LATA WADHWA AND ORS.versusSTATE OF BIHAR AND ORS.

A                          LATA WADHWA AND ORS.
                                           v.
                           ST ATE OF BIHAR AND ORS.

                                 AUGUST 16, 2001

B       [G.B. PATTANAIK, U.C. BANERJEE AND S.N. VAR!AVA, JJ.]


         Compensation-Determination of-Fire accident-Multiple deaths and
   injuries-Writ petition under Article 32 seeking payment of appropriate
   compensation-Court appointed former Chief Justice of India to determine
C the compensation-Parties agreed for deiermination in accordance with the
  principles laid down in Safia Khatoon, Bhagwan Dass and Ramaniya's
   cases*-Determination by Multiplier method-Determination questioned-
   Held, determination not arbitrary and Multiplier method correctly applied-
   In the facts of the case, set/led principles for determination adequately
D followed-However, compensation enhanced-Constitution of India, 1950-
  Article 32.

          Compensation-Determination of-For damages for personal injury--
    Held, pecuniary and non-pecuniary heads of damages required to be taken
    into account.
E
           In a fire accident, which broke out during the celebration of a function
    organised by Tata Iron and Steel Company (Company), 60 persons died and
    113 were injured. The appellants who had lost their relatives in the accident
    filed writ petition under Article 32 of the Constitution on behalf of all the
    victims seeking direction against the State Government and the Company for
F   payment of appropriate compensation to the victims of the accident. It was
    alleged in the petition that the accident had taken place due to negligence
    of the officers of the Company.

          The court appointed a former Chief Justice of India to determine the
G   compensation payable to the legal heirs of the deceased and to the injured.
    The parties agreed that the compensation would be determined according to
    the principles laid down in Safia Khatoon's case, Bhagwan Das's case and
    G. Ramanaiya's case*. The former Chief Justice submitted his report wherein
    he concluded that Multiplier method had universal application and as per the
    principles laid down in the cases above-mentioned determined the
H                                        578
                         LATA WADl-IWA v. STATE                           579
compensation for deceased house wives, deceased employees and deceased            A
children between the age of5 to IO years an'd 10 to 15 years. After multiplier
method, a conventional figure of Rs. 25,000 was added to the compensation
amount of house wives and employees of the company. For the children below
IO years, a uniform amount of Rs. 5,000 was determined and Rs. 25,000 was
added as conventional figure. For the children above IO years, their annual       B
income was assessed at Rs. 12,000, multiplier of 11 was applied and
conventional amount of Rs. 25,000 added. In case of the injured, compensation
was arrived at ranging from 3 lakhs to 10 lakhs in case of girls and from
Rs. 3 lakhs to 5 lakhs in case of boys. However, it rejected the claim on the
special heads in absence of any proof and pleadings in that respect. No
punitive or exemplary compensation was awarded.                                   c
      Petitioners contended that fresh determination of compensation was
necessary against determination of compensation because applying the
multiplier method itself was incorrect; that the determination was vitiated as
guiding principles for determination, were not considered; that refusal to
award punitive or exemplary compensation itself was grossly erroneous,            D
particularly when the hazard had taken place solely on account of negligence
on the part of the organisers; and that the report had not followed the settled
principles for determination of compensation and committed serious error
in not taking into account the future prospects of earning; that the
compensation awarded for death of house-wives was wholly arbitrary; and           E
that the entire suffering being the outcome of the celebration in ultra
hazardous conditions, adequate care ought to have been taken in determining
the compensation even in absence of any positive data on broad principles.

      The company contended that principles in Sajia Khatoon's case had
been duly analysed and applied; and that in the absence of any data and           p
figures for different heads of claim the only option for determination was
broad principles on which compensation was determined in the report.
However, it agreed that compensation amount for children could be doubled
by the Court.

     Disposing of the petitions, the Court                                        G
      HELD: 1. In view of the report by the former Chief Justice, it cannot
be said that the settled principle for determination of compensation has not
been followed in the present case. (591-Ef

     General Manager Kera/a State Road Transport Corporation,                     H
     580                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2001] SUPP. I S.C.R.

A Trivandrum v. Susamma Thomas and Ors., 119941 2 SCC 176, relied on.
           *Chairman, A.P.S.RT.C v. Safiya Khatoon, (1985 Accident Claims
     journal (A.C.J.) 212; Bhagwan Das v. Mohd. Arif, (1987) A.C.J. 1052 and
     A.P.S.R.T.C. v. G. Ramanaiya, (1988) A.C.J. 223, referred to.

B          2. The determination was not arbitrary and Multiplier Method was
     correctly applied, on consideration of all the relevant factors. Damages were
     awarded on the basis of financial loss and the financial loss was assessed
     in the same way, as prospective loss of earnings. [591-E, F[

           Mallett v. McMonagle, (1970) AC 166; Davies v. Taylor, (1974) AC 207
C and Davies v. Powell Duffryn Associated Collieries Ltd., (1942) All ER 657,
     referred to.

          3. The former Chief Justice had correctly arrived at the basic figure
    as well as in applying the proper multiplier, so far as the employees of
D   TISCO were concerned, but the addition of conventional figure to the tune
    of Rs. 25,000 was inadequate. Therefore, the conventional figure to be added
    should be Rs. 50,000. [592-D]

           4.1. So far as the deceased housewives were concerned, appropriate
     multiplier had been applied on the basis of their age group. But the estimation
E   of the value of services rendered to the house by the housewives, which has
    been arrived at Rs. 12,000 per annum in cases of some and Rs. 10,000 for
    others, appears to be grossly low. Even in the absence of data and taking into
    consideration the multifarious services rendered by the housewives for
    managing the entire family, even on a modest estimation, should be Rs. 3,000
    per month and Rs. 36,000 per anum. This would apply to all those housewives
F   between the age group of 34 to 59 years and as such who were active in life.
    The compensation awarded, therefore, should be re-calculated taking the
    value of services rendered per an um to be Rs. 36,000 and thereafter applying
    the multiplier. So far as the conventional amount is concerned, the same
    should be Rs. 50,000 instead of Rs. 25,000. (592-E, F, G, H]
G
           4.2. So far as the elderly ladies were concerned, in the age group of
    62 to 72, though the multiplier applied was correct, but the values of services
    rendered at Rs. I 0,000 per annum, could not be held to be just and, therefore,
    the same is enhanced to Rs. 20,000 per annum. In their case, therefore, the
    total amount of compensation should be re-determined, taking the value of
H   services rendered at Rs. 20,000 per annum and then after applying the
                         LATA WADHWAv. STATE                               581
multiplier, as already applied and thereafter adding Rs. 50,000 towards the       A
conventional figure. [592-H; 593-A, BJ

      5.1. In case of the death of an infant, there may have been no actual
pecuniary benefit derived by its parents during the child's life time. But this
would not necessarily bar the parents' claim and prospective loss would be
a valid claim provided that the parents establish that they had a reasonable      B
expectation of pecuniary benefit if the child had lived. However, a mere
speculative possibility of benefit is not sufficient. Question whether there
exists a reasonable expectation of pecuniary advantage is always a mixed
question of fact and law. [593-E, F; 594-BJ

      Taff Vale Ry. v. Jenkins, (1913) A.C.1, referred to.                        c
      5.2. Having regard to the environment from which these children were
brought, their parents being reasonably well placed officials of the Tata Iron
and Steel Company, it is directed that the compensation amount for the
children between the age group of 5 to 10 years should be three times.
                                                                                  D
                                                                       [594-EJ

      5.3. So far as the children between the age group of 10 to 15 years
are concerned, they were all students of Class VI to Class X and were
children of employees ofTISCO. The TISCO itself has a tradition that every
employee can get one of his child employed in the company. Having regard          E
to these facts, in their case, the contribution of Rs. 12,000 per annum is on
the lower side and, therefore, the contribution should be Rs. 24,000 and
instead of 11 multiplier, the appropriate multiplier would be 15. Therefore,
the compensation, so calculated on the aforesaid basis should be worked out
to Rs. 3.60 lakhs, to which an additional sum of Rs. 50,000 has to be added,      F
thus making the total amount payable at Rs. 4.10 lakhs for each of the
claimants of the aforesaid deceased children. (594-F, G, HJ

      6. So far as the eight other persons, who died belonging to the other
category, the former Chief Justice had arrived at the compensation on the
basis of dependency at 60% of the annual income and thereafter has applied        G
~he different multipliers, depending upon the age and there is no infirmity
with the determjnation thus made. In their case, the conventional figure is
enhanced from Rs. 25,000 to Rs. 50,000. (595-AJ

     7.1. In examining the question of damages for personal injury, it is
axiomatic that pecuniary and non-pecuniary heads of damages are required          H
    582                     SUPREME COURT Rl'.PORTS [2001] SUPP. I S.C.R.

A   to be taken into account. In case of pecuniary damages, loss of earning or
    earning capacity, medical, hospital and nursing expenses, the loss of
    matrimonial prospects, if proved, are required to be considered. In the case
    of non-pecuniary losses, loss of expectation of life, loss of amenities or
    capacity for enjoying life, loss or impairment of physiological functions,
B    impairment or loss of anatomical structures or body tissues, pain and
    suffering and mental suffering are to be considered. But for arriving at a
    particular figure on each of the aforesaid head, the claimant is duty bound
    to produce relevant materials, on the basis of which, a determination could
    be made, as to what would be the best compensation. A bare perusal of the
    Report bear testimony to the fact that the claimants did not discharge their
C   obligations by putting the relevant materials to enable the former Chief
    Justice to arrive at the quantum of compensation. Determination of
    compensation in such cases is an upheaval task, more so, when no material
    is produced at all. In such circumstances, the former Chief Justice had
    shown maximum sympathy and had determined the compensation to the
    maximum extent possible, which was also not objected to by the company.
D   There is no justification for interference with the quantum arrived at and
    for enhancing the compensation, in respect of the injured persons, who
    suffered the burn injury on account of the tragic incident. (596-A-E(

         7.2. Since the persons having burn injury to the extent of I 0% and
E   below, had not been awarded any compensation, as a matter of compensation
    a lump sum of Rs. Two lakhs in favour of each of them is awarded. (596-Fl

            CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION: Writ Petition (c) No. 232 of
    1991.

F           (Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India)

          Ms. Rani Jethmalani, Gouri K. Das, Ms. Gitanjali Malviya and Saurabh
    A vasthi for the Petitioners.

            F.S. Nariman and V.P. Singh, Ravinder Narain, S. Sukumaran, Ms. Deepa
G Das, Tarun Banga, Subhash Sharma for Mis. JBD & Co., B.B. Singh and Ejaz
    Maqbool for the Respondents.

            The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

H           PATTANAIK, J. This writ petition was filed by the three petitioners,
                 LATA WADHWAv. STATE [PATTANAIK,.I.]                           583

 invoking the jurisdiction of this Court under Articles 21 and 32 of the               A
 Constitution of India for issuance of a writ of mandamus or any' other writ
 or directions, ordering prosecution of the officers of the Tata Iron and Steel
 Company and their agents and servants, for the alleged negligence in organising
 the function, held on 3rd of March, 1989 in Jamshedpur and direct that
 appropriate compensation be provided to the victims by the State Government
 as well as the Company. It was also prayed that a writ or direction be issued         B
 to the State Government to provide security and safety of the families, as it
 is apprehended that the company may use its influence to harass the
 petitioners and their relations, who happen to be the victims of the
 circumstances. The petitioners had also prayed for a direction that legal
 assistance be given to the victims of the circumstances to pursue the cases           C
 before the criminal and civil courts. It has been alleged in the writ petition that
 while 150th Birth Anniversary of Sir Jamshedji Tata, was being celebrated on
 3rd of March, 1989 within the factory premises and a large number of employees,
 their families including small children had been invited, but the organisers had
 not taken adequate safety measures and on the other hand, several provisions
 of the Factories Rules and Factories Act had been grossly violated. A                 D
 devastating fire engulfed the VIP Panda! and area surrounding and by the
 time the fire was extinguished, a number of persons lay dead and many were
 suffering with burn injuries. Some of the injured also died on the way to the
hospital or while being treated at the hospital. The death toll reached 60 and
the total number of persons injured were 113. Amongst the persons dead,                E
there are 26 children, 25 women and 9 men. It was also stated that out of the
60 persons, who died, 55 were either employees or relatio:1s of employees of
the Tata Iron and Steel Company and similarly, out of 113 persons injured, 91
were either employees or their relations. Smt. Lata Wadhwa, the petitioner No.
 I, lost her both the children, a boy and a girl and her parents. Her husband
was an employee of the company. It was alleged in the writ petition that the           F
State of Bihar had been colluding with the company and there has been total
inaction on the part of the State in taking appropriate action against the
negligent officers for whose negligence, the tragedy occurred. The State in
its counter affidavit, however denied the allegations made and further averred
that inquiries had been conducted by a Committee constituted by the                    G
Government of Bihar, Department of Labour, Employment and Training and
report was submitted to the company, indicating the negligence of the
personnel and on that basis, criminal prosecution had been launched. The
company also filed counter affidavit, denying the charge of negligence and
lack of care and sympathy for the injured as well as for the kith and kin of
the deceased. The company in its counter affidavit further· indicated the steps        H
      584                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2001] SUPP. I S.C.R.

 A  taken by several employees and how the doctors in the hospital worked
    round the clock. It was also averred that costly medicines from all over the
    world were brought for prompt and appropriate treatment. It is the positive
    case of the company that it is because of the steps taken by it, none of the
    relatives of the deceased approached any Court or authority for any
    compensation or damages, except the present petitioners, who were in fact
B acting on their own. In course of hearing of this petition and pursuant to the
    interim orders passed by this Court, the company furnished the particulars of
    the persons injured as well as the particulars of the persons, who died. When
   the writ petition came up for disposal, Mr. F.S.Nariman, the learned senior
   counsel appearing for the company stated to the Court that notwithstanding
C several objections, which have been raised in the counter affidavit, the company
   does not wish to treat the litigation as an adversarial one, and on the other
   hand, the matter is left to the Court for determining what monetary
   compensation should be paid, according to law, after taking into consideration
   all the benefits and facilities already extended and continuing as summarised
   in the affidavit dated 3rd ofFebruary, 1993. This Court on 15th of December,
D 1993, came to the conclusion that the question of grant of compensation
   should be looked into by a person, having expertise and ultimately requested
   Shri Y. V. Chandrachud, former Chief Justice of India to look into the matter
   and determine the compensation, payable to the legal heirs of the deceased
   as well as compensation payable to the injured persons. It was also indicated
E on the basis of an agreement between the parties that in determining the
   compensation, principles indicated by the Andhra Pradesh High Court in its
   decisions in Chairman, A.P.S.R.T.C. v. Sajiya Khatoon, (1985); Accident
   Claims Journal, (A.CJ.) 212, Bhagwan Das v. Mohd. Arif, (1987 A.C.J.1052],
  and A.P.S.R. T.C. v. G. Ramanaiya, (1988 A.C.J. 223) should be borne in mind.
  The Court also further observed that while determining compensation, the
F benefits and advantages conferred on the injured persons or upon the legal
  heirs of the deceased persons by the company, need not be taken into
  account and that factor would be taken into consideration, while passing the
  final orders. The Court, also by the aforesaid order dated 15th December, 1993,
  stayed the criminal proceedings, pending in the Court of Sub-Divisional
G Magistrate, Jamshedpur as well as the Criminal Revisional Application, pending
  before the Ranchi Bench of the Patna High Court. It was directed further, that
  the matter should be placed for orders, after receipt of the report from Shri
  Y.V. Chandrachud.

          Shri Y. V. Chandrachud, had been intimating from time to time to this
H    Court as to why it has not been possible to conclude the proceedings before
                     LATA WADHWA v. STATE [PATTANAIK, J.]                          585
    him and when the matter was listed before the Court on 28th September, 2000,          A
    it transpired that the proceedings are moving with a snail's pace. The Court,
    therefore, requested Shri Chandrachud, to conclude the proceedings and
    intimate the Court by 2nd week of November, as to the results of the same."
    Shri Y.V. Chandrachud, thereafter, took expeditious and effective steps and
    passed an order, granting compensation to the tune of Rs. 1, 19,58,320 in
    favour of the dependants of the deceased persons and Rs. 288 lakh as interim          B
    compensation in the injured cases. Finally, Shri Chandrachud had also
    submitted his report, quantifying the compensation payable in the injury
    cases too.

          On behalf of the petitioners, an objection has been filed to the aforesaid      C
    report of Shri Y. V. Chandrachud and on behalf of the respondent-company,
    an affidavit in opposition to the said objection has been filed. The matter was
    ultimately heard at length and Ms. Rani Jethmalani argued or. behalf of the
    writ petitioners and Mr. F.S. Nariman, the learned senior counsel, argued on
    behalf of the company.
                                                                                          D
            The Report consists of two parts, Part I dealing with cases of death and
     Part II dealing with cases of bum injury. In vie\; of the indications in the order
     of this Court, referring the matter to Shri Chandrachud that in deciding the
     quantum of compensation, the principles evolved in Safia Khatoon 's case as
    well as two other cases of Andhra Pradesh High Court, in the Report, the
     principles evolved in the aforesaid Judgments have been analysed at the first        E
     instance. It has been held that the multiplier meth~d having been consistently
     applied by the Supreme Court to decide the question of compensation in the
    cases arising out of Motor Vehicles Act, the said multiplier method has been
    adopted in the present case. In the report, even the view of British Law
    Commission has been extracted, which indicates: "the multiplier has been,             F
    remains and should continue to remain, the ordinary, the best and only
    method of assessing the vaiue of a number of future annual sums." It has also
    been stated in the aforesaid report that though Lord Denning advocated the
    use of the annuity tables and the actuary's assistance in Hodges v. Harland

.   & Wolff limited, (1965) I ALL ER I 086, but the British Law Commissibn
    accepted the use and relevancy of the annuity tables in its Working Paper             G
    No. 27 by observing : "The actuarial method of calculation, whether from
    expert evidence or from tables, continues to be technically relevant and
    technically admissible but its usefulness is confined, except perhaps in very
    unusual cases, to an ancillary means .of checking a computation already made
    by the multiplier method". Even Kemp & Kemp on 'Quantum of Damages' after             H
     586                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2001] SUPP. I S.C.R.

 A comparing the multipliers chosen by judges from their experience found a
     close proximity between the said multiplier method and those arrived at from
     the annuity tables in the American Restatement of the Law of Torts. After a
     thorough analysis of the different methods of computation of the compensation
     to be paid to the dependants of the deceased and what are the different
 B methods of computing loss of future earnings, Shri Chandrachud has come_
     to the conclusion that the multiplier method is of universal application and
     is being accepted and adopted in India by Courts, including the Supreme
     Cou11 and as such, it would be meet and proper to apply the said method for
     determining the quantum of compensation. The counsel, appearing for the
     claimants as well as the company also agreed before Shri Chandrachud that
C the decision should be based on the principles enunciated in the three
    judgments mentioned in the order of the Supreme Court as well as the cases
    relied upon in those judgments. Amongst the deceased, there were many
    housewives and they have been classified in two categories, one thos~,
    whose husbands were employees of the company and as such whose income
    is known, and others who were outsiders, whose husbands' income is not
D known at all. The deceased housewives have been grouped into four, on the
    basis of their age and different multiplier has been applied on the basis of
    their age. Shri Chandrachud also has considered the income of the husbands
    of those housewives, who are employees of the company and then on ·that
    basis, has tried to determine the loss on the death of the wife and after
E applying the multiplier and determining the total amount of compensation, an
   addition of Rs.25,000 has been made as a conventional figure and the total
   amount of compensation has been arrived at. So far as the employees of the
   Tata Iron and Steel Company are concerned, who died in the tragedy, their
   annual income has been arrived at and thereafter 60% of the income has been
   held to be dependency and then, a multiplier has been applied and on finding
F out the total amount of compensation, a conventional amount of Rs.25,000
   has been added. So far as the children are concerned, in the absence of any
   material, a uniform amount has been fixed at Rs.50,000 to which again, a
   conventional figure of Rs.25,000 bs been added for determining the total
                                                                                     -
  .amount of compensation payable. So far as the children above I0 years of
G age are concerned, the contribution of those children to their parents have
   been assessed at Rs.12,000 per year, taking all imponderables into account
   and multiplier of 11 has been applied and the conventional amount ofRs.25,000
   has been added. Two of the children in the said age group, whose father did
   not claim any compensation as they were negotiating with the employer, for
  getting a piece of land and as such no compensation has been determined
H in their case. In the case of death of known employees of the company, the
                LATA WADl-IWA v. STATE [PATTANAIK,.I.]                       587.

 annual income has been arrived at, and then taking into account the age·of          A
 the deceased and finding the dependency at 60% of the annual income and
 then by application of different multipliers, the compensation has been arrived
 at. As stated earlier, a conventional compensation of Rs.25,000 has been
 added in each case. While determining the compensation, the benefits already
 granted to the dependants of the deceased as well as to the injured persons
 or their relatives. have not been taken into account in view of the specific        B
 orders of this Court dated 15th of December, 1993, though it would be a
·relevant consideration for us, while disposing of the matter finally. No interest
 however has been granted, as the question of interest has been left for
 consideration of this Court. So far as the costs of the proceedings are
 concerned, this Court had directed the Tata Iron & Steel Company to bear the        C
 entire cost of the proceedings.

       In case of persons injured with burn injury, it had been contended
 before .Shri Chandrachud, on behalf of claimants that the organisers committed
 serious act of negligence in choosing the place for celebration in a sensitive
 area of the company where around the panda!, hazardous installations were           D
 there with hot and molten substances at temperatures ranging from 1200 to
 1800 degrees and further notwithstanding the promulgation of an order under
 Section 144 of the Code of Criminal Procedure by the Local Administration
 on 3rd of March, 1989, the company had organised the celebrations in defiance
 of the same. It was also contended that the company ignored all standards
of normal safety measures and such negligence ultimately lead to the trapping
                                                                                     E
of several persons, getting burn injury. According to the claimants' counsel,
permitting the bursting of fire crackers in°the hazardous area per se is a gross
act of negligence and for such disaster, when the fire fighting· equipments
could not be readily available, the company must bear the consequences and
is liable to pay adequate compensation to the injured persons, taking into           F
account the very nature of injuries sustained and the amount of pain and
suffering these injured have sustained and also the psychological stress
these injured have sustained. It had also been urged that on account of such
burn injury, many persons have suffered from social isolation and all of them
suffered from constant physical suffering and emotional turmoil and as such,
all these factors should be borne in mind, while determining the compensation.       G
The learned counsel also urged that due care should be taken to provide
sufficient amount to bear the expenditure of future course of treatment, so
that the injured persons could at least be able to maintain themselves. Shri
Chandrachud in his report in paragraph 15. l had indicated the difficulties
which he had to face in assessing the quantum of compensation on several             H
      588                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS ['.WO!] SUPP. I S.C.R.

 A   heads, claimed by the claimants inasmuch as there was not an iota of material/
    data in support of different heads of claims made by the claimants. Even there
    was no pleading on the basis of which any adjudicating authority could rely
    upon for granting special damages on different heads, as claimed. Shri
    Chandrachud has indicated that though compensation have been claimed for
B cosmetic surgery, for psychotherapeutic treatment and towards the cost of
    massage of masseurs, but not even a scrap of paper is produced to substantiate
    the claim. In the absence of any data and figures by the claimants, Shri
    Chandrachud had referred to certain textual statements on burn injuries and
    their treatment, contained in well known treaties, and ultimately held that there
    is no hard and fast rule in cases of burn injuries that cosmetic surgery or
C massage or air-conditioning is an absolute necessity in every case and every
    case depends upon its own facts. There being no pleadings in the statement
   of claim, regarding the nature of burn injury suffered, the nature, duration and
   quality of treatment received by the burn victims, the requirement of future
   treatment prescribed by any Doctor, the state or condition of burn injuries
   when the Statement of Claim was filed, the disability suffered by any bum
D victim, the expenditure if any, incurred by any burn victim until the Statement
   of Claim was filed and the loss of earning capacity in any individual case, it
   is not possible to grant such fanciful claim, without any basis. Shri Chandrachud
   however, has hastened to add : "I might add that TISCO gave me a solemn
   assurance that, even as of today, if any burn victim produces the advice of
E a Burn-Expert Doctor for further medical or surgical treatment in India, TISCO
   is prepared to bear the expenses of the said treatment." Having rejected the
  claim on the special heads on whi.ch claimants had made and thereafter taking
  an overall view of the matter, depending upon the extent of burn injury
  suffered, the compensation has been arrived at ranging from Rs. 3 lakh to Rs.
   10 lakh in case of girls and compensation to the tune of Rs. 3 lakh and Rs.
F 5 lakh has been awarded in case of boys, in which the claimants themselves
  have claimed. So far as the Non-pecuniary losses are concerned, Shri
  Chandrachud has found the same to be reasonable and accordingly, directed
  the payment of compensation on that score, ranging from Rs.1.5 lakhs to
  Rs.5.00 lakhs for the 29 housewives, Rs.2.5 lakhs to Rs.6.00 lakhs for 18 young
G girls, Rs.2.5 lakhs to Rs. 6.00 lakhs for 9 young boys and Rs.1.50 lakhs to
  Rs.5.00 lakhs for 16 other persons. It has been stated that the interim
  compensation already awarded has to be adjusted as against the final amount
  of compensation.

            Ms. Rani Jethmalani, appearing for the claimants vehemently argued
H    that the determination of compensation by applying the multiplier itself is
               LATA WADHWA v. STATE [PATTANAIK, J.]                     589
incorrect and, therefore, the compensation amount determined cannot be A
sustained. The counsel also urged that the determination made is vitiated, as
g·uiding principles have not been considered. Ms. Jethmalani further urged
that the refusal to award punitive or exemplary compensation itself is grossly
erroneous, particularly, when the hazard took place, solely on account of
negligence on the part of the organisers and for such negligence, the company
must be held responsible. According to Ms. Jethmalani, Shri Chandrachud B
has not followed the settled principles for determination of compensation and
committed serious error in not taking into account the future prospects of
earning. According to Ms. Jethmalani, the compensation awarded for death
of housewives is wholly arbitrary and therefore, the determination should be        •
set aside and the matter be referred for a fresh determination. According to C
Ms. Jethmalani, the entire sufferings being the outcome of a celebration in a
ultra-hazardous conditions, adequate care ought to have been taken in
determining the compensation, even in the absence of any positive data on
broad principles and as such, a fresh determination is necessary.

       Mr. F.S. Nariman, the learned senior counsel, appearing for the company, D
on the other hand contended that in a compendious Public Interest Litigation,
 filed by three individuals on behalf of all those, who died and were injured
 in the tragic incident, the company itself was of the view that whatever
amount of compensation is determined to be reasonable, the company will
bear the same. It is in fact, he who came forward to make the offer and when E
the name of Shri Chandrachud was suggested, he had also agreed that the
entire expenses could be borne by the company. But according to Mr. Nariman,
 in the absence of any data and figures for different heads of claim made by
the claimants, the only option that was left for determination was some broad
principles and in arriving at his ultimate conclusion, Shri Chandrachud has
relied upon those broad principles and consequently, no error can be said to F
have been committed in the determination in question. According to Mr.
Nariman, the principles evolved in Khatoon's case have been duly analysed
and applied and the contention of Ms. Jethmalani that principles enunciated
therein had not been followed, is not correct. Mr. Nariman, on his own, agreed
that the compensation amount determined for the children could be doubled
by this Court. Mr. Nariman, however seriously objected for the matter being G
remitted for re-determination, essentially, on the ground that it would be
against the interest of the dependants of those who are dead as well as the
injured and urged that if this Court is of the opinion that compensation
awarded in respect of any of the claimants of the deceased persons or the
injured is inappropriate, then this Court may arrive at the same and it would H
    590                       SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2001] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A be a travesty of justice, ifthe matter would be prolonged by directing a further
    inquiry into the matter for re-determination. Mr. Nariman, emphatically urged
    that there has been no error committed by Shri Chandrachud in applying the
    broad principles and in fact, he had no other option in the absence of any
    data, being furnished by the claimants and the compensation awarded cannot
B   be held to be arbitrary or meager, requiring any further interference by this
    Court. He also suggested that the benefits already given by the company
    itself could be taken into consideration, as was observed by the Court in its
    order dated 15th of December, J 993.

            So far as the determination of compensation in death cases are
C    concerned, apart from the three decisions of Andhra Pradesh High Court,
     which had been mentioned in the order of this Court dated 15th December,
     1993, this Court in the case of General Manager, Kera/a State Road Transport
     Corporation, Trivandrum v. Susamma Thomas and Ors., [1994] 2 SCC 176,
     exhaustively dealt with the question. It has been held in the aforesaid case
     that for assessment of damages to compensate the dependants, it has to take
D    into account many imponderables, as to the life expectancy of the deceased
     and the dependants, the amount that the deceased would have earned during
    the remainder of his life, the amount that he would have contributed to the
    dependants during that period, the chances that the deceased may not have
     lived or the dependants may not live up to the estimated remaining period of
E   their life expectancy, the chances that the deceased might have got better
    employment or income or might have lost his employment or income altogether.
    The Court further observed that the manner of arriving at the damages is to
    ascertain the net income of the deceased available for the support of himself
    and his dependants, and to deduct therefrom such part of his income as the
    deceased was accustomed to spend upon himself, as regards both self-
F   maintenance and pleasure, and to ascertain what part of his net income the
    deceased was accustomed to spend for the benefit of the dependants, and
    thereafter it should be capitalised by multiplying it by a figure representing
    the proper number of year's purchase. It was also stated that much of the
    calculation necessarily remains in the realm of hypothesis and in that region
G   arithmetic is a good servant but a bad master, since there are so often many
    imponderables. In every case, "it is the overall picture that matters", and the
    court must try to assess as best as it can, the loss suffered. On the acceptability
    of the multiplier method, the Court observed:

                "The multiplier method is logically sound and legally well-
H           established method of ensuring a 'just' compensation which will make
                LATA WADHWA v. STATE [PATTANAIK, J.]                         591
        for uniformity and certainty of the awards. A departure from this          A
        method can only be justified in rare and extraordinary circumstances
        and very exceptional cases."

 The Court also further observed that the proper method of computation is the
 multiplier method and any departure, except in exceptional and extraordinary
 cases, would introduce inconsistency of principle, lack of uniformity and an B
 element of unpredictability for the assessment of compensation. The Court
 disapproved the contrary views taken by some of the High Courts and
 explained away the earlier view of the Supreme Court on the point. After
 considering a series of English decisions, it was held that the multiplier
 method involves the ascertainment of the loss of dependency or the C
 multiplicand having regard to the circumstances of the case and capitalizing
 the multiplicand by an appropriate multiplier. The choice of the multiplier is
 determined by the age of the deceased (or that of the claimants, whichever
 is higher) and by the calculation as to what capital sum, if invested at a rate
 of interest appropriate to a stable economy, would yield the multiplicand by
way of annual interest. In ascertaining this, regard should also be had to the D
 fact that ultimately the capital sum should also be consumed up over the
 period for which the dependency is expected to last. In view of the aforesaid
authoritative pronouncement of this Court and having regard to the
determination made in the Report by Shri Justice Chandrachud, on the basis
of the aforesaid multiplier method, it is difficult for us to accept the contention E
of Ms. Rani Jethmalani, that the settled principle for determination of
compensation, has not been followed in the present case. The further
submission of the learned counsel that the determination made is arbitrary, is
devoid of any substance, as Shri Justice Chandrachud has cofl"ectly applied
the multiplier, on consideration of all the relevant factors. Damages are awarded
on the basis of financial loss and the financial loss is assessed in the same F
way, as prospective loss of earnings. The basic figure, instead of being the
net earnings, is the net contribution to the support of the defendants, which
would have been derived from the future income of the deceased. When the
basic figure is fixed, then an estimate has to be made of the probable length
of time for which the earnings or contribution would have continued and then G
a suitable multiple has to be determined (a number of year's purchase), which
will reduce the total loss to its present value, taking into account the proved
risks of rise or fall in the income. In the case of Mallett v. McMonag!e, (1970)
(AC) 166, Lord Diplock gave a full analysis of the uncertainties, which arise
at various stages in the estimate and the practical ways of dealing with them.
In the case of Davies v. Taylor, (1974) AC 207, it was held that the Court, in H
     592                      SUPREME COURT REPORTS ['.LOOI] SUPP. I S.C.R.

A    looking at future uncertain events, does not decide whether on balance one
     thing is more likely to happen than another, but merely puts a value on the
     chances. A possibility may be ignored if it is slight and remote. Any method
     of calculation is subordinate to the necessity for compensating the real loss.
     But a practical approach to the calculation of the damages has been stated
     by Lord Wright, in a passage which is frequently quoted, in Davies v. Powell
B    Duffiyn Associated Collieries Ltd., [ 1942] All ER 657, to the following effect:-

             "The starting point is the amount of wages which the deceased was
             earning, the ascertainment of which to some extent may depend on the
             regularity of his employment. Then there is an estimate of how much
             was required or expended for his own personal and living expenses.
c            The balance will give a datum or basic figure which will generally be
             turned into a lump-sum by taking a certain number of years' purchase."

          It is not necessary for us to further delve into the matter, as in our
    opinion, Shri Justice Chandrachud, has correctly arrived at the basic figure
D   as well as in applying the proper multiplier, so far as the employees of the
    Tl SCO are concerned, but the addition of conventional figure to the tune of
    Rs.25,000 appears to us to be inadequate and instead, we think the
    conventional figure to be added should be Rs.50,000.

           So far as the deceased housewives are concerned, in the absence of any
E   data and as the housewives were not earning any income, attempt has been
     made to determine the compensation, on the basis of services rendered by
    them to the house. On the basis of the age group of the housewives, appropriate
    multiplier has been applied, but the estimat.ion of the value of services rendered
    to the house by the housewives, which has been arrived at Rs.12,000 per
    annum in cases of some and Rs. I 0,000 for others, appears to us to be grossly
F   low. It is true that the claimants, who ought to have given datas for
    determination of compensation, did not assist in any manner by providing the
    datas ·for estimating the value of services rendered by such housewives. But
    even in the absence of such datas and taking into consideration, the multifarious
    services rendered by the housewives for managing the entire family, even on
G   a modest estimation, should be Rs.3000 per month and Rs. 36,000 per annum.
    This would apply to all those housewives between the age group of 34 to
    59 and as such who were active in life. The compensation awarded, therefore
    should be re-calculated, taking the value of services rendered per annum to
    be Rs.36,000 and thereafter applying the multiplier, as has been applied already,
    and so far as the conventional amount is concerned, the same should be
H   Rs.50,000 instead of Rs.25,000 given under the Report. So far as the elderly
                LATA WADHWA v. STATE [PATTANAIK, J.]                        593

ladies are concerned, in the age group of 62 to 72, the value of services          A
rendered has been taken at Rs. I 0,000 per annum and multiplier applied is
eight. Though, the multiplier applied is correct, but the values of services
rendered at Rs. I 0,000 per annum, cannot be held to be just and, we, therefore,
enhance the same to Rs.20,000 per annum. In their case, therefore, the total
amount of compensation should be re-determined, taking the value of services       B
rendered at Rs.20,000 per annum and then after applying the multiplier, as
arready applied and thereafter adding Rs.50,000 towards the conventional
figure.

        So far as the award of compensation in case of children are concerned,
Shri Justice Chandrachud, has divided them into two groups, first group C
between the age group of 5 to I 0 years and the second group between the
age group of I 0 to 15 years. In case of children between the age group of
5 to 10.years, a uniform sum ofRs.50,000 has been held to be payable by way
of compensation, to which the conventional figure of Rs.25,000 has been
added and as such to the heirs of the 14 children, a consolidated sum of D
Rs. 75,000 each, has been awarded. So far as the children in the age group of
 I 0 to I 5 years, there are I 0 such children, who died on the fateful day and
having found their contribution to the family at Rs.12,000 per annum, 11.
multiplier has been applied, particularly, depending upon the age of the father
and then the conventional compensation of Rs.25,000 has been added to each
case and consequently, the heirs of each of the deceased above 10 years of E
age, have been granted compensation to the tune of Rs.1,57,000 each. In case
of the death of an infant, there. may have been no actual pecuniary benefit
derived by its parents during the child's life- time. But this will not necessarily
bar the parents' claim and prospective loss will found a valid claim provided
that the parents establish that they had a reasonable expectation of pecuniary F
benefit if the child had lived. This principle was laid down by the House of
Lords in the famous case of Taff Vale Ry. v. Jenkins, (1913) A.C. l, and Lord
Atkinson said thus:
            " ........ all that is necessary is that a reasonable expectation of
        pecuniary benefit should be entertained by the person who sues. It G
        is quite true that the existence of this expectation is an inference of
        fact - there must be a basis of fact from which the inference can
        reasonably be drawn; but I wish to express my emphatic dissent from
        the proposition that it is necessary that two of the facts without
      . which the inference cannot be drawn are, first, that the deceased
        earned money in the past, and, second, that he or she contributed to H
     594                      SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2001] SUPP. I S.C.R.

 A           the support of the plaintiff. These are, no doubt, pregnant pieces of
             evidence, but they are only pieces of evidence; and the necessary
             inference can I think be drawn from circumstances other than and
             different from them."

     At the same time, it must be held that a mere speculative possibility of benefit
 B is not sufficient. Question whether there exists a reasonable expectation of
    pecuniary advantage is always a mixed question of fact and law. There are
   several decided cases on this point, providing the guidelines for detennination
   of compensation in such cases but we do not think it necessary for us to
   advert, as the claimants had not adduced any materials on the reasonable
   expectation of pecuniary benefits, which the parents expected. In case or a
C bright and healthy boy, his performances in the school, it would be easier for
   the authority to arrive at the compensation amount, which may be different
   from another sickly, unhealthy, rickety child and bad student, but as has been
   stated earlier, not an iota of materia I was produced before Shri Justice
   Chandrachud to enable him to arrive at just compensation in such cases and,
D therefore, he has determined the same on an approximation. Mr. Nariman,
   appearing for the TISCO on his own, submitted that the compensation
   determined for the children of all age groups could be doubled, as in his views
   also, the determination made is grossly inadequate. Loss of a child to the
   parents is irrecoupabie, and no amount of money could compensate the
   parents. Having regard to the environment from which these children were
E brought, their parents being reasonably well placed officials of the Tata Iron
  and Steel Company, and on considering the submission of Mr. Nariman, we
  would direct that the compensation amount for the children between the age
  group of 5 to I 0 years should be three times. In other words, it should be
  Rs. 1.5 lakhs, to which the conventional figure of Rs. 50,000 should be added
p and thus the total amount in each case would be Rs. 2.00 lakhs. So far as the
  children between the age group of 10 to 15 years, they are all students of
  Class Vl to Class X and are children of employees ofTISCO. The TISCO itself
  has a tradition that every employee can get one of his child employed in the
  company. Having regard to these facts, in their case, the contribution of
  Rs. I2,000 per annum appear to us to be on the lower side and in our considered
G opinion, the contribution should be Rs. 24,000 and instead of 11 multiplier, the
  appropriate multiplier would be 15. Therefore, the compensation, so calculated
  on the aforesaid basis should be worked out to Rs. 3.60 lakhs, to which an
  additional sum of Rs. 50,000 has to be added, thus making the total amount
  payable at Rs. 4.10 lakhs for each of the claimants of the aforesaid deceased
H children.
                 LATA WADHWA v. STATE [PATTANAIK, J.]                        595
      So far as the eight other persons, who died belonging to the other            A
category, Shri Justice Chandrachud had arrived at the compensation on the
basis of dependency at 60% of the annual income and thereafter has applied
the different multipliers, depending upon the age, and we see no infirmity with
the determination thus made. Jn their case, however, we would enhance the
conventional figure from Rs.25,000 to Rs.50,000.
                                                                                    B
        So far as the compensation to the injured persons are concerned, before
 Shri Justice Chandrachud, though on behalf of the claimants, compensation
 on several heads had been claimed, but unfortunately, no materials had been
 placed, which could have been placed. On the basis of meager datas available,
 the compensation has been determined ranging from Rs.38 lakhs to Rs. 5             C
 lakhs. In arriving at this figure, the percentage of burn has been taken into
 account, daily expenses have been taken into account, as indicated in Table-
 1, cost of medical treatment has been taken into account, as indicated in Table-
 11, Expenses for Psychotherapy has been taken into account, as indicated in
 Table-Ill, Effect on Marriage prospects have been taken into account, as
 indicated in Table-JV, .Non-Pecuniary Losses have been taken into account,         D
 as indicated in Table-VII and even Punitive Damages have been taken into
 account, and finally the total amount of compensation has been arrived at.
 It may be stated that the injured persons with burn injury of I 0% and below
 have not been awarded any compensation. It may also be stated that while
discussing the claim on daily expenses, cost of medical treatment and expenses
for psychotherapy as well as punitive damages have been rejected, but in the
                                                                                    E
ultimate tabular forn1, compensation has been awarded on that score also and
since the company has not raised any objection on that score, we do not
intend to consider and nullify the said compensation amount, as indicated in
the tabular form. It transpires from the report of Shri Justice Chandrachud that
in the Statement of Claim, even there has been no indication as to the nature       F
of burn injury suffered, the nature, duration and quality of treatment received,
the requirement of future treatment prescribed by any Doctor, the state of
condition of burn injuries, when the Statement of Claim was filed, the disability
suffered by any burn victim and the expenditure, if any, incurred by any bum
victim until the Statement of Claim was filed and last but not the least, the
loss of earning c:apacity in any individual case. Shri Justice Chandrachud has      G
also noted the statement of the counsel, appearing for the Tata Iron and Steel
Company, that if any bum victim produces the advice of a Burn-Expert Doctor
for any further medical or surgical treatment in India, TISCO is prepared to
bear the expenses of the said treatment. The materials produced, indicate the
anxiety and steps taken by the company officials in making available the            H
     596                      SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2001] SUPP. I S.C.R.

 A services of doctors from Delhi, Bombay, U.K., USA and Italy and the injured
   patients were referred to hospitals in Delhi, Bombay, Madras and Bangalore.
   Even some of the injured patients were sent to U.K., U.S.A., and Paris for
   cosmetic surgery at the company's expense. In examining the question of
   damages for personal injury, it is axiomatic that pecuniary and non-pecuniary
B heads of damages are required to be taken into account. In case of pecuniary
   damages, loss of earning or earning capacity, medical, hospital and nursing
   expenses, the loss of matrimonial prospects, if proved, are required to be
   considered. In the case of Non-Pecuniary losses, loss of expectation of life,
   loss of amenities or capacity for enjoying life, loss or impairment of
   physiological functions, impairment or loss of anatomical structures or body
C tissues, pain and suffering and mental suffering are to be considered. But for
   arriving at a particular figure on each of the aforesaid head, the claimant is
   duty bound to produce relevant materials, on the basis of which, a determination
   could be made, as to what would be the best compensation. A bare perusal
  of the Report of Shri Justice Chandrachud, bear testimony to the fact that the
D claimants did not discharge their obligations by putting the relevant materials
  to enable Shri Justice Chandrachud to arrive at the quantum of compensation.
  Determination of compensation in such cases is an upheaval task, more so,
  when no material is produced at all. In such circumstances, we must say that
  Shri Justice Chandrachud has shown maximum sympathy and has determined
  the compensation to the maximum extent possible, which is also not objected
E to by the company. We, therefore, do not find any justification for our
  interference with the quantum arrived at and enhancing the compensation, in
  respect of the injured persons, who suffered the burn injury on account of
  the tragic incident. It is true that persons having bum injury to the extent of
  I 0% and below, have not been awarded any compensation and, therefore, we,
  as a matter of compassion, award a lump-sum of Rs. two lakhs in favour of
F each of those persons.
        At the end, we express our gratitude for the services rendered by Shri
  Justice Chandrachud, ungrudgingly in tackling the problems of determining
  the compensation, almost single handedly, without any assistance from the
G claimants by way of putting any materials for determination of the
  compensation. We take note of the fact, as indicated in the affidavit of the
  company, as to several benefits given by the company to the heirs and
  dependants of the deceased and/or injured persons and though, we could
  have taken that into account in ultimate assessment of the compensation, but
  we do not think it appropriat<, to take that into consideration, after this length
H of time. The compensation awarded in favour of different claimants by Shri
                LATA WADHWA v. STATE [PATTANAIK, J.]                       597
Justice Chandrachud be re-determined by the Registry of this Court, taking        A
into account the enhancement made by us in this Judgment and then the
balance amount, after taking into account the amount already in deposit, may
be deposited by the company within a period of three months from today. The
compensation amount could be disbursed in favour of each of the claimants
by way of Account Payee Cheques, and the claimants, on being identified by        B
the counsel, the same should be handed-over to them. In the event, any
claimant would require that the compensation should be paid by Bank Draft,
then the money could be sent to the claimant by Ale Payee Bank Draft, after
deducting the commission of the bank from the amount in question. If any
of the claimants are not in a position to come to this Court for receiving the
compensation amount, then they should intimate the Registry of this Court,        C
the address to which the amount could be sent and on being properly
attested by the counsel, appearing for them and on receipt of such intimation,
the amount in question could be sent by Ale Payee Cheque, by Registered
Post.

       We also keep on record the valuable services rendered by Ms. Rani          D
Jethmalani, in putting forth the grievances of the claimants and arguing the
matter with great ability and clarity of thoughts. We also keep on record the
able assistance of Shri F.S. Nariman, the learned senior counsel, appearing for
the company for his advice to his clients, not to pursue this litigation, as an
adversarial one, but to come forward to pay the determined compensation           E
with an helping attitude, which advice has been duly accepted by the company.
We also appreciate the stand of Shri Nariman that the compensation for the
children could be doubled outright and for others, the Court may determine,
as to what would be the just sum. We are indeed sorry, that this matter has
dragged on for this length of time, but there was no way out and the
circumstances indicated by Shri Justice Chandrachud in his Report, are            F
sufficient to hold that there has been no latches on his part, in determining
the compensation.

      This writ petition is accordingly disposed of. There will however be no
order as to costs.
                                                                                  G
K.K.T.                                                   Petition disposed of.