Supreme Court of India
FAIZABAD-AYODHYA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, FAIZABADversusDR. RAJESH KUMAR PANDEY & ORS.
- Citation
- 2022 INSC 614
- Decided
- 20 May 2022
- Disposal
- Appeal(s) allowed
- Bench
- M R SHAH
Holding
If no award under Section 11 of the 1894 Act was made as on the commencement of the 2013 Act because of an interim stay, the landowner is not entitled to compensation under Section 24(1) of the 2013 Act and is entitled only to compensation under the 1894 Act.
Summary
The Faizabad‑Ayodhya Development Authority acquired land under the Land Acquisition Act, 1894. Original landowners obtained interim stays that prevented the authority from issuing an award under Section 11 of the 1894 Act for certain plots. When the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 came into force, the High Court held that because no award had been made, the landowners were entitled to compensation under Section 24(1) of the 2013 Act, which provides a higher quantum. The Development Authorities appealed. The Supreme Court examined the meaning of “no award” in Section 24(1)(a), the effect of court‑ordered stays, and the principle of restitution, concluding that the Parliament did not intend to reward litigants who obtained stays. Consequently, the Court held that where an award was not made due to an interim stay, the landowners are not eligible for compensation under Section 24(1) of the 2013 Act and must be compensated only under the 1894 Act. The appeals were allowed and the High Court orders set aside.
Issues considered
- Whether landowners for whom no award under Section 11 of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 was declared as on 01‑01‑2014, owing to pendency of writ petitions and interim stays, are entitled to compensation under Section 24(1) of the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013.
- How the phrase “where no award … has been made” in Section 24(1)(a) of the 2013 Act should be interpreted in the context of court‑ordered stays.
- Whether the period of an interim stay should be excluded from the five‑year period contemplated in Section 24(2) of the 2013 Act.
- Whether the principle of restitution prevents a litigant from gaining a higher compensation under the 2013 Act after obtaining an interim stay.
Legislation cited
- General Clauses Act, 1897s. 114, s. 6
- Land Acquisition Act, 1894s. 11, s. 11A
- Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013s. 114, s. 24(1), s. 24(2), s. 69, s. 77, s. 80
Subjects
land acquisitioncompensationSection 24interim stayrestitutiondiscriminationsaving clauseaward under Section 11Right to Fair Compensation Act 2013Land Acquisition Act 1894
Judgment
190 [2022]
SUPREME COURT 3 S.C.R. 190
REPORTS [2022] 3 S.C.R.
A FAIZABAD-AYODHYA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY,
FAIZABAD
v.
DR. RAJESH KUMAR PANDEY & ORS.
B (Civil Appeal No. 2915 of 2022)
MAY 20, 2022
[M. R. SHAH AND B. V. NAGARATHNA, JJ.]
Land Acquisition – Right to Fair Compensation and
Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement
C
Act, 2013 – s.24(1) – Land Acquisition Act, 1894 – s.11 – Whether
in a case where an award u/s.11 of the Act, 1894 could not be
declared by the Authority due to the pendency of the writ petition
and/or the interim stay granted by the High Court, which was filed
by the landowners and consequently as on the date on which the
D Act, 2013 came into force, there was no award declared u/s.11 of
the Act, 1894, the original landowners shall be entitled to
compensation determined under sub-section (1) of s.24 of the Act,
2013 – Held: In a case where on the date of commencement of the
Act, 2013, no award has been declared u/s.11 of the Act, 1894, due
to the pendency of any proceedings and/or the interim stay granted
E
by the Court, such landowners shall not be entitled to the
compensation u/s.24(1) of the Act, 2013 and they shall be entitled
to the compensation only under the Act, 1894 – The landowners
cannot be permitted to take advantage of the interim order obtained
by them due to which the Authority could not declare the award u/
F s.11 of the Act, 1894 and thereafter contend that in that view of the
matter, he/they shall be paid the compensation u/s.24(1) of the Act,
2013, under which a higher compensation will be available to them
– The intention of the Parliament while enacting s.24(1) of the Act,
2013 cannot be to give benefit to a litigant, who has obtained a
stay order and because of that the award could not be declared
G
and thereafter the litigant may be awarded the compensation as per
Act, 2013 – It may even result in discrimination between the
landowners, whose lands have been acquired under the same
notification, which would never have been the intention of the
Parliament.
H
190
FAIZABAD-AYODHYA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, FAIZABAD v. 191
DR. RAJESH KUMAR PANDEY
Land Acquisition – Right to Fair Compensation and A
Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement
Act, 2013 – s.24(1) – Observations made in Indore Development
Authority case summarized – Held: The observations would be aptly
applicable while interpreting and considering s.24(1) of the Act,
2013.
B
Doctrines / Principles – Principle of Restitution – Discussed
– Held: The principle of restitution is a remedy against unjust
enrichment or unjust benefit – Restitutionary jurisdiction is inherent
in every court, to neutralise the advantage of litigation – Wrongful
gain of frivolous litigation has to be eliminated if the faith of people
in the judiciary has to be sustained – An unsuccessful litigant C
(landowner) who had the benefit of an interim order in his favour
(whilst a challenge was made to the land acquisition proceedings)
cannot encash or take advantage of the same on the enforcement
of the Act, 2013 by initially stalling the acquisition process and
later seeking a higher compensation under the provisions of Act, D
2013 – Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land
Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 –
Restitutionary jurisdiction.
Allowing the appeals, the Court
HELD : 1.1. Sub-section 1 of Section 24 of the Right to E
Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition,
Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 begins with a non-
obstante clause and it states that notwithstanding anything
contained in the Act, 2013 in any case of land acquisition
proceedings initiated under the Land Acquisition Act, 1894, - (a) F
Where no award under Section 11 of the Act, 1894 has been made,
all provisions of the Act, 2013 relating to the determination of
compensation shall apply; or (b) Where an award under Section
11 has been made, such proceedings shall continue under the
provisions of the Act, 1894 as if the said Act has not been
repealed. [Para 10.1][207-G-H; 208-A] G
1.2. The expression “where no award under Section 11 of
the said Land Acquisition Act has been made” in clause (a) of
sub-section 1 of Section 24 of the Act, 2013 has to be read
H
192 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 3 S.C.R.
A contextually and not by way of a plain reading. This is because a
land owner who has an interim order of stay of further proceedings
pursuant to the declaration made under Section 6 of the Act, 1894
issued by a Court of law and has thereby restrained the Collector/
Land Acquisition Officer from making an award cannot thereafter
by contending that as on 01.01.2014, no award has been made by
B
the acquiring authority seek benefit under the provisions of the
Act, 2013 by receiving a higher compensation. [Para 10.10]
[211-E-F]
2.1. Section 24 is in the nature of a saving clause to save all
acquisitions initiated under the provisions of Act, 1894 and at
C the same time, to grant certain reliefs under the provisions of
Act, 2013 such as lapse of acquisition under sub-section 2 of
Section 24 of the Act or clause (a) of sub-section 1 of Section 24
thereof. Therefore, while applying the said provisions to the facts
of each case, it is necessary to bear in mind the contextual
D interpretation having regard to provisions under both the Acts.
This also becomes clear on a reading of clause (b) of sub-section
1 of Section 24 which states that if an award has been made under
Section 11 of Act, 1894 as on 01.01.2014 i.e., the date of
enforcement of Act, 2013, then the proceedings shall continue
under the provisions of Act, 1894 as if the same has not been
E repealed. But if no award has been made as on 01.01.2014 then
clause (a) of sub-section 1 of Section 24 would apply.
[Para 10.11][211-F-H; 212-A]
2.2. It is, thus, necessary to dwell into the reasons as to
why no award has been made. If there is an order of restraint on
F the Collector or on the acquiring authority and as a result of which,
the Collector or the Land Acquisition Officer is not in a position
to make an award for reasons beyond his control and in
compliance of the interim order granted by a court of law at the
instance of the land owner or any other person who may have
G questioned the acquisition, the period during which the interim
order has operated has to be reckoned and if on the date of
enforcement of Act, 2013 i.e., 01.01.2014, no award has been
made owing to the operation of such an interim order granted by
a Court in favour of the land owner, then the provisions of the
2013, Act cannot straightaway be made applicable in the
H
FAIZABAD-AYODHYA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, FAIZABAD v. 193
DR. RAJESH KUMAR PANDEY
determination of the compensation. This is because, but for the A
operation of the interim order, the award could have been made
under the provisions of the Act, 1894 until 31.12.2013 and then
provisions of Act, 1894 would have applied as per clause (b) of
sub-section 1 of Section 24. But on the other hand, owing to the
operation of the interim order granted by a Court in favour of
B
land owner, the award would not have been made as on 01.01.2014
when the Act, 2013 was enforced. [Para 10.12][212-B-E]
2.3. In such a situation the acquiring authority cannot be
burdened with the determination of compensation under the
provisions of the Act, 2013. In other words, the land owner cannot,
on the one hand, assail the acquisition and seek interim orders C
restraining the authorities from proceeding further in the
acquisition, and on the other hand, contend that since no award
has been made under Section 11 of Act, 1894 on 01.01.2014, the
provisions of the Act, 2013 should be made applicable in
determining the compensation. [Para 10.13][212-E-G] D
3.1. On interpreting sub-section (2) of Section 24 of Act,
2013, the Constitution Bench of this Court in Indore Development
Authority case made certain observations. The sum and substance
of the same could be summarized as under:-
(i) The time of five years is provided to the authorities E
to take action, not to sleep over the matter;
(ii) Only in cases of lethargy or inaction and default on
the part of the authorities and for no other reason
lapse of acquisition can occur;
F
(iii) Lapse of acquisition takes place only in case of default
by the authorities acquiring the land, not caused by
any other reason or order of the court;
(iv) The additional compensation @ 12% provided under
Section 69 of the Act, 2013 has been excluded from
G
the period acquisition proceedings have been held
up on account of the interim injunction order of any
court;
H
194 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 3 S.C.R.
A (v) If it was not possible for the acquiring authorities, for
any reason not attributable to them or the
Government, to take requisite steps, the period has
to be excluded;
(vi) In case the authorities are prevented by the court’s
B order, obviously, as per the interpretation of the
provisions such period has to be excluded;
(vii) The intent of the Act, 2013 is not to benefit
landowners only. The provisions of Section 24 by itself
do not intend to confer benefits on litigating parties
C as such, while as per Section 114 of the Act, 2013 and
Section 6 of the General Clauses Act the case has to
be litigated as per the provisions of the Act, 1894.
(viii) It is not the intendment of the Act, 2013 that those
who have assailed the acquisition process should get
D benefits of higher compensation as contemplated
under Section 24;
(ix) It is not intended by the provisions that in case, the
persons, who have litigated and have obtained interim
orders from the Civil Courts by filing suits or from
E the High Court under Article 226 of the Constitution
should have the benefits of the provisions of the Act,
2013 except to the extent specifically provided under
the Act, 2013;
(x) In cases where some landowners have chosen to take
F recourse to litigation and have obtained interim orders
restraining taking of possession or orders of status
quo, as a matter of practical reality it is not possible
for the authorities or the Government to take
possession or to make payment of compensation to
the landowners. In several instances, such interim
G orders also have impeded the making of an award;
(xi) However, so far as awards are concerned, the period
provided for making of awards under the Act, 2013
(sic 1894 Act) could be excluded by virtue of
Explanation to Section 11-A, which provided that in
H computing the period of two years, the period during
FAIZABAD-AYODHYA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, FAIZABAD v. 195
DR. RAJESH KUMAR PANDEY
which any action or proceeding to be taken in A
pursuance of the declaration is stayed by an order of
a court shall be excluded;
(xii) The litigation initiated by the landowners has to be
decided on its own merits and the benefits of Section
24(2) should not be available to the litigants in a B
straightjacket manner. In case there is no interim
order, they can get the benefits they are entitled to,
not otherwise. Delays and dilatory tactics and
sometimes wholly frivolous pleas cannot result in
benefitting the landowners under sub-section (1) of
Section 24 of the Act, 2013; C
(xiii) Any type of order passed by this Court would inhibit
action on the part of the authorities to proceed further,
when a challenge to acquisition is pending;
(xiv) Interim order of stay granted in one of the matters of D
the landowners would cause a complete restraint on
the authorities to proceed further to issue declaration;
(xv) When the authorities are disabled from performing
duties due to impossibility, it would be a sufficient
excuse for them to save them from rigour of provisions E
of Section 24. A litigant may have a good or a bad
cause, be right or wrong. But he cannot be permitted
to take advantage of a situation created by him by
way of an interim order passed in his favour by the
Court at his instance. Although provision of Section
24 does not discriminate between landowners, who F
are litigants or non-litigants and treat them differently
with respect to the same acquisition, it is necessary
to view all of them from the stand point of the intention
of the Parliament. Otherwise, anomalous results may
occur and provisions may become discriminatory in G
itself;
(xvi) The law does not expect the performance of the
impossible;
(xvii) An act of the court shall prejudice no man;
H
196 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 3 S.C.R.
A (xviii)A party prevented from doing an act by certain
circumstances beyond his control can do so at the
first subsequent opportunity;
(xix) When there is a disability to perform a part of the law,
such a charge has to be excused. When performance
B of the formalities prescribed by a statute is rendered
impossible by circumstances over which the persons
concerned have no control, it has to be taken as a
valid excuse;
(xx) The Court under its inherent jurisdiction ex debito
C justitiae has a duty to mitigate the damage suffered
by the defendants by the act of the Court;
(xxi) No person can suffer from the act of Court and an
unfair advantage of the interim order must be
neutralised;
D (xxii) No party can be permitted to take shelter under the
cover of Court’s order to put the other party in a
disadvantageous position;
(xxiii) If one has enjoyed under the Court’s cover, that
period cannot be included towards inaction of the
E authorities to take requisite steps under Section 24
as the State authorities would have acted and passed
an award determining compensation but for the
Court’s order. [Paras 11, 12][212-G; 243-D-H;
244-A-H; 245-A-H; 346-A-C]
F 3.2. Repelling the submission that there is no express
provision in Section 24, that excludes the period during which
any interim order was operative, preventing the State from making
an award, it was observed and held that preventing the State from
taking the possession of acquired land or from giving effect to
the award, in a particular case or cases, cannot result in the
G
inclusion of such period or periods for the purpose of reckoning
the period of five years. [Para 13][246-C-D]
3.3. The aforesaid observations would be aptly applicable
while interpreting and considering Section 24(1) of the Act, 2013.
H
FAIZABAD-AYODHYA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, FAIZABAD v. 197
DR. RAJESH KUMAR PANDEY
The intention of the Parliament while enacting Section 24(1) of A
the Act, 2013 cannot be to give benefit to a litigant, who has
obtained a stay order and because of that the award could not be
declared and thereafter the litigant may be awarded the
compensation as per Act, 2013. It may even result in
discrimination between the landowners, whose lands have been
B
acquired under the same notification, which would never have
been the intention of the Parliament. [Para 14][246-E; 246-G-H;
247-C-D]
4.1. In the case of Indore Development Authority, this Court
applied the principle of restitution. It was observed that the
principle of restitution is founded on the ideal of doing complete C
justice at the end of litigation, and parties have to be placed in
the same position but for the litigation and interim order, if any,
passed in the matter. Applying the principle of restitution, it was
further observed that no party could take advantage of a litigation.
It was further observed and held that the principle of restitution D
is a statutory recognition of the rule of justice, equity and fair
play. The court has inherent jurisdiction to order restitution so
as to do complete justice. This is also on the principle that an
unsuccessful litigant who had the benefit of an interim order in
his favour cannot encash or take advantage of the same on the
enforcement of the Act, 2013 by initially stalling the acquisition E
process and later seeking a higher compensation under the
provisions of Act, 2013. This is for the reason that if at the instance
of a landowner, who has challenged the acquisition, an interim
order has been passed by a Court is successful then the
proceeding of acquisition or the acquisition notification would be F
quashed. Then there would be no occasion to determine any
compensation. But on the other hand, if a landowner, who has the
benefit of an interim order in his favour whilst a challenge is made
to the acquisition, is unsuccessful, he cannot then contend that
he must be paid compensation under the provision of the Act,
2013 on its enforcement, whereas a landowner, who did not have G
the benefit of any interim order is paid compensation determined
under the provisions of the Act, 1894, which is lesser than what
would be computed under the Act, 2013. [Para 15][247-D-H;
248-A]
H
198 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 3 S.C.R.
A 4.2. The principle of restitution is a remedy against unjust
enrichment or unjust benefit. The restitutionary jurisdiction is
inherent in every court, to neutralise the advantage of litigation.
A person on the right side of the law should not be deprived, on
account of the effects of litigation; the wrongful gain of frivolous
litigation has to be eliminated if the faith of people in the judiciary
B
has to be sustained. [Para 15.1][248-B-C]
4.3. Therefore, even applying the principle of restitution,
as applied by this Court in the case of Indore Development
Authority, the landowners cannot be permitted to take advantage
of the interim order obtained by them due to which the Authority
C could not declare the award under Section 11 of the Act, 1894
and thereafter contend that in that view of the matter, he/they
shall be paid the compensation under Section 24(1) of the Act,
2013, under which a higher compensation will be available to them
on determination of the compensation under the Act, 2013.
D [Para 16][248-D-E]
Conclusion
5.1. In a case where on the date of commencement of Right
to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition,
Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013, no award has been
E declared under Section 11 of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894, due
to the pendency of any proceedings and/or the interim stay granted
by the Court, such landowners shall not be entitled to the
compensation under Section 24(1) of the Act, 2013 and they shall
be entitled to the compensation only under the Act, 1894.
F [Para 17][248-F-H]
5.2. The concerned appropriate Authority(s) to declare the
award under Section 11 of the Act, 1894 with respect to the lands
in question and determine the compensation under the provisions
of the Act, 1894 by taking into consideration Section 114 of the
G Act, 2013 read with Section 6 of the General Clauses Act, 1897,
wherever applicable and the original landowners shall be paid
the compensation accordingly, under the provisions of the Act,
1894. [Para 18][249-A-B]
Indore Development Authority v. Manoharlal and Ors.,
(2020) 8 SCC 129 : [2020] 3 SCR 1; State of
H
FAIZABAD-AYODHYA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, FAIZABAD v. 199
DR. RAJESH KUMAR PANDEY
Gujarat v. Essar Oil Ltd., (2012) 3 SCC 522 : [2012] A
2 SCR 1127 and A. Shanmugam v. Ariya Kshatriya
Rajakula Vamsathu Madalaya Nandhavana
Paripalanai Sangam, (2012) 6 SCC 430 : [2012]
4 SCR 74 – followed.
Case Law Reference B
[2020] 3 SCR 1 followed Para 7.5
[2012] 2 SCR 1127 followed Para 15.1
[2012] 4 SCR 74 referred Para 15.1
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No.2915 C
of 2022.
From the Judgment and Order dated 24.04.2017 of the High Court
of Judicature at Allahabad, Lucknow Bench, Lucknow in Land Acquisition
No.41 of 2012.
D
With
Civil Appeal Nos.2917, 2918 And 2919 of 2022.
V. K. Shukla, Sr. Adv., R. K. Singh, M. M. Pandey, Mrs. Neeraj
Singh, Kumar Gaurav, Praveen Pathak, Ajay Chaudhary, Ms. Ritu
Reniwal, Sajith P., Sudhir Kulshreshtha, Sameer Kulshreshtha, Rakesh E
Uttamchandra Upadhyay, Ms. Aarti U. Mishra, Rishabh Kumar Pandey,
Mridul Singh, Advs. for the Appellant.
S. R. Singh, Rana Mukherjee, Sr. Advs., Yash Pal Dhingra, Prateek
Yadav, Ms. Sunita Pandit, K. K. Yadav, Prithvi Yadav, Gaurav Lomes,
Mohd. Muztaba, Ankur Yadav, Ms. Manju Jetley, Rudreshwar Singh, F
Kaushik Poddar, Ms. Isha Singh, Nishit Agrawal, Harsh Mishra, Kumar
Deepraj, Vikas Tiwari, Dharmendra Kumar Sinha, Bhakti Vardhan Singh,
Rajeev Kumar Dubey, Ashiwan Mishra, Kamlendra Mishra,
Pukhrambam Ramesh Kumar, Karun Sharma, Ms. Anupama Ngangom,
Mohan Dadwal, Advs. for the Respondents.
G
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
M. R. SHAH, J.
1. As common questions of law and facts arise in this group of
appeals, they have been heard together and are being disposed of by this
common judgment and order. H
200 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 3 S.C.R.
A 2. Feeling aggrieved and dissatisfied with the respective judgments
and orders/order(s) passed by the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad
passed in respective writ petitions preferred by the private respondents
herein – original landowners by which the High Court has disposed of
the said writ petitions by directing the respective appellant(s) –
Development Authorities to pay the compensation to the original
B
landowners as per “The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency
in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013
(hereinafter referred to as the “Act, 2013)” on the ground that on the
date on which the Act, 2013 came into force, no award under Section 11
of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (hereinafter referred to as the “Act,
C 1894”) was declared with respect to the lands acquired, the respective
Development Authorities have preferred the present appeals.
Civil Appeal No. 2915 of 2022
3. Land totally measuring 17.172 hectares in village Ranopali,
District Faizabad was requisitioned by the Faizabad Development
D Authority (hereinafter referred to as the “Authority”) for the purpose of
residential project. The land therein included land admeasuring 03.13
hectares in Plot Nos. 407, 413 and 415 belonging to respondent Nos. 1
to 4 herein (hereinafter referred to as the “original landowners”).
3.1 Notification under Section 4 and Section 6 read with Section
E 17 was issued. The original landowners preferred Writ Petition No. 3810
of 2005 before the High Court challenging the acquisition with respect
to the aforesaid three plots. The High Court granted interim stay
restraining the Authority from taking over the possession of the aforesaid
three plots. Except the aforesaid three plot, the possession of the entire
F land was taken over by the Authority. Even the Award under Section 11
of Act, 1894 was also declared except in respect of the aforesaid three
plots in question, due to the pendency of the writ petition before the High
Court and due to the interim order passed by the High Court. It is this
significant fact, which has led us to consider this case in light of the real
intention of the Parliament under Section 24(1)(a) of the Act, 2013. Thus,
G excluding the land involved in the aforesaid writ petition, i.e., the aforesaid
three plots, possession of the remaining property was taken over on
07.09.2005 and Award therein was published on 10.04.2007. A total sum
of Rs. 5,11,60,606.00 was made available on different dates with respect
to the compensation to be paid.
H
FAIZABAD-AYODHYA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, FAIZABAD v. 201
DR. RAJESH KUMAR PANDEY [M. R. SHAH, J.]
3.2 Vide order dated 27.09.2010, the High Court has disposed of A
the said Writ Petition No. 3810 of 2005 preferred by the respondents
herein by directing the State Government to consider the application/
representation submitted by the original landowners under Section 48(1)
of the Act, 1894. That the Appropriate Authority rejected the
representation/application of the original landowners under Section 48
B
of the Act, 1894 vide order dated 13.03.2012. The respondents herein –
original landowners again preferred the present Writ Petition No. 41 of
2012 before the High Court.
3.3 During the pendency of the aforesaid writ petition, Act, 2013
came into force. At the time of hearing of the present writ petition before
the High Court, it was submitted on behalf of the original landowners – C
original writ petitioners that as no award has been made under Section
11 of the Act, 1894, therefore, the provisions of Section 24(1) of the Act,
2013 would be attracted and the original landowners shall be entitled to
the compensation determined under the provisions of Act, 2013.
3.4 By the impugned judgment and order, the High Court has D
allowed the said writ petition and has observed and held that the
respondents herein – original writ petitioners – original landowners would
be entitled to compensation in terms of provisions of Section 24(1) of the
Act, 2013. Therefore, as pursuant to the impugned judgment and order
passed by the High court, now the original landowners / original writ E
petitioners will have to be paid compensation as determined under the
Act, 2013, the Faizabad-Ayodhya Development Authority, Faizabad has
preferred the present appeal.
Civil Appeal No. 2917 of 2022
4. By the impugned judgment and order dated 20.07.2017, the F
High Court has directed the appellant – Moradabad Development
Authority to declare the award and determine the compensation under
Section 24(1) of the Act, 2013 and consequently, the respondents herein
– original landowners shall be entitled to compensation determined under
the Act, 2013. Hence, the Moradabad Development Authority has G
preferred the present appeal.
4.1 Before the High Court, in the writ petition, the original writ
petitioners challenged the acquisition proceedings mainly on the ground
that the award was not made within two years of the publication of the
H
202 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 3 S.C.R.
A declaration under Section 6 of the Act, 1894 and therefore, in view of
the provisions of Section 11A of the Act, 1894, the acquisition has lapsed.
4.2 However, during the course of hearing of the writ petition and
without any specific prayer sought to determine and pay the
compensation under the Act, 2013, learned counsel appearing on behalf
B of the original writ petitioners placed reliance upon the provisions of
Section 24(1) of the Act, 2013 and relied upon paragraph 20 of the counter
affidavit in which it was stated that the award has not been made under
Section 11 of the Act, 1894 and therefore, the award will now be made
under Section 24(1) of the Act, 2013.
C 4.3 It was the case on behalf of the appellant that as such the
award under Section 11 of the Act, 1894 could not be declared in view
of the pendency of the writ petition and the interim stay order granted by
the High Court. By the impugned judgment and order, the High Court
has directed the appellant – Moradabad Development Authority to declare
the award under Section 24(1) of the Act, 2013.
D
4.4 Feeling aggrieved and dissatisfied with the impugned order
passed by the High Court directing the appellant to declare the award
under Section 24(1) of the Act, 2013, Moradabad Development Authority
has preferred the present appeal.
E Civil Appeal No. 2918 of 2022 and Civil Appeal No. 2919 of
2022
5. Civil Appeal No. 2918 of 2022 is arising out of the impugned
judgment and order passed by the High Court dated 20.07.2017 passed
in Writ Petition No. 31806 of 2013 and Civil Appeal No. 2919 of 2022 is
F arising out of the impugned judgment and order passed by the High
Court dated 20.07.2017 passed in Writ Petition No. 29247 of 2011 by
which similar orders have been passed by the High Court directing the
Moradabad Development Authority to declare the award under Section
24(1) of the Act, 2013 and thereby the original landowners shall be entitled
to the compensation determined under the Act, 2013, the Moradabad
G Development Authority has preferred the present appeal.
6. Shri V.K. Shukla, learned Senior Advocate has appeared on
behalf of the respective Development Authority(s) and Shri S.R. Singh,
learned Senior Advocate has appeared on behalf of the respective original
landowners – original writ petitioners.
H
FAIZABAD-AYODHYA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, FAIZABAD v. 203
DR. RAJESH KUMAR PANDEY [M. R. SHAH, J.]
7. Shri Shukla, learned Senior Advocate appearing on behalf of A
the respective Development Authority(s) has vehemently submitted that
in the facts and circumstances of the case, the High Court has committed
a grave error in directing the Development Authority(s) to declare the
award under Section 24(1) of the Act, 2013 and thereby now the original
landowners shall be entitled to the compensation determined under the
B
Act, 2013.
7.1 It is submitted that the High Court has not properly appreciated
the fact that as such the Special Land Acquisition Officer could not
declare the award due to the pendency of the writ petitions before the
High Court and/or the interim stay granted by the High Court either
restraining the Authority from taking over the possession and/or directing C
to maintain the status quo.
7.2 It is submitted that in fact in Civil Appeal No. 2915 of 2022, in
view of the fact that the urgency clause was applied, even 80% of the
compensation was deposited, however, the award under Section 11 of
the Act, 1894 could not be declared because of the pendency of the writ D
petition before the High Court. It is submitted that in the said case, such
a large area of the land was acquired including Plot Nos. 407, 413 and
415 belonging to the respondents herein. It is submitted that the award
excluding the aforesaid three plots was in fact declared under Section
11 of the Act and it was also stated therein that the award with respect E
to the aforesaid three plots in question could not be declared in view of
the stay order granted by the High Court. It is contended that the award
with respect to the plots in question could not be declared under Section
11 of the Act, 1894 in view of the pendency of the writ petition before
the High court and the interim stay granted by the High Court.
F
7.3 Learned counsel appearing on behalf of the Moradabad
Development Authority in Civil Appeal Nos. 2917, 2918 and 2919 of
2022 has submitted that as such in view of the urgency clause applied,
even 80% of the compensation was already deposited, however, the
award under Section 11 of the Act, 1894 could not be declared because
of the pendency of the writ petition before the High Court. G
7.4 It is submitted that in fact the impugned order has been passed
by the High Court on oral submissions that the award has not been
declared and therefore they are entitled to the relief under Section 24(1)
of the Act, 2013. That as such, neither were the writ petitions amended
H
204 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 3 S.C.R.
A nor specific reliefs were prayed, directing the Authority(s) to declare
the award under Section 24(1) of the Act, 2013. It is contended that in
any case, once the award could not be declared because of the pendency
of the writ petition and/or the interim stay granted by the High Court,
landowners cannot be permitted to take the benefit of compensation
under the Act, 2013. It is urged that there was no inaction on the part of
B
the Land Acquisition Officer and/or Authority in not declaring the award
under Section 11 of the Act, 1894.
7.5 Learned counsel appearing on behalf of the respective
Development Authority(s) have heavily relied upon the decision of the
Constitution Bench of this Court in the case of Indore Development
C Authority Vs. Manoharlal and Ors., (2020) 8 SCC 129, more
particularly, paragraph 366.8. It is submitted that after detailed discussion
and after taking into consideration various decisions of this Court on the
effect of the stay granted by the Court and on the principle of restitution,
it is specifically observed and held by this Court that (i) the act of the
D Court shall prejudice no one; (ii) no one is bound to do an impossibility;
(iii) law does not compel a man to do that which he cannot possibly
perform; (iv) where law creates a duty or charge and the party is disabled
to perform it, without any default and has no remedy over, there the law
will in general excuse him; (v) it is not the intendment of the Act, 2013
that those who have litigated should get benefits of higher compensation
E as contemplated under Section 24 of the Act, 2013.
7.6 Learned counsel appearing on behalf of the respective
Development Authorities has heavily relied upon paragraph 366.8 of the
decision in the case of Indore Development Authority (supra) and
submitted that while interpreting Section 24(2) of the Act, 2013, this
F Court has specifically observed and held that the period of subsistence
of interim orders passed by the Court has to be excluded. It is submitted
that the same analogy shall be applicable in a case where the Authority
could not declare the award under Section 11 of the Act, 1894 due to
subsistence of the interim order passed by the Court.
G 7.7 Making the above submissions and relying upon the
observations made by this Court in the case of Indore Development
Authority (supra) in paragraphs 284, 285, 287, 289, 293, 297, 299, 300,
301, 302, 306, 308, 309, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 323, 324,
325, 326, 329, 334 and 335, it is prayed to allow the present appeals.
H
FAIZABAD-AYODHYA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, FAIZABAD v. 205
DR. RAJESH KUMAR PANDEY [M. R. SHAH, J.]
8. Learned counsel appearing on behalf of the original landowners A
have also relied upon the decision of this Court in the case of Indore
Development Authority (supra). It is submitted that as observed and
held by this Court in the said decision, the moment it is found that no
award has been declared under Section 11 of the Act, 1894 at the time
of commencement of Act, 2013, the landowner shall be straightaway
entitled to the compensation under Section 24(1) of the Act, 2013. B
8.1 It is further submitted by learned counsel appearing on behalf
of the original landowners – original writ petitioners that as such there is
no specific provision made in Section 24(1) of the Act, 2013 to the effect
that the period of interim stay and/or pendency of the writ petition shall
be excluded. Hence, as per the settled proposition of law, a statute has C
to be read as it is.
8.2 It is contended that the legislature’s intention is that once the
award is not declared under Section 11 of the Act, 1894, at the time of
commencement of the Act, 2013, to save lapsing of the acquisition, under
sub-section (1) of Section 24 of the Act, 2013, the original landowners D
shall have to be compensated by payment of compensation determined
under the Act, 2013. Therefore, as such, the High Court has not committed
any error in directing the Development Authorities to declare the award
under Section 24(1) of the Act, 2013 and consequently to determine the
compensation under the provisions of the Act, 2013.
E
8.3 It is further submitted by the learned counsel appearing on
behalf of the respondents – original writ petitioners in Civil Appeal Nos.
2917, 2918 and 2919 of 2022 that as such in the counter affidavit, it was
submitted that as the award has not been declared, the award shall be
declared under Section 24(1) of the Act, 2013. It is pointed out that
considering the aforesaid stand/submission made in the counter filed on F
behalf of the Authority, the High Court has directed to declare the award
and pay the compensation under Section 24(1) of the Act, 2013, which
direction may not be interfered by this Court.
8.4 Making the above submissions, it is prayed to dismiss the
present appeals and direct the appropriate Authorities to declare the G
award under Section 24(1) of the Act, 2013 and to pay the compensation
to the respective landowners under the provisions of the Act, 2013.
9. Having heard the learned counsel appearing on behalf of the
respective parties, the question which is posed for the consideration of
this Court is:- H
206 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 3 S.C.R.
A Whether in a case where an award under Section 11 of the Land
Acquisition Act, 1894 could not be declared by the Authority due to the
pendency of the writ petition and/or the interim stay granted by the High
Court, which was filed by the landowners and consequently as on the
date on which the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land
Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 (Act, 2013) came
B
into force, there was no award declared under Section 11 of the Act,
1894, the original landowners shall be entitled to compensation determined
under sub-section (1) of Section 24 of the Act, 2013?
10. At this stage, it is necessary to consider the relevant provisions
of the Act, 1894 and Section 24 of Act, 2013 dealing with lapse of
C acquisition in the context of the question raised in this case arising under
Section 24(1)(a) of Act, 2013 especially in the context of stay orders
granted by a court of law and as a result award not being made as on
01.01.2014 i.e., the date when Act, 2013 was enforced. Sections 11 and
11A of the Act, 1894 are extracted as under:
D “11. Enquiry and award by Collector. - (1) On the day
so fixed, or on any other day to which the enquiry has been
adjourned, the Collector shall proceed to enquire into the objection
(if any) which any person interested has stated pursuant to a notice
given under Section 9 to the measurements made under section 8,
E and into the value of the land at the date of the publication of the
notification under section 4, sub-section (1), and into the respective
interests of the persons claiming the compensation and shall make
an award under his hand of-
(i) the true area of the land;
F (ii) the compensation which in his opinion should be allowed
for the land; and
(iii) the apportionment of the said compensation among all the
persons known or believed to be interested in the land, or whom,
or of whose claims, he has information, whether or not they
G have respectively appeared before him:
Provided that no award shall be made by the Collector under
this sub-section without the previous approval of the appropriate
Government or of such officer as the appropriate Government
may authorize in this behalf:
H
FAIZABAD-AYODHYA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, FAIZABAD v. 207
DR. RAJESH KUMAR PANDEY [M. R. SHAH, J.]
Provided further that it shall be competent for the appropriate A
Government to direct that the Collector may make such award
without such approval in such class of cases as the appropriate
Government may specify in this behalf.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), if at
any stage of the proceedings, the Collector is satisfied that all the B
persons interested in the land who appeared before him have
agreed in writing on the matters to be included in the award of the
Collector in the form prescribed by rules made by the appropriate
Government, he may, without making further enquiry, make an
award according to the terms of such agreement.
C
(3) The determination of compensation for any land under sub-
section (2) shall not in any way affect the determination of
compensation in respect of other lands in the same locality or
elsewhere in accordance with the other provisions of this Act.
(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Registration Act, D
1908 (16 of 1908), no agreement made under sub-section (2) shall
be liable to registration under that Act.
11A. Period within which an award shall be made. – (1) The
Collector shall make an award under section 11 within a period of
two years from the date of the publication of the declaration and E
if no award is made within that period, the entire proceeding for
the acquisition of the land shall lapse:
Provided that in a case where the said declaration has been
published before the commencement of the Land Acquisition
(Amendment) Act, 1984 (68 of 1984), the award shall be made F
within a period of two years from such commencement.
10.1 Section 24 of the Act, 2013 is extracted as under:
24. Land acquisition process under Act No. 1 of 1894 shall be
deemed to have lapsed in certain cases.–(1) Notwithstanding
anything contained in this Act, in any case of land acquisition G
proceedings initiated under the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (1 of
1894),—
(a) where no award under section 11 of the said Land
Acquisition Act has been made, then, all provisions of this Act
relating to the determination of compensation shall apply; or H
208 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 3 S.C.R.
A (b) where an award under said section 11 has been made, then
such proceedings shall continue under the provisions of the
said Land Acquisition Act, as if the said Act has not been
repealed.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), in case
B of land acquisition proceedings initiated under the Land Acquisition
Act, 1894 (1 of 1894), where an award under the said section 11
has been made five years or more prior to the commencement of
this Act but the physical possession of the land has not been taken
or the compensation has not been paid the said proceedings shall
be deemed to have lapsed and the appropriate Government, if it
C so chooses, shall initiate the proceedings of such land acquisition
afresh in accordance with the provisions of this Act:
Provided that where an award has been made and compensation
in respect of a majority of land holdings has not been deposited in
the account of the beneficiaries, then, all beneficiaries specified
D in the notification for acquisition under section 4 of the said Land
Acquisition Act, shall be entitled to compensation in accordance
with the provisions of this Act.”
10.2 Section 11 of the Act, 1894 deals with the enquiry to be held
prior to making of the award by the Collector/Deputy Commissioner/
E District Magistrate, as the case may be, who may be designated as the
land acquisition officer. However, Section 11A of the said Act mandates
that the Collector shall make an award under Section 11 within a period
of two years from the date of the publication of the declaration (under
Section 6 of the said Act) and if no award is made within that period, the
F entire proceedings for the acquisition of the land shall lapse. The proviso,
thereto, is not relevant for the purpose of this case. However, the
Explanation is of significance. It stated that in computing the period of
two years referred to in sub-section 1 of Section 11A, wherein it is
provided that the period during which any action or proceeding to be
taken in pursuance of the said declaration is stayed by an order of a
G court is excluded. Therefore, the implication is that if there is inaction on
the part of the Collector in passing the award for a period of two years
from the date of publication of the declaration, then the acquisition would
lapse. The object of providing and prescribing a two-year period was in
order to ensure that the land loser was assured of the compensation to
H be paid in pursuance of the acquisition of his land within a reasonable
FAIZABAD-AYODHYA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, FAIZABAD v. 209
DR. RAJESH KUMAR PANDEY [M. R. SHAH, J.]
period which is stated to be two years under Section 11A of the Act, A
1894. However, while calculating the said period of two years, the period
during which no award could be passed owing to an order of stay in that
regard passed by a court had to be excluded.
10.3 The concept of lapse is also provided under sub-section (2)
of Section 24 of the Act, 2013. However, for the purpose of this case, it B
is not necessary to dwell into the said aspect except by stating that
where an award under Section 11 of Act, 1894 has been made five
years or more prior to the commencement of the Act, 2013 (which was
enforced with effect from 01.01.2014) but the physical possession of
the land has not been taken or the compensation has not been paid, then
the said proceedings of acquisition shall be deemed to have lapsed. An C
interpretation of sub-section 2 of Section 24 of the Act has been made
by this Court in Indore Development Authority (supra). It has been
clearly held in para that while calculating the period of five years the
period during which an interim order was under operation has to be
excluded. D
10.4 As far as this case is concerned, clause (a) of sub-section 1
of Section 24 of the Act, 2013 has to be interpreted in the aforesaid
backdrop. The said sub-section begins with a non-obstante clause and it
states that notwithstanding anything contained in the Act, 2013 in any
case of land acquisition proceedings initiated under the Land Acquisition E
Act, 1894, -
a) Where no award under Section 11 of the Act, 1894 has been
made, all provisions of the Act, 2013 relating to the determination
of compensation shall apply; or
b) Where an award under Section 11 has been made, such F
proceedings shall continue under the provisions of the Act, 1894
as if the said Act has not been repealed.
10.5 The object and purpose of providing sub-section (1) of Section
24 of Act, 2013 is to save acquisitions which had been initiated under
Act, 1894, where no award had been made or where an award had G
been made under Section 11 of Act, 1894. The respective consequences
for both the aforesaid situations are indicated in the respective clauses
(a) and (b) of sub-section 1 of Section 24 of the Act, 2013.
10.6 What is of significance for the purpose of this case is clause
(a) of sub-section 1 of Section 24 of the Act. To reiterate the same, H
210 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 3 S.C.R.
A when no award under Section 11 of the Act, 1894 has been made, all
provisions of Act, 2013 relating to determination of compensation shall
apply. This means that when the acquisition proceeding under Act, 1894
has been initiated but the award has not been made as on the date of the
enforcement of Act, 2013 i.e., 01.01.2014, in such an event, the provisions
of Act, 2013 would apply with regard to determination of compensation.
B
It is necessary to understand the implication of the words “where no
award under Section 11 of Act, 1894 has been made.” This means that
although acquisition proceedings had been initiated, for reasons best
known to the acquiring authority, the Collector or the Deputy
Commissioner or District Magistrate or the Special Land Acquisition
C Officer, as the case may be, had not passed an award as on the date of
enforcement of Act, 2013 i.e., on 01.01.2014. This could be on account
of sheer inaction on the part of the Collector or Land Acquisition Officer
in not passing an award and the Act, 2013 being enforced. In such a
case, the provisions of the Act, 2013 would straightaway apply vis-à-vis
determination of compensation. This is because Act, 2013 is a more
D
beneficial legislation as compared to Act, 1894. The compensation
payable under the Act, 2013 is higher than under the repealed Act being
Act i.e., 1894. Thus, there would be a continuity in the acquisition
proceedings under the Act, 2013.
10.7 However, it is necessary to delve deeper into the provision to
E assimilate the reasons as to why no award would have been made on
the date of enforcement of the Act, 2013 in a given case when the
acquisition had commenced under the Act, 1894 which is the repealed
Act. One of the reasons would be that the acquisition proceedings are
assailed either before the High Court under Article 226 of the Constitution
F of India or by filing a civil suit before the Civil Court seeking certain
reliefs, in which there would be interim orders including but not limited to
“stay of further proceedings”, “stay of dispossession” or “status quo to
be maintained by both the land owner as well as the acquiring authority”.
In such a case, where an interim order would have been operating against
the acquiring authority, the said authority would be restrained from
G proceeding further in the acquisition proceedings vis-à-vis making of an
award under Section 11 of the Act, 1894.
10.8 As already noted, if an award is not made within a period of
two years from the date of the publication of the declaration, then under
Section 11A of Act, 1894, the acquisition of the land would lapse. But in
H
FAIZABAD-AYODHYA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, FAIZABAD v. 211
DR. RAJESH KUMAR PANDEY [M. R. SHAH, J.]
computing the said period of two years, the period during which a A
declaration under Section 6 of the Act, 1894 is stayed and during which
period the no action or further proceeding could have been taken pursuant
thereto by an order of court, is excluded. But, under clause (a) of sub-
section 1 of Section 24 of Act, 2013, if no award has been made on the
enforcement of the said Act i.e., on 01.01.2014 then the provisions of
B
Act, 2013 would apply relating to the determination of compensation.
10.9 When these two Sections though in the repealed Act and the
new Act i.e., Act, 2013 are read together in an analogous way, the
question that emerges is, if, by reason of an interim order of a Court
granted in favour of a land owner, no award under Section 11 of the Act,
1894 has been made on the date of enforcement of Act, 2013 i.e., C
01.01.2014, would it imply that the award has not been made owing to
inaction on the part of Collector/Land Acquisition Officer. Thus,
straightaway whether the benefit under Act, 2013 must be made applicable
to such a land owner who has also the benefit of an interim order granted
by a court in his favour on the date of enforcement of Act, 2013 i.e., on D
01.01.2014.
10.10 We find that the expression “where no award under Section
11 of the said Land Acquisition Act has been made” has to be read
contextually and not by way of a plain reading. This is because a land
owner who has an interim order of stay of further proceedings pursuant E
to the declaration made under Section 6 of the Act, 1894 issued by a
Court of law and has thereby restrained the Collector/Land Acquisition
Officer from making an award cannot thereafter by contending that as
on 01.01.2014, no award has been made by the acquiring authority seek
benefit under the provisions of the Act, 2013 by receiving a higher
compensation. F
10.11 As already noted, Section 24 is in the nature of a saving
clause to save all acquisitions initiated under the provisions of Act, 1894
and at the same time, to grant certain reliefs under the provisions of Act,
2013 such as lapse of acquisition under sub-section 2 of Section 24 of
the Act or clause (a) of sub-section 1 of Section 24 thereof. Therefore, G
while applying the said provisions to the facts of each case, it is necessary
to bear in mind the contextual interpretation having regard to provisions
under both the Acts. This also becomes clear on a reading of clause (b)
of sub-section 1 of Section 24 which states that if an award has been
made under Section 11 of Act, 1894 as on 01.01.2014 i.e., the date of H
212 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 3 S.C.R.
A enforcement of Act, 2013, then the proceedings shall continue under the
provisions of Act, 1894 as if the same has not been repealed. But if no
award has been made as on 01.01.2014 then clause (a) of sub-section 1
of Section 24 would apply.
10.12 Thus, it is necessary to dwell into the reasons as to why no
B award has been made. As discussed aforesaid, if there is an order of
restraint on the Collector or on the acquiring authority and as a result of
which, the Collector or the Land Acquisition Officer is not in a position
to make an award for reasons beyond his control and in compliance of
the interim order granted by a court of law at the instance of the land
owner or any other person who may have questioned the acquisition, the
C period during which the interim order has operated has to be reckoned
and if on the date of enforcement of Act, 2013 i.e., 01.01.2014, no award
has been made owing to the operation of such an interim order granted
by a Court in favour of the land owner, then the provisions of the 2013,
Act cannot straightaway be made applicable in the determination of the
D compensation. This is because, but for the operation of the interim order,
the award could have been made under the provisions of the Act, 1894
until 31.12.2013 and then provisions of Act, 1894 would have applied as
per clause (b) of sub-section 1 of Section 24. But on the other hand,
owing to the operation of the interim order granted by a Court in favour
of land owner, the award would not have been made as on 01.01.2014
E when the Act, 2013 was enforced.
10.13 In our view in such a situation the acquiring authority cannot
be burdened with the determination of compensation under the provisions
of the Act, 2013. In other words, the land owner cannot, on the one
hand, assail the acquisition and seek interim orders restraining the
F authorities from proceeding further in the acquisition, and on the other
hand, contend that since no award has been made under Section 11 of
Act, 1894 on 01.01.2014, the provisions of the Act, 2013 should be made
applicable in determining the compensation.
11. On interpreting sub-section (2) of Section 24 of Act, 2013, the
G Constitution Bench of this Court in Indore Development Authority
(supra) has ultimately concluded in paragraph 366.8 as under:-
“366.8. The provisions of Section 24(2) providing for a
deemed lapse of proceedings are applicable in case authorities
have failed due to their inaction to take possession and pay
H
FAIZABAD-AYODHYA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, FAIZABAD v. 213
DR. RAJESH KUMAR PANDEY [M. R. SHAH, J.]
compensation for five years or more before the 2013 Act came A
into force, in a proceeding for land acquisition pending with the
authority concerned as on 1-1-2014. The period of subsistence of
interim orders passed by court has to be excluded in the
computation of five years.”
11.1 While holding so and dealing with somewhat similar B
submissions, this Court has observed and held in paragraphs 284, 285,
287, 289, 293, 297, 299, 300, 301, 302, 306, 308, 309, 314, 315, 316, 317,
318, 319, 321, 323, 324, 325, 326, 329, 334 as under:-
“284. Before we go to various rival submissions, the pivotal
question for consideration is the interpretation of Section 24 and C
aims and objectives of the 2013 Act. Section 24 contemplates
that in case the proceedings initiated under the 1894 Act, are
pending as on the date on which the 2013 Act has been enacted
and if no award has been passed in the proceedings, then there is
no lapse and only determination of compensation has to be made
under the 2013 Act. Where an award has been passed, it is provided D
under Section 24(1)(b), the pending proceedings shall continue
under the provisions of the 1894 Act as if the old Act has not been
repealed. The provisions totally exclude the applicability of any
provision of the 2013 Act. There are two requirements under
Section 24(2), which are to be met by the authorities, where award E
has been made 5 years or more prior to the commencement of
the 2013 Act, if the physical possession of the land has not been
taken nor compensation has been paid. If possession has been
taken, compensation has to be paid by the acquiring authorities.
The time of five years is provided for authorities to take action,
not to sleep over the matter. In case of lethargy or machinery and F
default on the part of the authorities and for no other reason the
lapse is provided. Lapse is provided only in case of default by the
authorities acquiring the land, not caused by any other reason or
order of the court. When the interpretation of the provision is
clear, there was no necessity for Parliament to make such a G
provision under Section 24(2) for exclusion of the period of the
interim order. Though it has excluded the period of interim order
for making declaration under the proviso to Section 19(7) and
exclusion has also been made for computation of the period under
Section 69 of the 2013 Act. It is due to the necessity to provide so
H
214 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 3 S.C.R.
A in view of the language of the provision. Under Section 69 of the
2013 Act, additional compensation @ 12% has to be given on
market value for the period commencing from the date of the
publication of the preliminary notification under Section 11. The
additional compensation @ 12% has been excluded for the period
acquisition proceedings have been held up on account of the interim
B
injunction order of any court. The provisions of Section 24 cast an
obligation upon the authorities to take steps meaning thereby that
it is open to them to take such steps, and inaction or lethargy on
their part has not been countenanced by Parliament. Resultantly,
lapse of proceedings takes place. It is by the very nature of the
C provisions if it was not possible for authorities for any reason not
attributable to them or the Government to take requisite steps, the
period has to be excluded. The Minister concerned Shri Jairam
Ramesh in answer to the debate quoted above has made it clear
that time-limit of five years has been fixed for the authorities to
take action. If we do not exclude the period of interim order, the
D
very spirit of the provision will be violated.
285. With respect to fixation of period is five years for the executive
authorities to take the requisite steps, DDA v. Sukhbir
Singh [(2016) 16 SCC 258] observed that what the legislature is
in effect telling the executive is that they ought to have put their
E house in order and completed the acquisition proceedings within a
reasonable time after the pronouncement of award. Not having
done so even after a leeway of five years, would cross the limits
of legislative tolerance, after which the whole proceeding would
be deemed to have lapsed. Thus, it is apparent from the decision
F of DDA v. Sukhbir Singh [(2016) 16 SCC 258], which is relied
upon by the landowners, that time-limit is fixed for the executive
authorities to take steps. In case they are prevented by the court’s
order, obviously, as per the interpretation of the provisions is that
such period has to be excluded. In case such a provision would
have been made, it would have been “ex abundanti cautela”. There
G was no necessity of making such a provision even if this proposition
has been discussed during the formulation of legislation. However,
the provision providing exclusion has been enacted. It casts an
obligation upon the authorities to take requisite steps within five
years, that by itself excludes such period of interim order.
H
FAIZABAD-AYODHYA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, FAIZABAD v. 215
DR. RAJESH KUMAR PANDEY [M. R. SHAH, J.]
X X X X A
287. The intent of the 2013 Act, is not to benefit litigants only. It
has introduced a new regime which is beneficial to the landowners.
The provisions of Section 24 by itself do not intend to confer the
benefits on litigating parties, while as per Section 114 of the 2013
Act and Section 6 of the General Clauses Act, has to be litigated B
as per the provisions of the 1894 Act.
X X X X
289. In the opinion of this Court it is not the intendment of the
2013 Act that those who have litigated should get benefits of higher
compensation as contemplated under Section 24 benefit is C
conferred on all beneficiaries. It is not intended by the provisions
that in piecemeal the persons who have litigated and have obtained
the interim order should get the benefits of the provisions of the
2013 Act. Those who have accepted the compensation within 5
years and handed over the possession too, are to be benefited, in D
case amount has not been deposited with respect to majority of
holdings. There are cases in which projects have come up in part
and as per plan rest of the area is required for planned development
with respect to which interim stays have been obtained. It is not
the intendment of the law to deliver advantage to relentless litigants.
It cannot be said hence, that it was due to the inaction of the E
authorities that possession could not be taken within 5 years. Public
policy is not to foment or foster litigation but put an end to it. In
several instances, in various High Courts writ petitions were
dismissed by the Single Judge Benches and the writ appeals were
pending for a long time and in which, with respect to part of land F
of the projects, efforts were made to obtain the benefit of Section
24(2). Parliament in our view did not intend to confer benefits to
such litigants for the aforementioned reasons. Litigation may be
frivolous or may be worthy. Such litigants have to stand on the
strength of their own case and in such a case provisions of Section
114 of the 2013 Act and Section 6 of the General Clauses Act, G
1897, are clearly attracted and such proceedings have to be
continued under the provisions of the old Act that would be in the
spirit of Section 24(1)(b) itself of the 2013 Act. Section 6(b) of
the General Clauses Act, 1897, provides that repeal will not affect
the previous operation of any enactment so repealed or anything H
216 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 3 S.C.R.
A duly done or suffered thereunder. Section 6(c) states that repeal
would not affect any right, privilege, obligation or liability acquired,
accrued or incurred under any enactment so repealed. When there
is a provision itself in Section 24(1)(b) of continuance of the
proceedings where award has been passed under the 1894 Act,
for the purposes of Section 24 as provided in Section 24(b), the
B
provisions of Section 114 is clearly attracted so as the provisions
of Section 6 of the General Clauses Act, 1897, to the extent of
non obstante clause of Section 24, where possession has not been
taken nor payment has been made, there is a lapse, that too by the
inaction of the authorities. Any court’s interim order cannot be
C said to be inaction of the authorities or agencies; thus, time period
is not to be included for counting the 5 years period as envisaged
in Section 24(2). As per the proviso to Section 24(2), where
possession has been taken, but compensation has not been paid
or deposited with respect to majority of landholdings, all the
beneficiaries would be entitled for higher compensation only to
D
that extent, the provisions of Section 114 of the 2013 Act, would
be superseded but it would not obliterate the general application
of Section 6 of the General Clauses Act, 1897, which deals with
effect of repeal except as provided in Section 24(2) and its proviso.
X X X X
E
293. There cannot be any dispute with the above propositions.
However, in the present case, when we construe the provisions
of Section 24, it clearly ousts the period spent during the interim
stay of the court. Five years’ period is fixed for the purpose to
take action, if they have not taken the action for 5 years or more,
F then there is lapse, not otherwise. Even if there had been a provision
made with respect to the exclusion of time spent in the court
proceedings with respect to interim stay due to court’s order, it
could have been ex abundanti cautela, which has been considered
by this Court in Union of India v. Modi Rubber Ltd. [(1986) 4
G SCC 66] It would have been superfluous to make such a provision.
Following observations were made in Modi Rubber Ltd. [(1986)
4 SCC 66]: (SCC pp. 72-74, para 7)
“7. Both these notifications, as the opening part shows, are
issued under Rule 8(1) of the Central Excise Rules, 1944 and
H since the definition of “duty” in Rule 2, clause (v) must
FAIZABAD-AYODHYA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, FAIZABAD v. 217
DR. RAJESH KUMAR PANDEY [M. R. SHAH, J.]
necessarily be projected in Rule 8(1) and the expression “duty A
of excise” in Rule 8(1) must be read in the light of that definition,
the same expression used in these two notifications issued under
Rule 8(1) must also be interpreted in the same sense, namely,
duty of excise payable under the Central Excises and Salt Act,
1944 and the exemption granted under both these notifications
B
must be regarded as limited only to such duty of excise. But
the respondents contended that the expression “duty of excise”
was one of large amplitude and in the absence of any restrictive
or limitative words indicating that it was intended to refer only
to duty of excise leviable under the Central Excises and Salt
Act, 1944, it must be held to cover all duties of excise whether C
leviable under the Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944 or under
any other enactment. The respondents sought to support this
contention by pointing out that whenever the Central
Government wanted to confine the exemption granted under a
notification to the duty of excise leviable under the Central
D
Excises and Salt Act, 1944, the Central Government made its
intention abundantly clear by using appropriate words of
limitation such as “duty of excise leviable … under Section 3
of the Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944” or “duty of excise
leviable … under the Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944” or
“duty of excise leviable … under the said Act” as in Notification E
No. CER-8(3)/55-C.E. dated 17-9-1955, Notification No. 255/
77-C.E. dated 20-7-1977, Notification No. CER-8(1)/55-C.E.
dated 2-9-1955, Notification No. CER-8(9)/55-C.E. dated 31-
12-1955, Notification No. 95/61-C.E. dated 1-4-1961,
Notification No. 23/55-C.E. dated 29-4-1955 and similar other
F
notifications. But, here said the respondents, no such words of
limitation are used in the two notifications in question and the
expression “duty of excise” must, therefore, be read according
to its plain natural meaning as including all duties of excise,
including special duty of excise and auxiliary duty of excise.
Now, it is no doubt true that in these various notifications G
referred to above, the Central Government has, while granting
exemption under Rule 8(1), used specified language indicating
that the exemption, total or partial, granted under each such
notification is in respect of excise duty leviable under the Central
Excises and Salt Act, 1944. But, merely because, as a matter
H
218 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 3 S.C.R.
A of drafting, the Central Government has in some notifications
specifically referred to the excise duty in respect of which
exemption is granted as “duty of excise” leviable under the
Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944, it does not follow that in
the absence of such words of specificity, the expression “duty
of excise” standing by itself must be read as referring to all
B
duties of excise. It is not uncommon to find that the
legislature sometimes, with a view to making its intention
clear beyond doubt, uses language ex abundanti cautela
though it may not be strictly necessary and even without it
the same intention can be spelt out as a matter of judicial
C construction and this would be more so in case of
subordinate legislation by the executive. The officer drafting
a particular piece of subordinate legislation in the Executive
Department may employ words with a view to leaving no scope
for possible doubt as to its intention or sometimes even for
greater completeness, though these words may not add anything
D
to the meaning and scope of the subordinate legislation. Here,
in the present notifications, the words, ‘duty of excise leviable
under the Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944’ do not find a
place as in the other notifications relied upon by the respondents.
But, that does not necessarily lead to the inference that the
E expression “duty of excise” in these notifications was intended
to refer to all duties of excise including special and auxiliary
duties of excise. The absence of these words does not absolve
us from the obligation to interpret the expression “duty of
excise” in these notifications. We have still to construe this
expression — what is its meaning and import — and that has
F
to be done bearing in mind the context in which it occurs. We
have already pointed out that these notifications having been
issued under Rule 8(1), the expression “duty of excise” in these
notifications must bear the same meaning which it has in Rule
8(1) and that meaning clearly is — excise duty payable under
G the Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944 as envisaged in Rule 2
clause (v). It cannot in the circumstances bear an extended
meaning so as to include special excise duty and auxiliary excise
duty.”
(emphasis supplied)
H
FAIZABAD-AYODHYA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, FAIZABAD v. 219
DR. RAJESH KUMAR PANDEY [M. R. SHAH, J.]
X X X X A
297. The correctness of the decision of Sree Balaji Nagar
Residential Assn. [Sree Balaji Nagar Residential Assn. v. State
of T.N., (2015) 3 SCC 353] was doubted in Yogesh
Neema [Yogesh Neema v. State of M.P., (2016) 6 SCC 387], and
the matter was referred to a larger Bench. In Sree Balaji Nagar B
Residential Assn. [Sree Balaji Nagar Residential Assn. v. State
of T.N., (2015) 3 SCC 353] following observations were made:
(SCC p. 361, paras 11-12)
“11. From a plain reading of Section 24 of the 2013 Act, it is
clear that Section 24(2) of the 2013 Act does not exclude any C
period during which the land acquisition proceeding might have
remained stayed on account of stay or injunction granted by
any court. In the same Act, the proviso to Section 19(7) in the
context of limitation for publication of declaration under Section
19(1) and the Explanation to Section 69(2) for working out the
market value of the land in the context of delay between D
preliminary notification under Section 11 and the date of the
award, specifically provide that the period or periods during
which the acquisition proceedings were held up on account of
any stay or injunction by the order of any court be excluded in
computing the relevant period. In that view of the matter, it E
can be safely concluded that the legislature has consciously
omitted to extend the period of five years indicated in Section
24(2) even if the proceedings had been delayed on account of
an order of stay or injunction granted by a court of law or for
any reason. Such casus omissus cannot be supplied by the
court in view of law on the subject elaborately discussed by F
this Court in Padma Sundara Rao v. State of T.N. [(2002) 3
SCC 533]
12. Even in the Land Acquisition Act, 1894, the legislature had
brought about amendment in Section 6 through an Amendment
Act of 1984 to add Explanation 1 for the purpose of excluding G
the period when the proceeding suffered stay by an order of
the court, in the context of limitation provided for publishing
the declaration under Section 6(1) of the Act. To a similar
effect was the Explanation to Section 11-A, which was added
by Amendment Act 68 of 1984. Clearly, the legislature has, in H
220 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 3 S.C.R.
A its wisdom, made the period of five years under Section 24(2)
of the 2013 Act absolute and unaffected by any delay in the
proceedings on account of any order of stay by a court. The
plain wordings used by the legislature are clear and do not
create any ambiguity or conflict. In such a situation, the court
is not required to depart from the literal rule of interpretation.”
B
X X X X
299. In cases where some landowners have chosen to take
recourse to litigation (which they have a right to) and have obtained
interim orders on taking possession or orders of status quo, as a
C matter of practical reality it is not possible for the authorities or
State officials to take the possession or to make payment of the
compensation. In several instances, such interim orders also
impeded the making of an award. Now, so far as awards (and
compensation payments, pursuant to such proceedings were
concerned) the period provided for making of awards under the
D 2013 Act (sic 1894 Act) could be excluded by virtue of Explanation
to Section 11-A. [“11-A. Period within which an award shall
be made.—The Collector shall make an award under Section 11
within a period of two years from the date of the publication of
the declaration and if no award is made within that period. the
E entire proceedings for the acquisition of the land shall lapse:
Provided that in a case where the said declaration has been
published before the commencement of the Land Acquisition
(Amendment) Act, 1984 the award shall be made within a period
of two years from such commencements. Explanation.—In
computing the period of two years referred to in this section, the
F period during which any action or proceeding to be taken in
pursuance of the said declaration is stayed by an order of a court
shall be excluded.”] Thus, no fault of inaction can be attributed to
the authorities and those who had obtained such interim orders,
cannot benefit by their own action in filing litigation, which may or
G may not be meritorious. Apart from the question of merits, when
there is an interim order with respect to the possession or order of
status quo or stay of further proceedings, the authorities cannot
proceed; nor can they pay compensation. Their obligations are
intertwined with the scheme of land acquisition. It is observed
that authorities may wait in the proceedings till the interim order is
H vacated.
FAIZABAD-AYODHYA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, FAIZABAD v. 221
DR. RAJESH KUMAR PANDEY [M. R. SHAH, J.]
300. In our considered opinion, litigation which initiated by the A
landowners has to be decided on its own merits and the benefits
of Section 24(2) should not be available to the litigants. In case
there is no interim order, they can get the benefits they are entitled
to, not otherwise as a result of fruit of litigation, delays and dilatory
tactics and sometime it may be wholly frivolous pleas and forged
B
documents as observed in V.Chandrasekaran [V. Chandrasekaran
v. Administrative Officer, (2012) 12 SCC 133] mentioned above.
301. In Abhey Ram v. Union of India [(1997) 5 SCC 421], this
Court considered the extended meaning of words “stay of the
action or proceedings”. It was observed that any type of orders
passed by this Court would be an inhibitive action on the part of C
the authorities to proceed further. This Court observed thus: (SCC
pp. 428-29, para 9)
“9. Therefore, the reasons given in B.R. Gupta v. Union of
India [1988 SCC OnLine Del 367], are obvious with reference
to the quashing of the publication of the declaration under D
Section 6 vis-à-vis the writ petitioners therein. The question
that arises for consideration is whether the stay obtained by
some of the persons who prohibited the respondents from
publication of the declaration under Section 6 would equally be
extendible to the cases relating to the appellants. We proceed E
on the premise that the appellants had not obtained any stay of
the publication of the declaration but since the High Court in
some of the cases has, in fact, prohibited them as extracted
hereinbefore, from publication of the declaration, necessarily,
when the Court has not restricted the declaration in the
impugned orders in support of the petitioners therein, the officers F
had to hold back their hands till the matters were disposed of.
In fact, this Court has given extended meaning to the orders of
stay or proceeding in various cases, namely, Yusufbhai
Noormohmed Nendoliya v. State of Gujarat [(1991) 4 SCC
531], Hansraj H. Jain v. State of Maharashtra [(1993) 3 G
SCC 634], Sangappa Gurulingappa Sajjan v. State of
Karnataka [(1994) 4 SCC 145], Gandhi Grah Nirman
Sahkari Samiti Ltd. v. State of Rajasthan [(1993) 2 SCC
662], G. Narayanaswamy Reddy v. State of Karnataka [(1991)
3 SCC 261] and Roshnara Begum v. Union of India [Civil
H
222 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 3 S.C.R.
A Appeal No. 13976 of 1996 sub nom Murari v. Union of India,
(1997) 1 SCC 15] . The words “stay of the action or proceeding”
have been widely interpreted by this Court and mean that any
type of the orders passed by this Court would be an inhibitive
action on the part of the authorities to proceed further. When
the action of conducting an enquiry under Section 5-A was put
B
in issue and the declaration under Section 6 was questioned,
necessarily unless the Court holds that enquiry under Section
5-A was properly conducted and the declaration published under
Section 6 was valid, it would not be open to the officers to
proceed further into the matter. As a consequence, the stay
C granted in respect of some would be applicable to others also
who had not obtained stay in that behalf. We are not concerned
with the correctness of the earlier direction with regard to
Section 5-A enquiry and consideration of objections as it was
not challenged by the respondent Union. We express no opinion
on its correctness, though it is open to doubt.”
D
302. In Om Parkash v. Union of India [(2010) 4 SCC 17], it
was observed that interim order of stay granted in one of the
matters of the landowners would put complete restraint on the
respondents to proceed further to issue declaration under Section
6 of the Act. It was observed as under: (SCC p. 44, para 72)
E
“72. Thus, in other words, the interim order of stay granted in
one of the matters of the landowners would put complete
restraint on the respondents to have proceeded further to issue
notification under Section 6 of the Act. Had they issued the
said notification during the period when the stay was operative,
F then obviously they may have been hauled up for committing
contempt of court. The language employed in the interim orders
of stay is also such that it had completely restrained the
respondents from proceeding further in the matter by issuing
declaration/notification under Section 6 of the Act.”
G X X X X
306. When the authorities are disabled from performing duties
due to impossibility, would be a good excuse for them to save
them from rigour of provisions of Section 24(2). A litigant may be
right or wrong. He cannot be permitted to take advantage of a
H
FAIZABAD-AYODHYA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, FAIZABAD v. 223
DR. RAJESH KUMAR PANDEY [M. R. SHAH, J.]
situation created by him of interim order. The doctrine A
“commodum ex injuria sua nemo habere debet” that is
convenience cannot accrue to a party from his own wrong.
Provisions of Section 24 do not discriminate litigants or non-litigants
and treat them differently with respect to the same acquisition,
otherwise, anomalous results may occur and provisions may
B
become discriminatory in itself.
X X X X
308. In Union of India v. North Telumer Colliery [(1989) 3 SCC
411], this Court observed that delaying tactics should not be
permitted to fructify. By causing delay, the owner would get huge C
amount of interest, but he may not get a penny out of the principal
amount. It would amount to conferring unjust benefit on the owners
which can never be the intention of Parliament. This Court
observed: (SCC pp. 416-17, para 8)
“8. The High Court’s conclusions are primarily based on the D
interpretation of Section 18(5) of the Coal Act. The High Court
has quoted the meaning of words “enure” and “benefit” from
various dictionaries. No dictionary or any outside assistance is
needed to understand the meaning of these simple words in
the context and scheme of the Coal Act. The interest has to
enure to the benefit of the owners of the coal mines. The claims E
before the Commissioner under the Coal Act are from the
creditors of the owners, and the liabilities sought to be
discharged are also of the owners of the coal mines. When the
debts are paid and the liabilities discharged, it is only the owners
of coal mines who are benefited. Taking away the interest F
amount by the owners without discharging their debts and
liabilities would be unreasonable. They have only to adopt
delaying tactics to postpone the disbursement of claims and
consequently earn more interest. Due to such delay, the owner
would get huge amount of interest though ultimately, he may
not get a penny out of principal amount on the final settlement G
of claims. It would amount to conferring unjust benefit on the
owners which can never be the intention of Parliament. We do
not agree with the interpretation given by the High Court and
hold that the interest accruing under the Coal Act is the money
paid to the Commissioner in relation to the coal mine and the H
224 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 3 S.C.R.
A same has to be utilised by the Commissioner in meeting the
claims of the creditors and discharging other liabilities in
accordance with the provisions of the Coal Act.”
309. It may not be doubtful conduct to file frivolous litigation and
obtain stay; but benefit of Section 24(2) should not be conferred
B on those who prevented the taking of possession or payment of
compensation, for the period spent during the stay.
X X X X
314. The maxim “lex non cogit ad impossibilia” means that
the law does not expect the performance of the impossible. Though
C payment is possible but the logic of payment is relevant. There
are cases in which compensation was tendered, but refused and
then deposited in the treasury. There was litigation in court, which
was pending (or in some cases, decided); earlier references for
enhancement of compensation were sought and compensation was
D enhanced. There was no challenge to acquisition proceedings or
taking possession, etc. In pending matters in this Court or in the
High Court even in proceedings relating to compensation, Section
24(2) was invoked to state that proceedings have lapsed due to
non-deposit of compensation in the court or to deposit in the
treasury or otherwise due to interim order of the court needful
E could not be done, as such proceedings should lapse.
315. In Chandra Kishore Jha v. Mahavir Prasad [(1999) 8
SCC 266], an election petition was to be presented in the manner
prescribed in Rule 6 of Chapter XXI-E of the Patna High Court
Rules. The Rules stipulated that the election petition, could under
F no circumstances, be presented to the Registrar to save the period
of limitation. The election petition could be presented in the open
court up to 4.15 p.m. i.e. working hours of the court. The Chief
Justice had passed the order that court shall not sit for the rest
after 3.15 p.m. Thus, the petition filed the next day was held to be
G within time. In Mohd. Gazi v. State of M.P. [(2000) 4 SCC 342],
the maxim “actus curiae neminem gravabit” came up for
consideration along with maxim “lex non cogit ad impossibilia”
— the law does not compel a man to perform act which is not
possible. Following observations had been made: (SCC p. 347,
para 7)
H
FAIZABAD-AYODHYA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, FAIZABAD v. 225
DR. RAJESH KUMAR PANDEY [M. R. SHAH, J.]
“7. In the facts and circumstances of the case, the maxim of A
equity, namely, actus curiae neminem gravabit — an act of
the court shall prejudice no man, shall be applicable. This maxim
is founded upon justice and good sense, which serves a safe
and certain guide for the administration of law. The other maxim
is, lex non cogit ad impossibilia — the law does not compel
B
a man to do what he cannot possibly perform. The law itself
and its administration are understood to disclaim as it does in
its general aphorisms, all intention of compelling impossibilities,
and the administration of law must adopt that general exception
in consideration of particular cases. The applicability of the
aforesaid maxims has been approved by this Court in Raj C
Kumar Dey v. Tarapada Dey [(1987) 4 SCC 398]
and Gursharan Singh v. NDMC [(1996) 2 SCC 459].”
316. Another Roman Law maxim “nemo tenetur ad
impossibilia”, means no one is bound to do an impossibility. Though
such acts of taking possession and disbursement of compensation D
are not impossible, yet they are not capable of law performance,
during subsistence of a court’s order; the order has to be complied
with and cannot be violated. Thus, on equitable principles also,
such a period has to be excluded. In Industrial Finance Corpn.
of India Ltd. v. Cannanore Spg. & Wvg. Mills Ltd. [(2002) 5
SCC 54], this Court observed that where law creates a duty or E
charge and the party is disabled to perform it, without any default
and has no remedy over, there the law will in general excuse him.
This Court relying upon the aforesaid maxim observed as under:
(SCC p. 71, para 30)
“30. The Latin maxim referred to in the English judgment lex F
non cogit ad impossibilia also expressed as impotentia
excusat legem in common English acceptation means, the law
does not compel a man to do that which he cannot possibly
perform. There ought always thus to be an invincible disability
to perform the obligation, and the same is akin to the Roman G
maxim nemo tenetur ad impossible. In Broom’s Legal
Maxims, the state of the situation has been described as below:
‘It is, then, a general rule which admits of ample practical
illustration, that impotentia excusat legem; where the law
creates a duty or charge, and the party is disabled to perform H
226 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 3 S.C.R.
A it, without any default in him, and has no remedy over, there
the law will in general excuse him (t) : and though
impossibility of performance is, in general, no excuse for
not performing an obligation which a party has expressly
undertaken by contract, yet when the obligation is one
implied by law, impossibility of performance is a good
B
excuse. Thus in a case in which consignees of a cargo
were prevented from unloading a ship promptly by reason
of a dock strike, the Court, after holding that in the absence
of an express agreement to unload in a specified time there
was implied obligation to unload within a reasonable time,
C held that the maxim lex non cogit ad impossibilia applied,
and Lindley, L.J., said: “We have to do with implied obligations,
and I am not aware of any case in which an obligation to pay
damages is ever cast by implication upon a person for not
doing that which is rendered impossible by causes beyond
his control.” ’ “
D
(emphasis in original)
317. In HUDA v. Babeswar Kanhar [(2005) 1 SCC 191], this
Court considered the general principle that a party prevented from
doing an act by some circumstances beyond his control, can do so
E at the first subsequent opportunity as held in Sambasiva
Chari v. Ramasami Reddi [ILR (1899) 22 Mad 179].
In Babeswar Kanhar [HUDA v. Babeswar Kanhar, (2005) 1
SCC 191], it was observed thus: (SCC pp. 192-93, para 5)
“5. What is stipulated in Clause 4 of the letter dated 30-10-
F 2001 is a communication regarding refusal to accept the
allotment. This was done on 28-11-2001. Respondent 1 cannot
be put to a loss for the closure of the office of HUDA on 1-12-
2001 and 2-12-2001 and the postal holiday on 30-11-2001. In
fact, he had no control over these matters. Even the logic of
Section 10 of the General Clauses Act, 1897 can be pressed
G into service. Apart from the said section and various provisions
in various other Acts, there is the general principle that a party
prevented from doing an act by some circumstances beyond
his control, can do so at the first subsequent opportunity
(see Sambasiva Chari v. Ramasami Reddi [ILR (1899) 22
H Mad 179]). The underlying object of the principle is to enable
FAIZABAD-AYODHYA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, FAIZABAD v. 227
DR. RAJESH KUMAR PANDEY [M. R. SHAH, J.]
a person to do what he could have done on holiday, on the next A
working day. Where, therefore, a period is prescribed for the
performance of an act in a court or office, and that period
expires on a holiday, then the act should be considered to have
been done within that period if it is done on the next day on
which the court or office is open. The reason is that the law
B
does not compel the performance of an impossibility.
(See Hossein Ally v. Donzelle [ILR (1880) 5 Cal 906].) Every
consideration of justice and expediency would require that the
accepted principle, which underlies Section 10 of the General
Clauses Act, should be applied in cases where it does not
otherwise in terms apply. The principles underlying are lex non C
cogit ad impossibilia (the law does not compel a man to do
the impossible) and actus curiae neminem gravabit (the act
of court shall prejudice no man). Above being the position,
there is nothing infirm in the orders passed by the forums below.
However, the rate of interest fixed appears to be slightly on
D
the higher side and is reduced to 9% to be paid with effect
from 3-12-2001 i.e. the date on which the letter was received
by HUDA.”
318. In Presidential Poll, In re [(1974) 2 SCC 33], this Court
made similar observations. When there is a disability to perform a
part of the law, such a charge has to be excused. When E
performance of the formalities prescribed by a statute is rendered
impossible by circumstances over which the persons concerned
have no control, it has to be taken as a valid excuse. The Court
observed: (SCC pp. 49-50, para 15)
“15. The impossibility of the completion of the election to fill F
the vacancy in the office of the President before the expiration
of the term of office in the case of death of a candidate as
may appear from Section 7 of the 1952 Act does not rob Article
62(1) of its mandatory character. The maxim of law impotentia
excusat legem is intimately connected with another maxim of G
law lex non cogit ad impossibilia. Impotentia excusat
legem is that when there is a necessary or invincible disability
to perform the mandatory part of the law that impotentia
excuses. The law does not compel one to do that which one
cannot possibly perform. ‘Where the law creates a duty or
H
228 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 3 S.C.R.
A charge, and the party is disabled to perform it, without any
default in him, and has no remedy over it, there the law will in
general excuse him.’ Therefore, when it appears that the
performance of the formalities prescribed by a statute has been
rendered impossible by circumstances over which the persons
interested had no control, like the act of God, the circumstances
B
will be taken as a valid excuse. Where the act of God prevents
the compliance of the words of a statute, the statutory provision
is not denuded of its mandatory character because of
supervening impossibility caused by the act of God.
(See Broom’s Legal Maxims, 10th Edn. at pp. 162-63
C and Craies on Statute Law, 6th Edn. at p. 268).”
319. In Standard Chartered Bank v. Directorate of
Enforcement [(2005) 4 SCC 530], the legal maxim “impotentia
excusat legem” has been applied to hold that law does not compel
a man to do that which cannot possibly be performed. Though the
D maxim with respect to the impossibility of performance may not
be strictly applicable, however, the effect of the court’s order, for
the time being, made the authorities disable to fulfil the obligation.
Thus, when they were incapable of performing, they have to be
permitted to perform at the first available opportunity, which is
the time prescribed by the statute for them i.e. the total period of
E 5 years excluding the period of the interim order.
320. The maxim actus curiae neminem gravabit is founded upon
the principle due to court proceedings or acts of court, no party
should suffer. If any interim orders are made during the pendency
of the litigation, they are subject to the final decision in the matter.
F In case the matter is dismissed as without merit, the interim order
is automatically dissolved. In case the matter has been filed without
any merit, the maxim is attracted commodum ex injuria sua nemo
habere debet, that is, convenience cannot accrue to a party from
his own wrong. No person ought to have the advantage of his
G own wrong. In case litigation has been filed frivolously or without
any basis, iniquitously in order to delay and by that it is delayed,
there is no equity in favour of such a person. Such cases are
required to be decided on merits. In Mrutunjay Pani v. Narmada
Bala Sasmal [AIR 1961 SC 1353], this Court observed that: (AIR
p. 1355, para 5)
H
FAIZABAD-AYODHYA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, FAIZABAD v. 229
DR. RAJESH KUMAR PANDEY [M. R. SHAH, J.]
“5. … The same principle is comprised in the Latin A
maxim commodum ex injuria sua nemo habere debet, that
is, convenience cannot accrue to a party from his own wrong.
To put it in other words, no one can be allowed to benefit from
his own wrongful act.”
321. It is not the policy of law that untenable claims should get B
fructified due to delay. Similarly, sufferance of a person who abides
by law is not permissible. The 2013 Act does not confer the benefit
on unscrupulous litigants, but it aims at and frowns upon the
lethargy of the officials to complete the requisites within five years.
X X X X C
323. In GTC Industries Ltd. v. Union of India [(1998) 3 SCC
376], it was observed that while vacating stay, it is the court’s
duty to account for the period of delay and to settle equities. It is
not the gain which can be conferred. In Jaipur Municipal
Corpn. v. C.L. Mishra [(2005) 8 SCC 423], it has been observed D
that interim order merges in the final order, and it cannot have an
independent existence, cannot survive beyond final decision.
In Ram Krishna Verma v. State of U.P. [(1992) 2 SCC 620],
reliance was placed on Grindlays Bank Ltd. v. CIT [(1980) 2
SCC 191]. It was held that no one could be permitted to suffer
from the act of the court and in case an interim order has been E
passed and ultimately petition is found to be without merit and is
dismissed, the interest of justice requires that any undeserved or
unfair advantage gained by a party invoking the jurisdiction of the
court must be neutralised.
324. In Mahadeo Savlaram Shelke v. Pune Municipal F
Corpn. [(1995) 3 SCC 33], it has been observed that the Court
can under its inherent jurisdiction ex debito justitiae has a duty
to mitigate the damage suffered by the defendants by the act of
the court. Such action is necessary to put a check on abuse of
process of the court. In Amarjeet Singh v. Devi Ratan [(2010) G
1 SCC 417], and Ram Krishna Verma [Ram Krishna
Verma v. State of U.P., (1992) 2 SCC 620], it was observed that
no person can suffer from the act of court and unfair advantage
of the interim order must be neutralised. In Amarjeet
Singh [Amarjeet Singh v. Devi Ratan, (2010) 1 SCC 417], this
Court observed: (SCC pp. 422-23, paras 17-18) H
230 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 3 S.C.R.
A “17. No litigant can derive any benefit from mere pendency of
the case in a court of law, as the interim order always merges
in the final order to be passed in the case, and if the writ petition
is ultimately dismissed, the interim order stands nullified
automatically. A party cannot be allowed to take any benefit of
its own wrongs by getting an interim order and thereafter blame
B
the court. The fact that the writ is found, ultimately, devoid of
any merit, shows that a frivolous writ petition had been filed.
The maxim actus curiae neminem gravabit, which means
that the act of the court shall prejudice no one, becomes
applicable in such a case. In such a fact situation, the court is
C under an obligation to undo the wrong done to a party by the
act of the court. Thus, any undeserved or unfair advantage
gained by a party invoking the jurisdiction of the court must be
neutralised, as the institution of litigation cannot be permitted
to confer any advantage on a suitor from delayed action by the
act of the court. (Vide Shiv Shankar v. U.P. SRTC [1995 Supp
D
(2) SCC 726], GTC Industries Ltd. v. Union of India [(1998)
3 SCC 376] and Jaipur Municipal Corpn. v. C.L.
Mishra [(2005) 8 SCC 423].)
18. In Ram Krishna Verma v. State of U.P. [(1992) 2 SCC
620], this Court examined a similar issue while placing reliance
E upon its earlier judgment in Grindlays Bank Ltd. v. CIT [(1980)
2 SCC 191] and held that no person can suffer from the act of
the court and in case an interim order has been passed, and
the petitioner takes advantage thereof, and ultimately the petition
is found to be without any merit and is dismissed, the interest
F of justice requires that any undeserved or unfair advantage
gained by a party invoking the jurisdiction of the court must be
neutralised.”
325. In Karnataka Rare Earth v. Deptt. of Mines &
Geology [(2004) 2 SCC 783], this Court observed that
G maxim actus curiae neminem gravabit requires that the party
should be placed in the same position but for the court’s order
which is ultimately found to be not sustainable which has resulted
in one party gaining advantage which otherwise would not have
earned and the other party has suffered but for the orders of the
court. The successful party can demand the delivery of benefit
H
FAIZABAD-AYODHYA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, FAIZABAD v. 231
DR. RAJESH KUMAR PANDEY [M. R. SHAH, J.]
earned by the other party, or make restitution for what it has lost. A
This Court observed: (SCC pp. 790-91, paras 10-11)
“10. In … the doctrine of actus curiae neminem gravabit and
held that the doctrine was not confined in its application only to
such acts of the court which were erroneous; the doctrine is
applicable to all such acts as to which it can be held that the B
court would not have so acted had it been correctly apprised
of the facts and the law. It is the principle of restitution that is
attracted. When on account of an act of the party,
persuading the court to pass an order, which at the end is
held as not sustainable, has resulted in one party gaining
advantage which it would not have otherwise earned, or C
the other party has suffered an impoverishment which it
would not have suffered, but for the order of the court
and the act of such party, then the successful party finally
held entitled to a relief, assessable in terms of money at
the end of the litigation, is entitled to be compensated in D
the same manner in which the parties would have been if
the interim order of the court would not have been passed.
The successful party can demand : (a) the delivery of benefit
earned by the opposite party under the interim order of
the court, or (b) to make restitution for what it has lost.
E
11. In the facts of this case, in spite of the judgment [Karnataka
Rare Earth v. Department of Mines & Geology, WPs No.
4030-4031 of 1997, order dated 1-12-1998 (KAR)] of the High
Court, if the appellants would not have persuaded this Court to
pass the interim orders, they would not have been entitled to
operate the mining leases and to raise and remove and dispose F
of the minerals extracted. But for the interim orders passed by
this Court, there is no difference between the appellants and
any person raising, without any lawful authority, any mineral
from any land, attracting applicabilitys of sub-section (5) of
Section 21. As the appellants have lost from the Court, they G
cannot be allowed to retain the benefit earned by them under
the interim orders of the Court. The High Court has rightly
held the appellants liable to be placed in the same position
in which they would have been if this Court would not
have protected them by issuing interim orders. All that the
H
232 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 3 S.C.R.
A State Government is demanding from the appellants is the price
of the minor minerals. Rent, royalty or tax has already been
recovered by the State Government and, therefore, there is no
demand under that head. No penal proceedings, much less any
criminal proceedings, have been initiated against the appellants.
It is absolutely incorrect to contend that the appellants are being
B
asked to pay any penalty or are being subjected to any penal
action. It is not the case of the appellants that they are being
asked to pay the price more than what they have realised from
the exports or that the price appointed by the respondent State
is in any manner arbitrary or unreasonable.”
C (emphasis supplied)
326. In A.R. Antulay [A.R. Antulay v. R.S. Nayak, (1988) 2 SCC
602], this Court observed that it is a settled principle that an act of
the court shall prejudice no man. This maxim actus curiae
neminem gravabit is founded upon justice and good sense and
D affords a safe and certain guide for the administration of the law.
No man can be denied his rights. In India, a delay occurs due to
procedural wrangles. In A.R. Antulay [A.R. Antulay v. R.S.
Nayak, (1988) 2 SCC 602], this Court observed: (SCC p. 687,
para 102)
E “102. This being the apex court, no litigant has any opportunity of
approaching any higher forum to question its decisions. Lord
Buckmaster in Montreal Street Railway Co. v. Normandin [1917
AC 170 (PC)] (sic) stated:
‘All rules of court are nothing but provisions intended to
F secure the proper administration of justice. It is, therefore,
essential that they should be made to serve and be
subordinate to that purpose.’
This Court in State of Gujarat v. Ramprakash P. Puri [(1969)
3 SCC 156], reiterated the position by saying: (SCC p. 159,
G para 5)
‘5. … Procedure has been described to be a handmaid and
not a mistress of law, intended to subserve and facilitate
the cause of justice and not to govern or obstruct it. Like all
rules of procedure, this rule demands a construction which
H would promote this cause.’
FAIZABAD-AYODHYA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, FAIZABAD v. 233
DR. RAJESH KUMAR PANDEY [M. R. SHAH, J.]
Once judicial satisfaction is reached that the direction was not A
open to be made and it is accepted as a mistake of the court, it
is not only appropriate but also the duty of the court to rectify
the mistake by exercising inherent powers. Judicial opinion
heavily leans in favour of this view that a mistake of the court
can be corrected by the court itself without any fetters. This is
B
on principle, as indicated in Alexander Rodger
case [Alexander Rodger v. Comptoir D’Escompte De Paris,
(1969-71) LR 3 PC 465 : 17 ER 120]. I am of the view that in
the present situation, the court’s inherent powers can be
exercised to remedy the mistake. Mahajan, J. speaking for a
four-Judge Bench in Keshardeo Chamria v. Radha Kissen C
Chamria [1953 SCR 136 : AIR 1953 SC 23], SCR p. 153 stated:
(AIR p. 28, para 21)
‘21. … The Judge had jurisdiction to correct his own error
without entering into a discussion of the grounds taken by the
decree-holder or the objections raised by the judgment-debtors.’ D
“
X X X X
329. There can be no doubt that when parties are before court,
the final decision has to prevail, and they succeed or fail based on
the merits of their relative cases. Neither can be permitted to E
take shelter under the cover of court’s order to put the other party
in a disadvantageous position. If one has enjoyed under the court’s
cover, that period cannot be included towards inaction of the
authorities to take requisite steps under Section 24. The State
authorities would have acted but for the court’s order. In fact, F
the occasion for the petitioners to approach the court in those
cases, was that the State or acquiring bodies were taking their
properties. Ultimately case had to stand on its merit in the
challenge to the acquisition or compensation, and no right or
advantage could therefore be conferred (or accrue) under Section
24(2) in such situations. G
X X X X
334. For all these reasons, it is held that the omission to expressly
enact a provision, that excludes the period during which any interim
order was operative, preventing the State from taking possession
H
234 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 3 S.C.R.
A of acquired land, or from giving effect to the award, in a particular
case or cases, cannot result in the inclusion of such period or
periods for the purpose of reckoning the period of 5 years. Also,
merely because timelines are indicated, with the consequence of
lapsing, under Sections 19 and 69 of the 2013 Act, per se does not
mean that omission to factor such time (of subsistence of interim
B
orders) has any special legislative intent. This Court notices, in
this context, that even under the new Act (nor was it so under the
1894 Act) no provision has been enacted, for lapse of the entire
acquisition, for non-payment of compensation within a specified
time; nor has any such provision been made regarding possession.
C Furthermore, non-compliance with payment and deposit provisions
(under Section 77) only results in higher interest pay-outs under
Section 80. The omission to provide for exclusion of time during
which interim orders subsisted, while determining whether or not
acquisitions lapsed, in the present case, is a clear result of
inadvertence or accident, having regard to the subject-matter,
D
refusal to apply the principle underlying the maxim actus curiae
neminem gravabit would result in injustice.”
11.2 While applying the principle of restitution, it is observed in
paragraphs 335 to 339 as under:-
E “In re : Principle of restitution
335. The principle of restitution is founded on the ideal of doing
complete justice at the end of litigation, and parties have to be
placed in the same position but for the litigation and interim order,
if any, passed in the matter. In South Eastern Coalfields
F Ltd. v. State of M.P. [(2003) 8 SCC 648], it was held that no
party could take advantage of litigation. It has to disgorge the
advantage gained due to delay in case lis is lost. The interim order
passed by the court merges into a final decision. The validity of
an interim order, passed in favour of a party, stands reversed in
the event of a final order going against the party successful at the
G interim stage. Section 144 of the Code of Civil Procedure is not
the fountain source of restitution. It is rather a statutory recognition
of the rule of justice, equity and fair play. The court has inherent
jurisdiction to order restitution so as to do complete justice. This is
also on the principle that a wrong order should not be perpetuated
H by keeping it alive and respecting it. In exercise of such power,
FAIZABAD-AYODHYA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, FAIZABAD v. 235
DR. RAJESH KUMAR PANDEY [M. R. SHAH, J.]
the courts have applied the principle of restitution to myriad A
situations not falling within the terms of Section 144 CPC. What
attracts applicability of restitution is not the act of the court being
wrongful or mistake or an error committed by the court; the test
is whether, on account of an act of the party persuading the court
to pass an order held at the end as not sustainable, resulting in one
B
party gaining an advantage which it would not have otherwise
earned, or the other party having suffered an impoverishment,
restitution has to be made. Litigation cannot be permitted to be a
productive industry. Litigation cannot be reduced to gaming where
there is an element of chance in every case. If the concept of
restitution is excluded from application to interim orders, then the C
litigant would stand to gain by swallowing the benefits yielding out
of the interim order. This Court observed in South Eastern
Coalfields [South Eastern Coalfields Ltd. v. State of M.P.,
(2003) 8 SCC 648] thus: (SCC pp. 662-64, paras 26-28)
“26. In our opinion, the principle of restitution takes care of D
this submission. The word “restitution” in its etymological sense
means restoring to a party on the modification, variation or
reversal of a decree or order, what has been lost to him in
execution of decree or order of the court or in direct
consequence of a decree or order (see Zafar Khan v. Board
of Revenue, U.P. [1984 Supp SCC 505]). In law, the term E
“restitution” is used in three senses : (i) return or restoration of
some specific thing to its rightful owner or status; (ii)
compensation for benefits derived from a wrong done to
another; and (iii) compensation or reparation for the loss caused
to another. (See Black’s Law Dictionary, 7th Edn., p. F
1315). The Law of Contracts by John D. Calamari & Joseph
M. Perillo has been quoted by Black to say that “restitution” is
an ambiguous term, sometimes referring to the disgorging of
something which has been taken and at times referring to
compensation for the injury done:
G
‘Often, the result under either meaning of the term would
be the same. … Unjust impoverishment, as well as unjust
enrichment, is a ground for restitution. If the defendant is
guilty of a non-tortious misrepresentation, the measure of
recovery is not rigid but, as in other cases of restitution,
H
236 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 3 S.C.R.
A such factors as relative fault, the agreed-upon risks, and
the fairness of alternative risk allocations not agreed upon
and not attributable to the fault of either party need to be
weighed.’
The principle of restitution has been statutorily recognised in Section
B 144 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908. Section 144 CPC speaks
not only of a decree being varied, reversed, set aside or modified
but also includes an order on a par with a decree. The scope of
the provision is wide enough so as to include therein almost all the
kinds of variation, reversal, setting aside or modification of a decree
or order. The interim order passed by the court merges into a final
C decision. The validity of an interim order, passed in favour of a
party, stands reversed in the event of a final decision going against
the party successful at the interim stage. …
27. … This is also on the principle that a wrong order should not
be perpetuated by keeping it alive and respecting it (A. Arunagiri
D Nadar v. S.P. Rathinasami [1970 SCC OnLine Mad 63]). In the
exercise of such inherent power, the courts have applied the
principles of restitution to myriad situations not strictly falling within
the terms of Section 144.
28. That no one shall suffer by an act of the court is not a rule
E confined to an erroneous act of the court; the “act of the court”
embraces within its sweep all such acts as to which the court
may form an opinion in any legal proceedings that the court would
not have so acted had it been correctly apprised of the facts and
the law. … the concept of restitution is excluded from application
F to interim orders, then the litigant would stand to gain by
swallowing the benefits yielding out of the interim order even
though the battle has been lost at the end. This cannot be
countenanced. We are, therefore, of the opinion that the successful
party finally held entitled to a relief assessable in terms of money
at the end of the litigation, is entitled to be compensated by award
G of interest at a suitable reasonable rate for the period for which
the interim order of the court withholding the release of money
had remained in operation.”
(emphasis supplied)
H
FAIZABAD-AYODHYA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, FAIZABAD v. 237
DR. RAJESH KUMAR PANDEY [M. R. SHAH, J.]
336. In State of Gujarat v. Essar Oil Ltd. [(2012) 3 SCC 522], A
it was observed that the principle of restitution is a remedy against
unjust enrichment or unjust benefit. The Court observed: (SCC p.
542, paras 61-62)
“61. The concept of restitution is virtually a common law
principle, and it is a remedy against unjust enrichment or unjust B
benefit. The core of the concept lies in the conscience of the
court, which prevents a party from retaining money or some
benefit derived from another, which it has received by way of
an erroneous decree of the court. Such remedy in English Law
is generally different from a remedy in contract or in tort and
falls within the third category of common law remedy, which C
is called quasi-contract or restitution.
62. If we analyse the concept of restitution, one thing emerges
clearly that the obligation to restitute lies on the person or the
authority that has received unjust enrichment or unjust benefit
(see Halsbury’s Laws of England, 4th Edn., Vol. 9, p. 434).” D
337. In A. Shanmugam v. Ariya Kshatriya Rajakula Vamsathu
Madalaya Nandhavana Paripalanai Sangam [(2012) 6 SCC
430], it was stated that restitutionary jurisdiction is inherent in
every court, to neutralise the advantage of litigation. A person on
the right side of the law should not be deprived, on account of the E
effects of litigation; the wrongful gain of frivolous litigation has to
be eliminated if the faith of people in the judiciary has to be
sustained. The Court observed: (SCC pp. 451-55, para 37)
“37. This Court, in another important case in Indian Council
for Enviro-Legal Action v. Union of India [Indian Council F
for Enviro-Legal Action v. Union of India, (2011) 8 SCC
161] (of which one of us, Dr Bhandari, J. was the author of
the judgment) had an occasion to deal with the concept of
restitution. The relevant paragraphs of that judgment dealing
with relevant judgments are reproduced hereunder : (SCC pp. G
238-41 & 243, paras 171-76 & 183-84)
‘170.***
171. In Ram Krishna Verma v. State of U.P. [(1992) 2 SCC
620] this Court observed as under: (SCC p. 630, para 16)
H
238 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 3 S.C.R.
A “16. The 50 operators, including the appellants/private
operators, have been running their stage carriages by blatant
abuse of the process of the court by delaying the hearing
as directed in Jeewan Nath Wahal case [Jeewan Nath
Wahal v. State of U.P., (2011) 12 SCC 769] and the High
Court earlier thereto. As a fact, on the expiry of the initial
B
period of the grant after 29-9-1959, they lost the right to
obtain renewal or to ply their vehicles, as this Court declared
the scheme to be operative. However, by sheer abuse of
the process of law, they are continuing to ply their vehicles
pending the hearing of the objections. This Court
C in Grindlays Bank Ltd. v. CIT [(1980) 2 SCC 191] held
that the High Court, while exercising its power under Article
226, the interest of justice requires that any undeserved or
unfair advantage gained by a party invoking the jurisdiction
of the court must be neutralised. It was further held that
the institution of the litigation by it should not be permitted
D
to confer an unfair advantage on the party responsible for
it. In the light of that law and in view of the power under
Article 142(1) of the Constitution this Court, while exercising
its jurisdiction would do complete justice and neutralise the
unfair advantage gained by the 50 operators including the
E appellants in dragging the litigation to run the stage carriages
on the approved route or area or portion thereof and
forfeited their right to hearing of the objections filed by them
to the draft scheme dated 26-2-1959.”
172. This Court in Kavita Trehan v. Balsara Hygiene Products
F Ltd. [(1994) 5 SCC 380] observed as under: (SCC p. 391, para
22)
“22. The jurisdiction to make restitution is inherent in every
court and will be exercised whenever the justice of the case
demands. It will be exercised under inherent powers, where
G the case did not strictly fall within the ambit of Section 144.
Section 144 opens with the words:
‘144. Application for restitution.—(1) Where and insofar as
a decree or an order is varied or reversed in any appeal, revision
or other proceeding or is set aside or modified in any suit
H instituted for the purpose,….’
FAIZABAD-AYODHYA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, FAIZABAD v. 239
DR. RAJESH KUMAR PANDEY [M. R. SHAH, J.]
The instant case may not strictly fall within the terms of Section A
144, but the aggrieved party in such a case can appeal to the
larger and general powers of restitution inherent in every court.”
173. This Court in Marshall Sons & Co. (India) Ltd. v. Sahi
Oretrans (P) Ltd. [(1999) 2 SCC 325] observed as under: (SCC
pp. 326-27, para 4) B
“4. From the narration of the facts, though it appears to us,
prima facie, that a decree in favour of the appellant is not
being executed for some reason or the other, we do not think it
proper at this stage to direct the respondent to deliver the
possession to the appellant since the suit filed by the respondent C
is still pending. It is true that proceedings are dragged on for a
long time on one count or the other and, on occasion, become
highly technical accompanied by unending prolixity at every
stage, providing a legal trap to the unwary. Because of the
delay, unscrupulous parties to the proceedings take undue
advantage, and the person who is in wrongful possession draws D
delight in delay in disposal of the cases by taking undue
advantage of procedural complications. It is also a known fact
that after obtaining a decree for possession of the immovable
property, its execution takes a long time. In such a situation,
for protecting the interest of the judgment-creditor, it is E
necessary to pass appropriate orders so that reasonable mesne
profit which may be equivalent to the market rent is paid by a
person who is holding over the property. In appropriate cases,
the court may appoint a Receiver and direct the person who is
holding over the property to act as an agent of the [Receiver
with a direction to deposit the royalty amount fixed by the] F
Receiver or pass such other order which may meet the interest
of justice. This may prevent further injury to the plaintiff in
whose favour the decree is passed and to protect the property,
including further alienation.”
174. In Padmawati v. Harijan Sewak Sangh [2008 SCC OnLine G
Del 1202] decided by the Delhi High Court on 6-11-2008, the
Court held as under: (SCC Online Del para 6)
“6. The case at hand shows that frivolous defences and frivolous
litigation is a calculated venture involving no risks situation.
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240 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 3 S.C.R.
A You have only to engage professionals to prolong the litigation
so as to deprive the rights of a person and enjoy the fruits of
illegalities. I consider that in such cases where the court finds
that using the courts as a tool, a litigant has perpetuated
illegalities or has perpetuated an illegal possession, the court
must impose costs on such litigants which should be equal to
B
the benefits derived by the litigant and harm and deprivation
suffered by the rightful person so as to check the frivolous
litigation and prevent the people from reaping a rich harvest of
illegal acts through the courts. One of the aims of every judicial
system has to be to discourage unjust enrichment using courts
C as a tool. The costs imposed by the courts must in all cases
should be the real costs equal to deprivation suffered by the
rightful person.”
We approve the findings of the High Court of Delhi in the case
mentioned above.
D 175. The High Court also stated: (Padmawati
case [Padmawati v. Harijan Sewak Sangh, 2008 SCC OnLine
Del 1202], SCC OnLine Del para 9)
“9. Before parting with this case, we consider it necessary to
observe that one of the [main] reasons for overflowing of court
E dockets is the frivolous litigation in which the courts are engaged
by the litigants and which is dragged on for as long as possible.
Even if these litigants ultimately lose the lis, they become the
real victors and have the last laugh. This class of people who
perpetuate illegal acts by obtaining stays and injunctions from
F the courts must be made to pay the sufferer not only the entire
illegal gains made by them as costs to the person deprived of
his right but also must be burdened with exemplary costs. The
faith of people in judiciary can only be sustained if the persons
on the right side of the law do not feel that even if they keep
fighting for justice in the court and ultimately win, they would
G turn out to be a fool since winning a case after 20 or 30 years
would make the wrongdoer as real gainer, who had reaped the
benefits for all those years. Thus, it becomes the duty of the
courts to see that such wrongdoers are discouraged at every
step, and even if they succeed in prolonging the litigation due
H to their money power, ultimately, they must suffer the costs of
FAIZABAD-AYODHYA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, FAIZABAD v. 241
DR. RAJESH KUMAR PANDEY [M. R. SHAH, J.]
all these years’ long litigation. Despite the settled legal positions, A
the obvious wrongdoers, use one after another tier of judicial
review mechanism as a gamble, knowing fully well that dice is
always loaded in their favour since even if they lose, the time
gained is the real gain. This situation must be redeemed by the
courts.”
B
176. Against this judgment of the Delhi High Court, Special Leave
to Appeal (Civil) No. 29197 of 2008 was preferred to this Court.
The Court passed the following order [Padmawati v. Harijan
Sewak Sangh, (2012) 6 SCC 460]: (SCC p. 460, para 1)
“1. We have heard the learned counsel appearing for the C
parties. We find no ground to interfere with the well-considered
judgment passed by the High Court. The special leave petition
is, accordingly, dismissed.”
***
183. In Marshall Sons & Co. (India) Ltd. v. Sahi Oretrans (P) D
Ltd. [(1999) 2 SCC 325] this Court in para 4 of the judgment
observed as under: (SCC pp. 326-27)
“4. … It is true that proceedings are dragged on for a long
time on one count or the other and, on occasion, become highly
technical accompanied by unending prolixity at every stage, E
providing a legal trap to the unwary. Because of the delay,
unscrupulous parties to the proceedings take undue advantage,
and a person who is in wrongful possession draws delight in
delay in disposal of the cases by taking undue advantage of
procedural complications. It is also a known fact that after F
obtaining a decree for possession of immovable property, its
execution takes a long time. In such a situation, for protecting
the interest of the judgment-creditor, it is necessary to pass
appropriate orders so that reasonable mesne profit which may
be equivalent to the market rent is paid by a person who is
holding over the property. In appropriate cases, the court may G
appoint a Receiver and direct the person who is holding over
the property to act as an agent of the Receiver with a direction
to deposit the royalty amount fixed by the Receiver or pass
such other order which may meet the interest of justice. This
may prevent further injury to the plaintiff in whose favour the
H
242 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 3 S.C.R.
A decree is passed and to protect the property, including further
alienation.”
184. In Ouseph Mathai v. M. Abdul Khadir [(2002) 1 SCC 319]
this Court reiterated the legal position that: (SCC p. 328, para 13)
“13. … [the] stay granted by the court does not confer a right
B upon a party and it is granted always subject to the final result
of the matter in the court and at the risks and costs of the party
obtaining the stay. After the dismissal, of the lis, the party
concerned is relegated to the position which existed prior to
the filing of the petition in the court which had granted the
C stay. Grant of stay does not automatically amount to extension
of a statutory protection.” ’ ”
There are other decisions as well, which iterate and apply the
same principle. [Indian Council for Enviro-Legal
Action v. Union of India, (2011) 8 SCC 161; Grindlays Bank
D Ltd. v. CIT, (1980) 2 SCC 191; Ram Krishna Verma v. State of
U.P., (1992) 2 SCC 620. Also Marshall Sons & Co. (India)
Ltd. v. Sahi Oretrans (P) Ltd., (1999) 2 SCC 325.]
338. A wrongdoer or in the present context, a litigant who takes
his chances, cannot be permitted to gain by delaying tactics. It is
E the duty of the judicial system to discourage undue enrichment or
drawing of undue advantage, by using the court as a tool.
In Kalabharati Advertising v. Hemant Vimalnath Narichania [(2010)
9 SCC 437], it was observed that courts should be careful in
neutralizing the effect of consequential orders passed pursuant to
interim orders. Such directions are necessary to check the rising
F trend among the litigants to secure reliefs as an interim measure
and avoid adjudication of the case on merits. Thus, the
restitutionary principle recognizes and gives shape to the idea that
advantages secured by a litigant, on account of orders of court, at
his behest, should not be perpetuated; this would encourage the
G prolific or serial litigant, to approach courts time and again and
defeat rights of others — including undermining of public purposes
underlying acquisition proceedings. A different approach would
mean that, for instance, where two landowners (sought to be
displaced from their lands by the same notification) are awarded
compensation, of whom one allows the issue to attain finality —
H
FAIZABAD-AYODHYA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, FAIZABAD v. 243
DR. RAJESH KUMAR PANDEY [M. R. SHAH, J.]
and moves on, the other obdurately seeks to stall the public purpose A
underlying the acquisition, by filing one or series of litigation, during
the pendency of which interim orders might inure and bind the
parties, the latter would profit and be rewarded, with the deemed
lapse condition under Section 24(2). Such a consequence, in the
opinion of this Court, was never intended by Parliament;
B
furthermore, the restitutionary principle requires that the advantage
gained by the litigant should be suitably offset, in favour of the
other party.
339. In Krishnaswamy S. Pd. v. Union of India [(2006) 3 SCC
286], it was observed that an unintentional mistake of the Court,
which may prejudice the cause of any party, must and alone could C
be rectified. Thus, in our opinion, the period for which the interim
order has operated under Section 24 has to be excluded for
counting the period of 5 years under Section 24(2) for the various
reasons mentioned above.”
12. The sum and substance of the aforesaid observations could D
be summarized as under:-
(i) The time of five years is provided to the authorities to take
action, not to sleep over the matter;
(ii) Only in cases of lethargy or inaction and default on the part E
of the authorities and for no other reason lapse of acquisition
can occur;
(iii) Lapse of acquisition takes place only in case of default by
the authorities acquiring the land, not caused by any other
reason or order of the court; F
(iv) The additional compensation @ 12% provided under Section
69 of the Act, 2013 has been excluded from the period
acquisition proceedings have been held up on account of
the interim injunction order of any court;
(v) If it was not possible for the acquiring authorities, for any G
reason not attributable to them or the Government, to take
requisite steps, the period has to be excluded;
(vi) In case the authorities are prevented by the court’s order,
obviously, as per the interpretation of the provisions such
period has to be excluded; H
244 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 3 S.C.R.
A (vii) The intent of the Act, 2013 is not to benefit landowners
only. The provisions of Section 24 by itself do not intend to
confer benefits on litigating parties as such, while as per
Section 114 of the Act, 2013 and Section 6 of the General
Clauses Act the case has to be litigated as per the provisions
B of the Act, 1894.
(viii) It is not the intendment of the Act, 2013 that those who
have assailed the acquisition process should get benefits of
higher compensation as contemplated under Section 24;
(ix) It is not intended by the provisions that in case, the persons,
C who have litigated and have obtained interim orders from
the Civil Courts by filing suits or from the High Court under
Article 226 of the Constitution should have the benefits of
the provisions of the Act, 2013 except to the extent
specifically provided under the Act, 2013;
D
(x) In cases where some landowners have chosen to take
recourse to litigation and have obtained interim orders
restraining taking of possession or orders of status quo, as
a matter of practical reality it is not possible for the authorities
or the Government to take possession or to make payment
E of compensation to the landowners. In several instances,
such interim orders also have impeded the making of an
award;
(xi) However, so far as awards are concerned, the period
provided for making of awards under the Act, 2013 (sic 1894
F Act) could be excluded by virtue of Explanation to Section
11-A, which provided that in computing the period of two
years, the period during which any action or proceeding to
be taken in pursuance of the declaration is stayed by an
order of a court shall be excluded;
G
(xii) The litigation initiated by the landowners has to be decided
on its own merits and the benefits of Section 24(2) should
not be available to the litigants in a straightjacket manner.
In case there is no interim order, they can get the benefits
they are entitled to, not otherwise. Delays and dilatory tactics
H
FAIZABAD-AYODHYA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, FAIZABAD v. 245
DR. RAJESH KUMAR PANDEY [M. R. SHAH, J.]
and sometimes wholly frivolous pleas cannot result in A
benefitting the landowners under sub-section (1) of Section
24 of the Act, 2013;
(xiii) Any type of order passed by this Court would inhibit action
on the part of the authorities to proceed further, when a
challenge to acquisition is pending; B
(xiv) Interim order of stay granted in one of the matters of the
landowners would cause a complete restraint on the
authorities to proceed further to issue declaration;
(xv) When the authorities are disabled from performing duties
due to impossibility, it would be a sufficient excuse for them C
to save them from rigour of provisions of Section 24. A
litigant may have a good or a bad cause, be right or wrong.
But he cannot be permitted to take advantage of a situation
created by him by way of an interim order passed in his
favour by the Court at his instance. Although provision of D
Section 24 does not discriminate between landowners, who
are litigants or non-litigants and treat them differently with
respect to the same acquisition, it is necessary to view all
of them from the stand point of the intention of the
Parliament. Otherwise, anomalous results may occur and
provisions may become discriminatory in itself; E
(xvi) The law does not expect the performance of the impossible;
(xvii) An act of the court shall prejudice no man;
(xviii) A party prevented from doing an act by certain
circumstances beyond his control can do so at the first F
subsequent opportunity;
(xix) When there is a disability to perform a part of the law, such
a charge has to be excused. When performance of the
formalities prescribed by a statute is rendered impossible
by circumstances over which the persons concerned have G
no control, it has to be taken as a valid excuse;
(xx) The Court can under its inherent jurisdiction ex debito
justitiae has a duty to mitigate the damage suffered by the
defendants by the act of the Court;
H
246 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 3 S.C.R.
A (xxi) No person can suffer from the act of Court and an unfair
advantage of the interim order must be neutralised;
(xxii) No party can be permitted to take shelter under the cover
of Court’s order to put the other party in a disadvantageous
position;
B (xxiii) If one has enjoyed under the Court’s cover, that period cannot
be included towards inaction of the authorities to take
requisite steps under Section 24 as the State authorities
would have acted and passed an award determining
compensation but for the Court’s order.
C 13. Repelling the submission that there is no express provision in
Section 24, that excludes the period during which any interim order was
operative, preventing the State from making an award, it is observed
and held that preventing the State from taking the possession of acquired
land or from giving effect to the award, in a particular case or cases,
D cannot result in the inclusion of such period or periods for the purpose of
reckoning the period of five years.
14. The aforesaid observations would be aptly applicable while
interpreting and considering Section 24(1) of the Act, 2013. In other
words, whether due to the interim stay granted by the Court and the
E authority not declaring the award under Section 11 of the Act, 1894 and
the interim stay being continued at the time when the Act, 2013 came to
be enforced, such litigants, who have benefitted from the interim order
can be permitted to take the advantage of the same and thereafter pray
that in such a situation, they shall be paid compensation as per the new
Act, 2013? It cannot be disputed that there shall be a very huge difference
F between the quantum of compensation payable under the Act, 1894 and
the compensation payable under the Act, 2013. It cannot be said that
there was any inaction on the part of the Authority in not declaring the
award because of the interim order passed by the Court. Therefore,
should the State and the Public Exchequer be made to suffer when
G there is no inaction on the part of the Authority in declaring the Award?
The intention of the Parliament while enacting Section 24(1) of the Act,
2013 cannot be to give benefit to a litigant, who has obtained a stay
order and because of that the award could not be declared and thereafter
the litigant may be awarded the compensation as per Act, 2013. It may
even result in discrimination between the landowners, whose lands have
H
FAIZABAD-AYODHYA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, FAIZABAD v. 247
DR. RAJESH KUMAR PANDEY [M. R. SHAH, J.]
been acquired under the same notification. Take an example, as in the A
present case, in Civil Appeal No. 2915 of 2022, the total land measuring
17.172 hectares was acquired from different landowners including the
three plots owned by the respondents herein. The respondents herein
alone were granted the interim order and because of that, the award
could not be declared with respect to three plots only and with respect to
B
the remaining lands under the same notification, the awards were declared
and the payment of compensation was made under the Act, 1894.
Therefore, if respondents herein, who litigated and obtained the stay
order are now to be paid the compensation under the Act, 2013 on the
ground that so far as they are concerned, the award has not been declared
as on the date on which the Act, 2013 has been enforced, in that case, C
there would be two different amounts of compensation with respect to
the landowners under the same notification and that would lead to
discrimination amongst the landowners whose lands have been acquired
under the same notification, which would never have been the intention
of the Parliament.
D
15. In the case of Indore Development Authority (supra),
even this Court applied the principle of restitution. It is observed that the
principle of restitution is founded on the ideal of doing complete justice
at the end of litigation, and parties have to be placed in the same position
but for the litigation and interim order, if any, passed in the matter. Applying
the principle of restitution, it is further observed that no party could take E
advantage of a litigation. It is further observed and held that the principle
of restitution is a statutory recognition of the rule of justice, equity and
fair play. The court has inherent jurisdiction to order restitution so as to
do complete justice. This is also on the principle that an unsuccessful
litigant who had the benefit of an interim order in his favour cannot F
encash or take advantage of the same on the enforcement of the Act,
2013 by initially stalling the acquisition process and later seeking a higher
compensation under the provisions of Act, 2013. We say so for the reason
that if at the instance of a landowner, who has challenged the acquisition,
an interim order has been passed by a Court is successful then the
proceeding of acquisition or the acquisition notification would be quashed. G
Then there would be no occasion to determine any compensation. But
on the other hand, if a landowner, who has the benefit of an interim
order in his favour whilst a challenge is made to the acquisition, is
unsuccessful, he cannot then contend that he must be paid compensation
under the provision of the Act, 2013 on its enforcement, whereas a H
248 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 3 S.C.R.
A landowner, who did not have the benefit of any interim order is paid
compensation determined under the provisions of the Act, 1894, which
is lesser than what would be computed under the Act, 2013.
15.1 Following the decision of this Court in the case of State of
Gujarat Vs. Essar Oil Ltd., (2012) 3 SCC 522, it is observed that
B the principle of restitution is a remedy against unjust enrichment or unjust
benefit. Following the decision of this Court in the case of A.
Shanmugam Vs. Ariya Kshatriya Rajakula Vamsathu Madalaya
Nandhavana Paripalanai Sangam, (2012) 6 SCC 430, it is observed
that the restitutionary jurisdiction is inherent in every court, to neutralise
the advantage of litigation. A person on the right side of the law should
C not be deprived, on account of the effects of litigation; the wrongful gain
of frivolous litigation has to be eliminated if the faith of people in the
judiciary has to be sustained.
16. Therefore, even applying the principle of restitution, as applied
by this Court in the case of Indore Development Authority (supra),
D the landowners cannot be permitted to take advantage of the interim
order obtained by them due to which the Authority could not declare the
award under Section 11 of the Act, 1894 and thereafter contend that in
that view of the matter, he/they shall be paid the compensation under
Section 24(1) of the Act, 2013, under which a higher compensation will
E be available to them on determination of the compensation under the
Act, 2013.
Conclusion:-
17. In view of the above and for the reasons stated above, it is
observed as under:-
F
(i) It is concluded and held that in a case where on the date of
commencement of Right to Fair Compensation and
Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and
Resettlement Act, 2013, no award has been declared under
Section 11 of the Act, 1894, due to the pendency of any
G proceedings and/or the interim stay granted by the Court,
such landowners shall not be entitled to the compensation
under Section 24(1) of the Act, 2013 and they shall be entitled
to the compensation only under the Act, 1894.
18. In view of the above discussion and for the reasons stated
H above and in view of our conclusion above, all these appeals are allowed.
FAIZABAD-AYODHYA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, FAIZABAD v. 249
DR. RAJESH KUMAR PANDEY [M. R. SHAH, J.]
The impugned judgment(s) and order(s) passed by the High Court are A
quashed and set aside. The concerned appropriate Authority(s) to declare
the award under Section 11 of the Act, 1894 with respect to the lands in
question and determine the compensation under the provisions of the
Act, 1894 by taking into consideration Section 114 of the Act, 2013 read
with Section 6 of the General Clauses Act, 1897, wherever applicable
B
and the original landowners shall be paid the compensation accordingly,
under the provisions of the Act, 1894.
It goes without saying that if the landowners are aggrieved by the
determination of compensation declared under the award under the Act,
1894, it will be open for them to take recourse to law for enhancement
of compensation under the provisions of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 C
only.
With this, the present appeals are allowed. However, in the facts
and circumstances of the case, there shall be no order as to costs.
D
Bibhuti Bhushan Bose Appeals allowed.
E
F
G
H
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