Supreme Court of India
YASHITA SAHUversusSTATE OF RAJASTHAN & ORS.
- Citation
- 2020 INSC 58
- Decided
- 20 January 2020
Holding
A writ of habeas corpus is maintainable in child‑custody matters and the court may exercise its extraordinary jurisdiction to safeguard the child's welfare, but it cannot compel an adult spouse to relocate; custody must be decided on the child's best interests with appropriate visitation and possible return to the foreign jurisdiction.
Summary
The Supreme Court examined a dispute where a mother, Yashita Sahu, took her US‑born daughter to India in violation of a consent order of the Norfolk Juvenile Court, which had granted shared parenting. The father filed a writ of habeas corpus in the Rajasthan High Court seeking the child's return, and the High Court ordered the mother to go back to the US. The Court held that a writ of habeas corpus is maintainable in child‑custody matters and can be used to protect the child's best interests, but an Indian court cannot compel an adult spouse to relocate. Applying the doctrine of comity, the Court emphasized that custody decisions must be based on the child's welfare, directing the parties to arrange visitation, possible return to the US, and specifying conditions if the mother refuses to go. The Court issued bifurcated directions depending on the mother's willingness to return and allowed fresh relief if the father's visa expires. The appeal was dismissed.
Issues considered
- Whether a writ of habeas corpus is maintainable in a child‑custody dispute when the child is in the custody of another parent.
- How the doctrine of comity of courts applies to cross‑border child custody cases.
- Whether an Indian court can direct an adult spouse to return to a foreign jurisdiction.
- What factors determine the best interest of the child in a situation where parents reside on different continents.
- Effect of the father's visa/work‑permit status on custody and visitation arrangements.
Subjects
child custodywrit of habeas corpusdoctrine of comitychild welfarevisitation rightscross‑border jurisdictionparental rightsbest interest of child
Judgment
[2020] 1 S.C.R. 417 417
YASHITA SAHU A
v.
STATE OF RAJASTHAN & ORS.
(Criminal Appeal No. 127 of 2020)
JANUARY 20, 2020 B
[DEEPAK GUPTA AND ANIRUDDHA BOSE, JJ.]
Child and Family Welfare – Child Custody – Parents in two
different continents – In 2016, couple got married in India –
Appellant-wife accompanied the husband, working in USA – A
C
daughter was born in 2017 – Relationship of the couple got strained
– Appellant inter alia sought sole custody of the minor child from the
Norfolk Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Court– Consent
order passed inter alia making provision for shared parenting –
Before the next date fixed in the Norfolk Court, the appellant along
with the child came to India– Husband filed motion for emergency D
relief before the said Court – Ex-parte order inter alia granted him
custody of the child – Husband also filed petition for issuance of
writ of habeas corpus before the Rajasthan High Court – High Court
inter alia directed the wife to return to USA along with minor daughter
– On appeal, held: It is too late in the day to urge that writ of habeas
E
corpus is not maintainable if the child is in the custody of another
parent – Court can invoke its extraordinary writ jurisdiction for
the best interest of the child – Contention of the appellant that the
writ petition was not maintainable, rejected – Further, since the
wife brought the minor child to India in violation of the orders of
the jurisdictional court in USA, her custody of the child cannot be F
said to be strictly legal – However, the High Court could not have
directed the appellant to go to USA – Custody of a child is a different
issue, but even while deciding such issue, no direction can be issued
in writ jurisdiction to the adult spouse to go and live with the other
strained spouse – In matters of custody of a child, the welfare of
G
the child will always remain the paramount consideration – In cases
like the present one where the parents are in two different continents,
effort should be made to give maximum visitation rights to the parent
H
417
418 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2020] 1 S.C.R.
A who is denied custody – Directions issued in two parts– First part
will apply if the appellant is willing to go to USA on terms and
conditions offered by the husband in his affidavit which is recorded
as an undertaking to the Court and the husband is duty bound to
abide by it– Second part to apply if she is not willing to go to USA,
how should the husband be granted custody of the child – Further,
B
in case if the visa/work permit of the husband is not extended and
he has to leave USA then the appellant is at liberty to move Supreme
Court for fresh directions – Constitution of India – Art.226 –
Doctrine of comity of courts.
Constitution of India – Art.226 – Writ of habeas corpus –
C Maintainability of, in matters of child custody – Discussed – Child
and Family Welfare.
Doctrines/Principles – Doctrine of comity of courts – Held:
Doctrine of comity of courts is a very healthy doctrine – If courts in
different jurisdictions do not respect the orders passed by each other,
D it will lead to contradictory orders being passed in different
jurisdictions – No hard and fast guidelines can be laid down in this
regard and each case has to be decided on its own facts– Child and
Family Welfare– Child Custody.
Child and Family Welfare – Child Custody – Visitation rights;
E Contact Rights – Duty of Courts – Held: It is to be ensured that the
Court weighs each and every circumstance very carefully before
deciding how and in what manner the custody of the child should
be shared between both the parents – Even if the custody is given to
one parent the other parent must have sufficient visitation rights to
F ensure that the child keeps in touch with the other parent and does
not lose social, physical and psychological contact with any one of
the two parents – Courts dealing with the custody matters must while
deciding issues of custody clearly define the nature, manner and
specifics of the visitation rights – In addition to ‘Visitation Rights’,
‘Contact rights’ are also important for development of the child
G specially in cases where both parents live in different states or
countries – Concept of contact rights in the modern age would be
contact by telephone, e-mail or in fact, the best system of contact, if
available between the parties should be video calling.
H
YASHITA SAHU v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN & ORS. 419
Disposing of the appeal, the Court A
HELD : 1.1 Whether a writ of habeas corpus is maintainable?
It is too late in the day to urge that a writ of habeas corpus
is not maintainable if the child is in the custody of another parent.
The court can invoke its extraordinary writ jurisdiction for the
best interest of the child. Therefore, the contention of the B
appellant-wife that the writ petition before the High Court of
Rajasthan was not maintainable is rejected. In the present case
since the wife brought the minor to India in violation of the orders
of the jurisdictional court in USA, her custody of the child cannot
be said to be strictly legal. However, the High Court could not C
have directed the appellant-wife to go to the USA. The wife is an
adult and no court can force her to stay at a place where she does
not want to stay. Custody of a child is a different issue, but even
while deciding the issue of custody of a child, no direction can be
issued to the adult spouse to go and live with the other strained
spouse in writ jurisdiction. [Paras 9, 12] [427-C-D; 428-F-G] D
Elizabeth Dinshaw v. Arvand M. Dinshaw & Ors. (1987)
1 SCC 42 : [1987] 1 SCR 175 ; Nithya Anand Raghavan
v. State (NCT of Delhi) & Anr. (2017) 8 SCC 454 : [2017]
7 SCR 281 ; Lahari Sakhamuri v. Sobhan Kodali
(2019) 7 SCC 311 ; Kanika Goel v. State of Delhi (2018) E
9 SCC 578 : [2018] 11 SCR 546 – relied on.
1.2 Comity of Courts
In the fast shrinking world where adults marry and shift
from one jurisdiction to another there are increasing issues of F
jurisdiction as to which country’s courts will have jurisdiction. In
many cases the jurisdiction may vest in two countries. The issue
is important and needs to be dealt with care and sensitivity.
Though the interest of the child is extremely important and is, in
fact, of paramount importance, the courts of one jurisdiction should
respect the orders of a court of competent jurisdiction even if it G
is beyond its territories. When a child is removed by one parent
from one country to another, especially in violation of the orders
passed by a court, the country to which the child is removed must
H
420 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2020] 1 S.C.R.
A consider the question of custody and decide whether the court
should conduct an elaborate enquiry on the question of child’s
custody or deal with the matter summarily, ordering the parent
to return the custody of the child to the jurisdiction from which
the child was removed, and all aspects relating to the child’s
welfare be investigated in a court in his/her own country. The
B
doctrine of comity of courts is a very healthy doctrine. If courts
in different jurisdictions do not respect the orders passed by each
other it will lead to contradictory orders being passed in different
jurisdictions. No hard and fast guidelines can be laid down in this
regard and each case has to be decided on its own facts. The
C welfare of the child will always remain the paramount
consideration. [Paras 13, 16] [429-A-D; 432-D]
V. Ravi Chandran (Dr.) (2) v. Union of India (UOI) and
Ors. (2010) 1 SCC 174 : [2009] 15 SCR 960 – relied
on.
D 1.3 Welfare of the child – the paramount consideration
While deciding matters of custody of a child, primary and
paramount consideration is welfare of the child. If welfare of the
child so demands then technical objections cannot come in the
way. The courts should decide the issue of custody only on the
E basis of what is in the best interest of the child. A child, especially
a child of tender years requires the love, affection, company,
protection of both parents. This is not only the requirement of
the child but is his/her basic human right. Just because the parents
are at war with each other, does not mean that the child should
F be denied the care, affection, love or protection of any one of the
two parents. A child is not an inanimate object which can be tossed
from one parent to the other. Every separation, every re-union
may have a traumatic and psychosomatic impact on the child.
Therefore, it is to be ensured that the court weighs each and
every circumstance very carefully before deciding how and in
G what manner the custody of the child should be shared between
both the parents. Even if the custody is given to one parent the
other parent must have sufficient visitation rights to ensure that
the child keeps in touch with the other parent and does not lose
social, physical and psychological contact with any one of the two
H
YASHITA SAHU v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN & ORS. 421
parents. It is only in extreme circumstances that one parent should A
be denied contact with the child. Reasons must be assigned if
one parent is to be denied any visitation rights or contact with
the child. Courts dealing with the custody matters must while
deciding issues of custody clearly define the nature, manner and
specifics of the visitation rights. The concept of visitation rights
B
is not fully developed in India. Most courts while granting custody
to one spouse do not pass any orders granting visitation rights to
the other spouse. [Paras 17, 19 and 20] [432-E, F-H; 433-A-D]
1.4 Normally, if the parents are living in the same town or
area, the spouse who has not been granted custody is given
visitation rights over weekends only. In case the spouses are C
living at a distance from each other, it may not be feasible or in
the interest of the child to create impediments in the education
of the child by frequent breaks and, in such cases the visitation
rights must be given over long weekends, breaks, and holidays.
In cases like the present one where the parents are in two D
different continents effort should be made to give maximum
visitation rights to the parent who is denied custody. In addition
to ‘Visitation Rights’, ‘Contact rights’ are also important for
development of the child specially in cases where both parents
live in different states or countries. The concept of contact rights
in the modern age would be contact by telephone, e-mail or in E
fact, the best system of contact, if available between the parties
should be video calling. With the increasing availability of internet,
video calling is now very common and courts dealing with the
issue of custody of children must ensure that the parent who is
denied custody of the child should be able to talk to her/his child F
as often as possible. Unless there are special circumstances to
take a different view, the parent who is denied custody of the
child should have the right to talk to his/her child for 5-10 minutes
everyday. This will help in maintaining and improving the bond
between the child and the parent who is denied custody. If that
bond is maintained the child will have no difficulty in moving from G
one home to another during vacations or holidays. The purpose
of this is, if one happy home with two parents cannot be provided
to the child then let the child have the benefit of two happy homes
with one parent each. [Paras 21-23] [433-E-H; 434-A-C]
H
422 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2020] 1 S.C.R.
A 1.5 Age of the child – The child is less than 3 years old.
She is a girl and, therefore, there can be no manner of doubt that
she probably requires her mother more than her father. This is a
factor in favour of the wife. [Para 24] [434-E]
1.6 Nationality of the child - The child is a citizen of USA by
B birth. [Para 25] [434-F]
1.7 Proceedings in the Norfolk Court - The contention
raised on behalf of the wife that she could not understand the
order of the Norfolk Court is not agreed with. This is not the first
time that the wife had approached the court. The wife is educated.
C She was working in Walmart in the USA. The wife is aware of her
rights. Unable to agree with the contention now raised that her
counsel coerced her to enter into the agreement. In any event if
she has any grievance with regard to the manner in which the
settlement was arrived at, the proper course was to raise the
issue before the Norfolk Court. No Indian Court can sit in appeal
D over the orders of the Norfolk Court. Obviously, the child who
is less than three years old cannot be heard in the matter but
keeping in view the facilities of education, social security etc.,
which would be available in USA, the child should not be deprived
of the same only on the ground that the mother does not want to
E go back to USA. [Paras 26, 27-29] [435-C, G-H; 436-A-B]
1.8 Visa issue
The counsel for the appellant-wife laid great emphasis on
the fact that the visa/work permit of the husband is expiring in
2020. That by itself is no ground to deny custody of the child to
F the husband. [Para 30] [436-C]
2.1 It is in the best interest of the child to have parental
care of both the parents, if not joint then at least separate. If the
wife is willing to go back to USA then all orders with regard to
custody, maintenance etc., must be looked into by the jurisdictional
G court in USA. A writ court in India cannot, in proceedings like
this direct that an adult spouse should go to America. Therefore,
directions are being issued in two parts. The first part will apply
if the appellant-wife is willing to go to USA on terms and conditions
offered by the husband in his affidavit. The second part would
H
YASHITA SAHU v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN & ORS. 423
apply if she is not willing to go to USA, how should the husband A
be granted custody of the child. [Para 32] [437-B-C]
2.2 The counsel for the appellant-wife urged that the position
would totally change in case the work permit/visa of the husband
is not extended. This is in the realm of speculation, it cannot be
presumed whether the visa will be extended or not. Therefore, B
the aforesaid directions are issued but it is made clear that if the
visa/work permit of the husband is not extended and he has to
leave the USA then the wife will be at liberty to move this Court
for fresh directions. [Para 36] [440-E, F]
Case Law Reference C
[1987] 1 SCR 175 relied on Para 9
[2017] 7 SCR 281 relied on Para 9
(2019) 7 SCC 311 relied on Para 9
[2018] 11 SCR 546 relied on Para 11 D
[2009] 15 SCR 960 relied on Para 14
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal
No. 127 of 2020.
From the Judgment and Order dated 01.07.2019 of the High Court E
of Rajasthan at Jaipur in D.B. Habeas Corpus Petition No. 229 of 2018.
Ms. Malvika Rajkotia, Ms. Akriti Tyagi, Lakshmi Raman Singh,
Advs. for the Appellant.
Prabhjit Jauhar, Ms. Aishwarya, S. S. Jauhar, Vidhan Vyas,
Ms. Harshita Dhingra, Nishanth Patil, Advs. for the Respondents. F
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
DEEPAK GUPTA, J. 1. Leave granted.
2. Yashita Sahu (hereinafter referred to as the wife) and Varun
Varma (hereinafter referred to as the husband), got married on 30.05.2016 G
in India. The husband was already working in the United States of
America (hereinafter referred to as the USA). The wife accompanied
the husband to the USA on 17.07.2016. A daughter named Kiyara Verma,
was born to the couple on 03.05.2017. She is a citizen of the USA. The
H
424 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2020] 1 S.C.R.
A relationship between the husband and the wife got strained and they
made various allegations and counter allegations against each other. The
wife applied for an Emergency Protection Order on 25.08.2018 to the
Norfolk Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Court (hereinafter
referred to as the Norfolk Court), praying for her protection and an ex
parte preliminary protection order was passed against the husband.
B
Thereafter, on 29.08.2018, the wife instituted a petition in the same Court
seeking sole custody of the minor child. She also filed a petition praying
that the husband be directed to give monetary support to her and the
minor child. The said Court passed an order on 26.09.2018 in terms of
the agreement reached between the parties. This agreement is part of
C the order and reads as follows:-
“Father to continue paying rent and utilities @ the marital residence
for October, 2018 and November, 2018. Father will add mother
to lease as an authorized occupants or leaseholder. Father to pay
mother 150/week for child support for October and November,
D 2018/ and 200/week for December, 2018. Parties to work together
to reach a resolution as to who will continue occupy the martial
residence after November, 2018. Mother to look for employment
consistent with her educational and professional experience.
Mother and father have joint legal custody of minor child and
shared physical custody of child father’s parenting time to start
E Thursday September, 27, 2018 @ noon until Saturday September
29, 2018 @ noon. Thereafter, the parties are to share parenting
time as follows :
mother to have child every other week from Saturday @ noon
until Wednesday @ noon and in alternating weeks from Saturday
F @ noon until Tuesday @ noon. Father shall have parenting time
on Wednesday @ noon until Saturday with alternating weeks two
@ noon until Saturday @ noon (i.e. 4 days on, 3 days off switching
weeks for each parent) parents shall allow whatsapp calling with
child with custodial parent at least 5 min. per evening upon
G reasonable notice to other parent. Parents shall use a third neutral
party to facilitate exchanging the child. Parties shall corporate
with each other & third party if noon exchange time is not feasible
all parties will surrender their passports, including child’s passport,
to guardian ad liten. Mother to reside @ marital residence until
December 1, 2018 wherein mother will vacate the premises or
H assume full responsibility of the rent and utilities thereafter.”
YASHITA SAHU v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN & ORS. 425
[DEEPAK GUPTA, J.]
As per this order, amongst other things the husband was to add A
the wife as an authorised lease holder in the rented premises and he was
to pay weekly support to the child @ $150 per week for the months of
October and November, 2018 and $200 per week for the month of
December, 2018. Joint, legal custody and shared physical custody of
the child was given to the parents, with each parent being given individual
B
parenting time. As per the agreement the child was also permitted to
talk to the other parent by WhatsApp calling, after reasonable notice. It
is important to note that it was clearly mentioned that the parties shall
cooperate with each other and try to reach an amicable settlement with
the help of a neutral third party. If a settlement was not possible then
they were to surrender their passports including the child’s passport to C
the guardian ad litem. The wife was directed to reside in the marital
residence till December 1, 2018, whereafter she had to vacate the
premises or assume full responsibility of the rent and utilities.
3. It is not disputed before us that the wife, along with the child
left the USA and came to India on 30.09.2018 i.e. after 26.09.2018 and D
before 01.10.2018, which was the next date fixed before the Norfolk
Court.
4. The husband on coming to know of the fact that his wife, along
with their child had left the USA for India, filed a motion for emergency
relief before the Norfolk Court on 02.10.2019. An ex parte order was E
passed in favour of the husband whereby the Norfolk Court granted
sole legal and physical custody of the child to the husband and directed
the wife to return to the USA along with the child. A warrant was also
issued against the wife for violating the order dated 26.09.2018 of the
Norfolk Court.
F
5. The husband also filed a petition for issuance of a writ of habeas
corpus before the Rajasthan High Court for production of his minor
child. The High Court by the impugned judgment dated 01.07.2019
directed the wife to return to the USA along with her minor daughter
within a period of 6 weeks to enable the jurisdictional court in USA to
pass further orders in this regard in the proceedings already pending. G
The husband was directed to make all arrangements for the stay and
travel of the wife and the minor child and any companion. It was
further directed that in case the wife was not willing to stay in the house
of the husband, then the petitioner-husband would make alternative
H
426 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2020] 1 S.C.R.
A arrangements for her stay at the place of her choice at a reasonable
cost.
6. Aggrieved by this judgment of the Rajasthan High Court, the
wife has filed the present appeal.
7. We have heard Ms. Malvika Rajkotia, learned counsel for the
B appellant and Mr. Prabhjit Jauhar, learned counsel for the respondents,
at length. Various contentions have been raised before us by both sides.
It has been contended by Ms. Rajkotia that a writ of habeas corpus
would not lie for the custody of the child since she could not be said to be
in illegal detention, as the child was in the custody of the mother who is
C the natural guardian. She also contended that the High Court erred in
giving a direction to the wife to travel to the USA. Her next contention
is that the child is only about 2 ½ years old and moreover being a girl-
child requires the care, attention and protection of the mother and,
therefore, it is in the interest of the child to be placed in custody of the
mother. With regard to the proceedings before the Norfolk Court in the
D USA, it is contended that the wife was unable to comprehend the
proceedings before the Norfolk Court because of lack of knowledge of
English and that too spoken in an American accent. She also submitted
that the legal aid provided to the wife was of a lawyer who was a
‘caucasian male’, implying that there was lack of communication between
E the two. It is also contended that the wife had raised objection to the
alleged consent order vide e-mail dated 28.09.2018. She also submits
that the order passed by the Norfolk Court is not binding on the parties,
especially the wife and, in the larger interest of the child the writ petition
filed by the husband before the Rajasthan High Court should have been
dismissed. It was also contended by Ms. Rajkotia that the husband is
F working in the USA on the basis of a work permit which is only valid till
2020 and the future of the wife and the child will be in jeopardy in case
his visa/work permit is not extended.
8. On the other hand, Mr. Jauhar, contends that it was the wife
who approached the Court in Norfolk and, by agreement, an order was
G passed giving shared parenting to both the parents. The wife had been
specifically directed neither to leave the USA nor take the child out of
the USA, but she has violated the orders of the jurisdictional court, which
jurisdiction was invoked by the wife herself. According to him the wife
cannot be permitted to violate the orders passed by a court in another
H country and then seek protection in the Indian courts. He also submitted
YASHITA SAHU v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN & ORS. 427
[DEEPAK GUPTA, J.]
that in this modern age it is a well recognised principle of parenting that A
even a father can be an appropriate natural guardian for the minor
daughter. Lastly, he submitted that the husband is not interested in
divorcing the wife and his intention is to live with the child and the wife.
He also urged that the husband is willing to make all arrangements for
stay and travel for the wife and the child, if the wife comes to the USA
B
along with the child.
Whether a writ of habeas corpus is maintainable?
9. It is too late in the day to urge that a writ of habeas corpus is
not maintainable if the child is in the custody of another parent. The law
in this regard has developed a lot over a period of time but now it is a C
settled position that the court can invoke its extraordinary writ jurisdiction
for the best interest of the child. This has been done in Elizabeth
Dinshaw vs. Arvand M. Dinshaw & Ors.1, Nithya Anand Raghavan
vs. State (NCT of Delhi) & Anr.2 and Lahari Sakhamuri vs. Sobhan
Kodali 3 among others. In all these cases the writ petitions were
entertained. Therefore, we reject the contention of the appellant-wife D
that the writ petition before the High Court of Rajasthan was not
maintainable.
10. We need not refer to all decisions in this regard but it would be
apposite to refer to the following observations from the judgment in
Nithya Anand Raghavan (supra):- E
“46. The High Court while dealing with the petition for issuance
of a writ of habeas corpus concerning a minor child, in a given
case, may direct return of the child or decline to change the custody
of the child keeping in mind all the attending facts and
circumstances including the settled legal position referred to above. F
Once again, we may hasten to add that the decision of the court,
in each case, must depend on the totality of the facts and
circumstances of the case brought before it whilst considering
the welfare of the child which is of paramount consideration. The
order of the foreign court must yield to the welfare of the child. G
Further, the remedy of writ of habeas corpus cannot be used for
mere enforcement of the directions given by the foreign court
against a person within its jurisdiction and convert that jurisdiction
1
(1987) 1 SCC 42
2
(2017) 8 SCC 454
3
(2019) 7 SCC 311 H
428 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2020] 1 S.C.R.
A into that of an executing court. Indubitably, the writ petitioner can
take recourse to such other remedy as may be permissible in law
for enforcement of the order passed by the foreign court or to
resort to any other proceedings as may be permissible in law before
the Indian Court for the custody of the child, if so advised.
B 47. In a habeas corpus petition as aforesaid, the High Court must
examine at the threshold whether the minor is in lawful or unlawful
custody of another person (private Respondent named in the writ
petition)…”
11. Further, in the case of Kanika Goel vs. State of Delhi4, it
C was held as follows:
“34. As expounded in the recent decisions of this Court, the issue
ought not to be decided on the basis of rights of the parties claiming
custody of the minor child but the focus should constantly remain
on whether the factum of best interest of the minor child is to
D return to the native country or otherwise. The fact that the minor
child will have better prospects upon return to his/her native
country, may be a relevant aspect in a substantive proceedings
for grant of custody of the minor child but not decisive to examine
the threshold issues in a habeas corpus petition. For the purpose
of habeas corpus petition, the Court ought to focus on the obtaining
E circumstances of the minor child having been removed from the
native country and taken to a place to encounter alien environment,
language, custom, etc. interfering with his/her overall growth and
grooming and whether continuance there will be harmful…”
12. In the present case since the wife brought the minor to India
F in violation of the orders of the jurisdictional court in USA, her custody
of the child cannot be said to be strictly legal. However, we agree with
the learned counsel for the appellant that the High Court could not have
directed the appellant-wife to go to the USA. The wife is an adult and
no court can force her to stay at a place where she does not want to
G stay. Custody of a child is a different issue, but even while deciding the
issue of custody of a child, we are clearly of the view that no direction
can be issued to the adult spouse to go and live with the other strained
spouse in writ jurisdiction.
4
(2018) 9 SCC 578
H
YASHITA SAHU v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN & ORS. 429
[DEEPAK GUPTA, J.]
Comity of Courts A
13. In the fast shrinking world where adults marry and shift from
one jurisdiction to another there are increasing issues of jurisdiction as to
which country’s courts will have jurisdiction. In many cases the
jurisdiction may vest in two countries. The issue is important and needs
to be dealt with care and sensitivity. Though the interest of the child is B
extremely important and is, in fact, of paramount importance, the courts
of one jurisdiction should respect the orders of a court of competent
jurisdiction even if it is beyond its territories. When a child is removed
by one parent from one country to another, especially in violation of the
orders passed by a court, the country to which the child is removed must
consider the question of custody and decide whether the court should C
conduct an elaborate enquiry on the question of child’s custody or deal
with the matter summarily, ordering the parent to return the custody of
the child to the jurisdiction from which the child was removed, and all
aspects relating to the child’s welfare be investigated in a court in his/
her own country. D
14. Reference in this regard may be made to the judgment in
Elizabeth Dinshaw (supra) wherein this Court was dealing with a case
where the wife was an American citizen whereas the husband was a
citizen of India. They got married in America and a child was born to
them in the year 1978. In 1980, differences arose between the couple E
and the wife filed a petition for divorce. The jurisdictional court in America
had dissolved the marriage by a decree of divorce on 23.04.1982 and by
the same decree it was directed that the wife would have the care,
custody and control of the child till he reaches the age of 18 years. The
husband was given visitation rights. Taking advantage of the weekend
visitation rights, the husband picked up the child from school on 11.01.1986 F
and brought him to India. The wife filed a petition under Article 32 of
the Constitution of India before this Court. Not only was the petition
entertained, but the same was allowed and we would like to refer to
certain important observations of this Court in Para 8:
“8. Whenever a question arises before a court pertaining to the G
custody of a minor child, the matter is to be decided not on
considerations of the legal rights of parties but on the sole and
predominant criterion of what would best serve the interest and
welfare of the minor. We have twice interviewed Dustan in our
chambers and talked with him. We found him to be too tender in H
430 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2020] 1 S.C.R.
A age and totally immature to be able to form any independent opinion
of his own as to which parent he should stay with. The child is an
American citizen. Excepting for the last few months that have
elapsed since his being brought to India by the process of illegal
abduction by the father, he has spent the rest of his life in the
United States of America and he was doing well in school there.
B
In our considered opinion it will be in the best interests and welfare
of Dustan that he should go back to the United States of America
and continue his education there under the custody and
guardianship of the mother to whom such custody and guardianship
have been entrusted by a competent court in that country. We are
C also satisfied that the petitioner who is the mother, is full of genuine
love and affection for the child and she can be safely trusted to
look after him, educate him and attend in every possible way to
his proper upbringing. The child has not taken root in this country
and he is still accustomed and acclimatized to the conditions and
environments obtaining in the place of his origin in the United
D
States of America. The child’s presence in India is the result of
an illegal act of abduction and the father who is guilty of the said
act cannot claim any advantage by stating that he has already put
the child in some school in Pune. The conduct of the father has
not been such as to inspire confidence in us that he is a fit and
E suitable person to be entrusted with the custody and guardianship
of the child for the present.”
In V. Ravi Chandran (Dr.) (2) vs. Union of India (UOI) and
5
Ors. it was held as follows:
“29. While dealing with a case of custody of a child removed by
F a parent from one country to another in contravention of the orders
of the court where the parties had set up their matrimonial home,
the court in the country to which child has been removed must
first consider the question whether the court could conduct an
elaborate enquiry on the question of custody or by dealing with
G the matter summarily order a parent to return custody of the child
to the country from which the child was removed and all aspects
relating to child’s welfare be investigated in a court in his own
country. Should the court take a view that an elaborate enquiry is
necessary, obviously the court is bound to consider the welfare
5
H (2010) 1 SCC 174
YASHITA SAHU v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN & ORS. 431
[DEEPAK GUPTA, J.]
and happiness of the child as the paramount consideration and go A
into all relevant aspects of welfare of child including stability and
security, loving and understanding care and guidance and full
development of the child’s character, personality and talents. While
doing so, the order of a foreign court as to his custody may be
given due weight; the weight and persuasive effect of a foreign
B
judgment must depend on the circumstances of each case.
30. However, in a case where the court decides to exercise its
jurisdiction summarily to return the child to his own country,
keeping in view the jurisdiction of the court in the native country
which has the closest concern and the most intimate contact with
the issues arising in the case, the court may leave the aspects C
relating to the welfare of the child to be investigated by the court
in his own native country as that could be in the best interest of
the child….”
15. In Nithya Anand Raghavan (supra), this Court took the
following view:- D
“42. The consistent view of this Court is that if the child has been
brought within India, the courts in India may conduct: (a) summary
inquiry; or (b) an elaborate inquiry on the question of custody. In
the case of a summary inquiry, the court may deem it fit to order
return of the child to the country from where he/she was removed E
unless such return is shown to be harmful to the child. In other
words, even in the matter of a summary inquiry, it is open to the
court to decline the relief of return of the child to the country from
where he/she was removed irrespective of a pre-existing order
of return of the child by a foreign court. In an elaborate inquiry, F
the court is obliged to examine the merits as to where the paramount
interests and welfare of the child lay and reckon the fact of a pre-
existing order of the foreign court for return of the child as only
one of the circumstances. In either case, the crucial question to
be considered by the court (in the country to which the child is
removed) is to answer the issue according to the child’s welfare. G
That has to be done bearing in mind the totality of facts and
circumstances of each case independently. Even on close scrutiny
of the several decisions pressed before us, we do not find any
contra view in this behalf. To put it differently, the principle of
comity of courts cannot be given primacy or more weightage for H
432 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2020] 1 S.C.R.
A deciding the matter of custody or for return of the child to the
native State.”
Thereafter, another bench of this Court in Lahari Sakhamuri
(supra), while interpreting the judgment in Nithya Anand Raghavan
(supra) held as follows :-
B “41…the doctrines of comity of courts, intimate connect, orders
passed by foreign courts having jurisdiction in the matter regarding
custody of the minor child, citizenship of the parents and the child
etc., cannot override the consideration of the best interest and the
welfare of the child and the direction to return the child to the
C foreign jurisdiction must not result in any physical, mental,
psychological, or other harm to the child.”
16. We are of the considered view that the doctrine of comity of
courts is a very healthy doctrine. If courts in different jurisdictions do
not respect the orders passed by each other it will lead to contradictory
D orders being passed in different jurisdictions. No hard and fast guidelines
can be laid down in this regard and each case has to be decided on its
own facts. We may however again reiterate that the welfare of the
child will always remain the paramount consideration.
Welfare of the child – the paramount consideration
E 17. It is well settled law by a catena of judgments that while
deciding matters of custody of a child, primary and paramount
consideration is welfare of the child. If welfare of the child so demands
then technical objections cannot come in the way. However, while
deciding the welfare of the child it is not the view of one spouse alone
F which has to be taken into consideration. The courts should decide the
issue of custody only on the basis of what is in the best interest of the
child.
18. The child is the victim in custody battles. In this fight of egos
and increasing acrimonious battles and litigations between two spouses,
our experience shows that more often than not, the parents who otherwise
G
love their child, present a picture as if the other spouse is a villain and he
or she alone is entitled to the custody of the child. The court must therefore
be very vary of what is said by each of the spouses.
19. A child, especially a child of tender years requires the love,
affection, company, protection of both parents. This is not only the
H
YASHITA SAHU v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN & ORS. 433
[DEEPAK GUPTA, J.]
requirement of the child but is his/her basic human right. Just because A
the parents are at war with each other, does not mean that the child
should be denied the care, affection, love or protection of any one of the
two parents. A child is not an inanimate object which can be tossed
from one parent to the other. Every separation, every re-union may
have a traumatic and psychosomatic impact on the child. Therefore, it is
B
to be ensured that the court weighs each and every circumstance very
carefully before deciding how and in what manner the custody of the
child should be shared between both the parents. Even if the custody is
given to one parent the other parent must have sufficient visitation rights
to ensure that the child keeps in touch with the other parent and does not
lose social, physical and psychological contact with any one of the two C
parents. It is only in extreme circumstances that one parent should be
denied contact with the child. Reasons must be assigned if one parent is
to be denied any visitation rights or contact with the child. Courts dealing
with the custody matters must while deciding issues of custody clearly
define the nature, manner and specifics of the visitation rights.
D
20. The concept of visitation rights is not fully developed in India.
Most courts while granting custody to one spouse do not pass any orders
granting visitation rights to the other spouse. As observed earlier, a child
has a human right to have the love and affection of both the parents and
courts must pass orders ensuring that the child is not totally deprived of
the love, affection and company of one of her/his parents. E
21. Normally, if the parents are living in the same town or area,
the spouse who has not been granted custody is given visitation rights
over weekends only. In case the spouses are living at a distance from
each other, it may not be feasible or in the interest of the child to create
impediments in the education of the child by frequent breaks and, in F
such cases the visitation rights must be given over long weekends, breaks,
and holidays. In cases like the present one where the parents are in two
different continents effort should be made to give maximum visitation
rights to the parent who is denied custody.
22. In addition to ‘Visitation Rights’, ‘Contact rights’ are also G
important for development of the child specially in cases where both
parents live in different states or countries. The concept of contact
rights in the modern age would be contact by telephone, e-mail or in
fact, we feel the best system of contact, if available between the parties
should be video calling. With the increasing availability of internet, video H
434 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2020] 1 S.C.R.
A calling is now very common and courts dealing with the issue of custody
of children must ensure that the parent who is denied custody of the
child should be able to talk to her/his child as often as possible. Unless
there are special circumstances to take a different view, the parent who
is denied custody of the child should have the right to talk to his/her child
for 5-10 minutes everyday. This will help in maintaining and improving
B
the bond between the child and the parent who is denied custody. If that
bond is maintained the child will have no difficulty in moving from one
home to another during vacations or holidays. The purpose of this is, if
we cannot provide one happy home with two parents to the child then let
the child have the benefit of two happy homes with one parent each.
C 23. As far as the present case is concerned, keeping in view what
we have held above, we are not going into various allegations and counter
allegations made by both the spouses. However, we record the statement
of the husband that he has no intention of divorcing his wife. We can
only hope that the couple can either by themselves or through mediation
D settle their disputes which would not only be in their own interest but
also in the interest of Kiyara. Having said so, since at this stage the
dispute between them remains unresolved we shall list out the factors
and weigh them in a proper manner to see what is best in the interest of
the child:-
E 24. Age of the child – the child is less than 3 years old. She is a
girl and, therefore, there can be no manner of doubt that she probably
requires her mother more than her father. This is a factor in favour of
the wife.
25. Nationality of the child - The child is a citizen of USA by
F birth. Her father was already working in the USA when he got married.
We are told that the mother had visited the USA once before marriage
and when she got married it was done with the knowledge that she may
have to settle down there. The child was born in a hospital in the USA
and the mother did not come back to India for delivery which indicates
that at that time the parents wanted the child to be a citizen of USA.
G Since the child is a citizen of USA by birth and holds a passport of that
country, while deciding the issue of custody we have to take this factor
into consideration.
26. Proceedings in the Norfolk Court - It is the wife who
approached the court of competent jurisdiction, i.e. Norfolk Juvenile and
H
YASHITA SAHU v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN & ORS. 435
[DEEPAK GUPTA, J.]
Domestic Relations District Court, in the USA. She first applied for an A
emergency order and also instituted a petition seeking sole legal and
physical custody of the child. After the husband put in appearance on
the basis of the agreement, a consent order was passed which directed
both the parties to live in the matrimonial home till 01.12.2018. It further
directed that if the matter could not be settled by that date then the wife
B
would make her own arrangements for residence etc. Provision was
also made for shared parenting. The wife in total violation of the said
order brought the child back to India.
27. We are not in agreement with the contention raised on behalf
of the wife that she could not understand the order of the Norfolk Court.
This is not the first time that the wife had approached the court. The C
wife is educated. She was working in Walmart in the USA. She had
contacted an NGO and on 09.09.2017 had sent an e-mail to Parsipanny
Police Department against her husband. On 03.05.2018, the husband
obtained an emergency protection order against the wife. Thereafter,
the wife along with the minor daughter returned to India on 16.05.2018 D
and went back to the USA on 16.07.2018. The complaint filed by the
husband is said to have been dismissed on 26.07.2018. On 25.08.2018
the wife called the Police as according to her she was scared for her
safety and that of her minor daughter. According to her she applied for
an emergency protective order on 25.08.2018 which was passed in her
favour. The wife also instituted a petition seeking sole legal and physical E
custody of the minor child before the Norfolk Court on 29.08.2018. On
26.09.2018 the consent order was passed. It would also be pertinent to
mention that even according to the wife she had been sending e-mails to
the Indian Embassy in Washington for help. The wife also applied for
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program which, according to her is a F
nutrition programme to help low income Americans to put food on the
table.
28. The wife is aware of her rights. She has been taking the help
of the Police, Magistrate, the Domestic Court and Federal Programmes,
when the need arose. She was also working with Walmart and we are G
unable to accept her contention that because of lack of translator she
could not understand what was happening. We are also unable to agree
with the contention now raised that her counsel coerced her to enter into
the agreement. In any event if she has any grievance with regard to the
manner in which the settlement was arrived at, the proper course was to
H
436 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2020] 1 S.C.R.
A raise the issue before the Norfolk Court. No Indian Court can sit in
appeal over the orders of the Norfolk Court. We are clearly of the view
that the plea she has set up is only to justify her patent violation of the
orders of the Norfolk Court.
29. Obviously, the child who is less than three years old cannot be
B heard in the matter but keeping in view the facilities of education, social
security etc., which would be available in USA, we are of the view that
the child should not be deprived of the same only on the ground that the
mother does not want to go back to USA.
30. Visa issue
C Learned counsel for the appellant-wife has laid great emphasis
on the fact that the visa/work permit of the husband is expiring in 2020.
That by itself is no ground to deny custody of the child to the husband. If
his visa/work permit is extended no problem will arise but if his visa/
work permit is not extended, we shall be making directions in this regard
D in the latter part of the judgment. Whether the work visa/work permit of
the husband is to be extended or not is for the authorities in the USA to
decide and this Court cannot comment on the same. We cannot pass an
order presuming that the visa will not be extended.
31. There are various factors to be taken into consideration while
E deciding what is best in the interest of the child. No hard and fast rules
can be laid down and each case has to be decided on its own merits.
We are also not oblivious of the fact that when two parents are at war
with each other it is impossible to provide a completely peaceful
environment to the child. The court has to decide what is in the best
interest of the child after weighing all the pros and cons of both the
F respective parents who claim custody of the child. Obviously, any such
order of custody cannot give a perfect environment to the child because
that perfect environment would only be available if both the parents put
the interest of the child above their own differences. Even if parents
separate, they may reach an arrangement where the child can live in an
G environment which is reasonably conducive to her/his development. As
far as the present case is concerned other than the age of the child
nothing is in favour of the mother. She herself approached the jurisdictional
court in Norfolk. She entered into an agreement on the basis of which a
consent order was passed. She has violated that order with impunity
H
YASHITA SAHU v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN & ORS. 437
[DEEPAK GUPTA, J.]
and come back to India and, this is a factor which we have to hold A
against her.
32. In view of the above discussion, we are clearly of the view
that it is in the best interest of the child to have parental care of both the
parents, if not joint then at least separate. We are clearly of the view
that if the wife is willing to go back to USA then all orders with regard to B
custody, maintenance etc., must be looked into by the jurisdictional court
in USA. A writ court in India cannot, in proceedings like this direct that
an adult spouse should go to America. We are, therefore, issuing
directions in two parts. The first part will apply if the appellant-wife is
willing to go to USA on terms and conditions offered by the husband in
his affidavit. The second part would apply if she is not willing to go to C
USA, how should the husband be granted custody of the child.
1st part
33. (a) At the outset we note that the husband has filed an affidavit,
the relevant portion of which reads as follows:- D
“(2) That I have always been calling up my wife to come back to
us along with the minor child so that all of us could stay together
in the US as a happy family. In this regard I have sent her various
emails to come back and I would be willing to bear all the expenses
of the travel of my wife and minor child back to US. E
(3) That I further undertake that I shall make all the arrangements
of stay and travel expenses (including air tickets) of my wife and
minor child in our own house which is a two bedroom apartment
for which I am paying a rental of US $1500 per month.
(4) That in case my wife is not willing to stay with me for personal F
reasons, then I shall sift out and make arrangements to stay
somewhere else.
(5) That I further undertake to take care of all expenses of day to
day running of the house, medical insurance for both my wife and
child, electricity, gas all other incidental expenses till the time the G
US Court makes a provision in this regard.
(6) That I also undertake to bear all expenses for the education of
the minor child including the admission in a nursery school in the
US which expense would be of about US $1000-$1500 per month
not including the meals and school supplies. I also undertake that H
438 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2020] 1 S.C.R.
A the expenses of the school supplies and other requirements as
part of the minor child’s life in school would also be borne by me.
(7) That I undertake that I will be available for any Medical
Emergency and Vaccination during weekdays for my wife- Yashita
and the minor child- Kiyara. I undertake that for any other errands,
B I will be available after the office or on weekends.
(8) That I also state that for each time that the minor child has
visited in terms of an order of shared parenting, I have taken
work from home to ensure that all my time is spent around the
child and I undertake that even after the minor child’s admission
C to nursery school (Kindergarten), during her school hours I would
go to my office and after school hours I will take work from home
and avail parenting time with her. I undertake that should need
arises, I will call my mother to help us in the US.
(8) That I also undertake to pay US $200 towards the upkeep and
D maintenance of the minor child apart from all other expenses.”
We record this as an undertaking to the Court and the husband is
duty bound to abide by this undertaking.
(b) We feel that it will be in the interest of the child if the mother
herself accompanies the child to USA. The appellant-wife may like to
E live in USA or not, and this is a personal choice of the appellant-wife.
However, if she goes back to USA along with the child, then she must
comply with the orders of the Norfolk Court. Obviously, she can apply
for modification/vacation of the order, if so advised;
(c) In case the wife goes back to USA it shall be the responsibility
F of the husband to pay reasonable expenses for her entire travel and
stay. The wife must within one week of the passing of this order intimate
counsel for the husband whether she is willing to go back to USA or not.
In case she expresses her willingness to do so, the husband shall purchase
tickets for travel of the wife, and the minor child to USA, which journey
must be performed on or before 20.02.2020. We make it clear that it
G
will be the wife’s responsibility to obtain the requisite travel documents
required by her to travel to the USA by the said date;
(d) In case the wife is willing to go back to USA but is not willing
to live with the husband, in view of the undertaking given by the husband,
we direct that the husband shall make alternative arrangements for his
H
YASHITA SAHU v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN & ORS. 439
[DEEPAK GUPTA, J.]
own stay and hand over the possession of the apartment now in his A
possession to the wife;
(e) The husband in terms of the undertaking is directed to take
care of all expenses of day to day running of the house, medical insurance
for both wife and child, electricity, gas and all other incidental expenses
till the time the jurisdictional court in USA makes a provision in this B
regard;
(f) The husband shall not initiate any coercive or penal action
against the wife in the USA and if such action has already been initiated
by him or any proceedings in that regard are pending, then the same
shall be withdrawn and not pursued any further by the husband. This C
will be a precondition to facilitate the wife’s appearance before the
concerned Courts in the USA to effectively represent and defend herself
in all matters relating to the matrimonial dispute (including custody and
guardianship issues of the minor child) between the husband and the
wife.
D
34. We, however, clarify that this arrangement will only continue
up to 30.04.2020 before which date the parties must get proper directions
from the jurisdictional court in USA. Once the jurisdictional Court in
USA passes the order then this portion of the order shall cease to operate.
In addition, we also direct that the husband shall pay US $250 per week
to the wife for her personal expenses in USA till 30.04.2020 or till the E
jurisdictional court in USA passes orders in this regard. This amount is
an addition to the US $200 per week that the husband has undertaken to
pay for the upkeep and maintenance of the minor child.
2nd part
F
35. In case the wife does not inform the counsel for the husband
within one week from today that she is willing to go back to USA then it
shall be presumed that she has no intention to go to USA along with the
child. In that event we issue the following directions :-
(a) The wife shall handover custody of minor Kiyara to the husband
G
or if the husband is unable to travel to India, then to the mother of the
husband, before the Registrar General/Registrar(Judicial), of the High
Court of Rajasthan on 03.02.2020 at 11.00 A.M. Thereafter, the husband
shall make necessary arrangements for taking the child to USA
accompanied by at least one of the husband’s parents;
H
440 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2020] 1 S.C.R.
A (b) In case the child goes to USA with the husband or either of his
parents, the husband shall ensure that the child talks to her mother through
video calling facilities such as WhatsApp, Skype etc., everyday at 8.30
P.M. Eastern Standard Time on weekdays (Monday-Thursday) for at
least 10 minutes each day and on weekends (Friday-Sunday) he shall
ensure that the child talks to the mother at the same time or any other
B
time mutually settled between the parties through video calling for at
least 15 minutes.
(c) We further direct that if the wife visits USA hereafter and is
staying in the same town where the husband resides, she will be permitted
custody of the child on all weekends from 6.00 P.M. on Friday till 6.00
C P.M. on Sunday.
(d) Even if the mother does not visit USA, the father shall ensure
that the child visits India at least twice a year, once during the summer
vacations and once during the winter break, as per the child’s school
schedule. It will be his responsibility to ensure that the child comes to
D India accompanied either by him or one of the grandparents of the child.
During this period the child shall remain exclusively with the mother.
However, in case the husband is also visiting with the child then during
the period when the child is in India, the husband will have the custody
of the child for 2 days per week, preferably on weekends or on other
E suitable days as settled by the parties.
36. Mr. Rajkotia, learned counsel for the appellant-wife had urged
that the position would totally change in case the work permit/visa of the
husband is not extended. This is in the realm of speculation, we cannot
presume whether the visa will be extended or not. We have, therefore,
F issued the aforesaid directions but make it clear that if the visa/work
permit of the husband is not extended and he has to leave the USA then
the wife will be at liberty to move this Court for fresh directions.
37. The appeal is disposed of in the aforesaid terms. Pending
application(s), if any, stand(s) disposed of. The Registrar (Judicial) of
G the Registry of the Supreme Court of India, is directed to send a copy of
this judgment to the Registrar General/Registrar (Judicial) of the High
Court of Rajasthan.
Divya Pandey Appeal disposed of.
H
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