Holding

The Court held that while service conditions of the judiciary are constitutionally within the executive‑legislative domain, the judiciary has a legitimate role in prescribing them to safeguard independence, and the directions issued are valid as transitional measures.

Summary

The All India Judges Association sought to improve the service conditions of subordinate judges, prompting the Supreme Court to issue directions on uniform hierarchy, qualifications, retirement age, pay, allowances, accommodation and training. The Union of India and several states challenged these directions, arguing that service conditions are exclusively the domain of the executive and legislature under Article 309 and that the Court’s orders would impose a heavy financial burden and set a precedent for other services. The Court held that judges are not ordinary employees but holders of public office whose independence requires substantive service safeguards, and that the judiciary may have a role in prescribing its own conditions without violating the separation of powers. It affirmed the validity of the directions as transitional measures to guide the government in formulating a national policy, while modifying certain provisions such as the retirement‑age benefit and rescinding the sumptuary allowance. The review petitions were dismissed, leaving the original directions largely intact and extending compliance deadlines.

Issues considered

The constitutional validity of the Supreme Court prescribing service conditions for the subordinate judiciary under Article 309.
Whether the directions infringe upon the executive and legislative powers to determine service conditions.
The propriety of imposing uniform retirement age, pay scales, allowances, and accommodation on judges across diverse states.
The feasibility and financial impact of the Court’s directives on State exchequers.
The legality of creating an All India Judicial Service and its conformity with Article 312.
The adequacy of qualifications and selection procedures for entry‑level judicial officers.

Legislation cited

Constitution of Indias. Art. 14, s. Art. 16, s. Art. 233, s. Art. 234, s. Art. 236, s. Art. 309, s. Art. 312, s. Art. 50

Subjects

judicial service conditionsjudicial independenceseparation of powersretirement ageAll India Judicial Serviceuniform pay scalesjudicial appointmentsconstitutional law

Judgment

ALL INDIA JUDGES, ASSOCIATION AND ORS. ETC. ETC. A
v.
UNION OF INDIA AND ORS. ETC. ETC.

AUGUST 24, 1993

[M. N. VENKATACHALIAH, CJ., A.M. AHMADI AND B
P.B. SAWANT, JJ.]

Service Law

Judiciary-Conditions of Se1vice-Setting up of all India Judicial Ser-
vic.,-.Unifomi hierarchy and designations, age of Superannuation-Vnifonn
c
pay scale and allowances-Conveyance-In-service training-Partial
modification of directions issued earlier.
\
· Status of Judges-Comparable with political executive and legisla-
tu're.--Not with administrative executive--Hence .\'e]Jarate conditions of sen.:ice D,,
for members of judicial service could be prescribed-Not an encroachment
on executive and legislative powers in the context of A1t. 309 of the Constitu-
tion-Directions issued in furtherance of Law Con11nission 's reconunenda-
rions and Independence of judiciary----Financial implication-Relevance of

Constitution of Independent Commission for laying down service con- E
ditions for judicial officm;----avoured

Constitution of India, 1950

Articles 312, 233, 234-Subordinate judiciwy---Conditions of ser-
vice-Improvement of----Direction5'-Modification of F

Articles 50, 14, 16, 309, 312, 2.H; 234 & 235----Judicial Service-Nature
of-Not to be treated on par with administrative service-Status of
Judges---Comparable with political executive and legislato1:1-Not with ad-
niinistralive executive--Presc1iption of separate conditions of se1vice for the G
judicial .wvice----Need for--:-Conditions of service of Subordinate judicimy-
lmprovement of and formation of All India Judicial Se1vice-Whether
anzounts to encroaclunent on e:recutive and legi,slative powers in view of Art.
.?09 to presc1ibe scIVice conditions.

A11ic/les 32 & 226----Writ Cowts competent to issue directions lo the H
749
750 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1993] SUPP.1 S.C.R.

A Executive and Legislature to peifom1 their ob/igat01y duties.
The Union of India and various States preferred the present Review
Petitions raising objections to certain directions given by this Court in All
I
India Judge's Association v. Union of India, (1991] Suppl.2 SCR 206 for
improving the service conditions of the members of the subordinate
B judiciary in the country.

The thrust of the objections was that the power to prescribe service
conditions rested in the executive and the legislature; that the service
conditions being matters of policy, it was the exclusive function of the
C executive and the legislature, and the scheme of devolution of the power
envisaged by the Constitution had been deviated from to the extent this
Court has by its directions prescribed the conditions of service; that this
Court impinged upon the field exclusively assigned by the Constitution to
the executive and the legislature; that there was nothing distinguishable
about the judicial work, and if the directions were followed, the other
D services may demand similar service conditions and that would place a
very heavy financial burden on the public exchequer; and that the condi-
tions of work and of employment of judicial officers differed from State to
State and so uniform conditions of service, particularly of pay- scales and
of retirement age were not warranted.
E Disposing of the Review Petitions, this Court

HELD: 1.1. The judicial service is not service in the sense of
·employment'. The judges are not employees. As members of the judiciary,
they exercise the sovereign judicial power of the State. They are holders of
F public offices in the same way as the members of the council of ministers
and the members of the legislature. When it is said that in a democraq·
the executive, the legislature and the judiciary constitute the three pillars
of the State, what is intended to be conveyed is that the three essential
functions of the State are entrusted to the three organs of the State and
each of them in turn represents the authority of the State. However, those
G who exercise the state-power are the ministers, the legislators and the
judges, and not the members of their staff who implement or assist in
implementing their decisions. The council or ministers or the political
executive is different from the secretarial staff or the administrative
executive which carries out the decisions of the political executive. Similar-
H ly, the legislators are different from the legislative staff. So also the Judge'
ALL INDIA JUDGES ASSN. v. U.0.1. 751

from the judicial staff. The parity is between the political executive, the A
legislators and the Judges and not between the judges and the administra-
tive executive. The Judges, at whatever level they may be, represent the
State and its authority unlike the administrative executive or the members
of the other services. The members of the other services, therefore, cannot
be placed on par with the members of the judiciary, either constitutionally B
or functionally. [764-F-H; 765-A-B]

1.2. Judicial independence cannot be secured by making mere solemn
proclamations about it. It has to be secured both in substance and in
practice. It is trite to say that those who are in want cannot be free.
Self-reliance is the foundation of independence. The society has a stake in C
ensuring the independence of the judiciary, and no price is too heavy to
secure, it. To keep the judges in want of the essential accoutrements and
thns to impede them in the proper discharge of their duties is to impair
and whittle away justice itself. [765-C-E]

13. In view of the separation of the powers under the Constitution, D
and the need to maintain the independence of the judiciary to protect and
promote democracy and the rule oflaw, it would have been ideal if the most
dominant power of the executive and the legislature over the judiciary, viz.,
that of determining it s,ervice conditions had been subjected to some
desirable checks and balances. But' the mere fact that Article 309 of the
Constitution gives power to the executive and the legislature to prescribe E
the service conditions of the judiciary, does not mean that the judiciary
should have no say in the matter. It would be against the spirit of the
Constitution to deny any role to the judiciary in that behalf, for theoreti-
cally it would not be impossible for the executive or the legislature to turn
and twist the tail of the judiciary by using the said power. Such a conse- F
quence would be against one of the seminal mandates of the Constitution,
namely, to maintain independence of the judiciary.
[766-G, H; 767-A.Bl
2. The directions issued by this Court are essentiaily for the evolve-
ment of an appropriate n~tional policy by the Government in regard to the G
jndiciary's condition. The directions issued are mere aids and incidental to
and supplemental of the main direction and as a transitional measure till
a comprehensive national policy is evolved. [768-F-G]

3. The Courts do from time to time hand down decisions which have
financial implications and the Government is obligated to loosen its purse H
752 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993] SUPP.1 S.C.R.

A recurrently pursuant to such decisions. When the duties are obligatory, no

'
grievance can be heard that they cast financial burden. Compared to the
other plan and non-plan expenditure, the financial burden caused on
account of the said directions is negligible. The directions prescribe thei
minimum necessary service conditions and facilities for the proper ad-
B ministration of justice. The quality of justice administered and the calibre
of the persons appointed to administer it are not of difterent grades in
different States. (768-H; 769-A-B-C]

4. It is for the Union of India if it is so advised to take the initiative
in the matter in the light of the discussion and recommendations of the
C Law Commission where all the objections which are now taken in the
review petition have been fully dealt with by the Commission. If and when
the Union of India takes such an initiative, the procedure for the formation
of the All India Service as provided in Article 312 of the Co~stitution will
have to be followed. The objections now taken would be of no relevance if
I) the Council of States by resolution supported by no Jess than two-thirds
of its members present and voting declares that such a service should be
created, it being necessary and expedient in the national interest to do so.
In that case, the Parliament will have to provide for the creation of such
service. The law creating the service will also regulate the recruitment and
the service conditions of the persons appointed to the service. The service,
E however, will provide for the post not inferior to that of the District )udge
as defined under Article 236. Hence the judges holding posts below that of ·
the District Judge would not be members of such All Indja Service and the
service conditions of the said judges will continue to be determined as
before, by the State executive and the legislature. [769-H; 770-A-D)
F
5.1. Considering the fact that from the first day of his assuming
office, the judge has to decide, among others, questions of life, liberty,
property and reputation of the litigants, to induct graduates fresh from
the Universities to occupy seats of such vital powers is neither prudent nor
desirable. Neither knowledge derived from books nor pre-service training
G can be an adequate substitute for the first-hand experience of the working
of the court-system and the administration of justice begotten through
legal practice. The practice involves much more than mere advocacy. A
lawYer has to interact \lith several components of the administration of
justice. Unless the judicial officer is familiar with the working of the said
H components, his education and equipment as a judge is likely to remain
ALL INDIA JUDGES ASSN. v. U.OJ. 753

incom]Jlete. The experience as a la\\-yer is, therefore, essential to enable the A
judge to discharge his duties and functions clliciently and with confidence
and circumspection. All the States should take immediate steps to
prescribe three years' practice as lawyer as one of the essential qualifica-
tions for recruitment as the judicial ollicer at the lowest rung. [771-D-F]

5.2. To ensure uniform practice in selecting judicial ollicers, in all B
cases, where the selection of the judicial officers is made by the Public
Service Commission, the representative of the High Court should be one
of the members of the Selection Committee and the opinion given by him
with regard to the suitability of the candidate should not be disregarded
unless there are so strong and cogent reasons (to be recorded in writing) C
. for not accepting his opinion. [773-F]

6.1. Even after the acquisition of the relevant academic qualifica-
tions, a minimum practice at the Bar is a pr~-requisite for recruitment to
the post of the judge even at the lowest level. There is no such waiting
period for the candidates of the other services afier the acquisition of the D
academic. qualifications. Thus, the judicial ollicer enters the service at a
relatively higher age than the member of the other services. Further, the
judicial service stands by itself in the matter of the age of retirement by
reason of the great importance of a long experienc~_ and a mature mind in
the judicial office. Hence, the tenure and other terms and conditions of E
service of the Supreme Court and the High Court Judges stand out from
those relating to the administrative service. On account of the sizeable
earnings at the Bar, many times out of proportion to the skill and the
labour put in, the competent lawyers are reluctant to accept the judicial
posts, and this has resulted in a dearth of proper talent available to man
the judicial service. It is, therefore, for the healthy administration of F
justice, that attractive service conditions including a higher retirement
age, are prescribed for the members of the judiciary. For the same reason,
it is necessary that whatever trained talent is available is utilised for as
· long a period as is feasible. [774-E-H; 775-A-B]

Law Commission 14th Rep011, referred to.
G

6.2. The judge has constantly to be a creative artist. His work,
therefore, requires constant thinking and display of talent. The exertions
involved in the duties of the judge cannot be compared with the .duties of
other services. Thus, looked at from any angle, there is need to increase H
754 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A the superannuation age of the judges as compared to that of the members
of the other services. [775-D]

6.3 The age of retirement in different States varies from 55 to 60
years. The age of retirement for the High Court Judges was in the
meanwhile increased from 60 to 62 years. The age of' retirement of the
B Supreme Court Judges is 65 years. If the nature and the magnitude of work
done by the judicial officers all over the country is the same and if, further,
the members of the higher judiciary, who have to discharge more onerous
workload, do it efficiently even at the still higher age, there is no reason
why in view of the shortage of the proper talent, the age of retirement of
C the members of the subordinate judiciary should not be increased to 60
years. The said retirement age is prevalent in some of the States for some
of the judicial posts. The only reason why the age of superannuation of
the judicial officer is at present kept at SS or 58 is the misconceived
requirement of the parity of service conditions between those of the judicial
D officers and the members of the other services. That consideration, being
both irrelevant and erroneous must fail. (775-G, H; 776-A]

6.4. The benefit of the increase of the retirement age to 60 years, shall
not be available automatically to all judicial officers irrespective of their
past record of service and evidence of their continued utility to the judicial
E system. The benefit will be available to those who, in the opinion of the
respective High Courts, have a potential for continued useful service. It is
not intended as a windfall for the indolent, the infirm and those of doubtful
integrity, reputation and utility. The potential for continued utility should
be assessed and evaluated by appropriate Committees of Judges of the
F respective High Courts constituted and l•eaded by the Chief Justices of the
High Courts and the evaluation should be made on the basis of the judicial
officers' past record of service, character rolls, quality of judgments and
other relevant matters. The High Court should undertake and complete
the exercise in case of officers about to attain the age of S8 years well within
time by following the procedure for compulsory retirement as laid down
G in the respective Service Rules applicable to the judicial officers. Those
not found fit and eligible by this standard should not be given the benefit
of the higher retirement age and should be compulsorily retired at the age
of SS by following the said procedure for compulsory retirement. The
exercise should be undertaken before the attainment of the age of 58 years
H even in cases where earlier the age of superannuation was less than S8
ALL INDIA JUDGES ASSN. v. U.0.1. 755

years. It is in addition to the assessment to be undertaken for compulsory A
retirement and the compulsory retirement at the earlier stages under the
respective Service Rules. The officers concerned should intimate in writing
their desire to retire at the age of 58 years well in advance and in any case
before they attain the age of 57 years. Those who do not do so will be
deemed to have exercised their option to Cfn1tinue in service till they attain
B
60 years of age subject to the liability of being retired compulsorily at the
age of 58 years according to the procedure for compulsory retirement laid
down in the Service Rules. Those who have already crossed the age of 57
years and those who will cross the age of 58 years soon after the date of
this decision, \viii exercise their option within one month from the date of
this decision. If they do not do so, they will be deemed to have opted for C
continuing in service till the age of 60 years. Since those who have already
crossed the age of 58 years have had no benefit 'of exercising their option
to retire earlier and the point of time at which their assessment could be
undertaken for compulsory retirement, if any, has also passed, it is not
considered proper to subject them to the review for compulsory retirement D
at this stage. They may, therefore, be given the benefit of the enhanced
superannuation age of 60 years without subjecting them for so.ch review.
[776-F-H; 777-A-H; 778-A-C]

7. The earlier approach of comparison between the service condi-
tions of the judges and those of the administrative executive has to be E
abandoned and the present practice of entrusting the work of recommend-
ing the service conditions of the members of the subordinate jndicary to
the same Pay Commissions which recommend the service conditions of the
other services requires reconsideration. Since the work of the judicial
officers throughout the country is of the same nature, the service condi- F
!ions have to be uniform. The necessity of entrusting the work of prescrib-
ing the service conditions for the judicial officers to a separate Pay
Commission exclusively set up for the purpose has already been em-
phasised. The importance of such a separate Commission and also the
desirability of prescribing uniform pay scales to the judges all over the
country is reiterated. Since such pay scales will be the minimum deserved G
by the judicial officers, it cannot be said that some of the States may not
be able to bear the financial burden. The service conditions of the judicial
officers should be laid down and reviewed from time to time by an
independent Commission exclusively constituted for the purpose, and the
composition of such a Commission should reflect adequate representation H
on behalf of the judiciary. The uniform service conditions as and when laid
756 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ l993] SUPP. l S.C.R.

A drrwn \\'cndd not, of course, affect any special or extra benefits n·hich some
States may be bestowing upon their judicial oflicers. 1779-C, D]

8. It is diflicult to understand the attitude of' the State Governments
towards the provision of the facility oflaw books and journals to the judges
B when the Judges' whole duty consists ol'interpreting the law and applying it
to tht: facts before them. It is like asking the artisans to work without their
tools. The law books, not to speak of the other books, are the essential tools
of the Judges. The minimum that is expected of the State is to provide every
court with the up-to-date tests of, and commentaries on, the relevant
statutes and law journals which report decisions of the High Courts and the
C Supreme Court, for the exclusive use of the judges. Since the Governments
consistently failed to 1irovide this primary facility to the Courts, it became
necessary to direct the payment of Rs. 250 per month to Civil Judge (Junior
Division) and Civil Judge (Senior Division) and Rs. 300 per month to
o!licers of the higher category as residential oflice-cum-library allowance.
The only alternatiYe to the grant of the allowance in question is for the
D Governments tl1emselves to supply to eve)-y court the necessary books and
journals. If more than one Court is located~! the same place, one set of such
books and' journals, depending upon the number of Courts, may be suffi-
cient. The books and journals to be supplied to the Court may be deter-
mined in consultation with the respective High Courts. The books and
E j<1urnals will _then remain in the concerned Courts instead of travelling with
the jud1;:es; (779-G, H; 780-A-D]

9. The- direction to give sumptuary allowance to the District Judge
in his capacity as the principal judicial oflicer of the concerned district
F' and to the Chief Judicial Magistrates at the rate of Rs. 300 and Rs. 200
per monih respectively was in consideration of the fact that they had to
·hold monthly meetings \\1th the Collector, District Magistrate and Super-
intendent of Police etc., and also to meet the judicial officers, working
under them as well as the members ot' the Bar, occasionally. Jn such
meetings, they are expected to extend small courtesies. It is now repre-
G sented that whenever otlicial meetings are held, there is a provision which
enables the District Judge as well as the Chief Judicial Magistrate to spend
from the amounts at the disposal of the Court.. In view of this, the said
·directions are rescinded. It is clarified that the sumptuary allowance, if
already paid to the Dis.Irie! Judges and the Chief Judicial Magistrates,
H should not be recovered from them. (780-F-Gj
ALLINDIAHJDGESASSN. v. U.0.1. 757

10.1 Admittedly, ahout 50 per cent of the judicial officers are !'acing A
trials and tribulations for \Vant of proper accommodation at rentals within
' their means. It is understood that the judiciary has been included as a
plan subject by the Planning Commission. If this is so, the construction of
adequate number of houses with the necessary facilities should be given
the top priority being the most primary requirement of the judges at any
place. The provision of house rent allowance ~s not an answer much less a
B
substitute for the adequate housing facility. [781-D-G)

10.2. In the judgment under review, it has been specifically em-
phasised that the provision of a separate and exclusive office room is an
indispensable component of the official accommodation allotted to the C
judicial officer. In order to ensure that the quarters constructed for the
judicial officers are of proper dimension and with adequate number of
rooms, their future construction should be made in consultation with and
under the supervision of the respective High Court and the High Court
should take adequate interest in their construction. The direction is not to
provide rent~free housing accorn1nodation, but accommcu1ation at a rental
D
not exceeding 12-1/2 per cent of the salary of the occupant. Hence the said
direction is reiterated. [781-G-H; 782-A-B)
j
11.i. There is a need to minimise the contact between the judges and
the public and particularly to avoid their being exposed to physical risks E
at the hands of the dissatisfied litigants; their travelling by the same public
conveyance by 'l'hich the litigants and their \vitnesses travel, has to be
avoided. f]ence, the direction given is also for a pool vehicle for other
judicial officers in sets of S and failing that, for a loan on suitable terms
to enable the judges to acc1uire at least two \\'heeler auto1nobiles. In this
context, the direction to construct oflicial residence for Judges at one 11lace f
becomes more relevant. The judges cau then travel by the same vehicle
from and to the Court. The provision of the conve)'ance allon·ance is no
substit_ute for an independent conveyance. It is clarified that the direction
given in the judg1nent under review is for providing vehicle to the Principal
District Judge at the district headc1uarters including the metropolitan
G
tomis. The provision for an independent vehicle to such principal officer
is linked with the inspection work which he has to carry out. Hence,
'"\ \\-'hether it is at the district headquarters or in the metropolitan to\\-11, it is
--l only the Principal District Judge or lhe principal Judge as the case may
be, who would be entitled to such independent conveyance. All other
District Judges whether at the district Headc1uarters or in the H
758 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993] SUPP.1 S.C.R.

A metropolitan town would be entitled to the pool vehicle on the basis of one
vehicle for 5 Judges for their conveyance form their residences to Court
and back. (782-G-H; 783-B-D]

11.2. It is directed that the State Governments should make arran-
gements to provide adequate quantity of free petrol subject tn the maxi-
B mum of 100 litres per month depending upon the distance from the court
to the residence in respect of the pool vehicles and the vehicles provided
for the principal Judges of City Civil Courts and the size of the district
and the distance of the courts to be inspected by the District Judges and
the Chief Judicial Magistrates in respect of the cars provided to them. The
C State Governments should fix the quantum of petrol to be provided in
consultation with the respective High Court. [783-G-H]

12. Subsequent to the hearing of the main petitions, the Union
Government has announced the establishment of a National Judicial
Academy for comprehensive training of judicial personnel. A Committee
D under the Chairmanship of the Chief Justice of India has been constituted.
It is hoped that the National Judicial Academy :when constituted, will take
...
over in a comprehensive way all aspects of the training of judicial officers
at all stages. In this_ view of the matter, the directions issued to the States
for the establishment of Training Institutes and make it_ optional for the
E States to have such Training Institutes either independently or jointly with
other States, if they find it necessary, is deleted. [784·A·B)

,.,11 India Judges Association & Ors. v. Union of India & Ors., (1991)
Suppl. 2 S.C.R., reviewed and directions partially modified and D.R.
Chaudha1y & 01'. v.Ashok Kumar Yadav and Others, [1985) 4 S.f:.C. 417,
F relied on.

S.L. Sachdev & Ors. v. _Union of India & Ors., A.I.R. (1981) S.C. 411
and Synthetics Chemicals Ltd., etc. v. State of U.P. & Ors., A.l.R. (1990) S.C.
1927, referred to.
G CIVIL ORIGINAL/APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Review Peti-
tion No. 249 of 1992.

IN

Writ Petition No. 1022/1989.
ALL INDIA JUDGES ASSN. v. U.0.1. [SAWANT, J.] 759

(Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India.) A
'
' WITH

Review petition Nos. 9, 319-21, 423, 592-93, 753/92 & I.A. No. 2 & 4
in Review Petition No. 249/1992, SLP(Civil) No. 14505/1992 and Writ
Petition No. 71/1993. B
Sri Ramlu in person, N.S. Saini in person, M.J. Vijaya Vandhana Rao
in person, V. Bhaskar Rao, Chairman Tribunal for Disciplinary Proceed-
ings, Nampally Hyderabad in person, Ms. Nirjana Singh, Ms. A. Subhashini
(NP) B.K. Prasad, AK. Srivastava and M. Vecrappa for the appearing
parties. c
Dr. Neelima Shangla intervener in person.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by:

SAWANT, J. These review petitions have been filed by the Union of D
India and various states raising general objections as well as objections to
the specific directions given by this Court vide our judgment dated 13th
November, 1991 to improve the service conditions of the members of the
subordinate judiciary in the country. The general objections which are
common in all the petitions may be summarised as follows: E
[a] As per Articles 233 and 234 of the Constitution, the appoint-
ment to the posts of District Judges as well as to the posts
other than those of the District Judges under the Judicial
Service of the State are made by the Governor of the State.
The power to regulate their conditions of service belongs to F
the executive subject to the legislative control. It is entirely in
the purview of the respective State legislature/Government to
determine the conditions of service and as such this Pov.1er
given to the State legislature and the State Government is
whittled down or curtailed by issuance of the specific direc- G
tions in this regard by this Court.

[b] In SL Sachdev & On. v. Union of India & Ors., AIR (1981)
SC 411 para' 13, this Court has laid down that the Court
cannot interfere with or change the administrative policy of
the Government unless it violates some provisions of the H
760 SUPREME C,OURT REPORTS [1993) SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A Constitution such as Article 14 which requires that even an
adn1inistrative authority must act fairly and treat its
employees equally. No such ground was raised in the writ
petition.

(c] The respective State Subordinate Judicial Services have ser-
B vice conditions that have been gradually developed and
evolved over long years along with ~he service conditions of
other Government services in the States(Union Territories.
Any change in the service conditions of the Subordinate
Judiciary in isolation, is bound to generate some demands
c from other services and it may be difficult for the State to
resist such demands.

[d] The question of uniformity in service conditions is a question
of policy pertaining to the·respective State Government which
alone are competent to decide on the said issue and such
D decisions on the issue have various· implications and ramifica-
tions which have to be determined by the respective State
Governments by taking into account its financial limitations.

[e] The directions given by this Court involve a very heavy finan-
cial outlay and the State Governments with varying degrees
E of resources cannot implement the direction without con-
sidering and taking into account their own financial resources.
Hence it is not possible to bring about uniformity in service
conditions as envisaged in the directions given by this Couri.

F (f] The State Governments have constituted from time to time,
State Pay Commissions for examining and making ap-
propriate recommendations for revision in pay-scales based
on certain criteria, and the basic wage structure varies from
State to State. As such it may not be possible to have a
uniform basis for pay-scales to the members of the Subor- I
G dinate Judicial Service in view of the variations in conditions
from place to place and from State to State both qualitatively
and quantitatively. Hence the feasibility of referring the ques-
tion of appropriate pay-scales of judicial officers to the State
Pay Con:imissions deserves careful consideration. It may be
H possible to strive towards uniformity of pay-scales over a
ALLINDIAJUDGESASSN. v. U.0.1.[SAWANT,J.] 761

period of time with the cooperation of all the States. A
[g] A mandatory direction enjoining upon the State lo allocate
resources to a specific activity would greatly impair the com-
petence of the executive and the legislature to decide relative
priorities in respect of the allocation of available resources
on developmental and non-developmental activities. Any B
direction by the Government which involves spending sums
out of the Consolidated Fund of the State/Union Territory,
would amount to a direction to the State legislature/Parlia-
ment for carrying out necessary legislation for relevant ap-
propriation. Such a direction cannot be given by the judiciary c
to the legislature.

[h] In terms of Article 309 of the Constitution, matters concern-
ing appointment, promotion, terms of conditions of service of
the Subordinate Judiciary are to be decided by the State
Government/ Union Territory Administration subject to si{ch D
laws as may be passed by the legislature/Parliament. The
implementation of the directions given by this Court, is likely
to result in an impingement on the constitutional functions
and powers of the executive and the legislature.
E
[i] In the interest of adhering to the constitutional scheme of the
division of powers, the directions given by the Court may be
converted to recommendations prompting State legisla-
lure/governments and the Parliament/Union Government to
study them carefully and to introduce the requisite changes
on their own in gradual steps. F

[j] The function of the higher judiciary is limited to examining
whether the means adopted by the State legislature/govern-
ment are constitutionally valid: Synthetics & Chemicals Ltd.
etc. v. State of U.P. & 01>., AIR (1990) SC 1927.
G
2. To the specific directions given bv this court, the objections are as
follows:

[a] To the direction for increasing the retirement age upto 60
·years, the objection is that the late entry in the Service is not H
762 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993] SUPP.1 S.C.R.

A peculiar to judicial service. There arc a number of services
like medical, engineering, teaching where entry into Govern-
ment service i.s made at a late stage and hence any deviation
on the ground of late entry may have implications for other
services also. It is contended that in the services where entry
is at late stage the interests of the Government servants are·
B protected by allowing a specified number of years to be added
to the qualifying service for the purposes of determining the
pens10n.

[b] It is contended that' the judiciary alone is not doing the
c sedentary work. There are services like Central Secretariat
Servic~ which also perform the sedenta1y work and, therefore,
the sedentary nature of work may not be a valid consideration
for laying down a longer retirement age. It is argued that in
arriving at the retirement age, the Government takes into
account variods factors like the optimum utilisation of the
D experience and the need to provide employment to the
younger generation. If the age of retirement of the members
of the judiciary is changed on the ground of the late entry
and the sedentary nature of the work, the other civil services
may also move the Court for such a direction.
E
If the age of retirement is increased there would be an
increase in indirect cost as well, since the pension and the
gratuity of the officer would also go up and the amount
involved by way of emoluments etc. would also be higher.
F
[c] The direction to provide residential accommodation, the
vehicle and the transport facility, the library facility at the
residence, the uniformity in designations and the setting up
of the training facilities would call for a substantial investment I
in the infrastructure. It is difficult to quantify the financial
G outlay. By the early 1989, there were nearly 10000 judicial
officers all over the country. The accommodation is not avail-
able to many of them at present, and at least more than 5000
residential houses may have to be constructed all over the
country involving a large capital invest1nent in the region of
H Rs. 1.50-250 crores. So is the case, with providing training
ALLINDIAJUDGESASSN. v. U.0.1.[SAWANT,J.] 763

facilities at the Central and the State/Regional levels which A
' will require considerable financial outlay.

3. To put it shortly, the thrust of the general objections is that the
power to prescribe service conditions is vested in the executive and the
legislature. The service conditions are a matter of policy and have t? be
prescribed by taking into consideration the comparative utility of the B
service, the nature and the quality of the work, the overall availability of
the resources, the priorities for allocation of funds etc. It is thus an
exclusive function of the executive and the legislature, and the scheme of
the devolution of the power envisaged by the Constitution has been
deviated from to the extent this Court has by the directions in question .C
prescribed the conditions of service. It has thus impinged upon the field
exclusively assigned by the Constitution to the executive and the legislature.
There is further nothing distinguishable about the judicial work, and if the
directions given by this Court are followed, the other services may demand
similar service conditions. That would place a very heavy financial burden D
on the public exchequer. It is also contended that the fmancial resources
of all the States are not equal and some of the States would be unable to
bear the financial burden that is bound to result from the implementation
of the direction. What is more, the conditions of work and of empli:>yment
of the judicial officers differ from State to State. Hence, uniform conditions
of service and particularly of .pay-scales and of the retirement age are not E
warranted.

As regards the specific directions, the increase in the retirement age
is opposed on the ground that there are different conditions of general
employment in different States. It will have repercussions on the other F
services and also the finances. The implementation of the other directions
is resisted mainly on the ground of the financial burden that would be
hnposed by their implementation.

4. At the outset, it is necessary to note that at the time of the hearing
of the Writ Petition, positive representation was given to the Union of G
Indian and all the States and the Union Territories by issuing notices to
them. They were represented through their counsel. Some of them, viz., the
States of Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar, Haryana, Arunachal
Pradesh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, J ammu & Kashmir, Mizoram,
Tripura and Goa did not file their counters and took the stand that they H
764 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

. A would abide by whatever is ultimately decided by the Court. The Union of
India filed a counter stating that the issues involved fell within the dominion
,
of the States. Some of those which filed counters, viz., the States of Andhra
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Punjab, Karnataka,
Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Sikkim placed their point of
B view while others objected to any directions being given. The objection to
the enhancement of the superannuation age was mainly on the ground that
the superannuation age of the judges fixed in their States was on par with
that fixed for the member of the other services. Similarly, the Judges'
demand for rent-free accommodation was objected to also on the ground
that the rent-free accommodation was not given to the members of the
C other services and that the house rent allowance given was sufficient to
meet the needs of the Judges. The demand for conveyance to the District
Judges was, however, not seriously objected to by any of the States.

It is after considering the counters filed and after hearing the learned
D counsel for all the parties, that this Court had pronounced its judgment
and given the dirt.:ctions in question. The very same contentions, which are
made the grounds of the present Review Petition were advanced at that
time and have been dealt with in the judgment nnder review. Hence the
Review Petition Stricto sensu is not maintainable and is liable to be dis-
missed summarily.
E
It is not necessary to repeat here what has been stated in the
judgment under review while dealing with the same contentions raised
there. We cannot however, help observing that the failure to realize the
distinction between the judicial service and the other services is at the
F bottom of the hostility displayed by the review petitioners to the directions
given in the judgment. The judicial service is not service in the sense of
'employment'. The judges arc not employees. As members of the judiciary,
they exercise the sovereign judicial power of the State. They are holders of
public offices in the same way as the members of the council of ministers
and the members of the legislature. When it is said that in a democracy
G such as ours, the executive, the legislature and the judiciary constitute the
three pillars of the State, what is intended to be conveyed is that the three
essential functions of the State are entrusted to the three organs of the ·
State and each one of them in turn represents the authority of the State.
However, those \Vho exercise the state~po\ver are the ministers, the legis~
H lators and the judges, and not the members of their staff who implement
ALLINDIAJUDGESASSN. v. U.0.1. (SAWANT,J.] 765

or assist in implementing their .decisions. The council of ministers or the A
political executive is di(fercnl fro!n, the secretarial staff or the administra-
tive execotive which carries out the decisions of the political executive.
Similarly, the legislators are different from the legislative staff. So also the
.T udges from the judicial staff. The parity is between the political executive,
the legislators and the Judges and not between the Judges and the ad-
ministrative executive. In some democracies like the U.S.A., members of B
some State judiciaries are elected as much as the members of the legisla-
ture and the heads of the State. The Judges,at whatever level they may be,
represent the State and its authority unlike the administrative executive or
the members of the other services. The members of the other services,
therefore, cannot be placed on par with the members of the judiciary, c
either constitutionally or functionally.

This distinction between the Judges and the members of the other
services has to be constantly kept in mind for yet another- important
reason. Judicial independence cannot be secured by making mere solemn D
proclamations about it. It has to be secured both in substance and in
practice. It is trite to say that those who are in want cannot be free.
Self-reliance is the foundation of independence. The society has a stake in
ensuring the independePce of the judiciary, and no price is too heavy to
secure it. To keep the judges in want of the essential accoutrements and
thus to impede them in the proper discharge of their duties, is to impair . E
and whittle away justice itself.
...
5. So much for the contention of the review petitioners ,that the
direction given by this Court would lead to the demand from the members
of the other services for similar service conditions. It is high time that all F
concerned appreciated that for the reasons pointed out above there cannot
be any link between the service conditions of the judges and those of the
members of the other services. It is true that under Article 309 of the
Constitulion, the recruitment and conditions of service of the members of
the subordinate judiciary are to be regulated by the Acts of the appropriate
legislature and pending such legislation, the President and the Governor G
or their nominees, as the case may be, are empowered to make rules
regulating their recruitment and the conditions of services. It is also true
that after the Council of States makes the necessary declaration under
Article 312, it is the Parliament which is empowered to create an All India
Judicial Service which will include posts not inferior to the post of District H
766 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A Judge as defined under Article 236. However, this does not mean that while
determining the service conditions of the members of the Judiciary, a
distinction should not be made between them and the members of the other
Services or that the service conditions of the members of all the Services
should be the same. As it is, even among the other Services, a distinction
is drawn in the matter of their service conditions. This Court has in the
B judgment under review, pointed out that the linkage between the service
'
conditions of the judiciary and that of the administrative executive was an
historical accident. The erstwhile rulers constituted, only one service, viz.,
the Indian Civil Service for recruiting candidates for the Judicial as well as
the Administrative Service and it is from among the successful candidates
C in the examination held for such recruitment, that so.me were sent to the
administrative side while others to the judicial side. Initially, there was also
no clear demarcation between the judicial and executive services and the
same officers used to perform judicial and executive functions. Since the
then Government had failed to make the distinction between the two
D services .right from the stage of the recruitment, its logical consequences in
terms of the service conditions could not be avoided. With the inaguration
of the Constitution and the separation of the State power distributed
among the three branches, the continuation of the linkage has become
anachronistic and is inconsistent with the constitutional provisions. As
pointed out earlier, the parity in status is no longer between the judiciary
E and the administrative executive but between the judiciary and the political
executive. Under the Constitution, the judiciary is above the administrative
executive and any attempt to place it on par with the administrative
executive has to be discouraged. The failure to grasp this simple truth is
responsible for the contention that the service conditions of the judiciary
must be comparable to those of the administrative executive and any
F
amelioration in the service conditions of the former must necessarily lead
to the comparable improvement in the service conditjons of the latter.

6. This leaves us with the. contention of the review petitioners that by I•
the directions in question, this Court has encroached upon the powers of
G the executive and the legislature under Article 309 to prescribe the service
conditions for the members of the Judicial Service. In view of the separa-
tion of the powers under the Constitution, and the need to maintain the
independence of the judiciary to protect and promote democracy and the
rule of law, it would have been ideal if the most dominant power of the
H executive and the legislature over the judiciary, viz., that of determining its
ALLINDIAJUDGES ASSN. v. U.O.l. [SAWANT.J.] 767

service conditions had been subjected to some desirable checks and balan- A
ces. This is so even if ultimately, the service conditions of the judiciary have
to be incorporated in and declared by the legislative enactments. But the
mere fact that Article 309 gives power to the executive and tbe legislature
to prescribe the service conditions of the judiciary, docs not mean that the
judiciary should have no say in the matter. It would be against the spirit of
the Constitution to deny any role to the judiciary in that behalf, for B
theoretically it would not be impossible for the executive or the legislature
to turn and twist the tail of the judiciary by using the said power. Such a
consequence would be against one. of the seminal mandates of the Con-
stitution, namely, to maintain the independence of the judiciary.
c
It is for this reaso'! again that the present practice of entrusting the
work of recommending the service conditions af the members of the
subordinate judiciary to the same Pay Commissions which recommend the
service conditions of the other services requires reconsideration. The ser-
vice conditions of the judicial officers should be laid down and reviewed
fron1 time to time by an independent Commission exc1usively constituted D
for the purpose, and the composition of such commission should reflect
adequate representation on behalf of the judiciary.

However, it cannot be contended that pending such essential
reforms, the overdue demands of the judiciary can be overlooked. As early E
as in 1958, the Law Commission of India in its 14th report on the System
of Judicial Administration in this country made certain recommendations
to improve the system. The Commission lamented that "though we have
been pour.ing money into a number of activities, the administration of
justice has not seemed to. be of enough importance to deserve more F
financial assistance. On the contrary, in a number of States not only had
the administration of justice been starved so as to affect its efficiency, but
it has also been made to yield revenue to the State." The report made
recommendations in respect of various aspects of the service conditions of
the judicial officers and also emphasised that there was no connection
between the service conditions of the judiciary and those of the other G'
services. The .report further pointed out the salient features of the distinct
work of the judges and emphasised the need among others, to increase the
salaries and the superannuation age of the Judges as well as to improve
the other facilities available to them including the provision for official
residential accommodation. H
768 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A These recommendations were made to improve the system of justice
and thereby to improve the content and quality of justice administered by
the Courts. The recommendations were made in the year 1958. Over the
years the circumstances which impelled the said recommendations have
t
undergone a metamorphosis. Instead of improving, they have deteriorated
making it necessary to update and better them to meet the need of the
B present times.

Although the report made the recommendations in question to fur-
ther the implementation of the Constitutional mandate to make proper
justice available to the people, \he mandate has been consistently ignored
C both by the executive and the legislature by neglecting to improve the
service conditions. By giving the directions in question, this Court has only
called upon the executive am! the legislature to implement their impera-
tive duties. The Courts do issue directions to the. authorities to perform
their obligatory duties whenever there is a failure on their part to discharge
D them. The power to issue such mandates in proper cases belongs to the
Courts. As has been pointed out in the judgment under review, this Court
was impelled to issue the said directions firstly because the executive and
the legislature had failed in their obligations in that behalf. Secondly, the
judiciary in this country is a unified institution judicially though not ad-
ministratively. Hence uniform designations and hierarchy, with uniform
E service conditions are unavoidable necessary consequences. The further
direction given, therefore, should not be looked upon as an encroachment
on the powers of the executive and the legislature to determine the service
conditions of the judiciary. They are directions to perform the along
overdue obligatory duties.
F
The contention that the directions of th.is Court supplant and bypass
the constitutionally permissible modes for change in law, we thinks, wears
thin if the true nature and character of the directions are realised. The
directions are essentially for the evolvement of an appropriate national
policy by the Government in regard to the judiciary's condition. The I -
G directions issued are mere aids and incidental to and supplemental of the
main direction and as a transitional measure till a comprehensive national
policy is evolved. These directions, to the extent they go, ar.e both
reasonable and necessary.

H The contention with regard to the financial burden likely to be
ALLINDIJ\JUDGESASSN v. U.O.L[SAWANT,l.] 769

imposed by the direction in question, is equally misconceived. Firstly, the A
Courts do from time to time hand down decisions which have financial
implications and the Government is obligated to loosen its purse recurrent-
ly pursuant to swh decisions. Secondly, when the duties are obligatory, no
grievance can bl heard that they cast financial burden. Thirdly, compared
to the other plan and non-plan expenditure, we find that the financial
burden caused on account of the said directions is negligible. We should · B
have thought that such plea was not raised to resist the discharge of lhe
mandatory duties. The contention thal the resources of all the Stales are
not uniform has to be re.iected for the same reasons. The directions
prescribe the minimum necessary service conditions and facilities for the
proper administration of _justice. We believe that the quality of justice C
administered and the calibre of the persons appointed to administer it are
not of different grades in different States. Such contentions are ill-suited
to the issue involved in the present case.

7. Coming now to the specific directions given in the judgment under D
review -

[i) All lndia Judicial Se1viccs: The objection of the review petitioners
to the direction to set up the All India .I udicial Service is that it would
eliminate chances and scope for prescribing service conditions of the
judicial officers in conformity with the local need, which is the intention of E
the Constitution. The second o1'jection is that the service conditions of the
judicial officers should be identical to those of the members of the other
services in the same State and not to those of the _judicial officers of the
other States. The last objection is that the matter has to be considered by
the Union of India in consultation with the other stales and it pertains to F
the executive policy which cannot be dictated by this Court.

These ob,iections ignore the fact that 'vhile giving th~ said direction,
this Court has only reiterated the view expressed by the Law Commission
.., in its 14th report and in paragraph 12 of the judgment has specifically
observed that "we do not intend to give any particular direction on this G
score particularly when the point was not seriously pressed. But, we would
commend to the Union of India to undertake appropriate exercise quickly
so that the feasibility of implementation of the recommendations of the
Law Commission may be examined expeditiously and implemented as early
as possible. It is in the interest of the health of the judiciary throughout the H
770 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993] SUPP. l S.C.R.

A country that this should be done." This being the case, it is for the Union
of India if it is so advised to take the initiative in the matter ir the light of
the discussion and recommendations of the Law Commission where all the
objections which are now taken in the review petition have been fully dealt
with by the Commission. Jf and when the Union of India takes such an
initiative, the procedure for the formation of the All India Service as
B provided in Article 312 of the Constitution will have to be followed. The
objections now taken would be of no relevance if the Council of States by
resolution supported by no less than two-thirds of its members present and
voting declares that such a service should be created, it being necessary
and expedient in the national interest to do so. In that case, the Parliament
C will have to provide for the creati'm of such service. The law creating the
service will also regulate the recruitment and the service conditions of the
persons appointed to the service. The service however, will provide for the
post not inferior to that of the District Judge as defined under Article 236.
Hence, the judges holding posts below that of the District Judge would not
D be members of such All India Service and the sen-ice conditions of the said
judges will continue to be determined as before, by the Slates executive
and the legislature. For the reasons pointed out earlier, even the service
conditions of such judges will have to be different from those of the
members of the other services, and to achieve the uniformity in the service
conditions, there will have to be a parity in the service conditions of such
E judges in all the States. Much of the misconceptions underlying the demand
for review on this point, would, however, stand dispelled if the essen.tially
recommendatory nature of the directions is realised and appreciated.

[ii J Unifom1 Hierarchy and Designations : There is nr' serious objec-
f tion raised by r.he review petitioners to have uniform ;1ierarchy and give
uniform designations to the judicial offices in the different States and the
Union Territories and to confer on them uniform jurisdiction as directed
by this Court. Hence it is presumed that the said suggestion has been
accepted by them. If this is so, then unless it is contended that the nature
and the quantum of work performed by the judicial officers of the different l
G States varies, it is not understood how the other directions which are given
by this Court to achieve uniformity in the service conditions can be serious-
ly resisted. As pointed out earlier, even the ground that the financial
capacities of the different States/Union Territories vary is not available
since the directions conceive the minimum essential facilities. It is a settle
H proposition of law that the minimum sen-ice conditions will have 'o be
ALLINDlAJUDGESASSN. v. U.0.1. [SAWANT,J.] 771

ensured irrespective of the capacity to fund them. The law should apply A
prop1io vigore in the case of the minimum service conditions of the
judiciary.

It has, however, become imperative, in this connection, to take notice
of fact that the qualifications prescribed and the procedure adoptecl for . B
recruitment of the judges at the lowest rung are no uniform in all the States.
In view of the uniformity in the hierarchy and designations as well as the
service conditions that we have suggested, it is necessary that all the States
should prescribe uniform qualification and adopt uniform procedure in
recruiting the judicial officers al the lowest rung in the hierarchy. In most
of the States, the minimum qualifications for being eligible to the post of C
the Civil Judge-cum-Ma'gistrate First Class/Magistrate First Class/Munsiff
Magistrate is minimum three years' practice as a lawyer in addition to the
degree in law. In some States, however, the requirement of practice is
altogether dispensed with and judicial Officers are recruited with only a
degree in law to their credit. The recruitment of law graduates as judicial D
officers without any training or background of lawyering has not proved to
be a successful experiment. Considering the fact that from the first day of
his assuming office, the judge has to decide, among others, question of life,
liberty, property and reputation of the litigants, to induct graduates fresb
from the Universities to occupy seats of such vital powers is neither
prudent nor desirable. Neither knowledge derived from books nor pre-ser- E
vice training can be an adequate substitute for the first-hand experience of
the working of the court-system and the administration of justice begotten
through legal practice. The practice involves much more than mere ad-
vocacy. a lawyers has to interact with several components of the administra-
tion of justice. Unless the judicial officer is familiar with the working of lhe F
said components, his education and equipment as a judge is likely to
remain incomplete. The experience as a lawyer is, therefore, essential to
enable the judge to discharge his duties and functions efficiently and with
confidence and circumspection. Many States have hence prescribed a
minimum of three years' practice as a lawyer as an essential qualification
for appointment as a judicial officer at the lowest rung. It is, hence, G
necessary that all the States prescribe the said minimum practice as a
lawyer as a necessary qualification for recruitment to the lowest rung in
the judiciary. In this connection, it may be pointed out that under Article
233(2) of the Constitution, no person is eligible to be appointed a District
Judge unless he has been an advocate or a pleader for no less than seven H
772 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A years while Articles 217(2)(b) and 124(3J(b) require al least ten years'
practice as an advocate of a High Court for the appoi'1lmcnl of a person

'
to the posts of the Judge of the High Court and the Judge of the Supreme
Court, respectively. We, therefore, direct that all States shall take immedi-
ate steps lo prescribe three years' practice as a lawyer as one of the
essential qualifications for recruitment as the judicial officer at the lowest
B rung.

As regards the procedure adopted for reermtmg judicial official
officers al the lowest rung, in some States, the recruitment ir. done by the
High Courts whereas in others, it is done by the Public Service Commis-
C sion. Even where the recruitment is done by the Public Service Commis-
sion, there is a diversity of practice in that in some States, a representative
of the High Court who is mostly a sitting Judge of the Court sits in the
Committee as one of its members to interview the candidates. In other
States, the representative of the High Court is not even invited for inter-
D vic\ving the candidates. Jn the l:::itter class of cases, it may happen and in
fact, it docs very often happen that none of those who interview the
candidates are even qualified in law. Again in some States, the opinion of
the representative of the High Court when the participates in the selection
process, is not given a special \Vcight \vhile in others, it is accorded
predominant consideration. The decision of this Court in D.R. Chaudhary,
E Member and Others v. As/wk Kumar Yadav and Others, [1985] 4 SCC 417,
has already stated the correct position of law on the subject both with
regard to the obligation to invite the High Court's representative to par-
ticipate in the selection process and the weightage to be given to the
opinion of such representative with regard to the suitability of the can-
didates. We may do no better than reproduce he-c the relevant part of that
F
decision.

"We would also like to point out that in some of the States, and
the State of Haryana is one of them the practice followed is to
invite a retired Judge of the High Court as an expert when
G selections for recruitment to the _judicial Service of the State are
being made and the advice given by such retired High Court Judge
who participates in the viva voce test as an expert is sometimes
ignored by the Chairman and members of the Public Service
Commission. This practice is in our opinion undesirable and does
H not commend itself to us. When selections for the Judicial Service
ALLJNDIA JUDGES ASSN. v. U.0.1.[SAW ANT, J.) 773
)
of the State are being made, it is necessary to exercise the utmost A
' \ care to sec that competent and able persons possessing a high
~

degree of rectitude an integrity arc selected, because if we do not
have good, competent and honest Judges, the democratic polity of
the State itself will be in serious peril. It is, therefore, essential that
when selections to the Judicial Service are being made, a sitting
Judge of the High Court to be nominated by the Chief Justice of
B
the State should be invited to participate in the interview as an
expert and since such sitting judge comes as an expert who, by
reason of the fact that he is a silting High Court Judge, knows the
quality and character of the candidates appearing for the inteniew,
the advice given by him should ordinarily be accepted, unless there C
are strong and cogent reasons for not accepting such advice and
such strong and cogent reasons must be recorded in writing by the
Chairman and members of the Public Service Commission. We are
giving this direction to the Public Service Commission in every
State because we arc anxious that the finest talent by having a real D
expert whose advice constitutes a determinative factor in the seJcc-
11
tion process.

To the above observations, we may add that the separation of the
judiciary from the executive, as ordained by Article 50 of the Constitution,
also requires that even the judicial appointments at the owe rung arc made E
•, in consultation with the High Court. If the Judicial stream is polluted at its
very inception, the independence of judiciary will remain in jeopardy, for
ever.

To ensure unifonn practice in selecting judicial officers, therefore, F
we direct that in all cases, where the selection of the judicial officers is
made by the Public Service Commission, the representative of the High
'j Court shall be one of the members of the Selection Committee and the
\ opinion given by him with regard to the suitability of the candidate shall
not be discharged unless there are strong and cogent reasons for not
accepting the opinion, \vhich reasons n1ust be recorded in writing. G

It should be remembered that both the directions given above, viz.,
prescription of n1inimum legal practice of three years as an essential
qualification to be eligible for being.appointed as a judicial officer and the
obligation lo invite the representative of tl1c High Court to participate in H
,_

774 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1993] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A the selection process and to accord his advice dominating weight are
calculated to ensure recruitment of competent, independent and honest
,udicial officers and thus to strengthen the administration of justice and the
confidence of public in it. The States should, therefore, take immediate
steps lo comply with the said directions by amending the relevant Rules.

B [iii] S11pera111111atio11 Age : The objection to the direction for enhan-
cement of the superannuation age of all the subordinate judicial officers
upto 60 years, is firstly on the ground that the determinatio_n of the
superannuation age is a matter of policy of .the executive and hence the
said direction is in violation of the basic structure of the Constitution which
C envisages separation of powers between the three organs of the State. The
further objection is that the distinction made between the members of the
judicial service and those of the other services on the ground of the la!e
entry into the service and the sedentary nature of the work of the former
is an error on the face of the record. It is contended that members of the
D other services like the College Teachers, Dcictors, Engineers, have also to
spend longer period in acquiring qualifications required for appointment
to their respective services and almost all officers around the age of
superannuation reach the highest level and usually carry on sedentary
duties:

E This argument misses the point that the longer period required for
acquiring the necessary academic qualifications is only one of the grounds
on which the enhancement of the superannuation age is directed. Even
after the acquisition of the relevant academic qualifications, a minimum
practice at the Bar is in most of the States, a pre-requisite for recruitment
F to the post of the judge even at the lowest level. There is no such waiting
period for the candidates of the other services after the acquisition of the
academic qualifications. Thus the judicial officer enters the service at a
relatively higher age than the member of the other services. Secondly, as
observed by the Law Comrni"ion in its 14th report, the judicial service '
stands by itself in the matter of the age of retirement by reason of the great
G importance of a long experience and a mature mind in the judicial office.
The recognition of such importance has led most countries to prescribe a
much higher age for the retirement of judicial personnel as compared with
that of the personnel in other services. In England, the judicial service is
governed by special rules both in regard to the emoluments and the age of
1-I retirement. While the civil servants retire at the age of 60 years, the County
ALLINDIAJUDGESASSN. v. U.0.1. (SAWANT,J.] 775

Court judges and Metropolitan Magistrates retire at 72. In our country also A
the tenure and other terms and conditions of service of the Supreme Court
and the High Court Judges stand out from those relating to the administra-
tive service. Lastly, we cannot shut our eyes to the reality that on account
of the sizeable earnings at the Bar, many times out of proportion to the
skill and the labour put in, the competent lawyers are reluctant to accept
the judicial posts. There is thus a dearth of proper talent available to man B
the judicial service. It is, therefore, for the health of the administration of
justice that attractive service conditions including a higher retirement age,
is prescribed for the members of the judiciary. For the same reason, it is
necessary that whatever trained talent is available is utilised for as long a
period as is feasible. c
There is also no similaiity in the nature of the sedentary work done
by the judge and the membe~s. of the other services. The sedentary work
is mainly of two types - mechanical and creative. Each case coming before
the judge has its own peculiarities requiring application of fresh mind and D
skill. The judge has constantly to be a creative artist. His work, therefore,
requires constant thinking and display of talent. The exertions involved in
the duties of the judge cannot be compared with the duties of other
services. Thus, looked at from any angle, there is need to increase the
superannuation age of the judges as compared to that of the members of
the other services. This is apart from the fact that as has been repeatedly E
pointed out earlier, it is fallacious to compare the judicial service with
other services for any purpose, since the judicial service by its very nature
stands on a different footing and should be treated as such.

What is further, while directing the enhancement of the superannua- F
tion age to 60 years, this Court had taken into consideration the fact that
the age or retirement in different States varied from 55 to 60 years.
Secondly, the age of retirement for the High Court Judges was in the
' meanwhile increase from 60 to 62 years. The age of retirement of the
Supreme Court Judges is 65 years. If the nature and the magnitude of work
done by the judicial officers all over the country is the same and if further G
the members of the higher judiciary, who have to discharge more onerous
workload do it efficiently even that still higher age, there is no reason why
in view of the shortage of the proper talent, the age of retirement of the
members of the subordinate judiciary should not be increased to 60 years.
The said retirement age is prevalent in some of the States for some of the H
776 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1993] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A judicial posts. The only reason why the age of superannuation of the
judicial officer is at present kept at 55 or 58 is the misconceived require-
ment of the parity of service conditions between those of the judicial
officers and the members of the other services. That consideration, as
pointed out earlier, being hoth irrelevant and erroneous must fail.

B The alleged financial burden that would be thrown on the State-
exchequer on account of the enhancement of the superannuation age as a
result of the payment of the maximum salary in the pay scale to the officers
for a further pe.riod of 2 or 5 years as the case may be, and on account of
the higher outlay on their retrial benefits, is negligible considering the
C enormous advantage that the administration of justice and the society at
large would derive from the enhancement in the age of retirement. The
additional financial outlays have also to he weighed against those oc-
casioned by the training of the new recruits, comparatively lower and
slower rate of disposal of cases, higher rate of incorrect decisions and the
D consequent more number of appeals etc. Further, a simple arithmetical
exercise would show that there is in fact little extra financial outlay in-
volved. For, as against the payment of the maximum salary for another 2
or 5 years as the case may be, we have to calculate, for that period, the
salary of the new recruit and the pension of the incumbent. The further
contention that it would affect the employment conditions in different
E States is equally misconceived since all over India there are not more than
about 10,000 judicial posts and most of the judicial officers after their
retirement come to be appointed to the quasi-judicial or administrative
tribunals. Thus, we see no merit in any of the objections to the enhance-
ment of the retiring age.
F
There is, however, one aspect we should emphasise here. To that
extent the direction contained in the main judgment under review shall
stand modified. The benefit of the increase of the retirement age to 60
years, shall not be available automatically to all judicial officers irrespective (
of their past record of service and evidence of their continned utility to the
G judicial system. The benefit will be available to those who, in the opinion
of the respective High Courts, have a potential for continued useful service.
It is not intended as a windfall for the indolent, the infirm and those of
doubtful integrity, reputation and utility. The potential for continued utility
shall be assessed and evaluated by appropriate Committees of Judges of
H the respective High Courts constituted and headed by the Chief .I ustices
ALLINDIAJUDGES ASSN. v. U.0.I. [SAWANT. J.] 777

of the High Courts and the evaluation shall be made on the basis of the A
judicial officers' past record of service, character rolls, quality of judgments
and other relevant matters.

The High Court should undertake and complete the exercise in case
of officers about to attain the age of 58 years well within time by following
the procedure for compulsory retirement as laid down in the respective B
Service Rules applicable to the judicial officers. Those who will not be
found fit and eligible by this standard should not be given the benefit of
the higher retirement age and should be compulsorily retired at the age of
58 by following the said procedure for compulsory retirement. The exercise
should be undertaken before the attainment of the age of 58 years even in C
cases where earlier the age of superannuation was less than 58 years. It is
necessary to make it clear that this assessment is for the purpose of finding
out the suitability of the concerned officers for the entitlement of the
benefit of the increased age of superannuation from 58 years to 60 years.
It is in addition to the assessment to be undertaken for compulsory retire- D
) ment and the compulsory retirement at the earlier stage/s under the
respective Service Rules.

The enhancement of the superannuation age to 60 years coupled with
the provision for compulsory retirement at the age of 58 years does
introduce a change in the service condition of the existing personnel. There E
may be judicial officers who are not desirous of availing of the benefit of
the enhanced superannuation age with the condition of compulsory retire-
ment and may like to opt for retirement at the age of 58 years. In such
cases, the concerned officers should intimate in writing their desire to
retire at the age of 58 years well in advance and in any case before they F
attain the age of 57 years. Those who do not do so will be deemed to have
exercised their option to continue in service till they attain 60 years of age
subject to the liability of being retired compulsorily at the age of 58 years
according to the procedure for compulsory retirement laid down in the
-, Service Rules.
G
Those who have already crossed the age of 57 years and those who
will cross the age of 58 years soon after the dale of this decision, will
exercise their option within one month from the date of this decision. If
they do not so, they will be deemed lo have opted for continuing in se"ice
till the age of 60 years. In that case, they will also be subjected to the review H
778 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A for compulsory retirement, if any, notwithstanding the fact that there was
not enough time to undertake such review before they attained the age of
58 years. However in their case, the review should be undertaken within
two months from the date of the expiry of the period given to them above
for exercising their option and if found unfit, they should be retired
B compulsorily according to the procedure for compulsory retirement under
the Rules:

Since those who have already crossed the age of 58 years have had
no benefit of exercising their option to retire earlier and the point of time
at which their assessment could be undertaken for compulsory retirement,
C if any, has also passed, it is not considered proper to subject them to the
review for compulsory retirement at this stage. They may, therefore, be
given the benefit of the enhanced superannuation age of 60 years without
subjecting them for such review.

D [iv] Unifonn Pay Scales : In the first instance, it is necessary to
recapitulate here the observations made and the directions given in the
judgment under review on the question of the uniform pay scales. The
Court had found from the data before it that there was a 1'1de variance in
the pay structure prevailing in the various States and Union Territories,
and for the same nature of work performed, the judicial officers were
E remunerated differently. However, the Court found that it was difficult to
get into the exercise of fixing appropriate pay scales in the absence of full
details. In the absence of such data, there was a likelihood of affecting
special benefits which the judicial officers may be getting in some States.
The Court, therefore, declined to direct fixation of any pay scales. Instead,
F the Court directed the Pay Commissions or the Committees to be set up
in the States and the Union Territories to separately examine and review
the pay structure of judicial officers keeping in yiew. that relevant aspects
some of which have been adverted to in the 14th Report of the Law
Commission. The relevant passage from the said report which has been
quoted in the judgment highlights that the entry in the judicial service is
G late compared to the entry into executive service and the promotions in the
judicial service come less quickly. Both these factors affect the judicial
officers' pension and other retirement benefits compared to those of the
members of the executive service.

H We have already discussed the need to make a distinction between
ALL INDIA JUDGES ASSN. v. U.O.I. [SAWANT, J.] 779

the political and the administrative executive and to appreciate that parity A
in status can only be between judges and the political executive and not
between judges and the administrative executive. Hence the earlier ap-
proach of comparison between the service conditions of the judges and
those of the administrative executive has to be abandoned and the service
conditions of the judges which are wrongly linked to those of the ad-
ministrative executive have to be revised to meet the special needs of the B
judicial service. Further, since the work of the judicial officers throughout
the country is of the sam~ natu;e, the service conditions have t~ be uniform..
We have also emphasised earlier the necessity of entrusting the work of
prescribing the service conditions for the judicial officers to a separate Pay
Commission exclusively set up for the purpose. Hence we reiterate the c
importance of such separate commission and also of the desirability of
prescribing uniform pay scales to the judges all over the country. Since such
pay scales will be the minimum deserved by the judicial officers, the
argument that some of the States may not be able to bear the financial
burden is irrelevant. The uniform service conditions as and when laid down D
would not, of course, affect any special or extra benefits which some States
may be bestowing upon their judicial officers.

[v] Allowances : By the judgment under review, this Court had
directed two separate allowances to be given, viz., Residential office-cum-
library allowance to all the subordinate judges, and Sumptuary allowance E
to district judges and chief judicial magistrates.

The reasons which prompted this court to direct the grant of
residence-cum-library allowance to every judicial officers was that it was
found that there was no provision for a judges' library in most of the Courts F
of the subordinate judicial officers. As a result, they have either to depend
upon the library maintained by the Bar, if any, or to go without the
assistance of the books. At many places, particularly, at the taluk/tehsil
level, there is not even an adequate Bar library available. It is difficult to
understand the attitude of the State Governments towards the provision of
the facility of law books and journals to the judges when the judges' whole G
duty consists of interpreting the law and applying it to the facts before
them. It is like asking the artisans to work wit[iout their tools. The law
books, not to speak of the other books, are the essential tools of the judges.
The minimum that is expected of the State is to provide every court with
the up-to-date texts ofand commentaries on the relevant statutes and the H
780 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A law journals which report decisions of the High Courts and the Supreme
Court, for the exclusive use of the judges. Since the. Governments consis- '< .
tently failed to provide this primary facility to the Courts, it became
necessary for this Court to direct the payment of Rs. 250 per month to Civil
Judge [Junior Division] and Civil Judge [senior division] and Rs. 300 per
month to officers of the higher category as residential office-cum-library
B allowance. We have been unable to understand the objection to the grant
of the said allowance. The duty of the State towards the administration of
justice is not discharged by appointing judges who are also rarely appointed
in time and in requisite number. But that is a different aspect. To enable
the judges to perform their duties properly and efficiently, they must also
C be provided with all the facilities. For want of even the minimum facilities
such as the law books and journals, the cause of justice is bound to suffer.

The only alternative to the grant of the allowance in question is for
the Governments themselves to undertake to supply to every court the
D necessary books and journals. If more than one Court is located at the same
place, one set of such books and journals, depending upon the number of
Courts, may be sufficient. The books and journals to be supplied to the
Courts may be determined in consultation with the respective High Courts.
The books and journals will than remain in the concerned Courts instead
of travelling with the judges. We would in fact commend to the respective
E Governments this alternative course in place of the allowance in question
to the individual judges.

The direction to give sumptuary allowance to the District Judge in
his capacity as the principal judicial officer of the concerned district and
F to the Chief Judicial Magistrates at the rate of Rs. 300 and Rs. WO per
month respectively was in consideration of the fact that they hau to hold
monthly meetings with the Collector, District Magistrate and Superinten-
dent of Police etc., and also to meet the judicial officers, working under
them as well as the members of the Bar, occasionally. In such meetings,
they are expected to extend small courtesies. It is now represented that
G whenever official meetings are held, there is a provision which enables the
District Judge as well as the Chief Judicial Magistrate to spend from the
amounts at the disposal of the Court. In view of this, we rescind the said
directions. However, we make it clear that the sumptuary allowance, if
already paid to the District Judges and the Chief Judicial Magi0trates,,
H should not be recovered from them.
ALLINDIAJUDGESASSN. v. U.0.1.[SAWANT,J.] 781

[vi] Provision for residential accommodation ; In the directions given, A
This Court has emphasised that the judicial officers cannot be left without
proper accommodation for any length of time. Secondly, the accommoda-
tion available to the judicial officer must be adequate and consist also of
a separate and exclusive office-cum-study room as an indispensable com-
ponent of such residence. Thirdly, it was pointed out that in the abs,nce B
of official residences, the judicial officers are required to pay exorbitant
rent out of proportion to their salaries. Lastly, it was emphasised that in
the pool of the Government accommodation which is available in any tow::i,
the judiciary gets the last priority. The Governments have not so far shown
any keen awareness of the problems faced by the judges for want of
accommodation and of the manner in which it affects the discharge of their C
duties. It is for these reasons that it was suggested that the Government
should give top priority to the provision of residential accommodation to
the judges and construct enough houses with the requisite facilities.

It is difficult to understand the objections raised by the review D
petitioners to the said direction. The attitude adopted by the petitioners
itself bears out that the Governments are not at all keen on providing
proper residential· accommodation to the members of the judiciary and
justifies the necessity to give the said direction. On the admission of the
review petitioners, there is at present a shortage of about 5000 houses. This
means that about 50 per cent of the judicial officers are facing trials and E
tribulations for want of proper accommodation at rentals within their
means. The estimated expense of Rs. 150 to 200 crores for constructing the
said houses which is to be incurred by all the States and the Union
Territories is according to us not forbidding even assuming that the es-
timate is.
F
We now understand that the judiciary has been included as plan
subject by the Planning Commission. If this is so, the construction of
adequate number of houses with the necessary facilities should be given
the top priority being the most primary requirement of the judges at any
place. The provision of houses rent allowance is not an answer much less G
a substitute for the adequate housing facility. In the judgment under review,
it had been specifically emphasised that the provision of a separate and
exclusive office room is an indispensable component of the official accom-
modation allotted to the judicial officer. In order to ensure that the
quarters constructed for the judicial officers are of proper dimension and
with adequate number of rooms, their future construction should be made H
782 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A in consultation with and under the supervision of the respective High Court
and the High Court should take adequate interest in their construction.

It may be noted in this connection that thr direction is not to provide 1
rent-free housing accommodation but accommodation at a rental not ex-
ceeding 12-1/2 per cent of the salary of the occupant. We, therefore, •
B reiterate the said direction and reject the objections of the petitioners.

[vii] The provision of conveyance, loans for conveyance and con-
veyance allowance : It has bee!' pointed out in the judgment under review
that in most of the States the District Judge has been provided with a motor
C car and in some of the States the Chief Judicial Magistrate is also provided
with transport whether car or a Jeep. It is only in some States that the car
is not provided for every District Judge. The need for such car both to the
District Judge and the Chief Judicial Magistrate is also pointed out in the
judgment. Both of them have to undertake touring in their District to
D supervise the work of the Judges and Magistrates working under them.
They are not expected to undertake the touring either by public transport
or by transport borrowed from the Government departme11ts which is on
many occasions not available when needed. What is further, the reliance
on the Government departments for transport itself makes th'em supplicant
which from the point of view of the judicial independence is undesirable.
E Further, the conveyance provided to them is meant to be used strictly for
official purpose. Since for reasons more than one, there is a need· to
minimise the contacts between the judges and the public and particul:µly
to avoid their being exposed to physical risks at the hands of the dissatisfied
litigants, their travelling by the same public conveyance by which the
F litigants and their witnesses travel, has to be avoided. Hence, the direction
given is also for a pool vehicle for other judicial officers in sets of 5 and
failing that for a loan on suitable terms to enable the judges to acquire at
least two wheeler automobiles. In this context, the direction to construct
official residences for Judges at one place becomes more relevant. The
judges can then travel by the same vehicle from and to the Court. The
G provision of the conveyance allowance is no substitute for an independent
conveyance. As has been rightly pointed out "It is impossible for a Judge
to discharge his functions properly if he knows that during the day he will
sit on the Bench with a prisoner in the dock before him ancl later in the
evening he may have to sit side by side with the same p'rj,soner ih the public
H transport." In the circumst<lnces the necessity to distance the Judges from
ALLJNDIAJUDGESASSN. v. UO.!.[SAWANT,J.] 783

the public needs no emphasis. Amidst the growing cult of violence today, A
it has become imperative. Fortunately, we do not find much opposition to
this direction and we learned that most of the States have by now carried
out the same.

However, a doubt has been expressed as to whether all District
Judges posted at one place such as the judges of the City Civil and Sessions
Courts are each entitled to an i11dependent vehicle. It is, therefore, neces-
sary to make it clear that the direction given in the judgment under review
is for providing vehicle to the Principal District Judge at the district
headquarters including the metropolitan towns. The provisi;m for an inde-
pendent vehicle to such principal officer is linked with the inspection workc
which he has to carry out. Hence, whether it is at the district headquarters
or in the metropolitan town, it is only the Principal District Judge or the
Principal Judge as the case may be, who would be entitled to such inde-
pendent conveyance. All other District Judges whether at the district
headquarters or in the metropolitan town would only be entitled to the D
pool vehicle on the basis of one vehicle for 5 Judges for their conveyance
from their residences to Court and back.

Where for some reason, the judges other that the District Judge
cannot be provided with a pool vehicle or where they desire Joan for
purchasing two wheeler automobiles, there is no reason why they should E
not be given such Joans on suitable terms and also the convevaJJ.ce al-
lowance. ·

We are further informed that where the motor-vehicles are provided
to District Judges/Principal Judges of the City Civil Courts/Chief Judicial p
Magistrates and the pool vehicles to others, they are not provided with
petrol in some States. This is an incomplete compliance with our direction.
We, therefore, also direct that in all such cases, the State Governments
should make arrangements to provide free adequate quantity of petrol for
' 'r the said vehicles subject to the maximum of 100 liters per month depending
upon the distance from the court to the residence in residence in respect G
of the pool vehicles and the vehicles provided for the Principal Judges of
City Civil Courts and the size of the district and the distances of the Courts
to be inspected by the District Judges and the Chief Judicial Magistrates
in respect of the cars provided to them. The State Governments should fix
the quantum of petrol to be provided in consultation with the respective H
784 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1993] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A High Courts.

jviii] l11-sC1vice Training : Subsequent to the hearing of the main
petition, the Union Government has announced the establishment of a
National Judicial Academy for comprehensive training of judicial person-
nel. A Committee under the chairmanship of the Chief Justice of India has •
B been constituted. The National .Judicial Academy when constituted, we
hope, will take over in a comprehensive way all aspects of the training of
judicial officers at all stages. In this view of the matter, we delete the
directions issued to the States for the establishment of Training Institutes
and make it optional for the States to have such Training Institutes either
C independently or jointly with other States, if they find it necessary.

8. Having dealt with the objections of the review petitioners to the
directions in general as well as to the specific directions, it would be
appropriate to remind all concerned of the distinct nature of the duties
that a judge is called upon to discharge, the society's expectations of the
D conduct of the judge, the lifestyle of the _judge, the occupational hazards
to which he is exposed and of the need to keep judges above their essential
wants. We can do no better than to quote in this behalf, relevant excerpts
from David Pannick book ''Judges", after omitting those which have already
been referred to earlier. Although the observations made there are in the
E context of _English judges, they are equally, if not more, applicable to the
judges in this country:

"The reasons which judges must give to justify their decisions
can be gnawed over at their leisure by the teams of lawyers trained
[and generously paid] to extract for the purpose of an appeal, every
F morsel of error. ......... The judge has 'the burden of resolving, day
after day and week after week, a long succession of issues, each
one of which occupies the professor-critic for months and even
years of specialiLed study'."

"The English judge has no clerks or assistants to research or
G write his judgments. The barristers who argue the case before him
will 'vary much in there ability'. Sometimes they help but often they
may be a hindrance to the just determination of the issues ...... "

'.'The judge has burdensome responsibilities to discharge. He
H has power over the _lives and livelihood of all those litigants who
ALLINDlAJ\JDGESASSN. v. U.0.1.[SAWANT,J.] 785

enter his court ..... His- decisions may well affect the interests of A
individuals and groups \vho are not present or represented i.n court.
If he is not careful, the judge may precipitate a civil war ...... or he
may accelerate a revolution .......... He may accidentally cause a
peaceful but fundamental change in the political complexion of the
country."
B
"Judges today face tribulations, as well as trials, not con-
templated by their predecessors ...... Parliament has recognised the
pressures of the job providing that before the Lord Chancellor
recommends anyone to the Queen for appointment to the Circuit
Bench, the Lord Chancellor 'shall take steps to satisfy himself that c
the person's health is satisfactory' ........ This seems essential in the
light of the reminiscences of Lord Roskill as to the mental strain
which the job can impose .......... Lord Roskill added that, in his
experi"'1ce, 'the work load is intolerable: seven days week, 14 hours
11
a day .......
D
"Only in England could the vocation of the Judge be described
as 'something like a priesthood' or 'analogous to the Royal Family',
requiring practitioners to 'seclude then1selvcs' in various
1
\vays ............ '
E
"The England we expect the judge to adopt a respectable
lifestyle, free from any hint of the unusual, let alone the deviant."

"In 1950 a Member of Parliament.. ....... recomended an even
greater degree of judicial isolation. .............. So effective is the
isolation of our .iudiciary that the personalities an<l characteristics F
11
nf our judges are unknown to laymen ..........

"The English judge ensures in a quite but effective manner that
his pay accords with his status. He avoids the public display of
militancy ......... Judge rank Coffin of the US Court of Appeals
complained in 1985 about the inadequacy of 'compensation' for G
judges. In the previous few years, he lamented, judicial salaries had
become so insufficient that only the mediocre or the wealthy
would henceforth be willing to take judicial appointments. Perhaps
disappointing pay levels help to explain why a clinical psychologist
was helping judges in Massachusetts to cope with stress ....... He H
786 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993] SUPP. l S.C.R.

A also provided counselling to enable the retired judge 'lo maintain
self~ estce1n' .......... ~·

"He [judge] is a symbol of that strange mixture of reality and
illusion, democracy and privilege, humbug and decency, the subtle
network of compromises, by which the nation keeps itself in its
B fami1.iar shape. 11

"The qualities desired of a judge can be simply stated: 'that if
he be a good one and that he be thought to be so'. Such credentials
are not easily acquired. The judge needs to have 'the strength to
put an end to injustice' and 'the faculties that are demanded of
c the historian and the philosopher and the prophet'."

"It is unlikely that men and women will ever cease to wound,
cheat, and damage each other. There will always be a need for
judges to resolve their disputes in an orderly manner. As people
D grow ever less willing to accept unreservedly the demands of
authority the judiciary, like other public institutions, will be sub-
jected to a growing amount of critical analysis. The way in which
'Judge & Co.' is run is a matter of public interest and will increas-
ingly become a matter of public debate."

E 9. ll will also be relevant to quote what the Law Commission in its
I
.14th report had to say in connection with the work of the judicial officers
-- "The great responsibility of the work which a judicial officer is called
upon to discharge needs no emphasis ............ Judicial integrity is on the
greatest importance and to expect persons discharging responsible func-
F tions to live on law salaries not commensurate with their office and respon-
sibility is unrealistic and ignores present day living conditions. Elsewhere,
we have also dealt with the difficulties which judicial officers, as a class,
have to face in the matter of securing residential accommodation and how,
in some parts of the country, a very high percentage of their salary has to
G be spent towards house rent alone. Considering these facts and circumstan-
ces, we are of the view that the scales of pay should be substantially higher
than it is at present in order to enable an officer to maintain a proper
standard of living and avoild obligations which may be embarrassing to him
in the discharge of the duties ...... "

H 10. To some up, we h 0kl as follows.
ALL INDIA JUDGES ASSN v. U.0.1. [SAW ANT. J.] 787

[a] The legal practice of three years should be made one of the A
essential qualifications for recruitment to the judicial posts at the
lowest rung in the judicial hierarchy.

Further, wherever the recruitment of the judicial officers at the
lowest rung is made through the Public Service Commission, a
representative of the High Court should be associated with the B
selection process and his advice should prevail unless there are
strong and cogent reasons for not accepting it, which reasons
should be recorded in writing

The rules for recruitment of the judicial officers should be
amended forthwith to incorporate the above directions.
c
[b] The direction with regard to the enhancement of the superan-
nuation age is modified as follows:

While the superannuation age of every subordinate judicial D
office~ shall stand extended upto 60 years, the respective High
Courts should, as stated above, assess an evaluate the record of
the judicial officer for his continued utility well vvithin time before
he attains the age of 58 years by following the procedure for the
compulsory retirement under the service rules applicable to him
and give him the benefit of the extended superannuation age from E
' 58 to 60 years only if he is found tit and eligible to continue in
service. In case he is not found tit and eligible, he should be
compulsorily retired on his attaining the age of 58 years.
\
The assessment in question should be done before the attain'
ment of the age of 58 years even in cases where the earlier F
superannuation age was less than 58 years.

The assessment directed here is for evaluating the eligibility to
continue in service beyond 58 years of age and is in addition to
and independent of the assessment for compulsory retirement that G
may have to be undertaken under the relevant Service rules, at the
earlier stage/s.

Since the service conditions with regard to superannuation age
of the existing judicial officers is hereby "changed, those judicial
officers who are not desirous of availing of the benefit of the H
788 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993] SUPP. l S.C.R.

A enhanced superannuation age \Vith the condition for co111pulsory •
rctire1nent at the age of 58 years, have the option to retire at the
age of 58 years. They should exercise this option in writing before
they attain the age of 57 years. Those who do not exercise the said
option before the allain the age of 57 year>, would be deemed to
have opted for continuing in service till the enhanced superannua-
B tion age of 60 years wi.th the liability to compulsory retirement al
the age of 58 years.

Those who have crossed the age of 57 years and those who
cross the age of 58 years soon after the date of this decision will
c exercise their option within one month from the date of this
.decision. If they <lo not do so, they will be deemed to have opted
for continuing in service till the age of 60 years. Jn that case, they
will also be subjected lo the review for compulsory reliremenl, if
any, notwithstanding the fact that there was no enough time to
undertake such review before lhey attained the age of 58 years.
D However in their ease, the review should be undertaken within two
months from the date of the expiry of the period given to them
above for exercising their option, and if found unfit, they should
be retired compulsorily according to the procedure for compulsory
retirement under the Rules.
E
Those judicial officers who have already crossed the age of 58
years, will nol be subjected to the review for compulsory retirement
and will continue in service upto the extended superannuation age
of 60 years since they have had no opportunity to exercise their
option an<l no revie\V for compulsory retirement could be under~
F
taken in their ease before they reached the age of 58 years.

fc] The direction for granting sumptuary allowance to the District
Judges and Chief Judicial Magistrates stands withdrawn for the
reasons given earlier.
G
[d] The direction with regard to the grant of residence-cum-library
allowance will cease to operate when the respective State Govern-
ments/Union Territory Administrations start providing the courts,
as directed above, with the necessary Jaw books and journals in
H consultation with the respective High Courts.
ALldNDIAJUDGESASSN v. U.O.L[SAWANT,J.] 789

[e] The direction with regard to the conveyance lo be pruvided·to A

-.. the District Judges and that the regard lo the establishment of the
training institutes for the judges have been clarified by us in
paragraphs 7 [vii] & [viii] respectively. It is the Principal District
Judge at each district headquarters or the metropolitan town as
the case may be, who will be entitled to an independent vehicle.
This will equally apply to the Chief .Judicial Magistrate and·the
B
Chief Metropolitan Magistrate. The rest of the judges and
magistrates will be entitled to pool-vehicles · one for every five
judges for transport from residence to Court and back · and when
needed, to loans for two whocler automobiles and conveyance
allowance. The Stale Governments/Union Territory Administra· C
tions arc directed to provide adequate quality of free petrol for
the vehicles no exceeding 100 litres per month in consultation with
the High Court.

[f] In view of the establishment of the National Judicial Academy,
it is optional for the States to have their independent or joint D
training judicial institutes.

[g] The rest of the directions given in the judgment under review
are 1naintained.

[h] In view of the pendency of these review petitions, E

(i) the time to comply with the directions for bringing about
1 • uniformity in hierarchy, designations and jurisdictions of judi-
<
cial officers on both civil and criminal sides is extended upto
31st March, 1994;
F
(ii) the time to comply with the directions to provide law
books and law journals to all courts is extended upto 31st
December, 1993 failing which the library allowance should be
paid to every judicial officer with effect form lst January,
., 1994 if it is not paid already; G
(iii) the time to provide suitable residential accommodation,
requisitioned or Ciovernment, to every judicial officer is ex~
tended upto 31st March, 1994;

(vi) the time to comply with the rest of the directions is H
790 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A maintained as it was directed by the judgment under review.

11. The review petitions are disposed of accordingly. I.A. Nos. 2 and
3 which are for intervention and I.A. No. 4 for impleadment are dismissed.
No. order as to costs.
B
S.L.P. (C} No. 14505 of 1992

12. In view of our above decision in the review petitions, this S.L.P.
C is dismissed I.A. 1of1992 which is for exemption from filing certified copy
of the impugned judgment is allowed and I.A. No. 2 of 1992 which is for
interim stay of the impugned order is dismissed.

Writ Petition No. 71of1993.
D

13. By the judgment of this Court reported in 1992 (1) SCC 119, it
was directed that the State Governments should take appropriate steps to
raise the retirement age of judicial officers by 31st December, 1992. It
E meant that those who were to retire on or before 31st December, 1992
would not get the benefit of the enhanced age of retirement. In the present
case, the writ petitioner was admittedly to· retire on 31st December, 1992
according to the superannuation age prevalent till that time, viz., 58 years.
He would not, therefore, be entitled to the benefit of the enhanced retire-
ment age which is to come into force from 1st January, 1993. The writ
F petition is accordingly, dismissed. I.A. No. 1 of 1993 which is for ad-interim
relief will also stand dismissed.

Any clarification that may be required in respect of any latter arising
out of this decision will be sought only from this Court and from no other '(
Court. Further, the proceedings if any, for implementation of the directions
given in this judgment shall be filed only in this Court and no other court
shall entertain them.

G.N. Review petitions disposed of.

\