Holding

Skipper Construction repeatedly abused the judicial process and its attempts to create third‑party rights were contemptuous, warranting enforcement of payment and prohibition of further construction.

Summary

The Delhi Development Authority (DDA) auctioned a commercial tower plot and awarded it to Skipper Construction Ltd., which paid only 25% of the bid and later defaulted on the balance despite multiple extensions and court orders. Skipper repeatedly violated interim orders by seeking to create third‑party rights through advertisements and filing numerous suits and writ petitions to evade payment and construction restrictions. The Supreme Court found that Skipper had abused the judicial process, deliberately circumventing orders, and that its actions, including the creation of rights in favour of third parties, were contemptuous. The Court also criticised the DDA and the New Bank of India for lax enforcement of payment and bank guarantees. Consequently, the Court upheld the lower courts' orders directing Skipper to pay the dues and barred it from creating any rights in the property, dismissing the Special Leave Petition filed by Skipper.

Issues considered

Whether Skipper Construction abused the process of the court by attempting to circumvent orders and create third‑party rights during pendency of proceedings.
Whether the DDA’s exercise of powers under Section 41 of the Delhi Development Authority Act in deferring payment and handing over possession was lawful.
Whether the Supreme Court should enforce payment of the outstanding bid amount and restrain Skipper from further construction or creation of rights.

Legislation cited

Delhi Development Authority Acts. 41

Subjects

abuse of processauctionbank guaranteeDelhi Development Authority ActSection 41court ordersconstructionproperty rightscivil procedurepublic procurement

Judgment

DELHI DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY A
v.
SKIPPER CONSTRUCTION AND ANR.

JANUARY 25, 1995

[P.B. SAWANT, S. MOHAN AND B.P. JEEVAN REDDY, JJ.) B

Judicial Process-Abuse of process of Court-Auction of Commercial
Tower Plot-Highest bidder Skipper Construction Ltd. deposited 25% of bid
amount-Defaults in making balance of payment-Calculated attempts made
to circumvent orders of Court-Advertisement issued for conftnned booking C
of commercial flatS-Creation of rights in favour of third parties during pen-
dency of court proceedings-DDA adopted a passive attitude-Bank's
liberality in advancement of loans and bank guarantees to Skipper Construc-
tion-case of abuse of process of court.

Delhi Development Authority Act-S.41-Exercise of powers unde,._ D
Conduct of D.DA. officials in respect of Skipper Constructions-Ques-
tionable-Probe suggested.

~n an auction held by the Delhi Development Authority of a Commer-
cial Tower Plot, the first respondent was the highest bidder. As per the E
condition of the auction, the respondent deposited 25% of the bid amount.
'lbe bid was confirmed by DDA and Skipper was called upon to make the
balance payment of 75% of the bid amount within 90 days as per the
conditions of the auction. The Government of India issued directions to
DDA to reschedule the recovery of 75% of the bid amount with interest
from Skipper. Skipper entered into fresh licence agreement, paid 50% of F
the original bid and secure payment of the balanre 50% of the bid of
submitting bank guarantees. Thereafter, the first respondent did not pay
in terms of the agreement. Subsequently, the Lt. Governor issued a direc-
tion at the request of Skipper, deferring recovery of 2nd instalment till one
month after the sanctioning of the building plans. Then the respondent
filed writ petition seeking reliefrelating to sanctioning of building plans G
and permission for coµstruction. The DDA granted conditional and
provisional sanction to plans of the building subject to the payment of.
monies due to the DDA. An interim order was passed by the High Court
permitting Skipper to commence construction without first depositing the
dues of the DDA. H
555
_j

556 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995] 1 S.C:R.

A On appeal, the Division Bench directed the payinent ofa token sum.
This. order was not complie4 with. Sldpper\approached the court for ..._,,._
extension of time to make payment. The Court extended the time affording
liberty to the DDA to encash the bank guarantees. However~ ,the bank
'
guarantee could not be encashed because it was conditional. The DDA filed
appeals against the interim orders passed by the High Court. The Supreme
B Court stayed further construction and made it conditional upon payment
of a specified amount.
A

Skipper filed a Civil suit for a direction that the DDA ought not to
insist upon payment by cash or draft and ought to be directed to encash
c bank guarantee. Orders were issued directing the DDA to invoke the bank
guarantee. However, the suit was ultimately dismissed. The writ petition
filed by Skipper was also dismissed with direction to Skipper pay to DDA
by cash or demand draft a sum and to stop construction till payment was
made. In the event of non payment, DDA was made entitled to enter upon
D the property and forfeit the monies ·already received. Skipper filed SLP ,.
against the dismissal of the writ petition. The Supreme Co~rt passed an
interim order directing Skipper to deposit money. Skipper was permitted
·to resume the construction only after making the first deposit.

In violation of the interim order of the Supreme Court, Skipper
E issued advertisement seeking to create third party rights. The SLP was
dismissed and DDA re-entered and took physical possession of the proper-
ty. Skipper filed another suit in the High Court. DDA issued notices for

F
auction of the property. The Allahabad High Court in a writ petition stayed
the notice of auction. DDA published notice inviting tenders. Application
was filed to accord permission to confirm the bid for the grant of lease
'!""
-
-~
hold rights •n favour of the highest acceptable tender.

-
' The petitioner argued that Skipper indulged in abuse of process of
t--

law more than1 once. The sale of space to various flat owners 'Yas in
".iolation of law and judicial directions in view of the categorical direction
G of the Delhi High Court that the flat shall vest in DDA free from all
encumbrances. The ·alleged creation of third party rights was also vitated
't ..
by fraud. The petitioner submitted that because of the atteli1J._pt of the flat
owners to disrupt the auction1;....DDA had no other option t_b,~n to invite
tenders and the highest tender bid accepted was iri keeping with the marke~
H rate. Hence it was prayed that.the offer might be accepted and Skipper be
D.D.A. v. SKIPPER CONSTRUCTION 557

dealt with for abuse of process of court. A
Skipper pleaded that as a last chance if time could be granted it will
pay off the entire dues.

Disposing of the matter, this Court .
B
HELD : 1. Skipper had time and again indulged in abuse of process
of court. Calculated attempts had been made to circumvent even the orders
of the Supreme Court. In spite of the specific order of the Court restrain-
ing Skipper from creating any rights in the property, Skipper issued an
advertisement inviting offers for. confirmed booking of commercial flats.
The creation of rights in favour '{f third parties during the pendency of the c
Court proceedings was nothing but an attempt to over-reach or circumvent
orders of the Court. There were several individuals who had entered into
agreement to purchase the premises. This could have been avoided, had
DDA not handed over the possession of the suit land to skipper even before
recehing the amount in fuIJ. There was no justification for exercise of D
powers u/s 41 of the Delhi Development Authority Act. There was no need
to defer recovery of the second instalment from Skipper when it was
admittedly in default. When the matter was hardly contested before the
court, the DDA adopted a passive attitude and remained a by stander or
an on-looker. The conduct of the officials of DDA prima facie appears to
be questionable. (564-C, 566-C-D, 567-D] E

2. New Bank of India .appearing to be 'far too so generous' with
public money. The liberality in advancement of loan and bank guarantees
created an impression tliat 'there was something rotten'. How bank
guarantee came to be furnished for the huge sum of the first instalment F
of Rs.1.994 crores was enigmatic. Again, how a fresh bank guarantee was
advanced was equaIJy engimatic. Caution and care in advancement of
Joans-bank guarantees to Skipper Construction appeared to have been
thrown to winds. (567-F-G]

,.. r CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : I.A No. 3 of 1994. G
IN

Special Leave Petition (C) No. 21000 of 1993.

From the Judgmept and Order dated 9.12.93 of the Delhi High Court H
558 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995] 1 S.C.R.

A in Suit No. 770 of 1993.
Ms: Kamini Jaiswal for the Petitioner.

Ms. Sangeeta Kumar and Ms. Indra Sahwney for the Respondents.

B The following Order of the Court was delivered :

The facts leading to this interlocutory application are as under :

On 8.10.1980, an auction was held by the Delhi Development
Authority (hereinafter referred to as the 'DDA' ) of the Commercial Tower
C Plot, Jhandewalan, Block E, ·New Delhi ad measuring about 2540 sq. mtrs.
The first respondent, M/s. Skipper Construction Co. (P) Ltd. (hereinafter
referred to as the 'Skipper') was the highest bidder, its bid being Rs. 9.82
crores. As per the conditions of the auction, Skipper deposited 25% of the
bid amount. The said bid was confirmed by the DDA on 14.10.1980.
Skipper was called upon to make the balance of payment of 75% of. the
D bid amount within 90 days as per the conditions of the auction. >-

The Government of India issued direction to the DDA accepting the
request of Skipper and granting an indulgenee to it by directing the DDA
to reschedule the recovery of 75% of the bid amount with interest from
E the Skipper. Consequent to this, DDA called upon the Skipper to enter
into fresh agreement, licence agreement and furnish bank guarantees in
compliance with the directions of the Central Government.

On 11.8.1987, Skipper entered into a licence agreement, paid 50% of
the original bid and secured payment of the balance 50% of the bid and
F interest at the rate of 18% per annum thereon by submitting bank guaran-
tees for Rs. 9.82 crores, in terms of which a sum of approximately 1.944
crores was required to be paid as each instalment. A total of 5 instalments.
was payable every six months, the first being due on 15.9.1987 and the last
on or about 15.9.1989.

G Against the first instalment of Rs. 1.944 crores falling due on
15.9.1987, DDA recovered about Rs. 88.76 lacs by encashment of the-bank
guarantee on 7.12.1?87. Thereafter the first respondent did not pay in
terms of the agreemeiit. ·

On 4.10.198&, the Lt. Governor issued a direction at the request of
H skipper, deferr!ng1ecovery from Skipper of the 2nd instalment as per the
D.D.A. v. SKIPPER CONSTRUCTION 559

agreement. dated 11.8.1987 till one month after the sanctioning of the A
building plans.

In August, 1989, the first respondent filed writ petition in the High
Court of Delhi, being CWP No. 2371 of 1989. the principal relief sought in
the writ petition related to sanctioning of building plans and permission for
construction. An interim order was passed directing the Skipper to furnish B
fresh bank guarantee since the bank guarantee furnished earlier had
lapsed. The DOA did not encash the fresh bank guarantee which was
defedive. Time and again the DDA represented to the Court that the
monies were outstanding from the Skipper and no indulgence ought to be
shown to them till the payments were made. The question of payment of C
the outstanding amount of over Rs. 8 crores under the principal sum itself
was deferred from time to time.

On 16.2.1990, the Lt. Governor revoked the order dated 4.10.1988
deferring the payment of instalments. As a result the entire sum became
payable in one lump sum. However this order of the Lt. Governor was D
stayed by the Court. Thus, it became necessary for the ODA to grant
conditional and provisional sanction to plans to the building subject to the
payment of monies due to the DDA.

On 19.3.1990, an interim order was passed by the Delhi High Court E
by which Skipper was permitted to commence construction without first
depositing the dues of the DDA. Against this order an appeal was
preferred. The Division Bench directed the payment of a token sum of Rs.
5 lacs which was offered by the Skipper as a gesture of goodwill within 2
days; a sum of Rs. 15 lacs within 15 days and Rs. 1.944 crores; within one
month to the DOA. It was further directed that the quantum of monies F
and the mode of payment will be decided at the time of final disposal of
the writ petition.

Even this order was not complied with. Notwithstanding this, Skipper
approached the Court once again for extension of time to make payment G
and for direction to construct. The Court extended the time by one month
on 16.4.1990, affording liberty to the DDA to encash the bank guarantee.
The bank guarantee could not be encashed because it was conditional. By
then the entire monies had fallen due. Those amounts had not been paid.
The DDA filed SLP (C) Nos. 6338-6339of1990 against the interim orders
dated 19.3.1990 and 16.4.1990 passed by the High Court of Delhi. By an H
'
_j

560 SUPREME COURT REPORTS\ [1995) 1 S;C.R.

A order dated 3.5.1990 this Court stayed further constnl,ction and made it
conditional upon payment of Rs. 1.944 crores ..

Suit No. 1875 of 1990 was filed· by the Skipper for a direction that
the DDA ought not to insist upon 'payment by cash or draft and ought to
be directed to encash bank guarantee.'The
" I
learned Vacation Judge issued
.·
B orders directing the DDA to invoke t1?.e Bank guarantee. However, the suit
was ultimately dismissed. ·

On 21.12.1990, a Division Bench of the D~lhi High Court dismissed
CWP No. 2371 of 1989 directing Skipper to pay to the DDA by cash or
demand draft a sum of Rs.8,12,68,789 within 30 days; to stop construction
C till payment is made; and in the event of non-payment by the Skipper, DDA
would be entitled to enter upon the property and forfeit the momes
received by the DDA. ·

On 14.1.1991, detailed reasons for its operative order came fo be
rendered by the Division Bench of the Delhi Jiigh Court with further
D direction giving effect to clause 15 of the licence agreement dated 11.8.1987
that in the event of non-compliance of the payment by the Skipper the
property shall stand vested in the DDA, free from all encumbrances, in
addition to the forfeiture of the monies.

Against the dismissal of CWP No. 2371 of 1~89 Skipper filed SLP
E (C) No. 186 of 1991 before this Court. '· ·

On 29.1.1991, a Division Bench of this Court passed an interim order
(in which one of us, P.B. Sawant, J., was a party) It inter alia reads as
under:
I I
F . "(i) That the petitioners herein shall deposit a sum of Rs. 2.5.
crores (Rupees two crores and fifty lacs only) in cash/bank draft
with the Delhi Development Authori~ within one month from
, today and the petitioners will further deposit similar amount by
cash/ bank draft by 8th April, 1991.
G
(ii) That the petitioners shall ..be permitted to resume the
construction of the building in question only after making the first
1

deposit as stated in clause (i) above.

(iii) That if the petitioners fail to deposit the amounts as
Ii aforesaid, the Delhi Development Authority will be free to act in .
D.D.A v. SKIPPER CONSTRUCilON 561

accordance with the impugned order dated 21st December, 1990 A
or High Court in CWP No. 2371 of 1980. ·

(iv) That the petitioners shall not .induct any person in the
building or create any right in favour of any third party

(v) That the matter be listed for further orders before this Court B
on 9th April, 1991."

On 4.2.1991, in violation of the agreement and in gross contempt of
the above order, the Skipper issued advertisement in the leading
newspapers seeking to create 3rd party rights.
c
On 25.1.1993, SLP (C) No. 186 of 1991 was dismissed by this Court.
By virtue of the above order, the DOA on 10.2.1993 re-entered and took
physical possession of the said property, free from all e..icumbrances;
monies paid by the Skipper were forfeited.

Notwithstanding all these, Skipper filed yet another suit on the D
original side of the High Court of Delhi, being Suit No. 770 of 1993 for the
reliefs of:

(i) permanent injunction restraining the DOA from interfering with
the title and possession of the property;
E
(ii) for mandatory injunction directing the DOA to recompute the
principal amount and interest payable by Skipper;

(iii) for a declaration that the present calculations are wrong;

(iv) for a declaration that re-entry/re-possession and determination F
of the rights of skipper are pad in law and non-est;

(v) for a declaration that all dues have been paid by Skipper to the
DDA;and

(vi) a declaration that clause 15 of the Licence Agreement dated G
11.8.1987 is non-est and bad in law.
,.. r
On service of notice, DDA filed application, I.A No. 8500 of 1993
in Suit No. 770 of 1993, for rejection of the plaint as all the issues raised
by skipper were res judicata and even otherwise the plaint was barred by
law. The said application is pending disposal. H
562 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1995] 1 S.C.R.

-A On 8.11.93, DDA issued notices for auction of the said pt:;'opeity. The
2nd respondent sought to implead itself in the suit and oii 1.12.1993 filed
an application for stay of auction which was opposed by the DDA.

On 9.12.1993, a learned Single Judge of the Delhi High Court al-
B lowed the auction to proceed with and restrained the DDA from accepting
or confirming the bid at the auction scheduled for 10.12.1993. Aggrieved
by this order DDA filed SLP (C) No. 21000 of 1993 againh the interim
order of the Delhi High Court. Besides the above proceedings, the Al-
lahabad High Court in a writ petition stayed the notice of a~ction
I
by the
DDA. The City Civil (Munsif) Court at Ghaziabad (UP) pass~d orders of
C status quo in respect of a flat in the said building in November\1993. Thus,
the auction to be held on 10.12.1993 was disrupted. Once again the
attempt of DDA to auction the flats could not fructify. Since the method
of auction was not yielding results DDA decided to invite tenders for the
sale of the said property as an alternative method. Accordingly, notice
inviting tenders was published in the leading newspapers on 31.1.1~4.
D There was only one tender that too was conditional. Therefore, the same
was rejected.

On 28.9.1994, the DDA once again caused public~tion of notice
inviting tenders. The DDA received three tenders. The higJlest acceptable
E tender was of M/s. Banganga Investments Pvt. Ltd., the off¥ being Rs. 70
crores and.10 lacs. ·

On 7.11.1994, the competent authority accepted the bid of M/s.
Banganga Investments Pvt. Ltd. It is under these circumstanc!;!s, I.A. No. 9
of 1994 was filed to accord permission to confirm the bid for the grant of '
F lease hold rights in favour of Mis Banganga Investments Pvt. Ltd.

Mr. Arun Jaitley, learned senior counsel for the petitioner urges that
the first respondent (Skipper) has indulged in abuse of process oflaw more
than once. The order' of the Division Bench of the Delhi High Court dated
G. 21.12.90, reported in (1991) DLT 63q at page 647 clearly enablesthe DDA ·
to take over plot along with the buildings thereon free from all encumbran-
ces and forfeit the entire amount paid by the first respondent in the event
of the payment, as stated in the order of the High Court dated 21.10.1990
was not forthcoming. SLP (C) No. 186of1991 filed against that order was
dismissed. To challenge the Order of the Division Bench as confirmed by
H this Court is a gross abuse of the process of court.
. \

D.DA v. SKIPPER CONSTRUCTION' 563

. · The sale. of ~pace to various flat oWners in' violatfon: ofl~~ and A
is
'judicial directio~. That can confer no right upon the flat owners. In view .
of the eategorical directiorl of the Delhi High Court-tllatiheflat shall vest·
in DDA free of 'all encumbrances, such a sale ~ also in violation of the
agreement between ODA .;,,d 'skipper entered into in August, 1987. The
order or' this Court made on 21.9.1992 clearly indicts Skipper for inclticting / ·
any person in building or _creating any right in favour of the third party, B
The alleged creation of third partj rights is also vitiated by fraud for the ',
following reasons :

. (i) The Judgment of the Delhi High Court (1991) DLT 636 at page.
647 notes that the counsel for the Skipper Construction has contended that C
the interest of 870 buyers of space will suffer.
----- ---

. (ii) The association of flat owners claim to have 1200 ~-filbers. •

· .. (iii) M/s. Skipper Consu;,ction .in their. SLP (C) No.186 of 1991
stated that there are.815 flat owners in the property. · D

(iv) Delhi High Court directed Mis Skipper Construction to furnish -
-· .
a list of flat owners and on 17.11.93 Mis Skipper Construction claimed that
they have 2700 flat owners. . ..

.It is. obvious that bulk of the interests created is clearly vitiated by E
fraudulent acts of the.alleged flat owners and/or the Skipper. In any case,
the DDA has no liability qua the said flat owners who have entered into ·
alleged transactions on their own risk and·· consequences. ·

A perusal of Application IA.' No. 3 of 1994 will clearly show that the ·
·agreements filed by Mrs. Anjana Khosla 'are dated 26.11.1992 That itself F
will clearlyshowhowthe order dated 29.1.1991 has beenvioiated. Having.
regard to the sanctioned space of 20,0oo sq; metres there cannot be 2,100 .
flat purchasers, as worked out on that basis each purcha5er will get 66 sq.
ft. approximately. . ·

. Because ~f the attempt of the flat owners to disrupt fue auctioii, G
DDA had no other option than to invite tenders. Fortunately, the second
tender offered iS made by Mis Banganga Investments PVf. Ltd. for Rs. 70
crores and 10 lacs. That is in keeping with the market rate. Hence, it is
prayed that the offer may be accepted· and Skipper may be. dealt with for
abuse of process of court. H
•
j

564 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995] 1 S.C.R.

A The learned counsel for the Skipper made an attempt to justify the
filing of the second suit but later gave up that argument. By th.en Mr. G.
Ramaswamy, Learned· senior counsel came and put forth a plea that as a
~ ..
-· --I I

last chance 'if skipper is granted time it will pay off the entire dues.
'
We passed the operative order on 3.1.95 stating that the reasons will
B be furn~shed' later.
The reasons for the said operatiye order are furnished below:
\ _..

From the above narration it is clear that the Skipper has time and
again indulged in abuse of process of Court. Calculated attempts have been
.C made to circumvent even the orders of this Court.
This Court by its orde~ dated 29.1.1991 specifically directed the
Skipper in no uncertain terms to make the payment of Rs. 5 crores with a ;.,
specified time. There was also a further restrain on Skipper from creating
any rights in the property. It is most surprising that in SP,ite of this specific
D order, the Skipper would issue an advertisement on 4.2.lf)91 to the follow-
ing effect : ' . .

"SKIPPER
GROUP OF COMPANIES
(ANNOUNCES}
E
IS~UE of Commercial Flats for retired/Retirip.g Personnel/
Profe\sional/Self employed & other persons in our
f
BAU MA.KHAN SINGH HOUSE
JHANDEWALAN TOWER, JHANDEWALAN EXTN.
F
at highly concessional rates

lt is once in a lifetime opportunity to own a commercial
property of your own in "Bau Mahan Singh House"

G A prime project in the' middle of high business 1 environment.
The location of tower is as rare as the officer itself.

[SALIENT FEATURES]

* Ultra modern multi storeyed commercial complex (Shopping
H cum office complex)
D.D.A. v. SKIPPER CONSTRUCTION 565

* Ground to 3rd Floor centrally airconditioned with escalators. A
* Excellent quality of construction.

·, * Interest free payment schedule linked with construction,

* Excellent investment returns.)" B

Special Leave Petition (Civil) No. 186 of1991 was aismissed by this

- Court on 25.1.1993. Therefore, the matter should have normally rested at
this stage. But, yet the Skipper would file Suit No. 770 of 1993 for various
reliefs for which CWP No. 2371 of 1989 was preferred before the Delhi C
High Court which writ petition came to be dismissed on 21.12.1990 by an
operative order giving detailed reasons on 14,1.1990.

Then again, Writ Petition before the Allahabad High Court and one
more suit before the City Civil (Munsit) Court at Ghaziabad were filed.
These were nothing but attempts to set at naught the orders of this Court. . D
No doubt the writ petition before the Allahabad High Court and the suit
before the City Civil (Munsit) Court at Ghaziabad may be by third parties,
yet the complicity of Skipper cannot be ruled out. The Skipper issued an
advertisement to the following effect on 26.5.1992 and 29.5.1992 inviting
offers for confirmed booking of commercial flats within a stone thtow of
Connaught Place in relation to the property conforming with the subject E
matter in this case :

SKIPPER GROUP
OFFERS CONFIRMED BOOKING OF
COMMERCIAL FLATS F
WITHIN THE STONES THROW OF
CONNAUGHT PLACE

Sale of Commercial Flats
. BAU MAKHAN SINGH HOUSE,

,.. . JHANDEWALAN TOWER,
JHANDEWALAN EXTENSION,
At hi~hly concessional· rates
G

T~ offers is only for confirmed bookings,
on first cum first served basis. H
_j

566 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995) 1 S.C.R.

A TOTAL COST OF FLAT : Rs 1,00,000
BOOKING AMOUNT : Rs. 50,000
Balance in easy construction & time linked
instalments.

ONLY 50 FLAT AVAILABLE."
B
The creation of rights in favour of third parties during the pendency
of the proceeding is nothing but an attempt to over-reach or circumvent
the order of this Court

On a perusal of this records, it is also clear that there are several
C individuals who have entered into the agreement to purchase the premises
before and after 29.1.1991. It is most unfortunate that guiltless and innocent
purchasers have been brought to his sorry situation by this crafty builder.
This could have been avoided, had the D .D .A not handed over the
possession of the suit land to skipper even before receiving the amount in
D full in accordance with the agreement or at least in accordance with the
orde_rn of this Court. Truly, it has obliged the Skipper to further the evil
designed of the Skipper.

The order dated 4.10.1988 passed ~by the then-Ex-Chairman of the
D.D.A. (the then Lt. Governor of Delhi) runs to the following effect:
E
"No. F.4(1)8/lmpl.

From: Director (C.L.)
DELHI DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
New Delhi 4/10/1988
F
M/s. Sl9.pper Constn. Co. (P) Ltd.
23, Barakhamba Road,
New Delhi.

Sub : Request for deferrment of Ilnd Instalment in respect of
G
Jh~c.IBwa-ian-Tower Plot, Block-B, Jhandewalan, N. Delhi

Sir,

Please refer to your request on the subject noted above. It is
H to inform you that L.G. h~s been pleased to consider your request
D.D.A v. SKIPPER CONSTRUCTION 567

for the deferrment of Ilnd instalment which was due on 15.3.1988 A
for one month from the date of approval of the building plans
subject to payment of interest changes @ 18% per annum. It may
however, please be noted that the offer will be withdrawn if any
delay/non co-operation for getting the building plans finalised is
noticed from your side.
B
Your faithfully,

Sd/-
DIRECTOR (C.L.)"

It caused dismay to us as to how the orders came to be passed by C
exercise of powers under Section 41 of the Delhi Development Authority
'. Act. Where was the need to defer recovery of the second instalment from
Skipper when it s was admittedly in default? When the matter was hardly
contested before the Court, the D.D.A. adopted a passive attitude and
remained a by-stander or an on-looker. If only it had taken proper steps D
at the appropriate time, the money of the unwary purchasers would not
have fallen into the trap of the Skipper. Therefore, the conduct of the
officials of D.D.A. including its ex-Chairman prima facie appears to be
questionable. This can be established only by a probe into the conduct of
the affairs of the D.D.A.
E·
Turning to the role placed by the then New Bank of India which has
now merged in Punjab National Bank, prima facie it appears to us that they
have been 'far too _so generous' with public money. The Bank has to·
establish that it has acted as a prudent banker. The liberality in advance-
ment of loans and bank guarantees creates an impression that 'there is p
- something rotten'. How, bank guarantee came to be furnished for the huge
sum Qf the first instalment of Rs. 1.944 crores is enigmatic. Again, in
September, 1989 how a fresh bank guarantee w~s advanced is equally
enigmatic. Since, we have directed an enquiry into this, all that we are
constrained to observe is that caution and care in advancement or loans-
bank guarantees to Skipper Construction appear to have been thrown to G
winds.

A.G. Matter disposed of.
A V.N. SU~ANDA REDDY AND ORS.
v.
STATE OF ANDHRA PRADESH AND ORS.

JANUARY 2S, 1995

B [KULDIP SINGH, B.L. HANSARIA AND S:B. MAJMUDAR, JJ.]

Constitution of India, 1950: Articles 14 and 16-'-State se1vice-Recrnit-
ment-Meritorious candidate--Classification of-Telugu Medium and non-
Telugu medium candidates-Weightage of 5% marks. to former
-
C category-Held violative of Articles 14 and 16. /
I

Service Law:

Appointment-Selection-Criteria for-Minimum eligibility· Graduation
through any niedium of language-Government Orders and Rules- Provision
D for weightage of 5% of total aggregate marks to candidates passing graduation
through Telugu medium-Held arbitrary and discriminatory-Provision held
not conducive to efficiency of administration-Appointment already made on
the basis of weightage held not affected.

E Andhra Pradesh Official Language Ac~ 1966: Sections 2, 4, 7 and 8.

.Official language-Provision for continuance of English-Special posi-
tion to Urdu in certain areas-In such circumstance weightage of 5% marks
in selection to Telugu medium candidate~eld not in consonance with

F
provisions of the Act.

The Andhra Pradesh Cabinet recommended that the Governor may
-
make rule in exercise of the powers conferred by the proviso to Article 309
of the Constitution read with sub-section (1) ·of Section 8 of the Andhra
Pradesh Official Language Act, 1966 to the effect that notwithstanding
anything in the Andhra Pradesh State and Subordinate Services Rules or
G the Special Rules, candidates seeking appointment to the :pests in the
service specified in the Table appended to the Rule, who had obtained the
basic educational qualification prescribed for direct recruitment Jn the
Special rules governing such posts, through the Telugu medirlm, will be
.. given weightage in. m\tter of selection to such posts by awarding them S
H per cent of the total aggregate maximum marks in the relevant competitive.
568
V.N. SUNANDA v. STATE OF AP. 569

examination held by the Andhra Pradesh Public ~ervice Commission for A
.> _. recruitment to such posts. Total marks for written test and viva voce test
consisted of 800 marks. Therefore, a candidate who had passed his gradua-
tion with Telugu as a medium of instruction was entitled to get a weightage
of 40 more marks on the aggregate as ·compared to another competing
candidate in the very same examination who had passed his graduation in
English or any other medium other than Telugu medium. Statutory rules
B
were framed as per this Government order, and the rules were challenged.
. Single Judge of the High Court quashed and set aside the said Government
order No. 504 on the ground that it was discriminatory and violative of
Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution of India. On appeal, a Division
Bench of the High Court upheld the impugned Government Order. Against c
the decision of the Division Bench, appeal has been preferred before this
Court. In the meanwhile, the State of Andhra Pradesh issued a more
comprehensive Government Order No. 603 dated 18.11.1981 extending five
per cent weightage to all Telugu medium students who competed for posts
for which recruitment was being done by the Andhra Pradesh Publi~ D
Service Commission to any service in the State of Andhra Pradesh. The
Andhra Pradesh. Administrative Tribunal took a view contrary to the
·decision of the Division Bench and held that the said Government Order
was violative of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution. The connected
appeal has been preferred against the aforesaid decision of the Tribunal.
E
Disposing of the appeals, this Court

HELD : 1. The rule of weightage to be given to candidate who have
passed graduation in Telugu Medium is violative of Articles 14 and 16 of
the Constitution and does not represent any valid and reasonable clas-
sification having a rational nexus to the object sought to be achieved F
thereby. The impugned Government Orders and the consequential
Statutory rules framed under Article 309 proviso are declared invalid.
[581-F, 577-E]
2. For appointing persons to posts in public serVices through direct
recruitment the criterion has to be pure merits. Therefore, all candidates G
who possess minimun,i educational qualification have to be assessed on the
basis of their relative merits. At the stage of assessment if 5 per cent more
marks on the aggregate are added in the assessment of candidates who
have passed minimum educational qualification through Telugu medium,
the veryrtiterion of relative merits would get frustrated and would become H
570. SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995) 1 s.~.R..

A otiose. Ad~ing 5 per cent of the total aggregate marks to the assessmen~
of Telugu medium candidates would frustrate the very concept of recruit- .... (
ment to public post on merits. If 40 marks as per the impugned rule are
to be added to the assessment of a Telugu medium candidate then he would
jump the queue and steal a march over more meritorious candidates who
stood higher up in the merit list. He would go ahead of all such more
B meritorious candidates. This would weed out best available candidates
from the open market and would give undue advantage to less meritorious
candidates. That would seriously impair the efficiency of administration.
[578-B, 581-G, 582-B-C] •

c on. Indra Sawhney v. Union of India and Ors., A.I.R (1993) SC 477, relied
3. The Division Bench of the High Court was not right in taking the
view that provision ofweightage was in the interests of the State to enable
it to prefer persons who were better acquainted with Telugu, being the
D official language of the State. [582-F]

4. Under Article 14 read with Article 16 all the citizens applying for
employment under the State are entitled to be treated alike. If that is so,
it is difficult to appreciate how having once allowed all candidates having
minimum qualification of graduation in any medium to compete for the
E .posts, a further special beneficial treatment can be given to only candidates
.
passing minimum educational qualification examination, namely gradua-
tion in .Telugu medium after their relative merits are assessed· vis-a-vis
other candidates in open competitions and how they can be vermitted to
steel a march over other meritorious candidates standing higher up in the
F merit queue by giyirtg such "weightage. The aforesaid sub-classification of
meritorious candidaies into Telugu medium candidates and non-Telugu
. medium candidates insofar as their graduation is concerned does not have
. any rational nexus to the object sought to be achieved thereby. If the object
is to ha¥e proficiency in Telugu language which is the official l~nguage of
the State, it has to be kept in view that even those candidates who have
G studied in non-Telugu medium like English or Hindi at Graduation level
also have to pass in one compulsory paper of Telugu. [579-E-F, 580-D]

Dr. Pradeep lain etc. v. Union of India and Ors. etc., [1984] 3 SCC
942 and State of Maharasht~a v. Raj Kumar, A.I.R. (1982) SC 1301, relied.
H on.
\

V.N. SUNANDA v. STATE OF AP. [MAJMUDAR, J.] 571

Sanjay Ahlawat v. Mahori_shi Dayanand University, Rohtak and Ors., A
, -' (1994) 4 Scale 221, distinguished.

3. Under Section 4 of the Andhra Pradesh Official Language Act,
1966 continuance of English is provided for. Section 7 provides for grant
of special position to Urdu in certain areas of the State. Under these
circumstances, grant of weightage to only those who studied in Telugu .B
medium would not be strictly in consonance with the provisions of the Act.
[582-E]
6. However, the appointment of Telugu medium graduates who have
already been appointed on the strength of such weightage should not be
disturbed. On the other hand, those Telugu medium graduates who have C
been selected on the strength of the weightage but to whom actual appoint-
ments have not been given on account of pendency of the present proceed-
ings should be given a chance to compete for such posts as and future
recruitment to such posts is resorted to and for that purpose, only once,
suitable age relaxation may be given to them in case they are otherwise D
found suitable on merits to be appointed in such future direct recruitment
to such posts. [582-H, 583-C-D]

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 2914 of
1981 Etc. Etc.
E
From the Judgment and Order dated 15.9.81 of the Andhra Pradesh
Pradesh High Court in WA. No. 391 of 1981.

C. Sitaramiah, S. Nambiar, P.P. Rao, R. Venugopal Reddy, H.S.
-· )
Guru Raja Rao and R. Sundravardhan, C.S. Panda, Ms. Sudhamathur, B.
Kanta Rao, M.Vijay Baskar, Nikhil Nayyar, T.V.S.N. Chari, Mrs D. p
Bharathi Reddy, B. Rajeshwar Rao and Ms. Rani Chhabra for the appear-
ing parties.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

MAJMUDAR, J. Leave to .appe:il granted in Special Leave Petition G
.~ ~ (Civil) Nos.6395 and 13446 of 1994. ·

In all these appeals a common question arises for our consideration,
namely, whether the State Government of Andhra Pradesh was justified in·
promulgating the rules under Article 309 of the Constitution of India under
which it was provided that candidates seeking appointment to the posts in H
572 SUPREME 90URT REPORTS [1995] 1 S.C.R.

A the service specified in the concerned rules who had o~tained basic educa-
tioool qualifications prescribed for direct recruitment governing such posl~ ·'- '-.

through the Telugu medium shall be given weightap;e in th'~. matter of
selection to such posts by awarding them five per. cent of the total aggregate
maximum marks ii1 the relevant competitive examination held by thP-
Andhra.Pradesh Public Service Commission for recruitment to such posls.
B
The State Government issued GOM. No. 603 dated 18.11.1981 under
which one such rule was framed. Even ~~rlier GOM No. 504, G.A.D. was
~.

issued on 26.6.76 to the same effect, of course for a limited number of
posts. While the G.O. dated 18.11.1981 w~.s more comprehensive in nature
c and. covered a wider range of posts.

The said G.O. 504 was brought in challenge before the Andhra
Pradesh High Court non· Telugu medium candidates by way of writ petition
No. 2041of1981. That writ petition was allowed by a learned single Judge
of the Andhra Pradesh High Court, Jeevan Reddy,.J., as he then was, who
D ~
by his order dated 7.6.1981 quashed and set aside the said G.O. Ms. No.
504 .on the ground that it was discriminatory and violative of Articles 14
and 16 of the Constitution of India. That resulted in two writ appeals under
clause 15 of the letters patent • one by the State of Andhra Pradesh and
another by the Telugu Medium candidates. Both these appeals were heard
E together by a Division Bench of the Andhra Pradesh High Court consisting
of Alladi Kuppuswami, CJ. and.Seetharam Reddy, J. who by their judgment
and order dated 15.9.1981 allowed the writ appeals and upheld the im-
pugned G.O. meaning thereby they took the view that such five per cent
weightage in total marks given to the Telugu Medium candidates was not "".

F violative of the constitutional provisions of Articles 14 and 16 of the
Constitution: Hence the writ petition filed by the Non-Telugu Medium \__
.-
candidates was dismissed. It is that order of the Divit-ion Bench of the ~
·Andhra Pradesh High Court that has resulted in civH appeal by special '
I
leave being Civil Appeal No. 2914 of 1981.

G. As stated earlier, subsequently the State of Andhra Pradesh by
,. j,
issuing a more comprehensive G.O. No. 603 dated 18.11.1981 extended five
per cent weightage to all Telugu medium students who contented for posts
for which recruitment was being done by the Andhra Pradesh Public
Service Commission to any service in the State of Andhra Pradesh. The
H statutory rules framed as per the said G.O. were challenged by non-Telugu
I
r
V.N.SUNANDA v. STATEOFA.P.[MAJMUDAR,J.] 573

medium candidates before the Andhra Pradesh Administrative Tribunal at .A
Hyderabad. The Tribunal by its order dated 18.1.1994 allowed the said
challenge in O.A. No. 2124of1993 and held that the said G.O. was violative
of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution. That decision of the Tribunal
which took a view contrary to the earlier decision of the Division Bench
of the High Court to Andhra Pradesh, noted hereinabove has resulted in
appeals by ·specials leave. Special Leave Petition (C) No. 6395 of 1994 was
B
moved _by Telugu medium candidates and the State of Andhra Pradesh also
• challenged the very same order by filing the Special Leave Petition (C) No .
13446 of 1994. As the questions involved in all these proceedings are
common, all these appeals were heard together and after hearing the
learned counsel for the respective parties, we are disposing of these c
appeals by this common judgment.

A few introductory facts leading to the promulgation of the aforesaid
impugned rules pursuant to the impugned G.Os. deserve to be noted at the
outset. The Andhra Pradesh Official Language Act (9 of 1966) by Section D
2 states that Telugu shall be the official language of the State. Section 4
provides for continuance of English language for official purpose. Section
7 provides for a special position to Urdu in addition to Telugu in certain
areas of the State. Section 8 confers power to make rules for carrying out
the purposes of the Act. The Government of Andhra Pradesh decided to
introduce in stages Telugu as language in administration. In 1970, the State E
Government wrote to several other State Governments to ascertain
whether any weightage or preference was given to candidates who had
studied in the respective regional languages in the matter of recruitment
to public posts, It is revealed from the record that the Government of
Kerala, Pondicherry, Tripura, Haryana1 Goa, Daman, and Diu, Rajasthan,
F
Kohima, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Weet Bengal, Punjab, Gujarat and
Bihar had replied that no such preference or weightage was given, in the
process of recruitment. In some States, knowledge of regional language was
essential for appointment while in some States they were required to pass
the language test within a fixed period after appointment. It appears that
after some deliberations, it was decided by the Cabinet at its meeting dated G
14.2.1975 to issue G.O. No. 504.

By the said G.O. it was recommended that the Governor of Andhra
Pradesh may make the rule in exercise of the powers conferred by the
proviso to Article 309 of the Constitution read with sub-section (1) of H
Y.N. SUNANDA v. STATE OF AP. [MAJMUDAR, J.] 575 '

..' ..
.....
sor G.O. A

We shall refer to the s.aid G.O. as the second G.O. This G.O., as
noted earlier, was struck down by the Andhra Pradesh. Administrative
Tribunal. That has given rise to the companion appeals:
B
We shall now briefly refer to the main grievances voiced by learned
, counsel for the respective parties in connection with these two G.Os. It was
~ submitted by learned counsel appearing for non-Telugu speaking can-
didates that when direct recruitment was appointed to any public service,
may be in the lower echelon of service, like Group II and Group IV posts,
which may consist of clerical posts, merits should be the criterion which c
the Public Service Commission should follow. If a candidate satisfied the
basic requirement of eligibility for competing in such public recruitment,
provision of such weightage of five per cent marks to Telugu medium
candidates only would per se be arbitrary and discriminatory and would be ,
destructive of the concept of selection on pure merits. That even if Telugu
"' D
be the official language as adopted by the State in the light of linguistic
policy, once a candidate is recruited from the open market as per the
relevant rules before he is confirmed in service and before he entitled to
earn an increment in service, he is required to pass the Telugu language
examination. This completely meets the requirement of the department
that candidate must be having working knowledge of Telugu to enable him E
to converse and correspond in Telugu with members of the public as well
as other Government departments. That this satisfies the object of securing
efficiency in administration. To put a further fatter at the entry point by
') giving special weightage of five per cent more marks on the aggregate to
candidates who have passed their graduation examination in Telugu
Medium would, therefore, have no ri::al nexus to the object sought to be F
achieved and would be counter productive as more meritorious students
even though having secured more marks in the aggregate in the competitive
test would be elbowed out by those standing far behind in the queue only
on the specious plea that they have passed the qualifying examination in
the Telugu medium. That even those ca~didates who have passed qualify-
G
;..
• ing graduate examination in English medium or any other medium in the
State have to appear compulsorily in one paper of Telugu language.
Therefore, he is also having sufficient working knowledge of Telugu to
enable him to correspond in Telugu as required by the exigencies of
service. That when under the relevant recruitment rules for the concerned
post, the minimum educational qualification prescribed is passing of H
576 SUPREME COURT REPORTS , [1995] 1 S'.C.R. -

. A graduation in any subject the further questi~n whether he has pas§~d this
examination in Telugu medium or English medium would be totally ir-
relevant. That if a candidate who has passed graduation examination in
English medium cannot be told off the gates and can legally compete in
the examination for recruitment to the public posts advertised by the Public
· Service Commission, such imposition of five per cent weightage of total
B marks in favour of candidates who had passed qualifying examination of
graduation in Telugu medium would amount to imposing an additional
qualificatiop. of eligibility criterion which is de hors the recruitment rules.,
and would result in total arbitrariness and would amount to give .a dis-
criminatory and hostile treatment to all candidates who otherwise are
C qualified to contest but have not Telugu medium at their graduation level.
It was also submitted that the object about maintaining the efficiency of
the administration can also be achieved by providing or prescribing for one
more paper in the competitive test on Telugu language itself, as in that
eventuality all the candidates competing for examination will have an equal
chance to compete for the said examination and to show their proficiency
D in the concerned subjects in which they are examined. For all these reasons,
it was submitted that the decision of the Tribunal is quite correct and
similarly the decision rendered by the learned Single Judge of the Andhra
Pradesh High Court, Jeevan Reddy, J., as he then was, is equally correct
and the Division Bench Judgment which upturned it, deserves to be set
aside. .
E
On the other hand, learned counsel appearing for the State of.
Andhra Pradesh and for Telugu medium candidates submitted that when
the Nation is wedded to the policy of linguistic States based on regional
languages and when Telugu is the official language in the State, if at clerical
F level in different departinents for services, Telugu knowing candidates are
insisted upon, there is nothing arbitrary or illegal about the same. That
most of the schools imparting education in Telugu are situated in remote
areas of Andhra Pradesh and the students who studied in these schools are
scared of competing in public examination conducted by the Andbra _
Pradesh Service Commission. That in order to give an impetus to such
G students and encourage them to study Telugu which is the official language
of the State, these G.Os. wen~ issued and the rules were promulgated. Th'at
five per cent overall weightage out of the total marks is a very small
weighta_ge and that helps Telugu medium candidates who are otherw~e in
a disadvantageous position to compete on a more even footing with English
H medium candidates and after entry in service if they have to pass the
V.N. SUNANDA v. STATE OF A.P. [MAJMUDAR,J.] 577
.. .
Telugu language examination; it woul~ be much better to provide them A
them with five per cent weightage even at the entry point. That ultimately
the object behind this policy is to improve the efficiency of the public
administration when Telugu is the main official language. That the staff
members in different departments have to be in touch with members of the
public ~hose mother-tongue is Telugu, they have to correspond with them B
as well as other departments also in Telugu. Even they have to correspond
with Government Secretariat Departments in Telugu. Therefore, better
knowledge of Telugu is very essential for securing efficiency in administra-
tion and with that end in view the impugned G .Os. were issued and they
cannot be found fault with on the test of Articles 14 and 16 of the
Constitution. That post service examination for the purpose of earning C
increments and confirmation cannot be equated with pre-service require-
ment of efficiency in the knowledge of Telugu by the candidates at the entry
point and for ensuring the same, the impugned G.Os. were issued. Conse-
quently, the decision of the Division Bench of the Andhra Pradesh High
Court laid down the correct legal position and calls for no interference. D
On the other hand, the Tribunal was potently in error in taking the contrary
view.

We have give our anxious consideration to these rival contentions
and-have reached the conclusion that the impugned G.Os. and the conse-
quential statutory rules framed under Article 309 proviso do not stand the E
test of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution and will have to be declared
invalid. The reasons for our aforesaid conclusions may now be catalogued
as under: .. ··-

(1) It has to be kept in view that rectuitment to public service through p
the Andhra Pradesh Public Service Commission is an open recruitment
wherein any eligible candidate is permitted to compete at par with other
competitors. The minimum eligibility criterion for recruitment to such
posts is graduation. Therefore, it does not mean 'that candidates who have
passed their graduation in non-Telugu medium cannot compete for the said
posts. It has to he noted that the minimum educational qualification for G
appearing at the selection is graduation simpliciter. If the object underlying
the impugned provision of weightage of 40 marks on the aggregate to
candidates who have passed their graduation in Telugu is to permit can-
didates Jmow'ing. Telugu language to occupy the concerned posts then it
cannot he <.:aid tltat merely because a person has passed his graduation in H
578 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995] 1 S.C.R.

A . Telugu medium, he alone will be proficient in Telugu and not t~e candidate
who has passed his graduation in any other language. For appointing
persons to posts in public services though direct recruitment the criterion
has to be pure merits. Therefore, all candidates who possess minimum
educational qualification have to be assessed on the basis of their relative
meri!s. At the stage of assessment if 5 per cent more marks on the
B aggregate are added in the assessment of candidates who have passed
minimum educational qualification through Telugu medium, the very
criterion of relative merits would get frustrated and would become otiose.
In this connection, we may usefully refer to the decision of the Court in
the case of Dr. Pradeep Jain etc. v. Union of India & Ors. etc., [1984] 3 SCR
C 942, wherein P.N. Bhagwati, J., as he then was speaking for the Court had
made the following pertinent observations at pages 954 to 956 of the report:

"The entire country is taken as one nation with one citizenship and
every effort of the Constitution makers is directed towards em-
phasizing, maintaining and preserving the unity and integrity of the
D nation. Now if India is. one nation and there is only one citizenship,
namely citizenship of India, and every citizen has a right to move
freely throughout the territory of India and to reside and settle in
any part of India, irrespective of the place where he is born or the
language which he. speaks or the religion which he professes and
E he is guaranteed freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse
throughout the 'territory of India and is entitled to equality before_
the law and equal protection of the law with other citizens in every
part of the territory of India, it is difficult to see how a citizen
having his permanent home in Tamil Nadu or speaking Tamil
language can be regarded as an outsider in Uttar Pradesh or a
F
citizen having his permanent home in Maharashtra or speaking
Marathi language be regarded as an outsider in Karnataka. He
must be held entitled to the same rights as a citizen having his
permanent home in Uttar Pradesh or Karnataka, as the case may.
To regard him as an outsider would be to deny him his constitu-
G tional rights and to dereoognise the essential unity and integrity of
the country by treating it as if it were a mere conglomeration of
independent States.

Article 15, Clauses (1) and (2) bar discrimination on grounds
H not only of religion, race, caste or sex but also of place of birth:
V.N.fiUNANDA v. STATE OF AP. [MATMUDAR, J.) 579

Article 16 (?) goes further and provides that no citizen shall, on A
grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex decent place of birth,
residence or any of them be ineligible for or discriminated against
in respect of, any employment or office under the State. Therefore,
·"' it would appear that residential requirement would be unconstitu-
tional as a condition of eligibility for employment or appointment
to an office under the State which also covers an office under any
B
local or other authority within the State or any corporation, such
as, a public sector corporation which is an instrumentality or
agency of the State."

It is of course true that the aforesaid observations were made in C
connection with admission in M.B.B.S. and Post Graduate Course and in
the light of the question whether discrimination on the ground of place of
birth would be countenanced under Article 15(1) and (2). However, the
sweep of Article 14 read with Article 16(1) is no less pervasive. Article
16(1) ensures equality of opportunity for all citizens in the matter of D
employment or appointment to any office under the State. Article 14
declares that the State shall not deny to any person equality before the law
or the equal protection cif laws within the terrotory of India. The principles
emerging from Articles 14 and 16 are well-settled. The object is to ensure
equality to all those who are similarly situated. In other words, all the
citizens applying for employment under the State are entitled to be treated E
alike. If that is so, it is difficult to appreciate how having once allowed all
candidates having minimum qualification of graduation in any medium to
compete for the posts, a further special beneficial treatment can be given
to only candidates passing minimum educational qualification, examina-
tion, namely, graduation in Telugu medium after their relative merits are F
• assessed vis-a-vis other candidates in open competitions and how they can
be permitted to steal a march over other meritorious candidates standing
higher up in the merit queue by giving weightage of 35 or 40 marks, as the
case may be.

Reliance placed by learned Advocates for the State of Andhra G
Pradesh and Telugu medium candidates on a decision of this Court in the
case of Sanjay Ahlawat v. Maharishi Dayanand 'ffnivi'fsfty, Rohtak & Ors.,
(1994) 4 Scale 221, is of no assistance as on the peculiar facts of that case
this Court held that weightage of 10 extra marks to the candidates who
have graduated from the Medical College at Rohtak was not discriminatory H
580 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995) 1 S.C.R.

A or violative of Article 14. In that case, extra marks were found to be
justified for being awarded to local medicai graduates for the purpose of
ensuring that the medical facility in the state is not impaired in any way
because of dearth of doctors. In order to attract the residents of Haryana
to Post Graduate Courses after they obtain medical degree, this weightage
· of ten µiarks was found necessary and reasonable. That was to ensure for
B the people of the· State services of good doctors hailing from Haryana itself.
It wa~ also found that this weight age was based on domicile in Haryana or
education at the only Medical College at Haryana. This did not have the
effect of shutting the doors of admission to the outstation boys. The
aforesaid weightage of 10 marks was, therefore, justified on the peculiar .
-
C facts of the case before the Court. Such is not the situation in the present;
case.

The aforesaid sub-classification of meritorious candidates into
Telugu medium candidates and non-Telugu medium candidates insofar as
D their graduation is concerned does not have any rational nexus to the object ·
sought to be achieved thereby. If the object is to have proficiency in Telugu
language which is the official language of the State, it has to be kept in
view that .even those candidates who have studied in non-Telugu medium
like English or Hindi at graduation level also have to pass in one compul-
sory paper of Telugu. It may be pointed out that State had adopted, after
E passing of the Official Language Act in 1966, 3-language formula in the
field of education. The Students studying in other media are also required
to pass a paper in Telugu language. Th~refore, they have got working
koo.wl~lige of Telugu. It has also to be kept in view that even after they are
appointed to the posts for which they competed, they have to clear Telugu
p language examination before getting increment or even confirmation and •
if they do not clear this examination, th~y are liable to be discharged. If
that is so, pl'oficiency in Telugu language at entry point pales into insig,
nificance so ·far as recruitment to tliese posts is concerned . It may be tJ?.at
the concer~ed selected candidates at loW(;}{ echelon of service may havg'ltQ-"
deal with public in Telugu language or may have to ~correspond with other
G public df1partments or authorities in Telugu language, but that is well
ensured py the requirement of passing Telugu language examination after
being recruited to these posts. Under these circumstances, giving a further
weighQige of 35 or 40 marks to such candidates even prior to their entry
in seivice has really n.o nexus to the object sought to be achieved by such
H provision. It cannot be said that merely because a person has passed his
V.N.SUNANDA v. STATEOFA.P .. (MAJMUDAR,J.] 581

g~aduatitm in Telugu medium alone is proficient in Telugu an4 not. the A
candidate who has passed his graduation in any other language. There may
be cases were a student may have passed his matriculation examination in
Telugu medium, but he may have studied his intermediate and under-
graduation course in English medium and vice versa. It must, therefore, be
heldthat ·provision for gi;anted additional weightage of marks to candidates
wlio have passed their graduation in Telugu medium is arbitrary and does
B
not justify the sub-classification of meritorious candidates into Telugu
medium candidates and non-Telugu medium candidates as sought to be
done by the said impugned provision. In this connection, we inay profitably
refer to a decision of this Court in the case of State of Maharashtra v. Raj
Kumar, A.I.R. (1982) SC 1301, when a rule of recruitment framed by the C
Government of Maharashtra giving weightage in recruitment to a candidate
coming from rural ar ;;;; iind who had passed S.S.C. Examination held at
villages or places wii.11 .: type Municipality was held to be violative of
Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution. The Court ~peaking through Fazal
Ali, J., found that there was a provision that during viva-voce the Board D
would put relevant questions to judge the .suitability of candidates -for
working in rural area and to test his knowledge of rural problems. This
being a sufficient safeguard to test the ability candidate the ·express
provision for giving weightage would virtually convert merit into demerit
and demerit into merit and would be per se·violative of Article 14. In our
view the situation in the present case is also similar. We respectfully concur E
with the views expressed by Fazal Ali, J.

For all these reasons; it must be held that the present rule of
). weightage to be given to candidates who have passed graduation in Telugu
medium. is violative of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution and does not
• represent any valid and reasonable classification have a rational nexus to
F
the object sought to be achieved thereby.

(2) As seen above, 5 per cent of the total aggregate marks 'to be
added to the assessment of Telugu medium candidates would frustrate the
very concept of recruitment to public post on merits. It is easy to visualise G
that hardly a few vacancies are available in each recruitment for a par-
ticular category of posts'. When once a limited number of posts are avail-
a,ble for direct recruitment from open market, and when eiigible candidates
having minimum .educational qualification are allowed to compete, such
competition would be too serve and fierce and even -addition of one more H
~·

582 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995] 1 S.C.R.

A mark to the total marks obtained on merit would tilt the entire balance and
would disrupt the entire queue of meritorious candidates found fit to be
appointed to such limited number of posts. If 40 marks as per the im-
pugned rule are to be added to the assessment of a Telugu medium
candidate then he would jump the queue and steal a march over more
B meritorious candidates who stood higher up in the merit list. He would go
ahead of all such more meritorious candidates only on the specious plea
that he had passed his graduation in Telugu medium while other more
meritorious candidates standing ahead of him in the queue had cleared the
graduation examination, having studied in any other medium like English,
Urdu or Hindi. This would weed out best available candidates from the
C open market .and would given undue advantage to less meritorious can-
didates. That would seriously impair the efficiency of administration. It
deserves to be pointed out that even while making reservation for members
of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes as permitted by Article
16(4) of the Constitution, efficiency in administration is required to be
D borne in mind, as enjoined by Article 335; and it is principally this require-
ment which led the 9-Judge Bench of this Court in the Manda! Commission
case A.l.R. (1993) SC 477 to hold that reservation cannot exceed 50%. This
aspect shall have to be borne in mind, a fortiori, here as the weightage to
be given has no ·constitutional sanction.

E (3) Then by section 4 of the Official Language Act, continuance of
English is provided..f'9i:. Section 7 provides for grant of special position to
Urdu in certain areas of the State. Under these circumstances, grant of
weightage to only those who studied in Telugu medium would not be
strictly in consonance with the provisions of the Act. · -<
F •
It must, therefore, be held that the Division Bench of the Andhra
Pradesh High Court was not right when it took the view that provision of
said weightage was in the interests of the State to enable it to prefer person
who were better acquainted with Telugu, being the official language of the
State. With respect, the Division Ben~h was not justified in upsetting the
G contrary view expressed by learned sin@e_ Judge B.P. Jeevan Reddy, J.

Before parting we may mention one submission on behalf of the
Telugu medium students. It was submitted that if the weightage given to
them in recruitment is to be found fault with, those Telugu medium
H candidates who have already been appointed may not be disturbed other-
V.N. SUNANDAv. STATE Ui< AP. (MAJMU9AR, J.] 583

wise irreparable injury will be caused to them .. It was also submitted that A
those Telugu medium students whose appointments could not be made on
account of the pendency of the proceedings may be given one more chance
to compete for future recruitment on such posts and for that purpose
Sbltable age relaxation inay be given to them as otherwise they will be out·
-of employment market. In our view this request is quite reasonable and
deserves to be granted. We, therefore, direct that· despite our finding that B
5 per cent weightage given to the Telugu medium graduates in the present
case is violative of Articles 14 and 16(1) of the Constitution, those Telugu
medium graduates who have already been appointed on the strength of
such weightage and who are working on their concerned posts should not
pe disturbed and their appointments will not be adversely affected by the C
present judgment. On the other hand, those Telugu medium graduat~s who
have been selected on the strength of the weightage but to whom actual
appointments have not been given on account of pendency of the present
proceedings should be given a chance to compete for such posts as and
when future recruitment to such posts is resorted to and for that purpose D
only once suitable age relaxation may be given to them in case they are
otherwise found suitable on merits to be appointed in such future direct
recruitment to such posts. In other words, only on account of the fact that
they have become age barred, they should not be denied appointments on
the strength of their meritorious performance. This will be by way of only
one time concession about age relaxation. E
As a result, subject to what is stated hereinabove, Civil Appeal
No.2914 of 1981 will have to be allowed and the judgment and order of the
Division Bench stand set aside the decision rendered by the Single Judge
B.P. Jeevan Reddy, J., as he then was, will stand restored in W.P. No. 2041
of 1981. Civil Appeals arising out of S.L.P. (C) Nos. 6395 and 13446of1994 F
on the other hand will stand dismissed and the judgment and order
rendered by the Andhra Pradesh Administrative Tribunal at Hyderabad in
O.A. No. 2142of1993 will stand confirmed. In the facts an<l circumstances
of the case, there will be no order as to costs. Ordered accordingly.
G
T.N.A. AppealS disposed of.