IQBAL SINGHversusAVTAR SINGH AND ORS.

A                              IQBAL SINGH
                                    v.
                           AVTAR SINGH AND ORS.

                                   JULY 26, 1994

B           [M.N. VENKATACHALIAH CJI AND R.M. SAHA!, J.J

          Representation of the People Act, 1950: Sections 83, IOO(l){b){d) (ii)
    and 123.

C          Election Petition-A/legation of com1pt practice-Standard of proof-
    Each allegation '!'ust be pleaded and proved with necessary details-Dismiss-
    al of petition shom of necessary details and materials to support allegations
    held valid.

D          Corrupt practic,,-Mere allegation of withdrawal of candidate from
    election and his immediate appointment to political office held not sufficient
    to prove corrupt practice.

          The appellant, a defeated candidate in the assembly elections of 1992
    from an assembly constituency filed a petition, under section 80 of the
E   Representation of the People Act, 1951, challenging the election of the
    returned candidate, respondent No. 1 on the ground that the returned
    candidate and respondent No. 3, President of Pradesh of a political party
    committee had committed corrupt practice inasmuch as they conspired
    and influenced respondent No. 2 to withdraw from the electoral contest
F   and as a quid pro quo of the same, appointed him as General Secretary of
    the Pradesh [Congress) Committee.

          The High Court dismissed the petition holding that (i) it did not
    contain a concise statement of material facts setting forth full particulars
    of the corrupt practice as required by section 83; (ii) the allegations were
G   not sufficient to make out any case of the corrupt practice or any ground
    under section 100; and (iii) there was no other material to prove the
    allegation of corrupt practice.

          I.n app,,a( to this court, it was contended on behalf of the appellant
H   that since the returned candidate had not disputed the allegations, it was
                                         258
                     IQBALSINGH v.AVfARSINGH                              259

not necessary for the appellant to lead any evidence and it should be            A
inferred as a matter of law that the corrupt practice was made out; (ii) the
corrupt practice, covered by section lOO(l)(d)(ii), would extend even to
respondent No. 3 as it was 'committed in the interest of the returned
candidate by an agent other than election agent'.

      Dismissing the appeal, this Court                                          B

       HELD : 1. Withdrawal of a candidate from the election and his
appointment lo a political office during election period may not be very
proper and conducive to the democratic growth of the election process and
setting up of healthy precedent. Yet even assuming the two facts it may          C
utmost give rise to a suspicion but in election law it is not suspicion but
proof which could result In setting aside of election of returned candidate.
Suspicion, however strong, cannot take the place of proof. [263-A-B]

      Bisltundeo Narain v. Seogeni Rai, A.I.R. (1951) SC 280; referred to.
                                                                                 D
       2.1 The allegation made in the election petition was hardly sufficient,
in law, to establish the corrupt practice as vasualised by Section 100 unless
the allegation was proved which required necessary details and material
to support it. Mere allegation that the two conspired, in the absence of any
detail, did not, constitute a plea of corrupt practice, which the returned       E
candidate could have been called upon to meet. [263-F-G]

       2.2 The bargaining and quid pro quo alleged in the petition were pleas
which were required to be supported by particulars. But mere averment
was not sufficient in law and the appellant cannot claim that since this was     F
a fact known to respondents the requirement of law was satisfied by merely
averring it and it was the duty of the respondents to disprove the same.
That is notthe law of burden of proofand certainly not In election matters.
In the absence of statement of fact in the petition which, If proved, may
have given rise to an inference in law, the High Court did not commit any
error in recording the finding that the petition was lacking in material         G
particulars. [263-H, 264-A-B]

      3. Clause (b) of Section 100 comes into operation if the corrupt
practice as defined in Section 123 of the Act is alleged to have been
committed by the returned candidate. The petition did not disclose that          H
    260                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1994) SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A the returned candidate was in any manner responsible for the withdrawal
    of the candidate. No allegation was made nor any details were furnished
    which could even, remotely, suggest that the returned candidate was guilty
    of corrupt' practice. Therefore, the High Court was right that the allega-
    tions in the petition of corrupt practice fell short of the requirement of
B   law. [264-F-G]

          4. The allegations were not sufficient for establishing the corrupt
    practice as visualised by Section lOO(l)(d)(ii). Even assuming that in the
    larger meaning of the word 'agent' anyone may be covered but the basic
    averment in respect of the corrupt practice committed, 'in the interest of
C   the returned candidate' being short of the details as required in law the
    High Court, did not commit any error of law rejecting the petition for lack
    of necessary particulars and for being vague. [265-C, G-H]

            CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 3223 of
    1993.
D
         From the Judgment and Order dated 3.6.93 of the Punjab & Haryana
    High Court in Election Petition No. 12 of 1992.

            In-person for the Appellant.

E           J.S. Wasu and T.S. Arora for the Respondents.

            The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

           R.M. SAHA!, J. The short question that arises f~r consideration in
    this appeal filed by the appellant, an engineer by education, an agriculturist
F   by profession who tried his hand in politics, by contesting the assembly
    election of 1992 for 104-Faridkot Assembly Constituency as an inde-
    pendent candidate, .is whether the High Court committed any error of law
    in dismissing his election petition filed under Section 80 of the Repre-
    sentation of the People Act, 1951 (hereinafter referred to as 'the Act') on
G   preliminary objection, raised by the returned candidate that the petition
    did not contain a concise statement of material facts setting forth full
    particulars of the corrupt practice as required by Section 83 of the Act.

          The High Court dismissed the petition, also because the copy sup-
    plied, to the returned candidate, was not a true copy within meaning of
H   sub-section (3) of Section 81 of the Act as it did not carry the necessary
               IQBAL SINGH v. AVfARSINGH [SAHA!,l.]                    .261

endorsement in the affida\it accompanying the election petition. Further A
the High Court found that even if the allegations made in the election
petition were- correct they were not sufficient to make out any case of
corrupt practice or any ground under Section 100 of the Act. It is, there-
fore, proposed to examine the correctness of the finding on corrupt prac-
tice only as if that finding is held to be well founded then it shall not be
                                                                             B
necessary to examine the other findings.

       Election for the Faridkot constituency was held in 1992. One of the
candidates who had filed his nomination was one Sri Harmail Singh Dhillon
who was a member of the Congress party and expected to be declared as
official candidate. But when the returned candidate was declared as official   C
candidate of the party he withdrew from the contest on the last day. He
was later appointed as General Secretary of the Pradesh Congress Com-
mittee by Sri Bean! Singh who was President of the Pradesh Congress
Committee. The two incidents, that is, the withdrawal of Sri Dhillon, and
his appointment, shortly thereafter, as General Secretary are the two facts    D
on which the entire election petition and the allegation of corrupt practice
which is the sole ground for challenging the election is structured. Accord-
ing to appellant since Sri Dhillon was a very popular person and held
number of offices and if he would have contested the election the returned
candidate who too was a congress nominee had no chance of being elected,
therefore, Sri Bean! Singh who was friendly with the returned candidate        E
exercise his influence on Sri Dhillon and persuaded him to withdraw and
as a quid pro quo of the same he appointed him as General Secretary of
the Pradesh Congress Committee. Relevant allegations in the petition are
extracted below :
                                                                               F
        "9. That in order to remove respondent No. 2 from the contest for
        104-Faridkot Assembly Seat, respondent No.1 and respondent No.
        3 conspired and bargained with respondent No. 2 by offering him
        to get appointed as General Secretary of Punjab Pradesh Congress
        Committee as quid pro quo for withdrawing from the contest.
                                                                               G
         19. That on perusal of paras 16, 17 and 18 as above it becomes
         crystal clear that the appointment of respondent No. 2 as General
         Secretary of Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee as quid pro quo
         for withdrawing from the electoral process amounts to gratification
        .and is, thus, corrupt practice.                                     H
    262                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1994) SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A           20. That the fact that respondent No. 2 was appointed General
            Secretary of Punjab Pradesh Congress committee by respondent
            No. 3 at the behest of respondent No. 1 (as discussed in paras 5
            and 12) in doing so for the purpose of inducing respondent No. 2
            to withdraw from the electoral contest amounts to corrupt practice
            as defined in Section 123(1) of Representation of Peoples Act and
B           so held in a number of judgments given by our own High Court
            and Apex Court and thus, respondents No. 1 and 3 have committed
            corrupt practice and as such respondent No.l's election to 104-
            Far.idkot Assembly Constituency is liable to be set aside.

c           21. That the fact that respondent No. 3 acted as agent of respon-
            dent No. 1 to appoint respondent No. 2 as General Secretary of
            Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee and getting him to withdraw
            from the electoral contest for the said election amounts to corrupt
            practice which has materially affected the outcome of the election
D           result. As respondent No. 2 is a man of great influence in this
            Constituency and would have titled the balance against respondent
            No. 1 as both belong to the same party but opposite groups. It is
            pertinent to add here that respondent No. 2 is related to late S.
            Darbara Singh and S. Jagmeet Singh Brar, who at present isleading
E           the dissident group in the Congress Party in Punjab. Hence, under
            Section 100(d)(ii) of the Representation of Peoples Act. It IS
            prayed that this election be set aside."


    In his submissions and written argument filed by the appellant, who ap-
F peared in person, it was urged that- since the returned candidate did not
    dispute that Sri Beant Singh was the President of the Pradesh Congress
    Committee with whom the returned candidate was on good terms, nor did
    he dispute that Sri Dhillon was appointed as General Secretary of the
    Congress Committee it was not necessary for the appellant to lead any
G   evidence and the allegation of corrupt practice stood proved. The High
    Court found that there was no other material from which it could be
    gathered that the two incidents, that is, the withdrawal of Sri Dhillon and
    his appointment as General Secretary, Pradesh Congress Committee were
    inter-related and Sri Bean! Singh was responsible, directly or indirectly, in
    persuading him to withdraw and as a price for that withdrawal, appointed
H   him as General Secretary.
               IQBAL SINGH v. AVTAR SINGH (SAHA!, J.]                        263

       Withdrawal of a candidate from the election and his appointment to           A
a political office during election period · may not be very proper and
conducive to the democratic growth of the election process and setting up
of healthy precedent. Yet even assuming the two facts it may utmost give
rise to a suspicion but in election law it is not suspicion but proof which
could result in setting aside of election of returned candidate. Law is well        B
settled that the proceedings in election matter are not proceedings which
are decided on assumption and suspicion, however, strong, cannot take the
place of proof. No particulars about any inducement by Sri Beant Singh,
direct or indirect, were set out. There was no mention even of date, time
and place when the inducement was allegedly offered. As observed by this
Court in Bishundeo Narain v. Seogeni Rai, AIR (1951) SC 280 at 283 para             C
25 = (1951] SCR 548 at 556 :

        "...........Now if there is one rule which is better established than any
        other, it is that in cases of fraud, undue influence & coercion, the
        parties pleading it must set forth full particulars & the case can          D
        only be decided on the particulars ·as laid. There can be no
        departure from them in evidence. General allegations are insuffi-
        cient even to amount to an averment of fraud of which any Ct.
        ought to take notice, however, strong the language in which they
        are couched may be, & the same applies to undue influence &
        coercion."                                                                  E ·

Moreover the allegation made in the election petition to the effect, (that
in order to remove respondent no.2 from the contest from 104-Faridkot
Assembly seat respondent Nos.l and 3 conspired and bargained with
respondent no. 2 by offering him to get appointed as General Secretary of F
Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee as quid pro quo for withdrawing from
the contest' was hardly sufficient, in law, establish the corrupt practice as
visualised by Section 100 unless the allegation that Sri Dhillon and Sri
Beant Singh conspired and bargained, was proved which required neces-
sary details and material to support it. Conspiracy as understood in law is G
an inference to be drawn from relevant facts. Mere allegation, therefore,
that the two conspirecl, in the absence of any details, did not, as held by
the High Court, constitute a plea of corrupt practice, which the returned
candidate could have been called upon to meet. The bargaining and quid
pro quo alleged in the petition were plea which were required to be
supported by particulars. May b~ that there may be cases where direct H
    264                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1994] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A evidence may not be available, as argued by the appellant, and an inference
    may be drawn in law but even for that inference there must be circumstan-
    ces and the circumstances must be so clinching that they must not leave
    any other possible inference except the one as claimed by the appellant.
    But mere averment was not sufficient in law and the appellant cannot
    claim, as argued by him that since this was a fact known to respondents
B   nos. 1, 2 and 3 the requirement of law was satisfied by merely averring it
    and it was the duty of the respondents to disprove the same. That is not
    the law of burden of proof and certainly not in election matters. Again it
    is not uncommon for a political party to have more than one nomination
    filed by way of abundant caution against any possibility of rejection of a
c   nomination at the scrutiny. In this case the contesting candidate and the
    one who with~rew from contest were from the same political party.

         Reliance was placed on Section 100(1) (b) of the Act which reads as
    under :

D            "S. 100 Grounds for declaring election to be void.-(1) Subject to
             the provisions of sub-section (2) if the High Court is of opinion-

             (a)

             (b) That any corrupt practice has been committed by a returned
E                candidate or his election agent or by any other person with
                 the consent of a returned candidate or his election agent."

  This clause comes in operation if the corrupt practice as defined in Section
  123 of the Act is alleged to have been committed by the returned candidate.
F The petition did not disclose that the returned candidate was in any
  manner responsible for the withdrawal of Sri Dhillon. No allegation was
  made nor any details were furnished which could even, remotely, suggest
  that the returned candidate was guilty of corrupt practice. It was urged b)'
  the appellant that since Sri Dhillon withdrew on persuasion of Sri Bean!
G Singh who was friendly with the returned candidate it should be inferred
  as a matter of law that the charged of corrupt practice was made out. The
  submission appears to be devoid of any merit as each of the allegations is
  required to be pleaded and proved. In absence of statement of fact in the
  petition which if proved may have given rise to an inference in law the High
  Court did not commit any error in recording the finding that the petition
H was lacking in material particulars. The allegations relating to Sri Beant
                  IQBALSINGH v.AVTARSINGH[SAHAl,J.].                       265

Singh could be said to be covered in the expression, 'by any other person          A
with the consent of a returned candidate' but in absence of any detail or
statement that the returned candidate had anything to do or he at any point
of time was responsible in getting the candidature of Sri Dhillon withdrawn
through the help of Sri Bean! Singh so that it may help him in being elected
the High Court .was right that the allegations in the petition of corrupt          B
practice fell short of the requirement of law.

       Nor the allegations were sufficient for the corrupt practic_e as
visualised by Section lOO(l}(d)(ii) of the Act which reads as under:

        "100. Grounds for declaring election to be void.-(i) subject to the        C
        provisions of sub-section (2) if the High Court is of opinion. -

        (a) ...........

        (b) .......... .
                                                                                   D
        (c) .......... .

        (d} that the result of the election, in so far as it concerns a returned
        candidate, has been materially affected -

        (i) .......... .
                                                                                   E

        (ii) by any corrupt practice committed in the interests of the
        returned candidate by an agent other than his election agent."

The appellant argued that the corrupt practice alleged by him was covered F
in clause (d) as it was a corrupt practice, 'committed in the interest of the
returned candidate by an agent other than his election agent'. He urged
that the 'agent' has been given a wider meaning by the courts and it would
extent even to Sri Bean! Singh who was the President. of the Pradesh
Congress Committee. Whether such a person would be covered in the G
expression 'agent' is not material as even assuming that in the larger
meaning of the word 'agent' anyone may be covered but the basic averment
in respect of corrupt practice committed, 'in the interest of the returned
candidate' being short of the details as required in law the High Court, did
not commit any error or law in rejecting the petition for lack of necessary
particulars and for being vague.                                              H
    266                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1994) SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A        Since the order of the High Court does not appear to suffer from
  any infirmity on this aspect as the finding recorded by it that the petition
  was liable to be dismissed as the allegations of corrupt practice made in
                                                                                      .
  the petition were not sufficient in law it is not necessary to decide whether
  the finding recorded by the High Court on the other aspect is well founded
B or not.
           In the result this appeal fails and is dismissed. But in the circumstan-
    ces of the case that the appellant who appeared in person and argued his
    case with precision the parties are directed to bear their own costs.
    T.NA.                                                      Appeal dismissed.