Holding

The Court held that, because the child's welfare is paramount and she is not capable of forming an intelligent preference, custody should be awarded to the mother while the child continues her education in a boarding school.

Summary

The Supreme Court considered the custody of an 11‑year‑old daughter, Gospi, of a divorced Parsi couple. The lower courts had awarded custody to the father, but the mother appealed, arguing that the child's welfare required her custody and continued education in a boarding school. The Court held that the welfare of the child is the paramount consideration and that, under the Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act and the Guardians and Wards Act, there is no mandatory duty to interview a minor unless the child is capable of forming an intelligent preference, which Gospi was not. Relying on the child's fragile mental state and the expert report, the Court set aside the lower court's order, granted custody to the mother, and directed that the child remain in the boarding school. The appeal was allowed.

Issues considered

The welfare of the child is the sole consideration in custody disputes under the Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act and the Guardians and Wards Act.
Whether the court is obligated to interview a minor to ascertain her wishes under Section 49 of the Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act and Section 17(3) of the Guardians and Wards Act.
Whether the minor, aged 11, is capable of forming an intelligent preference that can be considered by the court.
Whether custody should be awarded to the mother or the father given the facts of the case.
Whether the child should be placed in a boarding school for her welfare.

Legislation cited

Guardians and Wards Act, 1890s. 17(3), s. 7
Hindu Marriage Act, 1955s. 26
Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936s. 49
Special Marriage Act, 1954s. 38

Subjects

child custodywelfare of minorParsi lawGuardians and Wards Actboarding schoolparental alienationinterview of minorspecial leave

Judgment

49
A
THRITY HOSHIE DOLIKUKA
v.
HOSHIAM SHAVAKSHA DOLIKUKA B
August 4, 1982 ("'~
[R.S. PATHAK AND AMARENDRA NATH SEN, JJ.J
'
Law relating to minor child-custody of the minOr daughter aged 11 .years.
whether to be with the mother- or the father Duty of the Court-Whether it is c
, obligatory on the part of the Court to inter11leW the minor for ascertaining the
'minor's wishes and iMplement the same-Parsi Afarriage and Divorce Act. 1936,
Section 49; Guardians and Wards Act.1890: Sections 7 to 17.

The appelJant and the respondent belong to the Parsi community and they
were married in Bombay on the 27th December,' 1960 according to the rights and
ceremonies of the Zoroastrian religion and custom. A son was born to them on D.
the 6th of May, 1965 and a daughter on the 18th April, 1971, whose name is
Gospi and aged 11 years. Irreconcilable differences and embittered relationship
between the appellant and the respondent had led to the filing of Suit No. 14 of
1979. by th~ appellant mother, for judicial separation.

In the several applications made by the parents for the custody of the child,
;the learned judges of the High Court, before whom the said applications came E
' up for dispoSals interviewed the children separately and in the presenc.e of the
parents and passed appropriate ·and equitable orders, keeping in the fore front
the welfare of the minor children. The boy bas now become a major as per the
·Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act and the question of bis custody does not arise.
The custody of the minor daughter was ultimately given to the father as per the
order of the Division Bench of-the Bombay High Court dated October 16, 1981.
Hence the appeal by the appellant ~other, after obtaining Special lea"ve of the F
Court.

AJJowing the appea'!, the Court.

HELD : I. It is well settled t_hat any matter concerning a minor, has to be
Considered and decided only from the point of view of the welfare and interest
of the minor, the Court has a "Special responsibility and it is the duty of the G
Court to consider"the welf~re of the minor and to protect thC minor's interest.
In considering the question of custody of a minor, the Court has t6 be guided
'by the only consideration of the welfare of the minor. (79 B·D]

Rosi JactJb v. Jacob A. Chakrammakkal [1973] 3 S.C.R. 918 followed.
H
7:1 There is no duty or obligation cast on the part of the CoUrt to interview •
the minor for ascertaining the wishes of the minor befor~ ~~~i1~ing th~ ~~~t}~r;\
50 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (!983J 1 s.c.n

A of tbe child custody under section 49 of the Par~i M;arriage .and Divcirce Act.
1936. [81 F-GJ

2:2 It is true that Section 17(3) of the Guardians and Wards Act, 1890
speaks of the consideration by the court of the preference of the child "if the
minor is old·enough to form an intelligent preference". The instant case, is not
one under the Guardian of Wards Act 1890. [83 B-C]
B
2:3 J:Iowever, there·cannot be any ·manner of doubt as the Court's power
of entertaining any minor for ascertainii:ig the wishes of the minor, if the Court
consider it so necessary for its own satisfaction in dealing with the question
relating. to the custody of the minor. [83 DJ

In the facts and circumstances of the case,' the minor is not fit to form an
c intelligent preference which may be taken into consideration in deciding her
welfare. The report of the Social Welfare Expert records that the interviews,
tho minor girl faced before the several judges cast a gloom on the sensitive mind
of the 'tender girl and caused a lot of strain and depression on her. Torn between
her love for both her parents and the acrimonious dispute between them resulting
in the minor being dragged frOrn court to court is bound to have effected the
sensitive mind of the minor girl. Though the girl is quite bright and intelligent
as recorded by the l~arned judges of the Bombay High Court iB their orders after
D their interviews with the girl who is of a tender age and is placed in a very delicate
and embarassing situation because of the unfortunate relationship and litigation
between her parents for both of whOm she has great deal of affection~ she is not
in a- position to express any intelligent preference which will be conducive to her
interest and welfare. Mature thinking is indeed necessary in such a situation to
decide as to what will ensure to her benefit and welfare .. Any child who is placed
in such an unfortunate position. can hardly have the capacity to express an
intelligent Preference which may reqUire the ·court's consideration to decide
what should be the- course ·to be adOpted for the child's welfare. Therefore~
sending for ihe minor and interviewing her in the present case, will not only
not serve· any useful purpos1: but will have the effect of creating_ further
depression and demoralisation in her mind. [83 E-ll, 84 A-DJ

F ·, 3:1 60 a consideration of all the facts and circumstances of the c8.se and
bearing in.mind the paramount consideration of the welfare of the child, the
cbild'15 interest and welfare will be best served by removing her from the infiuebce
of home life and by directing that she should coptinue to remain in the boarding
school, which is admittedly a good institution. ·

.·3:2 Home influence plays a very important role in shaping the Hfe of every
G child. Influence of a happy home where the children are brought up under the
affectionate guidance of their parents and other relations, all ~oncerned with the
welfare of the children no doubt, enables the children to lead a n.ormal_ P.ealtby
life and materially contributes to their welfare. In a happy home, the children
are free from any kind of unhappy teqsion and psychological strain and they
grow up in a healthy environment where their interests and welfare are properly
H looked after by their parents. In such a case, the court is normally not called
upon to interfere and to consider the welfare of the children and the \V_elfare of
tP.~ children is well taken care of. by their parents whose primary coh6eri is to

\
tiiRITY HOSHIE v, HOSHlAM 51

see their interest and welfare. It is~ also no doubt true that the children who A
stay at home with their parents and do not go to boarding school may also be
very well disciplined in life aad may have a very healthy happy and normal
growth, while staying at home. ~Therefore, in the interest of the childre~n whOm
they have brought into exis~ence and who are innocent, every husband and wife
·should try to compose their .differences which are bound to be in any house.
Even when any husband and ,-wife who. are not iri a position to reconcile their
differ~nces and ~re compelled to part, they should part in a way as will cause B
least possible mischief to the children. [84 E-H, 85 H, 86 El

When the atmosphere in a house vitiated and rendered surcharged with
tension as a result of bitter squabbles betWeen husband and wife, causes misery
and unhappiness to a child 9 who has to live in constant psychological strain in
such a broken ho me in view of the bitter relationship between her parents fo

.• '
each of wfiom she has great affection, the hCalthy and normal growth of ther c
child is to be seriously affected. In the interest and. for the welfare of the child
in such a case, the child is necessarily to. be removCd, from suCh unhealthy environ~
meat of.a broken home surcharged with tension. In such a case, the prope~. and
best way or serving the interest and the welfare of the child wi11 be to remove
the child from such atmosphere of acrimony and tension and to put the child in
a place "'.here the embittered relationship between her parents does not easily and
constantly affect her tender mind. [88 C-E] 'D
3:3 The question of the custody of the child must necessarily be considered
from the only view point of the welfare of the child. The person to whom the
custody of the child has to ·be entrusted will necessarily be answerable to the
school for payment of all charges and expenses of the child and also in relation
to any matter concerning the child in-her school life. [89 D~E]
. In the instant cases, it is Clear that the father is not inclined to allow the
E
child to remain in a Boarding institution, If the custody be left to h'im, the
father it1 view of the disinclination to al1ow the child to remain in the Boarding
institution, may be in a position,tO create difficulties for the child for remaining
in the institution by non-payment of fees or otherwise. The "father is obsessed
with the idea of obtairiing exclusive control of the ,dallghter and keeping the
daughter with him in his house. [89 E-F] F
It is not .in dispute and it cannot b/~isputed that the mother has a great
de'al of affection for her daughter in her heart and to serve the best interest of
the -dat,Jghter the mother is. prepared to make any necessary sacrifice for the
welfare of the daughter. The mother, at 'cOnsiderable expense, had put her in
Kimmins Boarding School, Panc'hghani, which is recognisd to be a· very g0od
institution. She has been paying for all the expenses of the daughter at the G
school. She has steady income out of which she is in a position to meet. all
the expenses of her dau'.ghter at th.e school. The mother, also does not suffer
from ar:i.y obsessjon reg_arding posession of the girl and she ~ants her daughter to
lead a healthy normal life essential for her proper growth and development~ The
niother is very anxious that the child should continue to remain in the Boarding
School. The ·girl now _aged about 1 t years, is reaching all age when she will need H
the guidance of the mother. "!hercfore, the custody of the girl should be given
to the mother. [89 F-H, 90 ~-Bl ·
52 SUl>IU!ME COURT llilPOllTS [1983I 1 s.c.ll.

A

Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated
the 16th October, 1981 of· the Bombay High Court in Appeal No.
102 of 1981.
8
.
V. S. Desai, B. R. Agarwala and M.N. Shroff for the Appellant.
/

MC. Bhandare, Mrs. S. Bhandare, Raj Guru Deshmukh and
T. Sridharan for the Respondent.

c The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

AMARBNDRA NATH SEN, J. Whether the father or the mother
should have the custody of their minor daughter now aged 11 years,
is the question which falls for consideration in this appeal. by special
leave granted by this Court.
D
-
Irreconciliable differences between the father and the mother
and embittered relationship between the two have resulted in a sad
protracted litigation. Unfortunately, in the various proceedings
in Court between the father and the mother, the child had become
the central figure and the child had appeared in Court on occasions
E for being interviewed by the learned Judges of the Bombay High
Court. The child, it appears, is. quite bright and rather sensitive.
The unfortunate litigation between the father and the mother appears
. to have badly affected the normal and healthy growth of the child.
The situation appears to be all the n;iore unfortunate, as the father
and the mother both love the child dearly and the child is fond of
F both her parents. It is, indeed, said that the parents who are ho.th
genuinely fond of their dau!lhter and have her welfare in their hearts, ·
could not compose their differences and work out a solution which
would be most conducive to the welfare of the child. The responsi-
bility has, therefore, devolved on' the i Court. The task of the Court
Js._indeed difficult and delicate. The Court in this case, is concerned
G with a human· problem affecting \he future of a little girl. We feel
that in a case of this nature a decision of the Court however, may
·not succeed in solving the real problem and in achieving the desired
goal. Anyway, as all attempts by Courts to bring about an agreed
H solution.of the problem to the satisfaction of all concerned, have
failed the Court must proceed to discharge its duty, however pain-
ful ang 9elicate that task may be. ·
tl!RITY l!OSHIE v. HOsl!IAM (A.N. Sen, J.)

We shall now proceed to state some of the broad facts relevant A
for the purpose of the disposal of this case.

The appellant who is the mother of the child and the Respon-
dent who is the father of the child, both belong to the Parsi
Community and they were married in Bombay on the 27th B
December, 1960 according to the rights and ceremonies of the
Zoroastrian religion and custo11. A son was 'born to them on the /
6th of May, 1965. The son who is called Shiavux is now more than
16 years old. A daughter was born to the app_ellant and the res-
pondent on the 18th April, 1971. The daughter is named Gospi
and she is now nearly 11 years of age. In this appeal we are con- C
cerned with the custody of this girl Gospi. The appellant who is
the mother and whom we shall de-scribe in the judgment ·either as
the appellant·or the mother, has been in the employment of Tatas
for a long time and she now works as a confidential secretary to
• one of the Directors and gets a salary of Rs. 2500 per month. The
respondent obtained training in architectural engineering and had D
obtained a diploma. The respondent ·had also obtained a licence
from the authorities to enaJ?le him to function as an architect. The
respondent had worked with various concerns from time to time
and had also worked at times of his own as an architect. The
respondent at present owns a taxi which he plies himself. According
• to the respondent he makes 'a gross earning on average of some- E
thing between Rs. 125 to Rs. 150 per day, by plying his taxi. After
the marriage on 27.12.1960 the respondent set up their matrimonial
home i11 Mount Villas at Bandra, the tenancy of which siood in th.~
· name of the appellant. As the appellant is aa- employee of Tatas,
the tenancy was granted to her by Ratan Tata Trust which owns
the premises. It appears that unfortunate differences arose between F
the appellant and the respondent and the appellant left the matri-
monial home on 21.5.1978. It is indeed unfortunate that the parents
could not reconcile their differences at least in the interest of their
children and on 21.4.1979 the appellant filed a suit being suit No.
14 of 1979 for judicial separation. On 24.4.1979 the appellant in
her suit No. 14/1979 made ,an application for getting the custody G
of both the children i.e. the son Shiavu' and daughter Gospi. By
consent of the parties on 27.4.1979, an interim urder was passed on
the said application and the said order is to following effect :
H
"The children to spend the week-ends commencing
from Saturday the 28th April 1979 with the Petltioa'er and
S4 stJPl\llMll t:bbRT REPOllts f!9S3j I s.C.il.

A to stay over-night with the petitioner on Saturdays and
Sundays. Defendant to send the children to the Petitioner
at 10.00 a.m. on Saturdays. Petitioner to' return the
children to the defendant by 9,00 a.m. on Mondays.

Liberty to the Petitioner to take the children out of
Bombay to Lonavla or Matheran for a fortnight commenc·
ing from 5th May 1979 and ending 20th May, 1979.
Petitioner undertakes throl!Jlh her learned counsel 'to bring
the children back to Bombay on 20th May 1979 and to give
written intimation thereof forthwith to the Prothonotary
and Senior Master. The Petitioner shall return the children
•
to the defendant on 21st May 1979 by 9 a.m. ~
'.
Liberty to the defendant to take the children out of
Bombay to Matheran or Lonavla from 22nd May 1979 till
3rd June 1979 and to bring the children back to Bombay
on or before 3rd June.
D
Should however the defendant not desire to take the
children out of Bombay from 22nd May till 3rd June 1979,
the Petitioner shall be at liberty . to take the Children out
of Bombay during this period and shall return the children
E to the defendant by 9.00 a.m. on 4th. Should however
neither the petitioner nor the defendant be in a position
to take the children out of Bombay from 22nd May till
3rd June, the children shall remain with the defendant and
the petitioner shall have week·end access to the children in
the manner stated in clause (I) above.
F
In the event of the defendant being unable to take
the children out of Bombay from ?2nd May, the defendant
shall give written intimation of his liability to do so to
the petitioner's advocate on or before 15th May, 1979 in
which event the petitioner shall be at liberty to keep the
G children with her •either at Lonavla or M_atheran till 3rd
June 1979 and shall return the children to the defendant by
9.00 a.m. on 4th June 1979.

This arrangement shall be till 15th June 1979.
H
Liberty to the Defendant to take the children to
Undwada and Shirdi between 4th and 8th June, 1979".
THRITY HOSHIE v. HOSHIAM (A. N. Sen, J.) SS
The application came up for final disposal before· Lentin, J. A
· The learned Judge interviewed the children in his chambers before
... passing his order on the said application on 28.6.1979. As this
happens to be the first order passed oy the Court after interviewing
and speaking to the children, it will be appropriate to set out the
order which reads :
B
"I have talked to the. children in my. chambers. The
boy completed 14 years of age and the girl has completed
8 years of age. I have found both the children extremely
intelligent and sensible. Both appear to be distressed at
the present state of acrimony between their parents. Both
have expressed their desire to spend their time with each c
of the parents since it is not possible for them, in view of
the present state of affairs to spend their time with both~ ·
the parents at the same time.·

After liaving talked to the children and after having
ascertained their wishes, I pass the following order for D
•
access in the 'Interest of both the children.

The father shall have access to the children from
Monday to Friday and the· mother shall . have access to
the children during the week-ends, viz. Saturday and
E
Sunday.
' . The children shall be sent by the father to 'the mother
'
• directly from School on Saturday· and. the children shall
remain with. the mother till Monday morning when the
mother will leave the children or arrange for them to be F
left at the school.

The mother shall have access to ihe children on public
holidays from 10.00 a.m .. of such holiday till the following
morning when she will leave or arrange for the children to
be left at the school. G

It is clarified that thoug!i Mond<ty the 27th of August,
1979 is a Public. Holiday (Navroz Day) the children shall
spend the 27th August 1979 with the .father. The mother H
shall return the children to the father's residence by 11.00
11,m. oii the 27th dar of Auiiust 1979," ·
56 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1983) 1 s.c.R.

Though the order passed by the learned Judge was in the circum-
stances a very proper order passed in expectation that the prder
would be worked out smoothly to the satisfaction of all concerned
and. would serve for the time being the best interest of the children.
Yet, as subsequent events go to indicate, the order failed to achieve
the purpose mainly in view of the attitude of the father who was
B not willing to part with the children and to allow them to stay with
the mother. It appears that the father had made an application
for variation of the order passed by Lentin J. alleging in the petition
that the children-were not willing to live with their mother on
Saturdays and Sundays as ordered by the Court. It further appears
that no further order was made on the said application of the
c father. A copy of this order unfortunately does not form part of
the records. There does not, however, appear to be any dispute
that Mehta, J. disposed of this application after speaking to the
children in,chambers on 10.8.1979.
' ' .
On 24.4.1989, the appellant took out chamber summons for
D an order against the respondent for allowing her access to the minor
children Shiavux and Gospi by having them with her from 16th
May, 1980 to I 5th June 1980 and for half the period of each
subsequent school/college vacation in addition to having them with
her on week-ends and holidays, as ihe respondent had refused to
give such access to the appellant. Agarwal, J. who heard the
E chamber summons spoke to the children alone in his chambers and
·passed the following order on 2.5.1980 : •
"During the curre~t Summer Vacation beginning from
15th April 1980 and ending on 15th June, 1980 the children
are already with the father from 15th April, 1980 and
F they will continue to live with the father till 14th May
1980. On 15th May 1980 the father will hand over the
children to their mother and from 15th May 1980 till 15th )i>
I
June 1980 the children will remain with their mother. On
15th June 1980, she will bring back the children to the
house of their father. The rest of the arrangement between
G . the parties as per order dated 28th June, 1979 will
continue.

It may be noted that I have ascertained the wishes of
the children before passing the present order.
H
Liberty to the mother. to take the cllildren outside
llombay. if she so desires,
THRITY HOSHIB v. HOSHIAM (A.' N. Sen, 'l.) 57
I
The present arrangement of the pa~ents · sharing the .A
company of the children during the vacation to continne
in the coming October and D~cember vacations on the
basis of the children remaining with the father in' the first
half of the vacation and with mother in the otlier half.
~.

This arrangement of sharing the· company of the B
children during the. vacation will also apply for ~oming
years pending the hearing and final disposal of the suit.
. I
.It is clarified that the order, whereby the children· go
to their mother every week. end, ·will .not ·be effective·
during the vacatio.n perioq as the children for the firsi
c
half of the vacation will be exclusively with the father and·
the' other half exclusively with the mother.

· Chamber Summons absolute !lccordingly with no
order as to costs." D
I

It may be'mentioned that the daughter Gospi, had been admitted to~
Carmel Convent High School in the·X.G. Class and she had been
studying in that School. Shiavux was a student of St. Anne's High
. School. It appears that on 15.6.1980, the Respondent without
informing the appellant and ·without her knowledge or consent E
• removed Gospi from Carmel Convent High School and put hef in
· St. Anne's High School. On the 20th June, 1980 the appellant \
made' an application in her suit for an order for custody of her two
children and also for an order . that. the child Gospi be forthwith •
removed from St. Anne's High School and be ·put in Carmel Con-
, vent High School. . The said application was disposed ·by Kania,' J,
on the 9th of Juiy 1980 and the learned Judge who had also spoken
to Gospi was pleased to pass the. following order :
.'
I

"This is ·a petition for ihe cusfody of the two minor
children and for the decision of the question as to whether G
the minor daughter Gospi sh6uld be removed .from St.
Aime's High School where she has just been got admittea.:-
by her father. As far as the qu.estion -of fin'al custody is
concerned, it appears, particularly' in. view ·of the orders
passed earlier by Lentin J. and Agarwal, J. that that ques-
tion can be more conveniemly decided when the suit is
disposed·of. This posWon is accepted b¥ both the parties,
' .
58 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [lcJ83) 1 s.c.R

A As far as the· question of change of school is con·
cerned, it is regrettable that the respondent husband has
changed the minor's school from Apostolic Carmel Convent
High School to St. Anne School without previousiy inforni--
ing the .petitioner as he should have done. However, after
talking to the child, I find that she is anxious to continue
B in St. Anne's School at present. Moreover, she has already
been admitted to that school. In view of this I see no
reason why ·the respondent should be directed to remove
- her from St. Anne's. School and to try to get her re-
admitted to Carmel Convent High Sc_hool. If the child
is not very happy in thenew school i.e. St. Anne's ~chool,
c the :question of changing her school and getting her
admitted in Carmel Convent High School can be consid~ed
at the end of the academic year. No order as to costs."

On 9.9.1980, the Respondent filed a contempt application against
D the appellant complaining of the violation of the order of the Court
in the matter of handing over of the ·girl Gospi to him: The said
application of the respondent was disposed of. by Lentin, J. on the
22.9.1980. The learned Judge talked· to the children together and
also individually and it appears that the !_earned Judge had a fairly
' long conversation with the girl Gospi for about 40 minutes. The
E learned Judge ·thereafter passed an order on the said contempt
application of the respondent to the following effect : _ ·
•
•
"I have talked to the children together and individually.
From my conversation with the daughter (aged 9) which
extended to well nigh 40 minutes. I do not think that she
F
has either been 'brainwashed', 'tutored' or 'pressurised', 1
into not going to the father. She is undergoing a tremen-
. dous mental and emotional upheaval which finds her bewil-
dered and totally · unh"appy at the increasing acrimony
between her paren1s. She desperately needs her mother
G . and cannot bear ,to be parted from her and it is not mere ,
childish pique, or 'brainwashing' or 'tutoring' that is behind
it. I am aware that normally a parent is given access to
his or her child. However, in this case, I fear that if this
little girl who is mentally and emotionally disturbed, is
.H compelled to 'go to her father against her wi•hes, the
'
consequences on her well being and her mind in its present
~t~te are predictable and will be dis~strous,
THRITY HOSHIE v. HOSHIAM (A. N. Sen; J.) 59

Her conversation -with me did not reveal any intention A
on the part of the mother . to want to flout my order of
28th June, 1979 as urged on behalf of the father. If at
all, it showed some resentment on the child's part against
the mother for trying ·to ·induce he.r to go to her father
against her will. The husband's contention that the wife
should have applied for modification of that order, does 8
not take into account (i) that she wa.s tryi"i!' to persu.!lde
the girl to go to her father, (ii). that this at best is a techni-
cal breach, and (iii) that confining the wife to civil prison,
or otherwise punishi~g her, Would in this case be DO
.. .·solution io what js basically a human problem, more so •
when looked at from the view of the child who is inteli'i!ent
c
enough to speak up for herself and whose interest and well
being must be paramount consideration.
Taking all the facts and circumstances into considera-
tion, I pass no or.der on the motion .with no order -\.
as to costs. I suspen·d my earlier order dated 20th D
• June, 1979 to the extent that it gives the husband
access to the W.. from Mondays to Fridays and clarify
that until the disposal of the suit which; I am told, is ripe
for hearing, the mother shall have uninterrupted access to
the girl and shall not be bound to send ih~ child to the·
father against the wishes of the child. For the mental and E
emotional well being of his child, the husband should in
good grace make this sacrifice. It is• further clarified, if
clarification is at all necessary, that the _implication of this
··order is that the husband shall not, until the disposal of
the suit, visit the girl at her school, for such visits sh'e
F
dreads, resulting in spells of nausea , and' black-outs and
which visits 'she finds upsetting ·and humiliating before
her friends before whom she naturally wants· to maintain
fhe facade that all is well between her parents:"

Against the said order of Lentin, J. ·the. Respondent filed an
G
appeal. ·. During the pendency of the appea.1, the suit filed ·by the
appellant and the counter claim .filed in the ,suit by ·the respondent
came up for final hearing. It may be noted that in the counter claim

. .
filed by the respondent in the said suit of the appellant, the respond-
ent had made certain allegations against' the appellant. On 10.11.1980,
the suit and the counter .claim were disposed of. By the decree
.
pa~sed in the suit filed by the appellant,. divorce was granted
'•' . o~ IQ<}
60 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1983] I s.c.il.

A ground of desertion of the appellant and the allegation of cruelty
made by the appellant against ·the husband, the respondent,
was withdrawn by the appellant. Jhe respondent had ·also
withdrawn all the allegations made against the appellant and the
decree· for divorce was passed in· favour of the appellant, as
already noted, only on the ground of desertion. A consent order
B was passed with regard to other reliefs and under the consent
order, the appellant go\ bac( her flat in Mount Villas from which
' .
she .was earlier ousted. The appeal filed by the respondent
against the order of Lentin J. dated 22-9· l 980 was also, with-
drawn, and it ;,,as agreed that the question of custody of the
children would be decided by the Court on a petition for custody to
c be filed by either of the parties. On 3-12-1980, the respondent filed
a petition .for 1:ustody of both the children. Since the son Shiavux. ..41\
would complete 16 years of age in May, 1930, and was outside the '
jurisdiction of Parsi Matrimonial Court. the appellant could not
resist !he respondent's prayer for custody of Shiavnx and the
appellant contested the respondent's. prayer for custody of daughter
Gospi. The said custody petition of -the respondent came to be
heard by Dinshaw Mehta, J. and the learned Judge passed an order
directing the custQdy of the 9hitdren to· be given to the father. It is
desirable to set out the. following observations of the learned Judge
while passing his order on the custody application. The learned
Judge has observed :
E
"I have interviewed both the minor children individu-
ally and also in the presence of each of the parents. I
have also talked to the . petitioner and' the 'respondent in
' the presence of the children. I consider both the petitioner
aswell as the respondent as persons capab]e1 of looking
after the.welfare of.their children. The only hurdle in the
way of the respondent was that she was not available to
the minor .Gospi for most of the day after the child returned
from .School-at· about 1.00 p.m. and till 7.00 p.m. The
I minor during this period was looked after by Mr. and Mrs.
Kotwal. This, to my mind is an unfortunate situation.'
However, benevolent, hospitable and kind the ne.ighbours
be, I do not see why- the child should grow Up on the
charity of neighbours, particularly when her own kith and
kfo were available, especially her brother Shiavux. I am
H informed that Shiavux and Gospi have not met each other
for the last six months. I do not know bow this situation
has l;Je\'n al!ow\'~ to ~rise, but I can 9nly say that \t is mQ$t
· 'i11k1'.fY. HOS~iE v. HOSHIAM (A. N. Sen, i.) ···. 61 .

unfortunate. Both the brother 'and the sister appear to be· A
f~nd ·nf each other and have expressed their desire to live ·
together .. I would have willingly given the custody ofJhe .
minor Gospi to the mQ.ther, but for the fact thaqhe is
n.ot available to the minor· tor long hours ·of the day and
again the child will be left io be looked after by neighbours
or servants. In the petitioner's house-hold there are three B
sisters of the petitioner who can look· after the welfare of
both Shiavux and Gospi in ;the absenc~ of the Petitioner,·
As pointed out earlier; one of the sisters is a qualified
• teacher and can look after the education of the children .

At this stage, I may .advert-to the conduct of Gospi c
'during the fortyfive minutes that she ,was in my chamber.
Almost throughout this period, Gospi kept crying or
sobbing or whin.ing although t!>ere was no' provocation· to
do so;-and this was so even in the presence ·of her mother,
the Respondeni. The· child app~ared to be nervous and
kept biting her nail~.· I had an occasion to· meet Gospi D
and Shiavux about a· year ago when a Chamb.er Summons
taken out by the Respondent, w.as heard bY ·me. At that •
time during my talks with both the children, I found them
to be intelligent, exhuberant and confident. They expressed
a desire to live with both the parents. The situation has
changed radically today. Gospi has.developed an aversion E
for the father and expressed her ·desire to live with ihe .
. mother. On three .different occasions she. stated that she
' was not tutored and brain-washed . .. It appears
.
to ine that
the child is under considerable m~niaJ pressure and at
. present she is not a normal child. It is impo;tant to create
an atmosphere where ·the child will live a normal and
healthy life. It will only be under such conditions that the
child's progress at School will improve. Between September,
1980 an·d today the child's education has been neglected
for some reason and this is evident from the fact that the
.child failed in October 1980 Exami.nation in three, subjects.
Normally I would have given ·preference to the desire of
G
the child an·d would have acceded ·to her request. In the
-instant case, however, I do nqt think that it i.s in the-
interest of Gospi to permit her· to remain· in .the custody
of the Respondent. The child has been sadly neglected.
H
If the child is to return to normalcy, it is very necessary
that she should be returned to tlie custody of the father.
..
62 SUPREME cOURT REPORTS
.
t198~j 1S.C.R.
.
A Such al) arrangement will permit both the brother and the
sist~r to grow up together and it' will allow both of them
tC\ take comfort and counsel from each· other. I consider
tliis arrangement to. be in the interest of both the children
Shiavux and Gospi.

B I, therefore, order that both the minors Shiavux and
Gospi will remain in the custody of the ·Petitione~ till such
time as they reach the age of majority i.e. 16 yeilrs.
Boih the mlnors will remain with· the Petiiioner during the
course ·of the week i.e. from M~ndays till Frjdays. The
Petitioner will take the children on Saturday mornings at
c 9.00 a.m. to the house of the Respondent and leave them
with her till Sunday 7.00 p.m. when the Respondent wilf'
band over both the minors back in the custody of the
,..,
.
Petitioner. During the School vacations, half the period
of the vacation will be spent by the children with the
Petitioner and half with. the Respondent by mutual
D arrangement. There will be no order as to costs of the
,/ ..
pet1t10n.

Mrs. Ponda states that this order be stayed as. her
clients desire to proceed further. This order will be stayed
till 9.3.1981".
E '
The appellant preferred an appeal on 6.3.1981 a.nd the appellant
also applied for interim stay of the· order passed by Mehd, J. It
appears that an ad-interim stay was granted by the Division Bea'ch.
On the 20.3.1981 a Division Bench consisting of Madon and •
Khurdukar JJ. disposed of the said application in the following
F terms :
. '
"Pending the hearing and final disposal of the appeal,
the order dated February 19, '1981 appealed agaiust
. stayed as far as.it relates to the minor Gospi alone'.
\
G Until the St: Annes High School in which the minor'
Gospi is at present studying closes for the summer vaca-
tion, the Respondent to be entitled to take the child to his
· residence on Thursdays from 9 a.m. till 8 p.m.

H· The respondent, who is present in Court, gives an
undertaking through his advocate to return the child
Gospi to the appellant's residence each Thursday by 8 p.m.
· THRiTY HOSHIB v. HoSHIAM (A. N. Sen, J.) 63
. So far as' the school vacations are concerned, the A
appellant to keep the child Gospi with her for the first
half of each vacation and the respondent to keep the child
for the second' half of each vacation. The respondent t"
take the child' to his residence by' 9 a.m. on-the first day
of the second half of each vacation and to return the child
·by 8 p.m. on the last day of the second half of each B
vacation.

The respondent who, as mentioned, earlier is present · •
in Court, through his Advocate gives· an undertaking to
take the child Gospi to .the appellant's residence and leave
her there by 8 p.m. on the last day of the second half of c
each vacation.

We may record t~at we had seen the child Gospi in
Chambers on March I 0, 198 l and had found her to be an · ·
.>
extremely bright and intelligent child. We may further
record that the cchild stated that she did not· have any D
·aversion to spe!ld the day with her father, namely, the
respondent, but was greatly apprehensive that if she did
so; . she would not be allowed to return ·her mother,
namely,'the appellan~. with whom she wanted to stay or
that some ·application would be made to the Court on
behalf of the respondent for ·the -purpose of not returning E'
the child fo the appellant but to keep her with him.

Notice of Motion made absolute in terms of prayer
(c) also and the above directions with respect to the
Respondent's access on Thursdays during the school terms
and the order wJth respect to the sharing · of school vacaJ F
tfons also to apply if ihe child Gospi gets re-admission in
ihe Apo•tolic Carmel Convent High .School lrom the ne.xt
academic year foi the school tefms and vacations:
If the child Gospi does n~t get -re-admission in the Apos-
tolic Carmel Convent High School but continues in the
Anne High School, the above directions with respect to G
the Respondent's access on Thursday during the Scho.ol
terms and ·the sharing of vacations to ·other school terms
and vacations:
H
Costs of this Notice of Motion will be costs fa the
appeal".
'
siJPRi!i.iii coiJil.t REPoR'J'S (!9S3j i s.C.R.
A As the respondent had not returned - Gospi , to the appellant, in
terms of the order and the undertaking given by the respondent to
the Court, the appellant on 3.4.1981 orally applied to the Division·
...
Bench consisting of the same learned Judges viz. Madon and
Khurdakar, JJ. complainfog of the breach of,tbe undertaking and

8
on.the said application the Court .
. passed, inter alia, the following
.. order :
...
"There were some allegations and counter-allegations
made by the parties against, each other,· into which we do
noi desire to go. We, in the privacy of our chambers,
talked to the child. We also talked separately to both the
c parties. We have also heard both counsel. An unfortunate
position in that the child's final examina'tion in the Vth
· standard in which she is .studying commences tomorrow
and will finish on April 15, . 1981. Purely bearing this
,·
c.ircumstance in mind, we permit the chHd to continue to
be with the Respondent until April 16, 1981. On tha't day
D
we will give further directions· in the matter. We are
passing this order purely in order not to make the ·child
travel back .and I forth between the residences during her
·examination.
'
E Mrs. Ponda on behalf of the appellant states .that the
·child's textbooks, exercise books, the school uniform, etc.
are at the appellant's place· of residence· and that the
appellant will hand theni over to fhe Respondent. The
Respondent will collect these articles from the appellant's ·
residence by 4 p.m. today.
F
The matter will be on Board on April 16, 1981 for
giving further directiqµs. The pariies and the child Gospi ) :'
will remain presendn'Court, and the Respondent will bring
the child to Court on that day.
'
G We also restrain, pending. the g1v10g of further direc-
tions, the respondent, his servants, agents and .family
members from taking the child Gospi outside-Bombay."
\
·H Oh 16.4.1981, the matter came up again before the same division·
Bench for final orders and the Court was pleased to pass tffe
following order:·

(
-. TIIRITY H~SHIE v. Hl>SHIAM (A. 'N. Sen, J.) 65
• I .
"Today in our Chamber we have ~heard both learned A
.. i:dvocates as well as the 'Respondent who wanted to
address'· •
us.' In course of arguments we pointed out to Mr. Deshmukh,
-the learned Advocates for· the respondent, that when we
had talked with the son of the marriage, -Shiavux, as also
·with the daughter of the· marriage, Gospi, on· March 10,
1981 we found· B
, Shiavux
.
using semi-legal pharaseology and
words, while we found Gospi speaking· naturally like any·
other bright child of her age. - We further pointed out that
when we had talked with the child ·aospi on April 3; 198'1
in our Chamber, we had found her using the same type of
pharaseologyan!l words similir as those used by Shiavux
and in speaking of various family. 111atte~s almost echoing c
what S_hiavux had said. When· we put this to Mr. Deshmukh,
the learned advocate for ·the Respondent, he replied that
t'liat was because th~e and again there was ialk about this
case in the Respondent;s house-hold. In our opinion, such
• talks taking place in t~e presence of ~ child cannot-be con-.
D
ducive to the happy or healthy psychological growth and
developme~t of a child. Mr. Deshmukh, ·the learned
Advocate for the Respondent further made a request to us
thatthough on March 20, 19Sl we had directed that Gospi
sQ_ould spend the first half of.the vacation.with the app~llant,
that part of the order should be varied because· Gospi had E
just finished her examinations yesterday and had been till .
then. in the grip of the -examination fever and not able to.
go about with the respondent, and, therefore,. the respon-
dent should be permitted· to keep Gospi for the first half
of the vacation. At this, Mrs. Ponda, the learned Advocate
for the .appellant, pointed out that during the middle of F
her examination the respondent · had ·taken Gospi to some
person at Goregaon. Mr. Qesbm\lkh . statecl that the said
· person was known as 'Maiji' and the said person stayed at
Goregaon Tekdi and that several persons visit her, for they
consider her a holy woman. He further stated that Gospi
was taken to the said · Maiji to seek her blessings. When
weinquired, we were informed that· Gospi had also been
taken to said Maiji on th<( 2nd day of April· when she was .
....
I
staying with the respondeiu in •pursuance of order dated
March 20, 1981, that is, before we bad talked to Gospi
fo the privacy of our chamber on April 3, 1981. H
·1

SUPREME cOURT REPORTS [·t983J i s.c.ii.
A Mr. Deshmukh also applied that we should recons\der
our order passed on March 20, 1981 in so far as it related .
to re-admission of Gospi in the Apostolic Carmel Convent
, High School· and permit her to continue in the St. Annes'.
. iW
High School, which order we had passed after µearing
elaborate arguments on the point. In support of this •
8 application Mr. Deshmukh stated that if we were now to ....
talk with Gospi we would find that she has now changed
he~ mind and does not want to rejoin the Apostolic Carmel
Convent High School. Assuming this is so, this fact speaks
for itself. We, therefore, reject the application also.
c In these circumstances, .,;e feel that this is a fit case
in which a home-study should · be directed to be made by
social welfare expert to be appointed by the Court. ,for
.this purpose both parties have agreed to deposit with the
Prothonotary and Senior Master of this Court a sum of
D Rs. 300 each. Accordingly, by consent we direct that each
of the parties will deposit a sum of Rs. 300 with the
Prothonotary by 12 noon of April 18, 1981. .,
Further directions with respect to to the home-study
and the social welfare expert by whom it is to be conducted
E will be given by us·in our chamber at 11 a.m. on Monday,
April 20, 1981. Meanwhile the appellant will take the
child Gospi with her to her residence. We reserve the
giving of further directions about the party with whom the
child will spend the, rest of the vacation and with respect
to the access of the other parent to the child. The further
0

F hearing of th'is. matter is adjourned to ll a.m. on Monday,
April 20, 1981 in Chambers as part heard_."

On 20.4.1981, the Court appointed Mrs. Clarice D'Souza ·B.A.B Ed.,
holder of a Diploma in Social Service Administration of the Tata
Institute of Social Sciences as a family expert to assist the .Court in
G discharging its function in the matter concerning the child, with the
observations :

"Parties are agreed that every facility will 'be given to
Mrs. D'Souza for her to interview privately the child Gospi
H as also the parties · themselves and the relatives and
neighbours of the parties if Mrs. D'Souza desires to inter-
view them or any of them. Both parties are further ~greed.
TitRITY HOSitiE v. itosHIAM (A. N. Sen, J.) 67

that Mrs. D'Souza will be also at liberty. to interview the A
present as well as the former teach~rs of the child. The
".i.
) - parties are further agreed that Mrs. D'Souza if she thinks
it necessary to do so, will be at liberty to take the child
and keep her with herself. at' her . place for such period or
periods, including overnight stays, as she think.s it necessary,
to enable her to, make a detached and fair report to the B
Court. f

0

· We may mention that Mrs. D'Souza has stated' to us
that she does not desire any remuneration for the work she
I . may do in this connection. In our opinion, however: it
would be unfair to Mrs.· D'Souza who in order tii conduct c
this homi;study may have fo travel from Colaba, where she ·-
ti"'\ stays, to Bandara by taxi· to conduct these interviews and
may have to spend at times the whole day in Bandara and
may, therefore, also have to incur some other .expenses
over her meals .oi refre~hments. We do nQ,t see why Mrs.
D'Souza should go out of pocket. 'We will, therefore, - D
decide after the home-study is concluded the amount that
should be paid to Mrs. D'Souza out of the moneys which
the parties have deposited with the Prothonoiary and Senior
Master mentioned ·above. In the first instance, however,
·we direct the Prothonotary and Senior Master to pay to
Mrs. D.'Souza towards the disbursement of, the expenses E
which she will have to incur, a sum of :Rs. 300 out of the
aggregate sum of Rs. 600 deposited by the parties.

For the present we are adjourning the matter as part
heard in our Chamber at 2.45 p.m. <in Tuesday the 28th
April, 1981 for receiving Mr.s. D'Souza's report if it is F·
ready. On that day in case the report is ready, the parties
are agreed that the Court should decide whether the report
should be treated :as confidential or should be disclosed to
the parties. In case the report is not· ready on that day,
the parties are agreed that this matter should be decided
on a date to which the matter will be· further adjt>urned
.. G
for the purpose of receiving. the report and for deciding "
whether it should be kept confidential or not' -
. .

Meanwhile the child Gospi will continue to reside with H
her mother, the appellant, and as ['mentioned in our order
dated April (6, 1981 directipns as to with whom the child is

,
/

68 stJJIR.EMl3 toilllt RllPo!lts [,1983] I S.C.R.

A to spend the rest_ of the vacation and the right of access of
the other parent to the child wilf be decided by us after

. receiving the report and after bearing the advocates for
. the parties."
' '
It appears that the minor daughter Gospi who t.ad been living
B with her mother bad been missing from her mother's place on
30.4.1981; resulting in a great shock to the appellant. On the very
same day the respondent applied to the Division Bench consistiog
of the same learned Judges with an affidavit stating that the child
·~
had come on her own to the house of the respondent who had
brought thechlld to <;:ourt to surrender her'and abide bfthe Court'~
c directions, as he did not want to commit contempt of the Court.
l\s on that date, the appellant was not able to attend the Court
because of her illness due to the shock of her not being able to find
Gospi, the Court passed_ an order that for the time being the child
Gospi would go with the Respondent and stay with him until May,
1981 and on that date the Court would give further· directions .
•
On.13th May, 1981, the Court after considering )the report of
Mrs:Clarico D'Souza, the family welfare expert appointed by the
C::_()urt, pass7d the following order :

"In the circumstances, set out above, 'we would have
E . bad no hesitation in directing that the ·child Gospi should
stay with her mother, the appellant, throughout the summer
vacation.. However, an unfortunate thing is that the
appellant is working in the Tatas and therefore has to be
away from home the whole day except during week-ends;
. while the respondent, who drives his own taxi, can _always
F find time to contact Gospi in the course of the day and
lure her away. Bearing these factors in mind, we permit
Gospi to stay with the Respondent -during the vacation.
The respondent will, however, take Gospi and leave her
at the appellailt'.s residence on every Friday at 8 p.m. and
will collect her from the appellant's residenpe every Monday
G by 8 a.Di. during the vacation. In our opinion best thing
for Gospi would be to go to a boarding school. However,
· we are sure that the respondent would so poison her mind
against any boarding school as to cause yet another
.psychological turmoil and conflict in ·her mind. Mrs.
H D'Souza's report.has also convinced us that it is better for
Gospi that she should be in Car.me! Convent High Schooi .
rather t~an St. Annes High School, and that part of the
.•

THRITY HOSHI~ v.·HOSHIAM (A. N. Sen, J.). 69'

order passed by us on March ·20, 1981 will stand. During A
the school term the appellantwill be entitled to take Gospi
to her residence straight from the School, every Saturday
and to keep her with her and .to leave her h1 the Schoo1
on Monday mornings. During the rest of the days during
the school term Gospi will stay at the respondent's resi- /

. dence. The above directions will be operative during B
the pendency of appeal for all school terms and vacations."

·while passing the said order, the Court in its judgment .observed :-
<I .
"We have very' carefully considered the matter.
Between the two ·spouses the person who in our opinion c
would be best suited to bring up the child Gospi would be
the mother-namely, the appellant. · tiospi is a· girl about )
JO years old, and she needs a mother's care guidance and.
advice. The appellant has. struck us as being refined, mature
• and has been holding a steady job for the last twenty-one
years and.is at present.drawing a salary of Rs. 2,500 per. D
month. She appeared ge?uinely concerned with the interest ·
and welfare of the minor. On the other hand, it appears
that the respondent is som~what immature and erratic, and
has n.ever been able to pursue any particular vocation
a
steadily, and appears to labour under sense of inferiority
E
complex vis-a-vislthe appellant. It further appears to us
that the c_ustody of the children·is niore .a matter· of pres-
tige with the respondent and is a weapon in his armoury
to hurt the appellant with .. As we · h~d almost on every
occasion when the· matter was before' us talked with the
chi.Id in the privacy of our chambers, either before or alter
F
passing· orders, we. fou.nd that when she was with the
i.f, appellant sh"' behaved as a normal and happy child, but
I'
when she was with the respondent, her personality had. ··~
a
totally changed and she appeare.d to be under strain." .

The Court further observed :-
G
"We find that Gospi has been tutored by the respon-°" '
dent to tell a number of lies. According to what she is
alleged to have said as se.t . out in the said affidav.it,
the appellant qeats arid ill treats her. At no •stage H
has Gospi ever mentioned this.. ·on the contrary, she ·
h~s always expresse<l how , very happy she was with
SUPREME.COURT REPORTS (1983J I s.C.R.
A
her mother, the appellant. Mrs. D'Souza's report ·also
bears this out. Another instance is with respect . to
Gospi's. version _as -to what .happened in Court on April,
16, 1981. As set out in the said affidavit she is alleged to
have told -the respondent 'that when her , mother, the
B appellant, came· to take her away, she was screaming and
shouting and vomitted on the Judge's table and that in
spite of that, her mother, the appellant,· .and her lawyer
forcefully took her under instructions from the judges. It
is true that when we told Gospi to go with her mother,
the appellant, she whimpered for some time and then threw
c out out-side the chambers. That the conflict between the
two parents has greatly upset Gospi emotionally, resulting·
in spells of nausea,.has also been noticed by Mr. Justice
Lentin in his order passed on September 22, 19'80. Further,
it is clear from Mrs; D'Souza's , report that when the
respondent had made Gospi change her school and made ,
D her give up Carmel Convent High School and put her in
St. Annes High School, she was in the ]labit of vomitting
in that schbol on. the least provocation, and she.only
adjusted herself in the school when she was reassured by
her teachers that she would go back to Carmel Co'lvent·
High School from the next academic year. After the
E initial fit of vomitting, Gospi went away with her mother,
the appellant, quite happy and. cont~nt, and of her own
, · accord she got into the taxi along with her mother. We
were watching from the corridor outside our chambers, as
' we wished. to observe· Gospi's behayiour while she was
going home with the appellant, and in order to enable us
F to do so we had instructed that the appellant and Gos pi
should leave the Court premises from the entrance facing
Oval Maiden. We had also instructed one of our PA:s. to
accompany them and to report to us, what is set out in
the affidavit, therefore, cannot be anything else but the
tutoring of Gospi by tlie Respondent. We· have already
G had occasion to observe in an earlier order that this child
, who, while staying with the appellant, was talking like a
normal child, haH started using semi·legal phrases, which
she was not doing previously."

On the 9th of June, the Respondent macje an application to the
Division Bench of lhe Bombay High Court for an order for modifi-
cation of the earlier order passed on the 20th of May, 1981 to the
' '· .'
THRITY HOSHIE'v. HOSHIAM (A. N, Sen, J,) 71

extent that the child Gospi should not be compelled to go to Carmel A
Convent High School but should be readmitted to St. Annes High
School. ' During the pendency of this applica.tion the aepellant on
the 6th July, 1981 aiso made ttn application to the Division Bench
for committal of the respondent' for contempt of court for violation
of the order passed by the Division Bench on the 20tli March, 1981.
Both these. applications came up for hearing together on the 31st B
July, 198! by the Division Bench consis_ting of Madon· and Sujata
Manohar, JJ. The Division Bench dismissed the application of the
respondent for modification of the order dated 20th March, ·1981
and the division Bench passed an order on the contempt application
taken out by the appellant, committing the respondent to jail for
a period or"three months and t.o a fine of' Rs. 1000. The Division c
Bench further directed that the custody of the minor daughter Gospi
to be given to the appellant mother pending. final disposal .of the
appeal and the Division Bench further ordered-" As observed in the
both Mrs.'D' Souza's report and in the order of 13.5.1981 the best
thing to do in order to restore Gospi to normalcy would be for her
to be in an atmosphere away fro'm where she bas been for the last D
a-lmost two years. The appellant will, therefore, be at lil!erty to • '
place Gospi in ·any boarding school of the.appellant's choice outside
Bombay. We also make -it clear that Gospi wiU spend all her
School vacations with the appellant only without any access to -0r
interference from the respondent, bis servants and agents E
including the Respondent's brother and sister or any of them",
The Division Bench further suspended the execution of the puni.sh·
ment imposed on the respondent by the said order for a period of.
four weeks from the date of the order to enable ihe respondent to
file an appeal in .this Court, but refused to stay the execution of the
rest of the order~ Mrs. Sujata Manohar, JJ .. who ·delivered F
· the judgmen.t on behalf of the Bench, consider~d at great length
the various facts and circumstances including earlier proceedings
ft. between the parties. · As this judgment is under appeal, we do not
propose to refer to the various findings and observations made in
this judgment at any length. Some of the observations may, ,,,.
however, be noted. The Bench observed ;- G

"A number of our brother fodges inclµding one·of us
(Madon, J.) who have h&d an occasion earlier to deal with
the matter, have consistently considered the mother as a H
mature and. responsible woman who holds a steady job
for the last 21 years1. fetching her iit present a \salary
.
of
I
72 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1983] I s.c.R .

A Rs. 2,500 per month, She is a mature woman who is
genuinely and deeply concerned mth the welfare of her
.child. All t~ese · judges have also remarked that the
husband is an unstable person. He is unable to hold any
job for any length of time. He also suffers from a deep-
seated inferiority complex vis-a-vis his ex-wife and for good
B reasons~ From the respondent's conduct throughout this
litigation it is also apparent that!he has scant regard for the
welfare of his daughter. He has, in order to score a point
agl,linst his ex-wife, not hesitated to drag his daughter from
court : to couri resulting in his daughter's ·n·ear nervous
..
breakdown."
c
The Division Bench has ..
"' also .observed :-

"As repeatedly observed by a number of odr brother
judges including one of us (Madon,' J.) in the course of
these proceeelfogs, the girl has appeared happy and normal
D when she is with the mother. She appears tense and nervous
when she is with her father.· We have no doubt that
the child is being pressurised and terrorised into telling lies
by the"father. The father's conduct leaves much to be
desired."

E · The Qivision Bench further observed :-. •
"The respondent and his ·brothers and sisters and
mother do not have any interest in the welfare of the
children. This is borne out by the fact that they admittedly
talk constantly in the presence of the children regarding
F the present case so much so that the children have picked
up semi-legal words and' phraseology as noticed by the
Court in various. orders."

Against this judgment and order of the Division Benci:i the respon-
G dent (father) filed ip this Court an appeal under S. 19(l)(b) of the
Contempt of Courts Act and in the said appeal made an application
for'interim stay. On 15:8.81 on the said application for interim
order, this Court passed an order staying the operation of the
Order of' the Division Bench in so far as the same.related to the
H imposition of punishment of imprisonment and fine on the father
but directed that the-rest of the order of the High .'.:ourt would
stand. This Court further observed that the matter was of an
THRITY HQSHIB v. HOSHIAM (A. N. Sen, J.) 73

urgent nature and the appeal which was, pending before the High A·
> Court should be disposed of as expeditiously as possible. It appears
that in pursuance of the order passed by the Division Bench of ·the
Bombay High Court which was not in any way affected by the order ,
passed by this Court on 5.8.1981, the appellant had got the minor
daughter Gospi admittea into Kimmins ·Boarding School a't
Panchgani. · 8
The appeal preferred bf the appellant to the Division Bench
-of the Bombay High Court'against the judgment and order passed
by Mehta, J. on 19.2.198! allowing the custody of the minor daughter
to the father came up for hearing before a Division Bench of the High
Court consisting of Jabagairdar and Asbok Modi, JJ. in -October, c
1981: It appears that in tlie course of the hearing of the appeal,
the learned Judges bad expressed their desire to meet the minor
Gospi arid . directed. that . the minor Gospi should >be brought to
. Bombay to enable them to see her. Accordingly, Gospi was
brought to Bombay and was interviewed by the learned Judges at
the residence of ModJ, J. on 9th October, 1981. We may note that· D
the learned Judges have recorded their impression of the int~rview
with Gospi in a confidential note and had kept the same in a sealed
cover for the benefit of this Court in the event of any such occasion
arising. On the 16th of October,' 1981, the Division Bench dismissed
the said appeal of the ~ppellant with the following order :-
E
"For reasons to be recorded in the judgment to be
delivered Tater, we dismiss this appeaf challenging the order
dated 19th February, 19.81 passed by Mehta, J . .This in
effect means that the said order awarding the custody of the
mino< daughter Gospi to the Respondent-father is ·con-
firmed. However, in view of·tbe .fact that the minor F
daughter is at this moment stu.dying in. a residential school
at Panchgani, we direct that she ~will n(lt be brought to
Bombay till at least 3rd Novembcer. !981. The respondent
·.father is hereb:i; allowed to spend what is called th~ exit .
week-end beginning from 23rd October, 1981 with daughter
G
at Panchgani. After the child is brought to Bombay, the
directions contained in the order of Mehta, J. regarding the
minor daughter-spending her week-ends and vacations with
the mother will come into force. However, it must be made
clear that if the school ,in ·which the minor daughter is
• admitted is working on Saturdays, the mother will take th~
child with her after th~ ~chool hours ~re ov~r 1 "

•
1
74 SUPREME CoURT REPORTS (1983] .1 S.C.R.
'
A The Division Bench _delivered its judgment on 3rd November, 1981.

Againsfthis judgment and order of the Division· Bench the
mother has preferred this appeal in this ' Court with special leave
granted by this Court. In the present appeal this Court passed an
interim order on the 12th November, 1981 to· the following effect :-
8
"Without expressing any opinion on the merits of the
question regarding the custody of the child" Gospi, who is
the daughter of the appellant and respondent, we direct as a
matter of interiJll arrangement that she shall be a]lowed to 1
continue her education in the Panchgani School where she
c is studying at present until the end of the academic year
1981-82. The: parents will be at liberty to meet the
daughter alternatively, in accordance with the rules and
regulations of the school. While the girl is iri school at
Panchgani she will be at liberty to write letters to both
the paren ts.
0
\
We are informed that the. school will have vacation
from Novembe:r 18, 1981 till about January 18, 1982 and
1
that the girl wants to come to Bombay during the vacaiion,
we direct that during the forthcoming vacation, she will live
with the father for the first half of the vacation and with the·
E mother 'during the second half of the vacation.· The father.
· will bring the child from Panchgani to .Bombay on 'the
commencement of the vacation and the mother will take the
child back to the school when the school reopens after the
vacation. At the end of the first half of the vacation, the
·father will deli~er the child to the custody of the mother.
F
The appeal shall ·come up for hearing in the second
week of March, 1982. Liberty to the·parties to apply to
. this Court in regard to the custody of the child during the
pendency of the appeal, if the appeal for any reason is not
G disposed of before· April 15, 1982 .. The appeal (CA ·1796/
1981) the contempt matter will be tagged'with this appeal.

·I We direct thai the school authorities will submit to
this.Court a report in the first week of March 1982 on the
progress and performance of. the child, and on the questioq
WP~tlJ~r she was happy to be away at Panchgani."

\
'
THRITY HOSHIE v. HOSHIAM (A. fl/. Sen, J.) 75

The• appeal came up for hearing before us and on !tbe con- A
• . ' ~

clusion oftbe bearing we reserved judgment for our consideration of
the matter. However, taking into consideration the fact that the
next term in the Panchgani School will be commencing shortly and
there will also be a short recess of the School we passed the follow-
ing further interim order on 27.4.1982 pending consideration of the
matter and delivery of t~e judgment by us :- B

"We direct that until further orders of this Court the
child Gospi, the daughter of the appellant and the respon-
dent, shall be_ allowed to continue her education in the
Kimmins High School at Pan~hgani. The parents will be
at liberty to meet the d.augbter alternately in accordance c
with the rules and regulations of the School, the first oppor-
tunity of so ~eeting the daughter being afforded to the
father. While the girl is in the school at Panchgani, she
• will be at liberty to _write letters to both parents•

We are informed that the school is in vacation from D
April 21, 1982 to May 12, 1982 and that on the commence;
ment of the vacation the child Gospi was brought home
and is continuing there. We direct" that she will live with
the father for the first half of the vacati.on, and thereafter
will live with the mother during ·the second half of. the
vacation. The child will be banded over by the father to E
the mother in the presence of the Vacation Judge of the
Bombay High Court on May 17, 1982 ·at an hour con-
venient to the Hon'ble Judge and we request the High ·
Court to inform this Court of the fact of such handing
over. We direct further that OD the expiry of the vacations
the mother will ·take the child back· to the School at F
Panchgani and entrust ·her to the custody· O"r the" PrinCipal
of the School.
The Court trusts that eacli parent will promote a sense
·of .respect and affection in the child's · triind for the other
' . . G
parent and will take active interest in persuading the child to
settle down in the school at Panchgani, and so promote an
atmosphere conductive to the proper development of her
personality, her. menial and physical -health and the enjoy-
. ment of elnotion~I -•ecurity and well-being."
. -
Turning to the merits of the appeal, we must observe at the outset
H
that this case
- which is concerned' with' the welfare ., . ~ bright,
' .. •i: of ~ ".• . sensitiv~
. ,,j
.• •

, ,
\

76 SUPREME COURT REPOJlTS [1983] l S.C.R.

A and innocent girl of about 11 years of age now,· has in the peculiar
facts and circumstances of the case caused "Us a great deal of
anxiety and pain and we have given very careful consideration to
the matter. \

Elaborate arguments have been advanced from the bar on
B behalf of the respective parties. ;

Mr. Desai, learned counsel for the appellant, has made the
following submissions :-

I. In deciding the question of custody of the minor, the Court
'• c should be guided only by the consideration of the welfare of the
minor. Mr. Desai in this connection has referred to S. 49 of the
Par~i Marriage and Divorce Act, 1937, S. 41 and 4: of the Indian
"Divorce Act, 1969,_ S. 26 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1957 and S. 38
of the Special Marriage Act, 1956 containing similar provisions and
he has strongly relied on the decision of this Court in Rosi Jacob v.
D Jacob A. Chakrammakkal.f)

2. In the facts and circumstances of this case, the father
cannot be considered to be a fit person to have the custody of the
child and the custody of the child should be entrusted to the mother.
In support of this submission that the father is not the fit person to
E be given the custody of the minor child, Mr. Desai has referred to
the various proceedings between the parties, the orde1~s passed •
thereon and the observations made by learned Judges of the Bombay
High Court from time to time. Mr. Desai has argued that the
father in his self interest to have the minor child on his · Bide and
under
I>
his control,,
has .been.
trying I to poison the mind of the
F daughter against the mother for whom the daughter has a very
great affection with the object of alienating the daughter from the
mother without any regard to the daughter's sentiments and without
appreciating the very great damage that be is doing to the daughter
and this act of the father has caused a tremendous amount of
psychological strain, resulting in . a near nervous breakdown of the
G daughter. Mr. Desai bas argued that the minor being a daughter and
now of the age of 11 years needs the company and guidance of her
mother. It is the argument of Mr. Desai that the mother has. no
particular self-interest in obtaining the custody of the child a.nd her
only concern is the welfare of her daughter, and she has spent and ·is
H
!9 fl973J 3 S.9.R. ns,
THRITY IIOSIIIE v.JiOSHIAM (A. N. Sen, J.) 77
prepared to spend whatever amount is necessary for the ·welfare of A
the daughter an.d sheis also in a position to do so. Mr. Desai has
commented that the main ground on. w~ich the learned single Judge
o~ the High Court and also the learned Judges of the division Bench
bad no't given the custody of the minor to the mother is that the
mother is a working girl and she does not have time to devote to the
daughter and it is his commeni that this is really no ground. He B
further comments that the father in most cases has to work for a
•
living and in the present case the father earns his living by plying a
taxi at the present. He argues that in modern times, particularly
in view of the present economic condition, in very many cases, both
the husband and the wife have to work for a.proper living and the
mere fact that the father or the mother has got to. attend to work,
c
cannot disqualify the father or the mother. Mr. Desai has submitted
that apart from the fact that the mother is a working girl, there is
nothing against the mother wbicb would disentitle her to the custody
of·her daughter and in this connection Mr. Desai has referred to
the judgments of the learned single Judge and also the division
0
Bench of the Bombay High Court. Mr. Desai has further pointed
out that the learnei:I sinole Judoe oave the custodv of the dau2hter
to the fathe;;h~u~h th; daughter- had clearly expressed. her desire
to live with her· mother.

3. Th.e best interest of the minor in the .Peculiar '.facts and E
• circumstances of this case will be served only if the minor is re'moved
from the unhealthy ·atmosphere of home life and is placed in a
Boarding House v.:here she will have healthy normal growth in the •
company of ,other children of her age under the care and supervision
of competent teachers, unimpeded by the conspiratorial attitude of
the father to destroy her feelings for the mo.ther: In support of this F
submission, Mr. Desai has referred to the various orders passed in
which the learned Judges of the Bombay High Court . have recorded
their impressions after interviewing the girl; and Mr. Desai has placed
particular reliance on . the report of the Social Welfare Expert,
appointed by the Bombay High Court.
G.
Mr. Desai has further submitted that the minor· who has been
admitted to Panchgani Boarding School and has been there for some
time, is gradually fitting in well and she bas started feeling happy
in the institution. In this connection Mr. Desai has referred to a H
number of letters addressed by the minor to her mother and also to
the report of the Principal of the institution.
78 SUPREME cotilit REPOP.fs [i9&jJ ; s.c.ll.

A Mr. Bbandare learned counsel for the respondent (the father of•
the minor) bas raised the following co~tentions :

· 1; In deciding the ques\ion of custody of a minor,· the Court
wiU no doubt be guided by the consideration of the minor's welfare
but in considering the question of the welfare of the minor,
8 the Court. should see the minor to ascertain the. wishes of the
minor before deciding the qu~stion of the. welfare of the minor and
the custody of the minor. It has been his argument that it is indeed
the duty and obligation of the Court to see the minor to ascertain
'
the wishes of, the minor before coming to any decfsion on the '
question of custody of the minor. In support of this argument,
c Mr. Bhandare has. referred to S. 49 of the Parsi Marriage and
Divorce Act, 1937, Ss. 7 to 17 of 'the Guardians ,and Wards Act,
, 1890 and also S. 26 of the Hindu. Marriage Act, 1955. Mr. Bhandare
has strongly urged upon us to send for the minor and to talk to her
either in Court or in chambers in the presence of the parents or
alone in their absence at the discretion of the Court before deciding
D
the question of custody of the minor.
' .

2. The minor is a bright and sensitive girl and is deeply
attached to the members of the family and to her brother in parti·
cular. Home influence has considerable importance to the mibor in
properly shaping her life and future. Removal of the minor from.
E home and placing her in any Boarding Scl)ool, however, good and
eminent the institution may be, will not enure to the benefit <if the
..
minor, as.she will not fit in and the minor will not feel happy in the
boarding school. The absence of the company of the father, the
br~ther and the other near relations will deeply affect the mind of
th_e minor and cause a phsychological depression in her mind and this
F will impede her normal healthy growth. · Mr. Bhandare has in this
connection referred to a letter sent by the minor to her aunt (father's
sister).,

3. The order of custody of. the minor daughter in favour of
G the father passed by the learned single Judge of the Bomb~y High
Court and affirmed by the Division Bench of the Bombay High
Court should not be interfered · with by this Court in this appeal.
The mother bas hardly any time to look after the welfare of the
daughter as she bas t0 remain constantly busy with her work.
Mr. Bbandare has also criticised the condo.ct of the mother and he
has commented that the mother had walked .out of the house
without caring for the children' and had no time to think of them
\

tHRITY H<iSHJE v. HOSHIAM (A. N. sen, J.)

for a number of months and during this period both the son and A
the daughter had lived happily with the father and the other rela- ·
tions. According to Mr. Bhandare, the only object of the.mother
who is not in a position to look after the interests or the welfare
of the daughter herself is to, deprive the father of t~e company of
his daughter by putting her _in a Boardini; House.
B
The principles of law in relation to the custody of a minor
appear to be well-established. It is well-settled that any matter
concerning a minor, bas to be considered and decided only fr.om
the point of view of the welfare and interest of the .minor. In dealing
w_ith a matter concerning a minor, the Court bas a special responsi"
bility and it is the duty of the Court to consider the welfare of the c
minor and to protect the min9r's interest. In considering the
question of custody of a minor, the Court has to be guided by the
• · only consideration of the welfare of the minor.
In' Halsbury's
-
Laws of Bngland, 3rd Edn., Vol. 21, the .Law is
~ .
succintly stated in para 428 at p. 193-194 in the following terms : D
"428. "Infant's welfare paramount. In any proceedings
before any court, concerning the custody or upbringing of
an infant or the administration. of any ·property belonging
'\
to or held on trust for an infant or .the application, of the
income thereof, the Court·must regard t~e welfare of the E
infant as the first and paramount consideration and must
not take into consideration, whether \rom any other point
of view, the claim of the father, or- any right at common
law possessed by the father in respecio of such ·custody,
upbringing administratioI] or application is superior to
· that of the mother, or the claini of the mother ·is superior F
to that of the father. This provision applies whether both
)j parents are· living _or. either or ~oth is or are dead.
·Even where, the infant is a foreignrnational, the court,
while giving weight to the views, of the foreign court, is
bound to treat tqe welfare ·of the 'infant as being of the
. first and ,paramount consideration whateve~ orders. may G
have been made by the Courts of any other country."
• In the case of Rosi Jacob v. Jacob A. Chakr''amakka/ (supra),·
. this Court has observed at pp. 934~935 : · '
H
"Where, however, family dissoluiion due to some _un-
avoidab.le circumstances becomes necessary. the Court has
,.
8() Slll>kEMI! COOltt ltl!Pokts [J 983] 1 s.c.lt.

A to come to a judicial decision on the question of the
welfare of the children on a full consideration of all the
relevant circumstances. Merely because the father loves
his children and is not shown to be otherwise undesirable
cannot necessarily lead to the conclusion that the welfare
of the children would be better prompted by granting their
B custody.to him as against the wife who may also be equally
affectionate towards her children and otherwise equally
free from ble(llish, and who in addition because of her
profession and financial resources, may be in a position
· . to guarantee better health, education and maintenance for
them. The children are not mere chatteis; nor are they
c mere.playthings for their parents. AbMlute right of parents
over the destinies and the lives of their children has, in the
modern changed social conditions, yielded to the considera-
tions of their welfare as human beings so that they may
grow up in a normal balanced manner to be useful members
of the society and the guardian conrt in case of a dispute
D between the mother and the father, is expected to strike
a just and woper balance between the requirements of
welfare of the minor children and the rights of their res-
pective parents, over them. The approach of the leacaed
1ingle Judge, in our view, was correct and we ag;~e with
him. The Letters Patent Bench on appeal seems to us to
E have erred in reversing him on grounds, which we ar~
unable to appreciate.

At the bar reference was.made to a number of decided
cases on the question of the right of father to be appointed
F / or declared as guardian and to be granted custody of his
minor children under s. 25 read with s. 19 of the Guardians
and Wards Act. Those decisions were mostly decided on \.
their own pecilliar facts. We have, therefore, not con-
sidered it necessary to deal with them. To the extent,
however, they go against the view we have taken of s. 25 .
G of the Guardians and Wards Act, they must be held to be
wrongly decided.

'The /espondent's contention that the Court unde~ the
ff Divorce Act had granted custody of the two younger
children to the wife on the ground of their being of tender
age, no longer holds good and that, therefore, their custody
TllRITY llosiim v. imsmAM (A. N. Sen, J.i.
I
A
must be handed over to him appears to us to be • miscon-
. .
ceived. The age of the <laughter at present is such that
-~ she must need the constant company of a grown-up female
in the· house genuinely interested in her welfare. Her
mother is in the circumstances the best company for her.
The daughter would need her mother's advice and guid-
. ance on several matters of importance." B
•
These observations were no doubt made by this Court, while
dealing with a case of rival claims between the father and the
mother over the custody of the minor children mainly under the
Guardians
.
_opinion, are applicable to the instapt case.
.
and Wards Act, !890. The aforesaid observatic.us in our
c
We shall now proceed to examine the contention •Of Mr.
Bhandare that in deciding the question ·of custody of any minor,
it becomes the duty and obligation of the Court to interview the
minor for ascertaining the minor's wishes and to implement the
same. S. 49 of the Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936 provides 0
"In · any suit under this Act, the Court may from time to time
pass such interim orders and make such provisions in the final
decree as it may deem just and proper with respect to tlie custody,
maintenance and education of the children under the age of 16
years, the marriage of whose parents is the subject of such ~uit,
0

and may, afte.r the final deeree upon application by petition for this E
. purpose, make, revoke, suspend or vary from time to time all such
orders and provisions with respect to the custody, maintenance and
education of such children as might have been made by such final
decree' or by. interim orders in case the suit for obtaining such decree
were still pending". Tliis section confers power upon the Court
to pass such orders as the Court deems just and proper w.ith respect F
to the custody, maintenance ·and education of the children
under the age of 16 years in a case falling under the Parsi
Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936. Thi.s section does not speak
anything about a Judge interviewing a minor before passing
any order in the matter of custody, maintenance and education·of
the mino·r and this section or any other section in this Act, does
G
not cast upon the Court any duty or obligation to see the minor
and to ascertain the wishes of the minor.

The material portion of S. 7 of the Guardians and wards
Act, 1890 to which reference has been made by Mr. Bhandare reads
H
as follows:
'
j

82 iUPIUlMB COURT llEPOllTS [19g3] l s.C.ll.

A "7(1). Vi\here the Court is satisfied that' it is for, the
welfare of a minor that an order should be made :'
'
(a) appointing a guardian, of his person or property,
, or both, or

B a
(b) declaring person to be such a guardian;'
the Court may make an order accordingly."

This section empowers the Court to appoint a guardian of the person
or property of the minor where the court is satisfied that is for the
welfare of the minor to do so.
C·
S. 17 of the Guardians and Wards Act, 1890 may in this
connection also be noted :

"17. (I) In appointing or declaring the gua;dian of a
minor, the Court shall, subject , to the provisions of this •
D section, be guided by what, consistently, with the law to
which the minor is subject, appears in the circumstances to
be for the welfare of the minor.

(2) In considering what will be for the welfare of the,
minor, the Court shall have regard to the age, sex and ,
E religion of the minor, the character and capacity of
the proposed iiuardian and his nearness of kin to the minor,_
the wishes, if any, of a ~eceased parent, and any existing,
or previous relations of the proposed guardian with the
minor or his·property.

F (3) If the minor is old enough to form an intelligent
preference; the Court may consider that preference.

x x x x x

(5) The Court, shall not appoint or declare any
G
person to.be a guardian against his will,"

This section provides for matters to be considered by the· Court in
appointing the guardian., Sub-section (I) provides that subject to
the provisions of this secti()n, the Court should consider the Jaw t~
ff which the minor is subject and be guided by what appears in the
circumstances to be for the welfare of the minor. Sub-section (2),
stipulates that in · considering what will be for the welfilrc of
\ '

ffiRITY HOSHIB v. HOSHIAM (A.N. Sen, J.) 83
·' A
the minor, the . Court shall have regard for the age sex and
religion of the minor, the character and capacity of the pro!
posed guardian and his nearness of kin to· the minor, the wishes,
if any, of a deceased parent, and any existing or previous
relations of the proposed guardian with the minor or his property.
Sub-section (3) empowers the . Court in the 'event the minor is old
enough to form an intelligent preference, to consider the preference. B
Sub-section (5) prevedts the Court from appointing or declaring
any guardian against the will of the person. Sub-section '(3) of this
section. undoubtedly .enables the Court to consider the preference
of any minor if the minor is old enough to form an intelligent
preference.
c
' of
In the present case we are not concerned with the question
appointment of a guardian either of the property or of the person
of the minor, under the-Guardians and Wards Act, 1890. ·
.' .
We may, however, point out that there cannot be any manner
of doubt as to the Court's power of interviewing any minor for D
ascertaining the wishes of the minor, if the Court considers ·it
so necessary for its own· satisfaction in. dealing with the question
relating to the custody of the mina.r.
, •
In the·facts and circumstances of this case we are h9wever,
not inclined to interview the minor daughter, . as we are satisfied in
E
the present case that the minor is not fit to .form an intelligent
preference which may be taken into consideration in deciding her
welfare .. We !)ave earlier set out in extenso the various orders
passed by the various learned Ju\lges of tbe Bombay High Court
after interviewing the minor and the learned Judges have recorded • · F
their impressions iri their judgments and orders. The impressions
as recorded by the learned Judges of . the Bombay High Court, go'
to indicate that the minor has expressed different kinds .of wishes
at different times 1fnder different- conditions. It also appears from
the report of the Social Welfare Expert that these interviews
cast a gloom on the sensitive mind of the tender girl and caused a G
lot of strl\in and depression on bet. Torn between her love for .
both her parents and the acrimonious dispute between them result-
0ing in the minor being dragged from court ,to court,. we can well.
appreciate that the sensi.tive)Ilind of the .minor girl is bound to be
sadly affected. Though the girl is quite bright and intelligent as , H
recorded by the learned Judges of the Bombay High Conrt in their
orders a,fter their interviews with the gfrl who is of a tender age
•
SUPRBMB cOURT ltBPORTS [1983] 1 s.c.R.

A and is 'placed in a very delicate and embarrasing situation because
of the unfortunate relationship and litigation between her par~nts
for both of whom she has great deal of affection, she is not in a
position to express any intelligent preference which will be conducive
to her interest and welfare. Mature thinking is indeed necessary in
such a situation to decide as to what will enure to her benefit and
B welfare. Any child who is placed in such an unfortunate position,
can hardly have the capacity to express an intelligent preference
which may require the Court's considerati'on to decide what should
be the course to be adopted for the child's wel(are. The letters
addressed by the daughter to her mother from Panchgani and also
a letter addressed by her to her aunt (father's sister) alSt> go to show
c that the niinor cannot understand her own mind properly and
cannot form any firm desire. We feel that sending for the minor
and interviewing her in the present case iyill not only not serve any
useful purpose but will have the effect of creating further depression
and demoralisation ·in her mind.

D We are, therefore, unable to accept the contention of Mr.
Bhandare that there is any duty or obligation on the part of the
Ccurt to interview the minor for ascertaining the wishes of the
minor before deciding the question of her custody and that we
should send for the minor in the present ca&e' and· interview her to
ascertain her wishes before we proceed to decide the question of·
E her custody.

Home influence plays a very important role in shaping the
life of every child. Influence of a happy home where the children
;ire brought up under the affectionate care and guidance of their
parents and other relations,· all concerned with the welfare of the
F children, no doubt, enables the children to lead a normal healthy
life and materially contribute, to their·welfare. Io a happy home.
the children are free from any' kind oS unhappy tensi<?n and psycho-
logical strain and they grow up in a healthy environment where
their interests and welfare are properly looked after by their parents.
In such a case, the court is naturally not called upon to interfere a.nd
G
to consider the welfare of the children and the welfare of the
children is well taken care of by their parents whose primary con-
cern is to see to their interest and welfare. It inay, however, be
mentioned that even in cases of happylhomes where the :children have
a very congenial atmosphere for their healthy growth and are very
H
well looked afterby their parents, the parents, in many cases do
send their children to Boarding Schools. The parents do so, as the
•
; .
THRITY HOSBIB '· ~OSHIAM (A.N. Sen, J.) 85
parents feel that the interest and welfare of children will be better A
served, if they are sent to a good Boarding School where the children,
on their own and in the company of their fellow students, wil! have.·
a greater and better opportunity of developing their personality and
shaping themselves ,properly under. the supervision of competent
.teachers to enable them to fashion their lives properly· and face.
bravely . and squarely the hard. realities of the . world. A good B
. ~--,,;

Boarding School has very many advantages and is in a position tf
enforce 'Proper discipline which. is 'obviously necessary for healthy
growth of every child. It is -well-known that mainly because of
such desire on the part of very many . of the parents to send their
children to a good.Boarding School. seats are hardly . available in_ a
good Boarding Institution these days and seats have to .be booked
c
well in advance; Loving ·pirents who send their chil~n to Bo~rding ·
Schools for education, have generally to do so against the wishes of
·the children. ·Children will naturally not be inclined to stay away
from their affectionate parents· and to "leave their happy homes
where they enjoy not only the affection and care of their parents but D
also all the homely comforts and they do not like to be subjected to ..
. the rigours of strict discipline enforced in a Boarding Institution.
Children sent to a Boarding Institution from happy· homes, also find
it difficult ·to adjust themselves to the environment of a Boarding
School and may not feel very happy. Fond parents bearing only
in mind the interest and welfare of their children still send· their E
:loving children to Boarding Schools against the. wishes of the
children,\ sacrificing themselves' the company of tbOir children
at borne, and persuad~;.their children to adjust themselves in the
Boarding School and they go on encouraging their children to enable
them to settle down in that institution. Parents do so at considerable
sacrifice trr themselves, only in the hope and expectation that the F.
interest and \)'elfare of the children will be best served. It is common
experience that children who are sent from happy homes to Board:
ing Institutions and who do not feel easy and comfortable in .the
Boarding Institution when they }oin. l<l·such institution, soon adjust
themselves to the new environment and come to like ·the Boarding
Institution where in . the company of fellow students they lead a· · G
· · healthy and happy life under the guidance and care of competent
teachers to the joy of their parents..
It is also no doubt true that children who stay at' home with
their parents and do not go to Boarding Schools may also be very H
well discipiined in )ife and may have a very_ healthy, happy and
gormal !lrowth while starin!l at pome. Jndeed, tile majority Qf

r
86 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [!983] l s.c.tt.

A children in our country are brought up in their homes, as very many
of the parents are not in· a position to bear the expenses of a Board-
ing School for their children. The child.ren grow well and happily
in homes under the affectionate care and guidance of their parents,
so long as they co"ntinue to enjoy the blessings of a happy home. A
broken home, however, has a different tale to tell for the child~en. •
B - When parents fall out and start fi'ghtjng, the peace and happiness of
home life ·are gone and the children become the worst sufferers. It
is indeed sad and unfortunate that parents do ~not realise the incal-
culable harm 'they may do to their chHdren by fighting amongst
themselves. The husband and the wife are the persons primarily
resp~nsible for bringing the children into this world and the i'nnocent
c children become the worst victims of any dispute between their
father and the mother. Human-beings with frailties common to
human nature, may not be in a positi'on to rise above passion, pre-
judice and weakness: Mind is, indeed,· a peculiar place and the
working ·of .human mind is often inscrutable. For yery many
reasons it may unfortunately be not possible for the husband and
D wife to live together and they. may be forced to part pompany. Any
husband and wife who have irreconciliab!e differences, forcing_ them
to part company, should, however, have sense enough to' understand
and appreciate that they have their duties to their children. In the
interest of the children whom they have brought into existence and
who are innocent, every husband and wife should try to compose
E their diffe1 ences. Even when any husband and wife are not in a
position.~to reconcile their differences and Pare compelled to/ part,
they should part in a way as will cause least possible mischief to the
childr.en.

Hard facts of life, however, go to show that when near ·
relations fall out, the passions and sentiments are so worked up in
them that they lose the right perspective and are not in a position
to consider and judge what will ultimately be for their good. In
the instant case, the disputes between the parties who had been.
married for years and are responsible for tlie birth ~f two children,
G have now become io bitfer that a num.ber of proceedings.including
contempt proceedings by either of them have been initiated and the
unfortunate children have been paraded from Court to Court .. The
learned Judges of the High Court have done their best to compose
1he differences and· have from time to time passed appropriate orders
u which, if implemented ·in the true spirit would have enured to. the
benefit of all concerned. It, however, appears that mainly because of
the attitude of the father, the various .orders directing the children ti!
, THRl'J'Y HOSHIB v. HOSHIAM (A.N. Sen, J.) 87

stay with their father for five working days in the week and with the A
mother during the week-ends and also apportionting the period of
. 'their stay )Vith the parents during the vacations passed by the learned
Judges of the Bombay High Court f~om time to time in the best
interests of all parties concerned including the ·children, have failed
to achiev.e any useful purpose and have .only re.suited in fofther
litigation. The facts and . circumstances of the . case establish that
. the father out of spite ·against tbe mother / is not willing to allow
the children to stay with their mother. Obsessed .with the idea of
having exclusive control of the children, he has been trying to poison
, the minds of the 'children against the mother with the only object

-· of completely alienating them from their mother, and in bis spiteful
obsession, the father fails to appreciate the very great harm done to
c
the children, It appears that the father bas succeeded in his attempt
in alienating the son who, as the records show, was once deeply
· attached to the mother ·and bad great affection for her; and, the
son has now·become hostile to t.he mother.
D
The Respondent husband in view of bis bitter feelings against
the appellant, may feel elated and satisfied iri having succeeded in
making the son hostile to the mother. He, however, do~s not
appreciate the very great stress and strain the son must ba~e under-
' gone in the process of losing his love for the mo\her and ~e also
·does not understand how unfortunate it is for any son to be deprived
of the affection of his mother a~d to lose 'bis own love for the
mother.· The mother still appears to have a very great affection
for the son. ·The situation is unfortunate but in this appe,al we are
not concerned with the son who is now well' over' 16 years of age.
We only hope that all concerned will try to·restore good relation-
. ship amongst themselves, as we feel that though the husband and
wife have now parted for good, restoratiou of friendly relationship
amongst all of them will en,ble,them.to live in peace and happiness
'and allowing the bitterness to continue will only add'to their miseries
and troubles.

The effect on the little girl of the embittered relations\Jip G
between her parents and the attempt of t~e· father to poison the.
mind of the daughter against her mother and .·to alienate her from
the mother has been simply disastrous. The intelligent and sensible
girl, distressed at the acrimony between her parents, who wanted
to spend her time' with each of her parents as she is deeply attached H
to both, as recorded by Lentin, J; in his order dated 28.6.1979, was
Oil t!ie verge of !lear J!ervoµs l}reak·down as !l<:>ted by the Division
88 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1983] I s.c.R.

A Bench in its judgment dated 31st July, 1981. The various orders
passed in between which we have set out at length also, indicate
what great mental strain and agony the little girl had suffered
because of the acrimonious dispute between her parents. During
.this period of two years, the girl had been under home influence,
as she had been staying with her quarrelling parents in terms of the
B various orders of the High Court. The little girl also had been
compelled to make her appearances in Court from time to time.
The facts and circumstances clearly establish that the effect of home
influence on the minor in the present case has .b~en ·to reduce II
bright, happy and sensible child to a state of complete misery; and,
the extreme psychological strain on the sensible mind of the little
·c girl has caused almost a near nervous breakdown. When the
atmosphere in a house, vitiated and rendered su~charge(I with
tension as a result of bitter squabbles between husband and wife.
causes misery and unhappiness to a child; who has to live in constant
psychological strain in such a broken home in view of the bitter
D relationship bet;veen her parents for each of whom she has great
affection, the healthy and normal growth of the chili:! is bound to be
seriously affected. In the interest and for the welfare of the child
in such a case, the child is necessarily to be removed from .such
unhealthy environment of a broken home surcharged with tensi~n.
In such a case, the proper and best way of serving the interest and
E welfare of the child will. be to remove the child from such atmos-
phere of acrimony and tensfon and to put the child in a place
where the embittered relationship between her parents does not
easily and constantly effect her tender mind .

. In the facts and circumstances of the present case the best
F way to serve the welfare and interest of the child will be to
remove the child from the unhealthy atmosphere at home which has
caused a very great strain on her nerves and has certainly affected her
healthy. growth, to a place where she can live a normal healthy life
and will have a good opportunity of proper education and healthy
growth. We note with satisfaction that the view that we ·have iaken
G is fully supported by the report of the Social Welfare Expert. The
report of the Social "'.elfare Expert, though not binding on ,the
Court is entitled to weighty consideration. :n the instant case, the
Expert has ma<le a very· careful study of the entire matter and has
given a well reasoned report.
H
Pursuant .to the order passed by the Division Bench of the
Bombay High Court the mother got the child admitted into

.:- f
THRITY HOSHlff v. HOSHIAM (A.N. Sen, J.) 89

Kimmins Boardin~ School at Panchgani. By an inter~m order A
passed by this Court in the stay application in this appeal, the child
was directed to continue her stay in the said Boarding institu·
tion. By the interim order passed by us on the conclusion of the
hearing we directed that the child should continue her study in the
Boarding SchooL \
B
On a consideration of all the facts and circumstances of this
case and bearing in mind the paramount consideration of the wel·
fare of the child, we are of the opinion that the child's interest and
welfare will be best served by removing her fro.m the influence of
home life and by directing that sh~ should continue to remain in
the Boarding School. It is not in dispute that Kimmins Boarding c
-~ \ School at Panchgani to which the child has been admitted is a
good institution.
I (
The question of custody of the child mus!' necessarily be cotisi·
dered from the only view point of the welfare of the child. In
view of our finding that in the instant case the best . inierest of "the D
chiid shall be served by keepingher in a Boarding School away from
the unhealthy atmosphere of strain and tension which she had been
undergoing at home, the question of 'custody has, to' be judged in
this background. In that view of the matter it does not really
become necessary for us to go into the question of the merits of the
respective competence of either of the. parents . . The person to E
whom the custody of the child has to be entrusted will necessarily
be answerable to the school for payment of all charges and expenses
of the child and also in relation to any matter concerning the child
in her school life. It is clear that the father is not inclined to allow
•
the'l:hild to remain in a B.oarding institution. If the custody be left
· to him, the father in view of the disinclination to allow the child to
remain in the Boarding institution, may be in a position to create
difficulties for the child for her remaining in the institution by non-
payment of fees or otherwise. As we have earlier noticed, the father is
obsesse<j with the idea of obtaining exclusive control of the daughter
and keeping the daughter with him in his house. It is not in dispute G
and it cannot be disputed that the mother has a great deal of affection
for her daughter and the daughter is also very fond of the mother.
The mother has the welfare of the daughter in her heart and to serve
the best interest of the daughter the mother is prepared to make ·any
nec.essary sacrifice. For the ·welfare of the daughter the. mother at H
considerable expense had put her in Kimmins Boarding School,
Panchgani which is recognise4 \o l:>e a good institutio'\'. S~e ~~&
90 SUPREME COURl REPORTS [1983) l S,C,R.

A been paying for alL the expenses of the daughter at the school.
She has a steady income out of which she is in a position
to meet an the expenses of her daughter at the school.
The mother also does not suffer from any obsession regarding
possession of the girl and she wants her daughter to lead a
healthy normal life essential for her proper growth and development.
B The mother is very anxious that the child should continue to remain
in the Boarding School. The girl now aged about JI years, is
reaching an age when she will need the guidance of her mother. We
are, therefore, of the opinion that the custody of, the girl should be
given to the mother. The argument of Mr. Desai that the Bombay
High Court went wrong in refusing the custody of the daughter to
C, the mother mainly on the ground that the mother is a working girl,
/
is not without force. It also appears that the High Court failed to
properly J!ppreciate that home influence in the present case had been
doing very great damage to the healthy growth of the child and had
brought about a near nervous breakdown of the girl. The argument
of Mr. Bhandare that the girl needs in any event· the company of
D her brother to whom she is deeply attached, has not impressed us.
The girl had been staying with her father at ho111e and had been
enjoying the company of her brother. It does not, however, appear
that the home influence including influence of the brother, has done
her any good. The influence at home, as we have earlier noticed,
has more or less made her a nervous wreck. The further fact also
E remains that the brother is now grown up and he may not be there
at the house to give her company. At the time of hearing of the
appeal we were given to understand that the brother was away at •
Ceylon as a sea cadet and was likely to return soon. We may also
add that by the directions ·already given by this Court, all necessary
and proper opportunities have been given tQ the brother to meet
F
the minor.

. In the result the appeal succeeds. We set aside the judgment
and order passed by the Bombay High Court allowing the custody
of the child to the father. We pass lhe following order :- ·
G

The appeal is allowed. The custody of the child is given to
the mother, the appellant before us. The mother will have the
custody of her minor dau(lhter Gospi till Gospi reaches th<: age of
J6 ~ears, ·
TilkiT~HOSlllE v. imSHiAM (A.N. Sen, J.J
...... We also give the foUO'wing further dir~.ctions :_:_ . A
, I. The child Gos pi, the daughter· of the appeilant and
the respondent shaII be aIIowed to continue her .educa-
tion in the Kimmins High Court School at Panchgani.
I·
2. · The parents will b.e at liberty to meet the daughter li
alternatively in accordance with rules and regulations
of the school, the first opportunity of so meeting the
,daughter being afforded to the father.
. . .
.. 3. While the girl is in the school at Panchgani she will
be at liberty to write letters to both her parents and c
also to her brother 3.nd other' relations and friends. ·

4. When the. school closes for. any vacation ·the girl will (

live with the fathet for the first half of the vacation
and th~re~fter will live with the mother during the ·
1

secoui!' half ohhe vacation.. The father· wiII arrange D
to bring the girl from ~is school, to his place. ·

· 5. Under no circumstances the father ·will be entitled to
keep. the girl Gospi with him beyond the period of the
first half of the, vacation ·without obt.aioin3 an·y' prior ·
\
order from this Court on.notice io the appeilant. The E
father will posi.ti~ely and punctuaIIy . hand over · the
chHdto the mother on. the expiry ,of the period of· the
first hal( of. the vaca(ion. at the mother's place ·of
'residence.
. .. ' )
6. , On the expiry of the vacation the mother is directed F
t()·take:the.child back to the sch.o<il at Panchgani and
·entrust her. to. the custody ... of the Principal 'or 'the
Sch~ol. . . I

These directfons will remain iit force, unless otherwise ordered
G
by this Court, as long as the minor ·ocispi does not reach the' age of
16 y~ars. · · ·
.. .
It may ;be placed on record that after the judgment had been
prepared and made ready, I received a letter purported to have been •.
written by the minor Gospi. It 'is indeed a curious letter which ,.
has been written in an . inland car~. :~It/appears from the inland• \, ..
stJPREME cotJRT REPORtS [i983] I s.c.R.
A letter card that the inland letter card contains the photostat copy <if
a letter dated 15.5.1982 by her to the Chief Justic of India and the
inland letter card also bears a photostat copy of the Supreme Court
address of tbe Chief Justice of India. In the very same letter a few
lines have been addressed to me in the space left after. the photostat
copy of tbe,letter dated 15.5.1982 to the Chief Justice of India has
been completed. The letter addressed: to me in this very inland
air letter card is dated 13.6.1982. This inland letter card
wliich contains the photostat copy of the letter dated 15.5.1982 and
the letter dated 13.6.1982 has been put in an envelope /sent to me
under registered post with acknowledgement due. An identical
' letter written by the girl in the very same manner in another inland
air letter card contuined the photostat copy of her letter dated
15.5.1982 to the Chief Justice of India has also been sent to my
learned brother Pathak, J. The letter to my learned brother is also
dated 13.6.1982 and is word for word the ·same as the letter to me.
The inland letter card in which the exactly similar fetter has been •
addressed to my learned brother was also put in an envelope and
D
sent to my brother under registered post. The registered envelopes
of both these two letters addressed to us indicate that the lette°Fs
were sent from the address of her father. ·

We do not propose to set -0ut the contents of the letter as we
E feel that the same will not serve any useful purpose and may only
:create unnecessary embarrassment and avoidable unpleasantness for
the parties. It has been 'our earnest endeavour to try to create a
situation of amity and goodwill as far as possible under the circum-
stances amongsi the parties in the larger interest of the minor girl·
and to try to avoid to say or, do anything which may create any •
F unpleasantness or bitterness amongst them. Suffice it to say that
the main purport of these letters is that .Gospi does not want to
continue her studies in the boarding school. and she wants that we
should interview her and allow her to stay with her father.

We have no manner, of doubt that these letters have been
G written by Gospi at the instance of her farher. Even if we accept
that Gospi wrote a letter to the Chief Justice of India on 15.5.1982
it is inconceivable that ·a girl of Gospi's age could ever think of
keeping photostat copies of the letter and it· would also not be
possible for ·a girl of her age to prepare photostat copies. It is·
H obvious that the letter dated 15.5.1982 addressed to the Chief Jristice
of India, if the letter had been sent at all, must have been written by
Gospi under the direction of the father who must have prepared
THRfrY HOSHIE v. HoSHIAM (A.N. Sen, J.) 93

photoslat· ·copies. It is interesting to note that when the hearing A
of the matter had been concluded and we reserved judgment after
passing the interim order on the conclusion of the hearing these two
letters absolutely identical in every word and detail· should be
I '
addressed to us. It was indeed not possible. for Gospi to know
which particular Bench of this Court was hearing these matters ..
The registered envelopes in which the letters have been sent also
B
indicate that the letters have been sent froin th~ address of the
father. These letters have been written in inland air letter cards
containing the photostat copy of the letter to the Chief Ju~tice of
India with the obvious object of showing that Gospi had earlier
written to the Chief Justice about this matter. We have no doubt
_that these letters have been addressed to us after the conclusion of the
c
hearing with the object of lending support to the submissions made on
behalf of the father in course of the hearing and creating an impres-
sion in our mind that we should see Gospi before we deliver 011r
judgment and we. should not place Gospi in the boarding institution
and should allow Gospi to stay with her father. We feel that father D
has caused these letters to be addressed.to us by his daughter, while
the daughter had been staying with him, particularly in view of the
interim order passed by us on the. conclusion of the hearing pending
judgment so that we may reconsider· our order, while. delivering our
judgment and ·4.isposing of the matter finally. - .
E
We cannot help observing that these letters go to show that the
view that we have taken is clearly right and we can place no reliance
on any kind of wish of Gospi who is not in a position to form any
indepenaent volition of her own and she expresses different kind of
wishes in different situations under the influence and domination - of
/
ofhers. As we have earlier discussed at length in the judgment, it is F
not possible for the girl in the situation now prevailing to express any
preferential wish which may require con_sideraiion by us to decide
her welfare. These letters have the affect of strengthening the
impression in our minds that Gospi's real welfare will be best served
by keeping her in the boarding institution and cannot be served by
.allowing her to stay with her father. · G

Now that the matter is finally over, we ask the father once
again not to persist in his present attitude, as it will do a lot of harm
to his daughter whose sensitive mind, disturbed as it is, is likely to
get destabilised. The father who has his love and affcctfon for the
' ,.
daujlhter should appreciati: that his daughter is indeed . fortunate
J

94 SUPREME COURT REPORTS 11983] 1 s.c.R
A in being in a position to receive her education from an institution
of repute and that the education of his daughter at the boarding
institution will conduce to her healthy and happy growth and
to her welfare. The father should encourage Gospi to settle
· down properly in the boarding institution and to make the best of
it. lf we, however, find that the father is still persisting in his
B present attitude and is seeking to upset the mind of the girl in
properly settling down at the institution, we may reluctantly have to
take appropriate steps in the interest and for the welfare of
the minor
girl for whom the Court has now a special responsibility. We do
hope that no such 'occasion .will arise.

c We hope that Gospi will realise that she is having her educatio.n
in a good boarding institution in an environment which is otherwise
free from unhealthy atmosphere of stress arid strain from which she
had been suffering for the last few years. She should also appreciate
that her upbringing and educati'on iti this reputed institution in the •
company of children of her age and under the guidance of competent
D teachers will be for her good and .she should try to make the best
possible use of her study in the institution and devote herself to her
studies.

We direct that the two letters should be kept in the records of
the proceedings of this appeal.
E
After we had ~eceived the letters from the girl, a letter dated 5th
July 82 addressed by the Principal of the School to the Assitant
Registrar of this Court has been placed before us. In this letter the
Principal has informed the Court' that on the expiry of the holidays
the 'l!'other brought the girl back t<i the school and the girl was happy
iii school arid in the first monthly report' for the months of May and
June, the girl has done very well irt her studies and secured 65%
marks with 7th position. We direct that this letter of the Principal
alsv tci be kept in the records of the proceedings of this appeal.

S.R. Appeal allowed.