AJIT SAVANT MAJAGAVIversusSTATE OF KARNATAKA

A                         AJIT SAVANT MAJAGAVI
                                        v.
                           STATE OF KARNATAKA

                               AUGUST 14, 1997

B            (M.K. MUKHERJEE ANDS. SAGHIR AHMAD, JJ.]

          Criminal Law-Indian Penal Code, 1860-Section 302-Criminal Pro-
    cedure Code 197rSection 378-Appeal against acquittal-Appellant ac-
    quitted by trial court-Of charge of murdering wife-High Court reversing the
C   acquittal on circumstantial evidence-Whether permissible-Held, permis-
    sible-Principles laid down.

           Indian Evidence Act 1872-Circumstantial evidence-When can be
    relied on-Principles explained.

D         Section 73-Comparison of signature of accused-Held Court em-
    powered to con;pare disputed signatures of accused w#h the admitted signa-
    ture.

          The Appellant was married to one P. After a while disputes arose
E   between the appellant and his wife, since be suspected her fidelity. Appel-
    lants wife went to her parents' house aad deliven(fa female child. Though
    the Appellant did not \·isit his wife a~ four months, he went to take his
    child and wife back with him. On his way b<iCk, the Appellant with his wife
    and child stayed in a iodge. On ~ next diiy his wife was found dead in
    the lodge and the child was fo~~ntruste4 to a friend of the appellant.
F   The Appellant was tried under S~~ion 302 IPC, and he was acquitted by
    the Sessions Court, which found that the prosecution failed to establish
    that the appellant had come to the house of his father-in-law and took the
    wife and child away or that he took them to the lodge where she was
    throttled to death by the appellant. It also accepted the contention of the
G   Appellant that since PWs 3, 9, 14, 17 and 18 have turned hostile and the
    prosecution theory is broken, he could not be convicted on the basis of
    broken circumstantial evidence.

        On appeal, the High Court reversed the finding and held the Appel-
  lant guilty under Section 302 IPC and sentenced him to undergo imprison-
H ment for life. The High Court held that the i.Ieath of P. in a room of the
                                      444
                   AJIT SAVANT MAJAGAVI v. STATE                        445

lodge at the hands of the appellant had been established by P.W. 1 who A
found the body. P.W. 2 who was the room boy who deposed that the
Appellant came to the lodge with his wife and child and later left the lodge
with his child on the pretext that his wife had died of cardiac arrest and
that he was going to call his relations. The High Court held that inspite
of the hostility of PWs 3, 9, 14, 17 and 18 the prosecution case was fully B
established by other witnesses viz., PWs 1, 2 and 12.

       Before this court the Appellant contended that cumulative effect of
th,e circumstances does not lead to the irresistible conclusion that the
appellant was guilty and that the hotel records should not be relied upon
to indicate that the appellant had stayed in that lodge.                       C

      Dismissing the appeal, the Court

      HELD : 1. The High Court in reversing the judgment of the trial
court had fully adhered to the principles laid down by this Court in various
decisions and there is no infirmity in its judgment. [458-G]                   D

      Sheo Swamp & Ore. v. King Emperor, L.R. 61 Indian Appeals 398 =
AIR (1934) P.C. 227(2); Sanwat Singh v. State of Rajasthan, [1961] 3 SCR
120; State of Uttar Pradesh v. Samman Oas, AIR (1972) SC 677 = [1972]
3 SCR 58, relied on.                                                           E

       2. For a crime to be proved it is not necessary that the crime must
be seen to have been committed and must, in all circumstances, be proved
by direct ocular evidence by examining before the Court those persons who
had seen its commission. The offence can be proved by circumstantial
                                                                              F
evidence also. The princip ii fact or "factum probandum" may be proved
indirectly by means of certain inferences drawn from "factum probans"
that is the evidentiary facts. To put it differently, circumstantial evidence
is not direct to the point in issue but consists of evidence of various other
facts which are so closely associated with the· fact in issue that taken
together, they form a chain of circumstances from which the existence of G
the principal fact can be legally inferred or presumed. [452-E-F]

      Hukam Singh v. State of Rajasthan, AIR (1977) SC 1063; Eradu &Ors.
v. State of Hyderabad, AIR (J'l56) SC 316; Earabhadrappa v. State of
Kamataka, AIR (1983) SC 446; S.ate of U.P. v. Sukhbasi & Ors., AIR (1985)      H
    446                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1997] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A SC 1224; Ba/winder Singh v. State of Punjab, AIR (1987) SC 350; Ashok
    Kumar Chatterjee v. State of Madhya Pradesh, AIR (1989) SC 1890; State of
    U.P. v.Ashok Kumar Srivastava, [1992) 2 SCC 86 = (1992) Cr.LJ. 1104,
    referred to.

          3. The circumstances, the conduct and behaviour of the' appellant
B
    conclusively establish his guilt and no amount of innovative steps by him
    including sporting a beard and later shaving off the beard and the head
    could conceal the offence or his identity. [458-H]

          4. The Appellant was last seen with P. in the lodge where he had
C   stayed on the fateful day and had left the lodge with his child on the pretext
    that he was going to call his relations as P. had died of heart attack. The
    appellant's presence in the room immediately before the death of P. and
    his conduct in not coming back to the lodge are circumstances strong
    enough to establish his guilt. [456-F-G]
D
          5. Section 73 of Evidence Act does not specify by whom the com-
    parison of signatures shall be made. However, looking to the other
    provisions of the Act, it is .clear that such comparison may either be made
    by handwriting expert under Section 45 or by anyone familiar with the
E   handwriting of the person concerned as provided by Section 47 or by the
    Court itself. As a matter or extreme caution and judicial so.briety, the
    Court should not normally take upon itself the responsibility of comparing
    the disputed signature with that of the admitted signature or handwriting
    and in the event of slightest doubt, leave the matter to the wisdom of
F   experts. But this does not mean that the Court has not the power to
    compare the disputed signature with the admitted signatures as this power
    is clearly available under Section 73 of the Act. [458-C-D]

          State (Delhi Administration) v. Pali Ram, AIR (1979) SC 14 = [1979]
    2 sec 158, relied on.
G
        6. On comparison of the signature in the "Register of Lodgers" with
  the appellant's signature on the 'vakaltnama' there is no dissimilarity and
  the Court is convinced that the appellant himself had signed the 'Register
  of Lodges' in token of having taken a room in the lodge on rent wherein
H he had stayed with his wife and the child. [458-F]
      AJITSAVANTMAJAGAV!v. STATE[S.SAGHIRAHMAD,J.]                   447

      CRIMINAL APPELLANT JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No.                 A
368 of 1991.
                                    ,,
     From the Judgment and Order dated 21.1.91 of the Karnataka High
Court in Crl.A. No. 735 of 1986.

     Mukul Sharma for S.R. Bhat for the Appellant.                          B
      Ms. Manjula Kulkarni for M. Veerappa for the Respondent.

     The Judgement of the Court was de1ivered by

      S. SAGHIR AHMAD,  ' J. Pa<lmavathi, a housewife, in this case, has    C
been strangulated to death, of all persons, by her husband, the appellant
before us.

      2. BATTLE OF SEXES has always been a battle of wits. Today it is
denuded of its charms. It has de-generated into a WAR involving physical
violence, torture, mental cruelty and murder of the female, including,      D
particularly, the WIFE.

       3. Social thinkers, philosophers, dramatists, poets and writers have
eulogised the female species of the human race and have always used
beautiful epithets to describe her temperament and personality and have E
not deviated from that path even while speaking of her odd behaviour, at
times. Even in sarcasm, they have not crossed the literary limit and have
adhered to a particular standard of nobility of language. Even when a
member of her own species, Madame De Stael, remarked "I am glad that
I am not a man; for then I should have to marry a woman", there was wit
in it. When Shakespeare wrote, "Age cannot wither her;. nor custom stale; F
Her infinite variety", there again was wit. Notwithstanding that these cried
hoarse for respect for "Woman", notwithstanding that Schiller said "Honour
Women! They entwine and weave heavenly roses in our earthly life." and
notwithstanding that Mahabharat mentioned her as the source of salvation,
the crime against "woman" continues to rise and has, today undoubtedly, G
risen to alarming proportions.

       4. It is unfortunate that in age where people are .described as
civilised, crime against "Female" is committed even when the child is in the
womb as the "female" foetus is often destroyed to prevent the birth of a
female child. If that child comes into existence, she starts her life as a H
    448                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1997] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A daughter, then becomes a wife and in due course, a Mother. She rocks the
    cradle to rear up her infant, bestows all her love on the child and as the
    child grows in age, she gives to the child all that she has in her own
    personality. She shapes the destiny and character of the child. To be cruel
    to such a creature is unthinkable. To torment a wife can only be described
    as the most hated and derisive act of a human being.
B
         · 5. In this appeal, we have to deal with the unfortunate story of torture
    of a wife and her sudden and untimely death at the hands of a person who
    had promised to the God, before the altar of fire, to be her protector.

C         6. The appellant was married to a young woman, by name, Pad-
    mavathi @ Janaki, in or about April, 1984 in Belgaum Taluk. Her father
    was P.W. 8, Paris Savant Kaggodi who was, incidentally, also brother of
    appellant's mother. Padmavathi, after bidding a-dieu to her father and
    other relations, came to live with the appellant in her new house where her
    parents-in- laws also lived. She became the victim of mental torture and
D   cruelty for a charge, which, unfotunatcly, can be levied easily against any
    virtuous woman, that she was involved in extra marital relationship; in this
    case with one Gundu Badasad.

          7. On becoming pregnant, Padmavathi came beck to her father's
E   house for performance of certain ceremonies connected with the pregnan-
    cy and continued to stay there till she delivered a male child. The informa-
    tion of the birth of the child was conveyed to the appellant and his parents
    but nobody, not even the appellant, came to see Padmavathi or the child
    although, in normal course, the birth of a male child has the effect of
    bringing smile even on a frowning face. Like a lull before the storm, this
F   cold-shouldering was the precursor of the evils that were to befall Pad-
    mavathi.

        8. Four months after the delivery, the appellant suddenly, on a
  Saturday, came to the house of his father-in-law (P.W. 8) and sought his
G permission to take his wife and the child to a temple at Stavanidhi which
  was a sacred and holy place for the Jains. The next morning, that is, on
  Sunday, the appellant, his wife and the child were seen off by his sister-in-
  law at the Bus Station where they boarded a Karnataka State Road
  Transport Corporation Bus and came to Halaga village where on Monday,
  at 1.00 A.M., the appellant, with his wife and child came to the house of a
H person named Gopal Bhimappa Inchal. The appellant told Gopal
      AIIT SAVANT MAJAGAVI v. STATE [S. SAGHIR AHMAD, J.]                449

Bhimappa Inchal that on their return from the temple, they could not get A
the "Bus" and, therefore, they had come to his house for the night halt. As
promised, the appellant with his wife and the child left the house in the
early morning and came to "Ashoka Lodge" in Belgaum where he checked
in Room No. 113 at 9.30 A.M. on 09.09.85. That was the most unfortunate,
as also, the last day in Padmavathi's life. At about 12.00 Noon, the appellant B
came to the reception counter of "Ashoka Lodge" and informed the people
there that his wife had died of heart-attack and that he was going to bring
his relations. He left the "Lodge", with child in his lap, never to come back.
He gave the child to a lady called Gangawa, in village Halaga who, later,
sent the child to Padmavathi's father.

       9. The Police was informed of the matter in due course which visited
                                                                                c
the ''Lodge" and held the inquest. The body of Padmavathi was sent for
post mortem examination which revealed that Padmavathi had died not
because of cardiac arrest, but on account of asphyxia. Her death was
homicidal.
                                                                                D
      10. The Police arrested, challaned and prosecuted the appellant, who
was found "not ,uilty" by the trial court but the High Court, on appeal by
the State, reven,L the verdict and convicted the appellant u/s. 302 IPC and
sentenced him to life imprisonment, Now, the matter is before us.

       11. Learned counsel for the appellant has contended that the High
                                                                                E
Court shoulrl not have interferred with the judgment passed by the trial
court unless it was of the positive opinion that the judgment was perverse
and that it had to be reversed for "substantial and compelling reasons". It
is contended that since substantive and compelling reasons have not been
indir ·ted, the judgment of the High Court is liable to be set aside and that   F
of the trial court is to be restored. It is also contended that even if all
circumstances appearing against the appellant arc taken into consideration,
the cumulative effe\:t of those circumstances docs not lead to the irresis-
tible conclusion that the appellant was guilty.

      12. Section 378 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 which
                                                                                G
correspondent to Section 417 of the old Code provides for appeal in case
of acquittal.

      13. There was quite a controversy among the Courts with consider-
able divergence of judicial opinion as to the scope of appeal against an        H
    450                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A order of the acquittal. This controversy remained unabated till some
    guideline was indicate by the Privy Council in Shea Swarup & Ors. v. King
    Emperor, L.R. 61 Indian Appeals 398 = AIR (1934) P.C. 227 (2). This
    decision was considered in Sanwat Singh v. State of Rajasthan, (1961] 3 SCR
    120, in which the legal position was explained by this Court as under :

B           (1) the evidence upon which the order of acquittal was passed by
            the trial court can be reviewed, reappreciated and reappraised by
            the Appellate Court.

            (2) The principles laid down by the Privy Council in Sheo Swarup
c           & Ors. v. King Emperor, L.R. 61 Indian Appeals 398 (supra)
            provide correct guidelines for the Appellate Court while disposing
            of the appeal against the order of acquittal.

            (3) The words "substantial and compelling reasons", "good and
            sufficiently cogent reasons" or "strong reasons" used by this Court
D           in its various Judgments do not have the effect of curtailing power
            of the High Court to reconsider, review of scrutinise the entire
            evidence on record so as to come to its own conclusions in deciding
            the appeal against an order of acquittal.

E          14. As a matter of fact, the powers of the High Court are not
    different from its powers in an ordinary appeal against conviction. The
    additional burden which is placed on the High Court is that it has to
    consider each of the grounds which had prompted the trial court to pass
    the order of acquittal and to record it own reasons for not agreeing with
    the trial court.
F
        15. In State of Uttar Pradesh v. Samman Das, AIR (1972) SC 677 =
  [1972] 3 SCR 58, this Court again reiterated the above principles and
  pointed out that there were certain cardinal rules which had always to be
  kept in view in appeal against acquittal. It was pointed out that there is a
  presumption of innocence in favour of the accused especially when he has
G been acquitted by the trial court. It was further to be kept in view that if
  two views of the matter are possible, the view which favours the accused
  has to be adopted. The Appellate Court has also to keep in view the fact
  that the trial judge had the advantage of looking at the demeanour of
  witnesses and that the accused is still entitled to the benefit of doubt. The
H doubt should be such as a rational thinking person will reasonably, honestly
      AJIT SAVANT MAJAGAVI v. STATE [S. SAGHIR AHMAD, J.]                 451

and conscientiously entertain and not the doubt of an irrational mind. (See A
also : Sohrab ._v. State of Madhya Pradesh, [1973) 1 SCR 472 = [1972] 3
SCC 751 = A.IR (1972) SC 2020; Ediga Sanjinna v. State of Andhra
Pradesh, [1976] 2 SCC 210; Satbir Singh & Anr. v. State of Punjab, [1977] 3
SCR 195 = [1977] 2 SCC 263; Chandrakanta Devnath v. State of Tripura,
[1986] 1 SCC 549 = (1986) Cr.L.J. 809; G.B. Patel & Anr. v. State of B
Maharashtra, AIR (1979) SC 135; Awadesh & Anr. v. State of Madhya
Pradesh, [1988] 3 SCR 513 = (1988] 2 SCC 557; Anokh Singh v. State of
Punjab, ['1.992] 1 Supp. SCC 426; Gajanan Amrnt Gaykwad & Ors. v. State
of Maharashtra, [1995] 3 Supp. SCC 607; Ram Kumar v. State of Haryana,
AIR (1995) SC 280; Beta/ Singh v. State of Madhya Pradesh, [1996] 4 SCC
m.                                                                               c
      16. This Court has thus explicitly and clearly laid down the principles
which would govern and regulate the hearing of appeal by the High Court
against an order of acquisition passed by the trial court. These principles
have been set out in innumerable cases an:d may be reiterated as under :
                                                                                 D
        (1) In an appeal against as order of acquittal, the High Court
        possesses all the powers, and nothing less than the powers, it
        possesses while hearing an appeal against .an order of conviCtion. ·

        (2) The High Court has the power to reconsider the whole issue,          E
        re;,ppraise the evidence and come to ~ts own. conclusion and
        fi11dings in place of the findings recorded by the trial court, if the
        said findings are against the weight of the evidence on record, or
        in other words, perverse.
                                                                                 F
        (3) Before reversing the finding of acquittal, the High Court has
        to consider each ground on which the order of acquittal was based
        and to record its own reasons for not accepting those grounds and
        not subscribing to the view expressed by the trial court that the
        accused is entitled to' acquittal.
                                                                                 G
        (4) In reversing the finding of acquittal, the High Court has to
        keep in view the fact that the presumption of innocence is still
        available. in favour of the accused and the same stal)ds fortified
        and strengthened by the order of acquittal passed in his favour by
        the trial court.                                      •            H
    452                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A           (5) If the High Court, on a fresh scrutiny and reappraisal of the
            evidence and other material on record, is of the opinion that there
            is another view which can be reasonably taken, then the view which
            favours the accused should be adopted.

            (6) The High Court has also to keep in mind that the trial court
B           had the advantage of looking at 1hc demeanour of the witnesses
            and observing their conduct in the Court especially in the witness-
            box.

            (7) The High Court has also to keep in mind that even at that
c           stage, the accused was entitled to benefit of doubt. The doubt
            should be such as a reasonable perwn would honestly and con-
            scientiously entertain as to the guilt of the accuoed.

          17. It is in the light of these principles that it has to be seen whether
    the High Court, in the instant case, was justified in reversing the order of
D   acquittal.

          18. Before taking up this task, it may be stated that for a crime to be
    prove it is not necessary that the crime must be seen to have been
    committed and must, in all circumstances, be proved by direct ocular
    evidence by examining before the Court those persons who had seen its
E   commission. The offence can be proved by circumstantial evidence also.
    The princip. l fact or ''factum probandum" may be proved indirectly by
    means of certain inferences drawn from ''factum probans", that is, the
    evidence fact. To put it differently, circumstantial evidence is not direct lo
    the point in issue but consists of evidence of various other facts which are
F   so closely associated with the fact in issue that taken together, they form a
    chain of circumstances from which the existence of the principal fact can
    be legally inferred or presumed.

         19. It has been consistently laid down by this Court that where a case
  rests squarely on circumstantial evidence, the inference ·of guilt can be
G justified only when all the incriminating facts and circumstances are found
  to be incompatible with the innocence of the accused or the guilt of any
  other person. (See : Hukam Singh v. State of Rajasthan, AIR (1977) SC
  1063; Eradu and Others v. State of Hyderabad, AIR (1956) SC 316; Earab-
  hadrappa v. State of Kamataka, AIR (1983) SC 446; State of U.P. v.
H Sukhbasi 'and Others, AIR (1985) SC 1224; Ba/winder Singh v. State of
                                 •
           AJIT SAYANT MAJAGAVI v. STATE [S. SAGHIR AHMAD, J.]              453

    Punjab, AIR (1987) SC 350; Ashok Kumar Chatterjee v. State of Madhya A
    Pradesh, AIR (1989) SC 1890.

          20. The circumstances from which an inference as to the guilt of the
    accused is drawn have to be proved beyond reasonable doubt and have to
    be shown to be closely connected with the principal fact sought to be
    inferred from those circumstances. In Bhagat Ram v. State of Punjab, AIR       B
    (1954) SC 621, it was laid down that where the case depends upon the
    conclusions drawn from circumstances, the cumulative effect of the cir-
    cumstances must be such as to negative the innocence of the accused and
    bring the offences home beyond any reasonable doubt.

          21. In Padala Veera Reddy v. State of Andhra Pradesh and Others,
                                                                                   c
    [1991] SCC (Crl.) 407 = AIR (1990) SC 79, it was laid down that when a
    case rests upon circumstantial evidence, such evidence must satisfy the
    following tests :
,
"            (1) the circumstances from which an inference of guilt is sought      D
             to be drawn, must be cogently and firmly established :

             (2) those circumstances should be of a definite tendency unerringly
             pointing towards guilt of the accused;

            (3) the circumstances, taken cumulatively, should form a chain so      E
            complete that there is no escape from the conclusion that within
            all human probability the crime was committed by the accused and
            none else; and

            (4) the circumstantial e\'idence in order to sustain conviction must
            be complete and incapable of explanation of any other hypothesis       F
            than that of the guilt of the accused and such evidence should not
            only be consistent with the guilt of the accused but should be
            inconsistent with his innocence.

          22. (See also : State of Uttar Pradesh v. Ashok Kumar Srivastava,
    [1992] 2 sec 86 = (1992) Cr. LI 1104 in which it was pointed out that          G
    great care must be taken in evaluating circumstantial evidence and if the
    evidence relied on is reasonably capable of two inferences, the one in
    favour of the accused must be accepted. It was also pointed out that the
    circumstances relied upon must be found to have 1\>een fully established
    and the cumulative effect of all the facts so established must be consistent   H
    454                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A only with the hypothesis of guilt.
          23. What is important is that the possibility of the conclusions being
    consistent with the innocence of the accused must be ruled out altogether.

          24. Let us now delve into the merits.
B
          25. In order to prove its case, the prosecution has examined many
    witnesses to establish the link between the appellant and the crime. Paris
    Savant Kaggodi (P.W. 8) stated that his daughter Padmavathi was married
    to the appellant. who was being ill-treated at the hciu~e of her in-laws
C   principally because the appellant entertained a doubt that she was having
    extra marital relationship with Gundu Badasad. When Padmavathi became
    pregnant, she came to live with her parents and at the house of her parents,
    she gave birth to a child.

          26. The learned Sessions Judge and the High Court have both found        \
D that this part of the statement of Padmavathi's father had not been chal-
    lenged and, therefore, it was established that Padmavathi was not treated
    fairly at the house of her in-laws and the appellant carried doubt in his
    mind that she was involved in post-marital sex with Gundu Badasad. It was
    aJso established that she gave birt~ to a child at the house of her father.

E       27. The appellant, however, denied. the prosecution story that he
  came to the house of his father-in-law and took away his wife and child.
  The trial could, namely, the Ilnd Addi. Sessions Judge, Belgaum has found
  that the prosecution had failed to establish that the appellant had come
  to the house of his father-in-law and requested him to take his wife and
F child to a temple or that, thereafter, he took his· wife and child to the
  "Ashoka Lodge'' at Belgaum where she was throttled to death by the
  appellant. The High Court, however, has reversed this finding and come
  to the conclusion that the death of Padniavathi, in Room No. 113 of
  "Ashoka Lodge", at the hands of the appellant, was established by the fact
  that her dead body, which was identified by Mallasarja (P.W. 1) of Gan-
G digawad village who was working at Balgaum, was found in that room. She
  has not died a natural death but was strangulated to death which was
  established by the post-mortem examination conducted by the Doctor
  (P.W. 12); Ajit (P.W. 2) who was the room-boy of "Ashoka Lodge"
  categorically stated that the appellant With his wife and the child had come
H to the "Lodge" and occupied Room No. 113. He also stated that the
       AJITSAVANTMAJAGAVIv. STATE[S.SAGHIRAHMAD,J.]                     455

appellant later left the "Lodge" with his child on the pretext that his wife A
had died and that he was going to call his relations.

      28. It is contended by the learned counsel for the appellant that since
P.Ws. 9, 14, 17 and 18 as also P.W. 3 had turned hostile and had not
supported the prosecution case, their statements are liable to be excluded
and if this is done, the result will be that the link in the prosecution story B
would stand broken and the appellant could not be held guilty on the basis
of broken circumstantial evidence. The Addi. Sessions Judge had fallen
into the web of this, apparently, forceful argument but the High Court, and
in our opinion, rightly, accepted the remaining evidence and held that in
spite of hostility of the aforesaid witnesses, the prosecution story was fully C
established.

      29. We would like to add a few words of our own on the effect of
exclusion of statements of those witnesses who had turned hostile.

        30. Gangawa (P.W. 3), with whom the child was left by the appellant D
 on his return from "Lodge", was the witness who was treated as hostile.
 Even if her statement is excluded, the main part of the prosecution story
_that the appellant had come with Padmavathi to "Ashoka Lodge" where
 they had occupied Room No. 113 is not affected. Their presence in
 "Ashoka Lodge" is testified by Ajit (P.W. 2), the room-boy of "Ashoka E
 Lodge". Padmavathi was, therefore, last seen in the company of the appel-
 lant. The appellant left the "Lodge" on the pretext that his wife had died
 and he was going to call his relations. But he did not return. His conduct
 of not returning back to Room No. 113 eloquently indicates that he, in
 order to avoid arrest, did not return to "Lodge". He left the dead body of
 Padmavathi lying in Room No. 113 to be found out there by the hotel and F
 police people. An innocent person would not have behaved in that fashion.
 His innocence would have been reflected in his conduct of coming back to
 the "Lodge".

      31. Apart from the appellant's conduct in not returning to "Ashoka
Lodge", after having left the "Lodge" at 12.00 Noon, another conduct of the G
appellant is significantly eloquent. When he reported_ at "Ashoka Lodge",
he was sporting a beard and had also unkempt hairs on his head. In the
evening of the day of incident, he got his head and the beard shaved which
is proved by th barber (P.W. 5), examined in the case. This was done
obviously to conceal his identity but police was vigilant and the appellant H
    456                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A was apprehended without difficulty.
          32. The appellant's further conduct in taking away the child with him
    at 12.00 Noon is also significant. The child was hardly four months old and
    was a breast-suckling infant. Had Padmavathi been alive, the appellant
B   would have left the child with her. His taken away the child with him
    coupled with his statement made to the reom-boy that his wife had died
    of heart-attack, establishes that Padmavathi was already deed. Since she
    was strangulated to death, there.was none else except the appellant to have
    done it. It was positively the act of the appellant. He took the extreme step
    on account of suspected infidelity of his wife which he had been harbouring
c   since his marriage.

        33. The other hostile witnesses are jaipal (P.W. 14) who had seen the
  appellant and his wife Padmavathi with their child in a Karnataka State
  Road Transport Corporation Bus, P.W. 9 before extra judicial confession
D was allegedly made by the appellant, P.Ws. 17 and 18 who were the
  witnesses for the Panchanama apart from P.W. 15 who was also the witness
  of Panchanamas but he did not turn hostile. If the statements of these
  witnesses are excluded, the prosecution case is still not affected on merits
  inasmuch as the story that the appellant had gone to the house of his
E father-in-law and taken away his wife and child and that he ultimately
  stayed in "Ashoka Lodge" at Belgaum where Padmavathi was found dead
  is not affected. Whether the appellant with his wife and the child had gone
  to the temple or had stayed with a friend in the night, cannot be said to be
  essential links in the chain of events leading to the conclusion that the
  appellant had committed the crime. The appellant was last seen with
F Padmavathi in Room No. 113 of "Ashoka Lodge" where he had stayed on
  the fateful day and had left the "Lodge" with his child on the pretext that
  he was going to call his relations as Padmavathi had died of heart-attack.
  As pointed out earlier, Padmavathi had died of strangulation. The
   appellant's presence in the Room immediately before the death of
G Padmavathi and his conduct in not coming back to the "Lodge" are
   circumstances strong enough to establish his guilt.

           34. Some dispute appears to have been raised before the High Court
     as also before us that the hotel records should not be relied upon to
H    indicate that the appellant had stayed in "Ashoka Lodge".
          AJITSAVANTMAJAGAVIv. STATE(S.SAGHIRAHMAD,J.]                    457.

          35. Ajit (P.W. 2), room-boy of the "Lodge", in his statement on oath, A
    has given out that the appellant had come with his wife and child to the
    "Ashoka Lodge" and had taken one Room on the ground- floor for his stay.
    The necessary entry (Ex. Pl( a)) was made by the Manager of the "Lodge"
    in the "Register of Lodgers". The appellant had put his sign.ature on the
    Register which is Ex.Pl(b). The appellant, his wife and the child had been B
    taken by the room-boy to Room No. 113 where he also supplied an extra
    bed. The hotel Manager, though mentioned as a witness in the charge-
    sheet, was not examined as he had already left the service of the "Lodge".
J
    These facts stand proved by the statement of the room- boy and the High
    Court has already recorded a finding that the appellant had stayed in
    Room No. 113 of the "Ashoka Lodge"                                          C

          36. The original records were also placed before us and we have
    perused those records. Since learned counsel for the appellant contended
    that the appellant had not stayed in that '~Ashoka Lodge", we looked into
    the "Register of Lodgers". It contains the relevant entry against which D
    signature of the appellant also appears. His signature also appears on the
    "Vakalatnama" filed by him in this appeal. In the presence of the learned
    counsel for the parties, we compared the signature of the appellant on the
    "Vakalatnama" with the signature in the "Register of Lodgers". A mere look
    at the signatures was enough to indicate the similarity which was so
    apparent that it required no expert evidence. This comparison was done E
    by us having regard to the provisions of Section 73 of the Evidence Act
    Act which provides as under :

            S. 73. Comparison of signature, writing or seal with others admitted
            or proved. - In order to ascertain whether a signature, writing or F
            seal is that of the person by whom it purports to have been written
            or made, any signature, writing or seal admitted or proved to the
            satisfaction of the Court to have been written or made by that
            person may be compared with the one which is to be proved,
            although that signature, writing or seal has not been produced or
            proved for any other purpose.                                        G

               The Court may direct any person present in Court to write any
            words or figures for the purpose of enabling the Court to compare
            the words or figures so written with any words or figures alleged
            to have been written by such person."                                H
    458                 . SUPREMECOURTREPORTS [1997]SUPP.3S.C.R.

A         37. This Section consists of two parts. While the first part provides
    for comparison of signature, finger impression, writing etc. allegedly writ-
    ten or made by a person with signature or writing etc. admitted or proved
    to the satisfaction of the Court to have been written by the same person,
    the second part empowers the Court to direct any person including an
B   accused, present in Court, to give his specimen writing or finger prints for
    the purpose of enabling the Court to compare it with the writing or
    signature allegedly made by that person. The Section does not specify by
    whom the comparison shall be made. However, looking to the other
    provisions of the Act, it is clear that such comparison may either be made
    by a handwriting expert under Section 45 or by anyone familiar with the
C   handwriting of the person concerned as provided by Section 47 or by the
    Court itself.

          38. As a matter of extreme caution and judicial sobriety, the Court
    should not normally taken upon itself the responsibility of comparing the
    disputed signature with that of the admitted signature or handwriting and
D   in the event of slightest doubt, leave the matter to the wisdom of experts.
    But this' does not mean that the Court has not the power to compare the
    disputed signature with the admitted signature as this power is clearly
    available under Section 73 of the Act. (See : State (Delhi Administration)
    v. Pali Ram, AIR (1979) SC 14 = [1979] 2 SCC 158.
E
          39. We have already recorded above that on the comparison of the
    signature in the "Register of Lodgers" with the appellant's signature on the
    "vakalatnama", we have not found any dissimilarity and are convinced that
    the appellant himself had signed the "Register of Lodgers" in token of
    having taken Room No. 113 in "Ashoka Lodge" on rent wherein he had
F   stayed with his wife and the child.

           40. On an overall consideration of the matter, we are of the opinion
    that the High Court, in reversing the judgment of the trial court, had fully
    adhered to the principles laid down by this Court in various decisions and
G   there is no infirmity in its judgment.

        41. The circumstances, the conduct and behaviour of the appellant
  conclusively establish his gnilt and no amount of innovative steps by him
  including sporting a beard and later shaving off the beard and the head
  could conceal the offence or his identity. It was rightly remarked by the
H famous Urdu poet, Amir Meenai in a couplet :
<'   I


                AJIT SAYANT MAJAGAVI v. STATE (S. SAGHIR AHMAD, J.)             459

                  "Qareeb hai yaro jo Roz-i-Mahshar Chhupey ga Kushton ka khoon A
                  keonkar Jo chup Rahegi Zaban-i-Khanjar Lahoo Pukarega Aastin
                  Ka"

                42. Translated into English, it will mean :

                  "On the day of Judgment, you will not be able to conceal the killing B
                  of innocents. If the sword will keep silent, the blood stains on your
                  sleeves will reveal your guilt."

              43. For the reasons stated above, we find no merit in the appeal
         which is dismissed. The appellant is on bail. His bail bonds are cancelled.
         He shall be taken into custody forthwith to serve out the life sentence.    C
         V.M.                                                    Appeal dismissed.