27 “7.Any investigation before the Commissioner shall be deemed to be a judicial
   proceeding within the meaning of Section 193 and 228 of the Indian Penal Code, and
   the Commissioner shall be deemed to be a Civil Court for the purposes of Section 195
   and Chapter XXVI of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973.”
        M/S NORTH EASTERN CHEMICALS INDUSTRIES (P) LTD.                    835
     v. M/S ASHOK PAPER MILL (ASSAM) LTD. [SANJAY KAROL, J.]


Reconstruction Company of India vs Official Liquidator 28 as extracted
below:
      “9. The fact that the Tribunal may be vested with some of the powers
as a civil court under the Code of Civil Procedure, regarding summoning
and enforcing attendance of witnesses, discovery and production of the
documents, receiving evidence on affidavits, issuing commission for the
examination of witnesses or documents, reviewing its decisions, etc. does
not vest in it the status of a court. Section 22(1), in fact, provides that the
Tribunal shall not be bound by the procedures under CPC, and can regulate
its own procedures in accordance with natural justice.”
                                                         (Emphasis supplied)
      18. Therefore, it is clear from the above extracted decision that the
vesting of select few powers upon a Tribunal, or as in the present case,
a statutory authority, does not equate the same to be a Court within the
meaning of the code. It is also noteworthy that Section 22 (6) states “the
Commissioner shall have the power to regulation his own procedure in all
matters arising out of the discharge of his functions including the place or
places at which he will hold his sittings”; This also supports the proposition
that the Code does not apply to the proceedings of the Commissioner.
      19. We must consider now, the contention of the respondent that by
virtue of Section 22 (8) providing for an appeal to a court of Original Civil
Jurisdiction thereby the appeal being brought under the code, implies that
the Jogighopa Act itself shall be governed by the code. Section 22 (8) reads
as under: –
      “8. A Claimant, who is dissatisfied with the decision of the
      Commissioner, may prefer an appeal against such decision to the
      principal civil court of original jurisdiction within the local limits of
      whose jurisdiction the undertaking of the Government Company is
      situated
      Provided that where a person who is a Judge of High Court is appointed
      to be the Commissioner such appeal shall lie to the High Court at



28   (2017) 16 SCC 137
836            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                         [2023] 15 S.C.R.


       Guwahati, and such appeal shall be heard and disposed of by not less
       than two Judges of that High Court.”
     20. The above noticed maxim of statutory interpretation would suggest
otherwise. As discussed, the state legislature has been conscious to make
only certain parts of the Jogighopa Act governable by the code. Here only
we may note the proviso to Section 22 (8) which states that in case the
Commissioner under the Jogighopa Act is a Judge of a High Court, then
an appeal from an order of such Commissioner shall lie before no less than
two Judges of the High Court.
      21. It is in this light that we find Section 22 (8) of the Jogighopa Act
cannot be said to be an appeal under the code governed by Article 116 of
the Limitation Act. The conclusion which beckons then is that the period of
limitation mentioned under such article of the Limitation Act shall not apply
to Section 22 (8) of the Jogighopa Act. The Claimant - Appellants contention
of the impugned judgement’s reliance on with Vidyacharan Shukla (supra)
being misplaced, therefore, has to be accepted.
     22. Having come to the conclusion as above, we are required
to consider, whether the instant appeal, filed against the order of the
Commissioner of Payments is maintainable or not? Prior to delving into such
a question, we would also need to examine as to whether in the absence of
an expressly prescribed limitation, can an appeal from an order passed by the
Commissioner of Payments, be entertained, irrespective of passage of time?
      23. This dispute concerns the exercise of a statutory right. The issue
of no express limitation being provided in regard to the exercise of a right
to assail the order has captured the attention of this Court, earlier, on certain
occasions. We may refer to some decisions hereinbelow: –
       23.1 In State of Punjab & Ors. v. Bhatinda District Cooperative
            Milk Producers Union29 this Court observed that -
       “18. It is trite that if no period of limitation has been prescribed,
       statutory authority must exercise its jurisdiction within a reasonable
       period. What, however, shall be the reasonable period would depend



29    (2007) 11 SCC 363
        M/S NORTH EASTERN CHEMICALS INDUSTRIES (P) LTD.                      837
     v. M/S ASHOK PAPER MILL (ASSAM) LTD. [SANJAY KAROL, J.]


      upon the nature of the statute, rights and liabilities thereunder and
      other relevant factors.”
      The principle stands reiterated in Securities and Exchange Board of
      India v. Sunil Krishna Khaitan & Ors.30
      23.2 In Jagdish v. State of Karnataka31, this Court referred to a
           number of decisions to reiterate that where the statute in question
           does not prescribe a limitation, the rights conferred therein must
           be exercised within reasonable time.
      23.3 This aspect of reasonable time was recently discussed by this
           Court in Madras Aluminium Co Ltd v. Tamil Nadu State
           Electricity Board 32, having referred a three-Judge Bench
           decision in SEBI v. Bhavesh Pabari33 stating that the concept is
           to be applied and judged in each case per its own peculiar facts.
      24. We further refer to observations made in Ajaib Singh v. Sirhind
Coop. Marketing-cum-Processing Service Society Ltd. 34 to the effect
that Courts should be wary of prescribing specific period of limitation
in cases where the legislature has refrained from doing so. It was further
observed that where the defence of delay is employed in a situation where
no limitation is prescribed vide statute, the exact prejudice or loss suffered
by the party if such a delay is condoned, must be shown on facts. In other
words, in the absence of a specific limitation it would be improper for courts
to dismiss a plea is solely on the ground of delay without having examined
the nature of laws order prejudice caused to the other party in the facts and
circumstances of the case at hand.
    The holding in Ajaib Singh (supra) was affirmed by a three-Judge
Bench of this court in Purohit & Co. v. Khatoonbee.35
      25. In light of above discussion, it is clear that when a Court is seized of
a situation where no limitation stands provided either by specific applicability


30   (2023) 2 SCC 643
31   (2021) 12 SCC 812
32   (2023) 8 SCC 240
33   (2019) 5 SCC 90
34   (1999) 6 SCC 82
35   (2017) 4 SCC 783
838          SUPREME COURT REPORTS                          [2023] 15 S.C.R.


of the Limitation Act or the special statute governing the dispute, the Court
must undertake a holistic assessment of the facts and circumstances of the
case to examine the possibility of delay causing prejudice to a party. When
no limitation stands prescribed it would be inappropriate for a Court to
supplant the legislature’ s wisdom by its own and provide a limitation, more
so in accordance with what it believes to be the appropriate period. A court
should, in such a situation consider in the facts and circumstances of the
case at hand, the conduct of the parties, the nature of the proceeding, the
length of delay, the possibility of prejudice being caused, and the scheme
of the statute in question. It may be underscored here that when a party to
a dispute raises a plea of delay despite no specific period being prescribed
in the statute, such a party also bears the burden of demonstrating how
the delay in itself would cause the party additional prejudice or loss as
opposed to, the claim subject matter of dispute, being raised at an earlier
point in time.
      26. In determining the question at hand, it would also be useful to
take note of the statutory scheme of the Jogighopa Act. Section 17 of the
Act states that the State government or government company shall, within
30 days of the appointed day, pay in cash all amounts under Sections 8
and 9 of the Act to the Commissioner for discharge of the liability of the
company. Section 19 states that every person having a claim to payments
under the schedule shall make a claim before the Commissioner within a
period of 30 days from specified date. The proviso thereto states that the
Commissioner also has the power to entertain claims made for an additional
30 days after the expiry of the initial period, but not thereafter. Section 20
read with the schedule, prescribes priority of payments when discharging
the liabilities. As evident from the above referred to provisions, the state
legislature was conscious of the aspect of limitation and has categorically
therefore, prescribed periods for claims to be made so as to not leave open
the possibility of a claim, indefinitely. Crucially, the legislature omitted
placing any period of limitation when it came to Section 22 (8) of the Act.
       27. When a statute, either general or specific in application, provides
for a limitation within which to file an appeal, the parties interested in doing
so are put to notice of the requirement to act with expedition. However,
opposite thereto, in cases such as the present one where neither statute
        M/S NORTH EASTERN CHEMICALS INDUSTRIES (P) LTD.                   839
     v. M/S ASHOK PAPER MILL (ASSAM) LTD. [SANJAY KAROL, J.]


provides for an explicit limitation, such urgency may be absent. While it
is still true that, as held in Ajaib (supra), this does not entitle parties to
litigate issues decades later, however shorter delays, in such circumstances,
would not attract delay and laches.
     28. The present facts are that the Claimant - Appellants are aggrieved
by an order of The Commissioner of Payments dated 13 April 2005. The
appeal filed thereagainst was on 5 November 2008. In the intervening
period, it is submitted by the Claimant - Appellants that they pursued
remedies by way of a Contempt Petition before the High Court36 which
came to be disposed of on 1 April 2008 without any particular relief having
been granted. The appeal before the District Judge, under section 22(8) of
the Jogighopa Act, came to be filed thereafter and the order in question
was passed on 5 November 2008.
      29. Consequent to the discussion made hereinabove, i.e., neither
the general nor the specific statute providing for an appeal from an order
of the Commissioner of Payments within a specified period of time, the
Claimant – Appellants’ appeal cannot be said to be barred by time. The
same would therefore, be maintainable.
      30. The questions raised in this appeal are answered as under-
      30.1 The Jogighopa (Assam) Unit of Ashok Paper Mills Limited
           (Acquisition Transfer of Undertaking) Act, 1990, is not
           governed by the prescription of limitation under Article 116
           of the Limitation Act, 1963, as the appeal thereunder, from
           an order of the Commissioner of payments cannot be said
           to be an appeal under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 for
           the Legislature of the State of Assam has been categorical in
           limiting the application of the code to certain aspects of the
           Act only. Given that the Jogighopa Act allows for a Judge of
           the High Court to be the Commissioner of Payments and then
           categorically provides for an appeal to lie therefrom, Division
           Bench of the High Court further evidences the sui generis nature
           of the appeal procedure provided therein.


36   Contempt Case 293 Of 2005, filed on 11 May 2005.
840            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                        [2023] 15 S.C.R.


      30.2 In the absence of any particular period of time being prescribed
            to file an appeal, the same would be governed by the principle
            of ‘reasonable time’, for which, by virtue of its very nature, no
            straitjacket formula can be laid down and it is to be determined
            as per the facts and circumstances of each case. In the present lis,
            having regard to the sequence of events, as taken note of above-
            the Claimant - Appellants cannot be said to have transgressed
            the boundaries of reasonable time in filing their appeal before
            the District Judge.
      31. The appeal is allowed in the aforesaid terms. The file is restored to
the docket of the concerned District Judge for him to proceed in accordance
with law and in light of the discussions made herein. The same be decided
possibly within a period of three months from the date on which a copy of
this judgment and order is received by the District Judge, as is necessitated
by the attending facts and circumstances.
      32. Parties to bear respective costs.


Headnotes prepared by:                                            Appeal allowed.
Divya Pandey