Holding

A vacancy reserved for PWD‑LV under the unreserved category must be filled on merit, allowing any PWD‑LV candidate from any vertical reservation to be appointed, even when a qualified unreserved PWD‑LV candidate is available.

Summary

The West Bengal State Electricity Transmission Co. Ltd. advertised 30 Junior Engineer posts, including one unreserved vacancy reserved for persons with disability‑low vision (UR‑PWD‑LV) and five posts for OBC‑A. Respondent No.1, a PWD‑LV candidate, applied for the unreserved post and scored 55.667 marks, while Respondent No.3, an OBC‑A candidate who also belonged to the PWD‑LV category, scored 66.667 marks and was appointed to the unreserved vacancy. The appellant challenged this appointment, arguing that the recruitment notice required the vacancy to be filled by a qualified unreserved PWD‑LV candidate if one existed, thereby excluding more meritorious PWD‑LV candidates from reserved categories. The Supreme Court examined the nature of horizontal reservation within the unreserved category and the principle of migration, holding that an unreserved horizontal reservation is open to all PWD‑LV candidates irrespective of their vertical social category and must be filled on merit. Consequently, the Court set aside the Division Bench’s decision, restored the Single Bench order, and allowed the appeal.

Issues considered

The correct interpretation of the recruitment notice clause that the UR (PWD‑LV) vacancy should be filled by a qualified unreserved PWD‑LV candidate only if none is available, and whether it bars more meritorious PWD‑LV candidates from reserved categories.
Whether horizontal reservation for PWD‑LV under the unreserved category is subject to the principle of migration and must be filled on merit across all social categories.

Legislation cited

Constitution of India

Headnote

Issue for Consideration Matter pertains to the manner of filling of a vacancy reserved for Person with Disability with Low Vision (PWD-LV) in the Unreserved category UR (PWD-LV), where the recruitment notification stipulated that in case of unreserved candidate in the PWD-LV category, the vacancy will be filled up by PWD candidates of other categories as per merit. Headnotes† Service law – Reservation – Filling up of unreserved vacancies by reserved candidates – Mobility of a PWD-LV candidate from reserved

Subjects

Filling of a vacancy reserved for Person with Disability with Low Vision (PWD‑LV) in the Unreserved category UR (PWD‑LV)Recruitment notificationNon‑availability of qualified unreserved candidate in the PWD‑LV categoryVacancy to be filled by PWD candidates of other categories as per meritReservationUnreserved vacanciesReserved candidatesMobility of a PWD‑LV candidate from reserved category of OBC‑A to Unreserved horizontal category of UR(PWD‑LV)Post of Junior EngineerUnreserved UR (PWD‑LV)Other Backward Classes‑A (OBC‑A)Person with Disability with Low Vision‑PWD‑LV candidateHorizontal reservationPrinciple of migration

Judgment

[2026] 4 S.C.R. 600 : 2026 INSC 330

The West Bengal State Electricity
Transmission Co. Ltd & Ors.
v.
Dipendu Biswas & Ors.
(Civil Appeal No. 10262 of 2025)
07 April 2026
[Sanjay Karol and
Nongmeikapam Kotiswar Singh,* JJ.]

Issue for Consideration
Matter pertains to the manner of filling of a vacancy reserved for
Person with Disability with Low Vision (PWD-LV) in the Unreserved
category UR (PWD-LV), where the recruitment notification stipulated
that in case of non-availability of qualified unreserved candidate
in the PWD-LV category, the vacancy will be filled up by PWD
candidates of other categories as per merit.

Headnotes†
Service law – Reservation – Filling up of unreserved vacancies
by reserved candidates – Mobility of a PWD-LV candidate
from reserved category of OBC-A to Unreserved horizontal
category of UR (PWD-LV) – Recruitment Notification for 30
vacancies for the post of Junior Engineer, wherein one post
meant for unreserved UR (PWD-LV) and five posts for Other
Backward Classes-A (OBC-A) – Respondent No.1 PWD-LV
candidate applied under the Unreserved category for the
said post under UR (PWD-LV) quota, and respondent No. 3
(OBC-A candidate) applied under the OBC-A quota, and also
stated that he belongs to the PWD (LV) category – In the
recruitment process, the respondent No.1 scored 55.667 marks,
whereas, the respondent No.3 scored 66.667 marks – Since
the respondent No.3 under OBC-A category also belongs
to PWD-LV category and obtained higher marks than the
respondent No.1, he was offered appointment to the said
Unreserved post of UR(PWD-LV) – Challenge to, by respondent
No.1, in view of the recruitment notification stipulating that in
case of non-availability of qualified UR (PWD-LV) candidate,
the vacancy will be filled up by PWD candidates of the other
* Author
[2026] 4 S.C.R. 601

The West Bengal State Electricity Transmission Co. Ltd & Ors. v.
Dipendu Biswas & Ors.

categories as per merit – High Court dismissed the petition
holding that the respondent No.3 also belonged to the PWD-
LV category and had scored more marks than the respondent
No.1 – However, the Division Bench held that when a qualified
unreserved PWD-LV candidate is available, the vacancy is to
be filled up by that candidate only, even though there may be
more meritorious PWDLV candidates available in the reserved
category of OBCA – Correctness:
Held: Post earmarked for special (horizontal) reservation under the
Unreserved category will be open to every candidate possessing
the attribute or character of the special (horizontal) reservation –
Thus, if the Unreserved/Open post is meant for the special category
of Persons with Disabilities, it means that the said post will be
open to all candidates of all vertical social categories, whether
SC, ST or OBC, provided such candidates are also Persons with
Disabilities – Principle of migration in reservation will be applicable
in this scenario also – Even though there are candidates under
the Unreserved category who are Persons with Disabilities, if
there are more meritorious candidates belonging to any of the
social categories like SC, ST or OBC who are also Persons with
Disabilities, such more meritorious persons from the SC, ST or
OBC category can be appointed against the Unreserved quota
meant for Person with Disabilities by virtue of merit – Horizontally
reserved post of PWD-LV falling under the Unreserved category
can be filled by any PWD-LV candidate belonging to any social
reserved category, as this post of PWD-LV under the Unreserved
category is also open to all PWD-LV candidates belonging to any
social reserved category – Any candidate belonging to any social
category can compete for this post so long as they belong to the
PWD-LV category – Principle of mobility will also apply when filling
the said post of UR (PWD-LV) – Only condition attached to this
Unreserved/Open category is that it is meant only for candidates
belonging to the horizontal PWD-LV category, i.e., it is specially
reserved for persons who are categorised as PWD-LV – Unreserved
post/vacancy for PWD-LV is available and open to all, irrespective of
the social category they may belong to, provided they also belong to
the same special category of PWD-LV – As the said post falls under
the Unreserved category, it is to be filled up purely on merit – Merit
is the co-attendant and inseparable attribute of appointment to any
post under the “Unreserved” category – As a consequence, every
602 [2026] 4 S.C.R.

Supreme Court Reports

person belonging to any social reserved category, can compete
with others, including those under the “Unreserved” category and
can be appointed against such Unreserved post, so long as they
belong to the special PWD-LV category, as it is the condition that the
post under the Unreserved category is reserved for the horizontal
category of PWDLV – Recruitment notification cannot be read to
insist that so long as any PWD-LV candidate under the Unreserved
category is available, there will be an absolute bar to consider any
other meritorious PWD-LV candidate belonging to any of the social
reserved categories and only such Unreserved category PWD-LV
candidate can be appointed irrespective of the merit – Such an
interpretation, as adopted by the Division Bench, flies in the face
of the well-settled principle of law for filling up Unreserved posts
and law of migration – Less meritorious PWD-LV candidate under
the Unreserved category has to give way to the claim of a more
meritorious PWD-LV candidate from any other reserved social
categories for the said post of UR (PWD-LV), as was correctly
held by the Single Bench – Any contrary view would be patently
arbitrary being opposed to the equality clause under Articles 14
and 16 – Condition in the recruitment notification would mean that
even though qualified PWD-LV candidates under the Unreserved
category may be available, if there is a PWD-LV candidate belonging
to other social reserved category available who is better in merit
than the Unreserved PWD-LV candidate available, the said post is
to be filled up by the more meritorious reserved PWD-LV candidate
by ignoring the claim of the less meritorious Unreserved candidate
by virtue of merit – Qua a vacancy/post under “Unreserved”
category for the PWD-LV candidates, all PWD-LV candidates
are equal and have similar rights even if they belong to different
social reserved categories, and the most meritorious amongst
them has to be preferred – Thus, the Respondent No. 3 was
adjusted against the PWD-LV vacancy in the Unreserved category
by virtue of his merit, as he was more meritorious than anyone
else including the respondent No. 1 in the Unreserved category
– Furthermore, respondent No. 3, though, was more meritorious
than the respondent No. 1 had not availed any relaxation qua the
essential qualifications for the said post of UR (PWD-LV) – Division
Bench misunderstood the implication of the said condition in the
recruitment notification – Thus, the impugned judgment and order
passed by the Division Bench set aside, restoring the decision of
the Single Bench. [Paras 27, 28, 30, 31, 38-50]
[2026] 4 S.C.R. 603

The West Bengal State Electricity Transmission Co. Ltd & Ors. v.
Dipendu Biswas & Ors.

Reservation – Law relating to reservation – Filling up of
unreserved vacancies by reserved candidates – Reservations
classified into two categories-vertical and horizontal –
Interrelationship between two kinds of reservations –
Explained. [Paras 20-22]

Case Law Cited
Anil Kumar Gupta v. State of U.P. [1995] Supp. 2 SCR 396 :
(1995) 5 SCC 173; Saurav Yadav v. State of UP [2020] 11 SCR
281 : (2021) 4 SCC 542; Indra Sawhney v. Union of India [1992]
Supp. 2 SCR 454 : (1992) Supp. 3 SCC 217; Neil Aurelio Nunes
(OBC reservation) v. Union of India [2022] 11 SCR 585 : (2022)
4 SCC 1; Deepa E.V. v. Union of India [2017] 1 SCR 938 :
(2017) 12 SCC 680; Union of India v. Sajib Roy [2025] 9 SCR
542 – relied on.

List of Acts
Constitution of India.

List of Keywords
Filling of a vacancy reserved for Person with Disability with Low
Vision (PWD-LV) in the Unreserved category UR (PWD-LV);
Recruitment notification; Non-availability of qualified unreserved
candidate in the PWD-LV category; Vacancy to be filled up by
PWD candidates of other categories as per merit; Reservation;
Unreserved vacancies; Reserved candidates; Mobility of a
PWD-LV candidate from reserved category of OBC-A to Unreserved
horizontal category of UR(PWD-LV); Post of Junior Engineer;
Unreserved UR (PWD-LV); Other Backward Classes-A (OBC-A);
Person with Disability with Low Vision-PWD-LV candidate;
Unreserved category; Post under UR (PWD-LV) quota; Post
under the OBC-A quota; Recruitment process; Unreserved post
of UR (PWD-LV); Non-availability of qualified UR (PWD-LV)
candidate.

Case Arising From
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 10262 of 2025
From the Judgment and Order dated 07.05.2024 of the High Court
at Calcutta in MAT No. 69 of 2024
604 [2026] 4 S.C.R.

Supreme Court Reports

Appearances for Parties
Dr. Balbir Singh, Amicus Curiae.
Advs. for the Appellant(s):
Kunal Chatterji, Ms. Shraddha Chirania, Ms. Maitrayee Banerjee,
Rohit Bansal, Varij Nayan Mishra.
Advs. for the Respondent(s):
Samarendra Nath Biswas, Anindo Mukherjee, Rameshwar Prasad
Goyal, Ms. Shraddha Chirania, Kunal Mimani, Abhijeet Pandey,
Soumya Dutta.

Judgment / Order of the Supreme Court

Judgment

Nongmeikapam Kotiswar Singh, J.

1. The present appeal has been preferred against the judgment and
order dated 07.05.2024 passed by the Division Bench of the High
Court at Calcutta in MAT 69/2024 with CAN 1 of 2024, whereby the
order passed by the Single Bench in WPA 26312/2023 was set aside.
2. The core issue involved in this appeal relates to the manner of filling
of a vacancy reserved for Person with Disability with Low Vision
(PWD-LV) in the Unreserved category UR (PWD-LV)1, where the
recruitment notification stipulated that in case of non-availability
of qualified unreserved candidate in the PWD-LV category, the
vacancy will be filled up by PWD candidates of other categories
as per merit.
3. By the impugned order, the Division Bench of the Calcutta High
Court held that when a qualified unreserved PWD-LV candidate is
available, the vacancy is to be filled up by the qualified unreserved
candidate only, even though there may be more meritorious PWD-LV
candidates available in the reserved category of OBC-A, as per of
the aforesaid stipulation in the recruitment notification.
4. In order to appreciate this issue involved, a brief reference to the
relevant facts would be apposite.

1 UR (PWD-LV): Unreserved (Persons with Disabilities – Low Vision or Blindness)
[2026] 4 S.C.R. 605

The West Bengal State Electricity Transmission Co. Ltd & Ors. v.
Dipendu Biswas & Ors.

5. A recruitment process was initiated by the Appellant, West Bengal
State Electricity Transmission Co. Ltd., for appointment to a number
of posts vide Notification No. REC/2023/01.
The said notification includes 30 vacancies for the post of Junior
Engineer (Civil) Grade II, out of which 1 (one) post was meant for
unreserved UR (PWD-LV) and 5 (five) posts for Other Backward
Classes-A (OBC-A)2 as follows.
Sl. Name of UR UR UR UR UR UR UR OBC- OBC- OBC- OBC-
the post (EC) (Ex. (MS) (PWD- (PWD- (PWD- A A (EC) B EC
S) LV) HH) D)
7. Junior 7 4 1 1 1 0 0 5 1 1 1
Engineer SC SC (EC) SC ST ST ST Total
(Civil) (EC) (Ex- (PWD- (EC)
Gr. II S) LV)
33 2 1 1 30

There are also two notes below the table as follows:
* In case of non-availability of qualified UR (PWD-HH)
candidate, the vacancy will be filled by PWD candidates
of other categories as per merit.
# In case of non-availability of qualified UR (PWD-LV)
candidate, the vacancy will be filled by PWD candidates
of other categories as per merit.
6. The aforesaid advertisement shows that while certain number of
posts are reserved under various social categories (vertical), there
are reservations for special categories (horizontal) for these social
categories also, that is, reservation within reservation.
Thus, 7 (seven) posts have been earmarked for the Unreserved
Category, and further, in the same Unreserved Category, 4 (four)
posts have been reserved for the special category of EC3 and 1
(one) post each has been reserved for the special categories of
Ex-S4, MS5 and PWD-LV.

2 OBC-A: Other Backward Class (Most Backward)
3 EC : Exempted Category
4 Ex-S : Ex-Servicemen
5 MS: Meritorious Sportspersons
606 [2026] 4 S.C.R.

Supreme Court Reports

In respect of the social reservation (vertical) category of OBC, it has
been further sub-categorised into OBC-A and OBC-B, and horizontal
reservations have also been provided for these two sub-categories.
Similarly, there are special (horizontal) reservations in respect of SCs
and STs, with which we are not concerned in this case.
7. Thus, the aforesaid notification indicates both vertical and horizontal
reservations.
The horizontal reservation pattern in the aforesaid notification
indicates “compartmentalised reservations”, not “overall reservations”,
to use the terms described in Anil Kumar Gupta Vs. State of
U.P.6, as referred to in Saurav Yadav Vs. State of UP7, where the
posts reserved for various categories of horizontal reservations are
distributed among the vertical social reservations.
8. In the present case, we are concerned with the posts of UR (PWD-
LV) and OBC-A.
The reservation chart, for our convenience, can be shown as follows:

1. UR (PWD-LV) - 1 post
(to which the Respondent No.1 belongs)
2. OBC–A - 5 posts
(to which the Respondent No.3 belongs)
3. OBC-A (EC) - 1 post
4. OBC-A (PWD-LV) - Nil
(to which also the Respondent No. 3 belongs)

9. While the Respondent No. 1 PWD-LV candidate applied under the
Unreserved category for the said post of Junior Engineer (Civil)
Grade-II under UR (PWD-LV) quota, it appears the Respondent
No. 3 (OBC-A candidate) applied against the said 5 (Five) posts of
Junior Engineer (Civil) Grade-II under the OBC-A quota.
It may be noted that there was no horizontal reservation for the
PWD-LV under the OBC-A category in the said notification. However,

6 (1995) 5 SCC 173
7 (2021) 4 SCC 542
[2026] 4 S.C.R. 607

The West Bengal State Electricity Transmission Co. Ltd & Ors. v.
Dipendu Biswas & Ors.

in his application, the Respondent No. 3 also stated that he belongs
to the PWD (LV) category.
10. In the said recruitment process for the post of Junior Engineer (Civil)
Grade-II, the Respondent No.1 scored 55.667 marks, whereas, the
Respondent No.3 scored 66.667 marks. Since the Respondent
No.3 under OBC-A category also belongs to PWD-LV category and
obtained higher marks than the Respondent No.1, he was offered
appointment to the aforesaid Unreserved post of UR(PWD-LV) and
not Respondent No.1.
11. The said offer for appointment in favour of the Respondent No. 3
was put to challenge by the Respondent No. 1 before the High Court
at Calcutta through a writ petition, WPA 26312/2023 in view of the
aforesaid condition in the recruitment notification which stipulated that
in case of non-availability of qualified UR (PWD-LV) candidate, the
vacancy will be filled up by PWD candidates of the other categories as
per merit. The Writ Court, however, after finding that the Respondent
No. 3 also belonged to the PWD-LV category and had scored more
marks than the Respondent No. 1, dismissed the said writ petition,
vide order dated 11.12.2023.
12. Being aggrieved by the dismissal of the writ petition, the Respondent
No.1 preferred an intra-court appeal before the Division Bench of
the High Court of Calcutta, which was registered as MAT 69 of 2024
with CAN 1/2024.
13. The Division Bench of the High Court upon consideration of the
stipulation in the notification that in case of non-availability of
qualified UR (PWD-LV) candidate, the vacancy will be filled by PWD
candidates of other categories as per merit, reversed the decision of
the Single Bench and allowed the appeal and directed that since the
Respondent No. 1, who is an unreserved candidate was available,
should be given appointment to the said post under UR (PWD-LV).
14. The Division Bench of the High Court took the view that considering
the aforesaid condition in the recruitment notification, as there was
already available a qualified unreserved PWD-LV candidate in
the person of the Respondent No. 1, the said vacancy could not
have been filled up by any other PWD-LV candidate belonging to
other reserved categories and it should be filled up by a PWD-LV
608 [2026] 4 S.C.R.

Supreme Court Reports

candidate belonging to Unreserved category only. According to the
Division Bench, it is only when a PWD-LV candidate belonging to
the Unreserved category is not available that a PWD-LV candidate
belonging to other reserved categories can be considered for
appointment.
15. We have perused the recruitment notification no. REC/2023/01.
The notification mentions that “In case of non-availability of qualified
UR(PWD-LV) candidate, the vacancy will be filled up by PWD
candidates of other categories as per merit”.
The bone of contention between the contesting parties is to be traced
to the said condition which has been understood differently by the
Single Bench and Division Bench of the High Court.
16. As mentioned above, there were 5 (five) posts reserved for OBC-A
category in the post of Junior Engineer (Civil) Grade-II. The said 5
(five) posts reserved for the OBC-A were filled by OBC-A candidates
in order of merit. The Respondent No. 3 though belonged to OBC-A
category was not appointed, as it appears that there were more
meritorious OBC-A candidates above him.
17. However, as the Respondent No. 3 also belonged to the PWD-LV
category, by virtue of his better merit position than the Respondent
No. 1, he was offered appointment by the appellant authority to the
said 1 (one) Unreserved post of UR (PWD-LV).
18. This act of the appellant authority to appoint the Respondent No. 3
in the post of UR (PWD-LV) was questioned by the Respondent No.1
before the High Court premised on the condition stipulated in the
recruitment notification referred to above, by contending that since
the Respondent No.1 was a qualified PWD-LV under the Unreserved
category, during his availability, no other candidate from any other
reserved category could have been considered for appointment,
and the Respondent No.1 should have been given appointment.
This contention was dismissed by the Single Bench, but accepted
by the Division Bench of the High Court.
19. As we proceed to examine the implications of this condition in the
recruitment notification, we will revisit the law relating to reservation,
particularly with reference to filling up of unreserved vacancies by
reserved candidates.
[2026] 4 S.C.R. 609

The West Bengal State Electricity Transmission Co. Ltd & Ors. v.
Dipendu Biswas & Ors.

20. In view of the multifaceted nature of reservation in India, a unique
service law jurisprudence spurred by Constitutional mandate has
emerged. Reservations have been classified into two categories,
namely, vertical and horizontal, with respect to which certain judicial
norms have evolved through a series of landmark decisions. The
definitions and interrelationship between the two kinds of reservations
have been succinctly described in the landmark case of Indra
Sawhney Vs. Union of India8, in the following words,
“812. …..the reservations in favour of Scheduled Castes,
Scheduled Tribes and other backward classes [under
Article 16(4)] may be called vertical reservations whereas
reservations in favour of physically handicapped [under
clause (1) of Article 16] can be referred to as horizontal
reservations. Horizontal reservations cut across the vertical
reservations - that is called inter-locking reservations. To be
more precise, suppose 3% of the vacancies are reserved
in favour of physically handicapped persons; this would
be a reservation relatable to clause (1) of Article 16. The
persons selected against this quota will be placed in the
appropriate category; if he belongs to S.C. category he will
be placed in that quota by making necessary adjustments;
similarly, if he belongs to open competition (O.C.) category,
he will be placed in that category by making necessary
adjustments. Even after providing for these horizontal
reservations, the percentage of reservations in favour of
backward class of citizens remains - and should remain -
the same…..”
21. In respect of vertical reservation, the social reserved category posts
are to be filled by the candidates belonging to that social category
only and not by others. However, with reference to the Unreserved
or Open category posts, there is no such restrictions as it could be
filled up by anyone from any category and there could be movement
from one reserved category to the Unreserved category based on
merit, which is called mobility in reservation. This movement from
a reserved category to the unreserved, however, will not affect the

8 (1992) Supp. 3 SCC 217
610 [2026] 4 S.C.R.

Supreme Court Reports

quota for the reserved category. This principle has been indicated
by this Court in Indra Sawhney 9 (supra) in the following words,
“811. In this connection it is well to remember that the
reservations under Article 16(4) do not operate like a
communal reservation. It may well happen that some
members belonging to, say, Scheduled Castes get selected
in the open competition field on the basis of their own merit;
they will not be counted against the quota reserved for
Scheduled Castes; they will be treated as open competition
candidates.”
22. This legal position pertaining to social (vertical) reservation, mobility
and special (horizontal) reservation has taken firm roots and has
been restated in clear terms in the case of Saurav Yadav v. State
of U.P.,10 as follows:
“59. The features of vertical reservations are:
59.1. They cannot be filled by the open category, or
categories of candidates other than those specified and
have to be filled by candidates of the social category
concerned only (SC/ST/OBC).
59.2. Mobility (“migration”) from the reserved (specified
category) to the unreserved (open category) slot is possible,
based on meritorious performance.
59.3. In case of migration from reserved to open category,
the vacancy in the reserved category should be filled by
another person from the same specified category, lower
in rank.
59.4. If the vacancies cannot be filled by the specified
categories due to shortfall of candidates, the vacancies are
to be “carried forward” or dealt with appropriately by rules.
60. Horizontal reservations on the other hand, by their
nature, are not inviolate pools or carved in stone. They
are premised on their overlaps and are “interlocking”

9 (1992) Supp. 3 217
10 (2021) 4 SCC 542
[2026] 4 S.C.R. 611

The West Bengal State Electricity Transmission Co. Ltd & Ors. v.
Dipendu Biswas & Ors.

reservations [ The expression used by B.P. Jeevan
Reddy, J., in Indra Sawhney v. Union of India, 1992
Supp (3) SCC 217: 1992 SCC (L&S) Supp 1.] . As a
sequel, they are to be calculated concurrently and along
with the inviolate “vertical” (or “social”) reservation quotas,
by application of the various steps laid out with clarity in
para 21.3. The first rule that applies to filling horizontal
reservation quotas is one of adjustment i.e. examining
whether on merit any of the horizontal categories are
adjusted in the merit list in the open category, and then, in
the quota for such horizontal category within the particular
specified/social reservation.
23. In the horizontal reservation there is also the concept of overall
reservation and compartmental horizontal, which has been explained
in Anil Kumar Gupta11 (supra) in the following manner:
“15. On a careful consideration of the revised notification
of 17-12-1994 and the aforementioned corrigendum
issued by the Lucknow University, we are of the opinion
that in view of the ambiguous language employed
therein, it is not possible to give a definite answer to the
question whether the horizontal reservations are overall
reservations or compartmentalised reservations. We may
explain these two expressions. Where the seats reserved
for horizontal reservations are proportionately divided
among the vertical (social) reservations and are not
intertransferable, it would be a case of compartmentalised
reservations. We may illustrate what we say : take this very
case; out of the total 746 seats, 112 seats (representing
fifteen per cent) should be filled by special reservation
candidates; at the same time, the social reservation in
favour of Other Backward Classes is 27% which means
201 seats for OBCs; if the 112 special reservation seats
are also divided proportionately as between OC, OBC,
SC and ST, 30 seats would be allocated to the OBC
category; in other words, thirty special category students

11 (1995) 5 SCC 173
612 [2026] 4 S.C.R.

Supreme Court Reports

can be accommodated in the OBC category; but say only
ten special reservation candidates belonging to OBC are
available, then these ten candidates will, of course, be
allocated among OBC quota but the remaining twenty seats
cannot be transferred to OC category (they will be available
for OBC candidates only) or for that matter, to any other
category; this would be so whether requisite number of
special reservation candidates (56 out of 373) are available
in OC category or not; the special reservation would be a
watertight compartment in each of the vertical reservation
classes (OC, OBC, SC and ST). As against this, what
happens in the overall reservation is that while allocating
the special reservation students to their respective social
reservation category, the overall reservation in favour of
special reservation categories has yet to be honoured. This
means that in the above illustration, the twenty remaining
seats would be transferred to OC category which means
that the number of special reservation candidates in OC
category would be 56 + 20 = 76. Further, if no special
reservation candidate belonging to SC and ST is available
then the proportionate number of seats meant for special
reservation candidates in SC and ST also get transferred
to OC category. The result would be that 102 special
reservation candidates have to be accommodated in the
OC category to complete their quota of 112. The converse
may also happen, which will prejudice the candidates in
the reserved categories. It is, of course, obvious that the
inter se quota between OC, OBC, SC and ST will not be
altered.”
24. In the present case, though the reservation pattern as indicated in
the advertisement is of compartmentalised reservation, it may not
be necessary to dwell on that aspect much further, as the issue
involved in the present case is only about the mobility of a PWD-LV
candidate from a reserved category of OBC-A to the Unreserved
horizontal category of UR(PWD-LV).
25. In the present case, there is no horizontal reservation for the PWD-LV
category under the social category of the OBC-A category, but there
is a horizontal reservation for the PWD-LV under the Unreserved or
[2026] 4 S.C.R. 613

The West Bengal State Electricity Transmission Co. Ltd & Ors. v.
Dipendu Biswas & Ors.

Open category. The question that arises for consideration is what
should be the method of filling up such horizontal reservation for
PWD-LV, which falls under the Unreserved or Open category.
26. The correct answer can be arrived at once we understand the scope
of reservation for a special category (horizontal) of PWD-LV falling
under the Unreserved or Open category.
For this, it is also necessary to understand the meaning and scope
of the “Unreserved” or “Open” category of reservation.
27. In reservation law, it is well settled that Unreserved/Open category
does not refer to any social/communal category like SCs, STs or
OBCs. In other words, any post falling under the Unreserved or
Open category does not pertain to any particular social category; it
provides an open field or pool meant for the world at large, in the
sense that it is open to all candidates, irrespective of whether one
belongs to any social or special category or not.
28. In our view, when we talk of horizontal or special reservation
pertaining to the Unreserved category, a similar position will prevail.
This characteristic or attribute of the Unreserved or Open category
will continue to apply even under the horizontal/special reservation,
under the Unreserved category only with the exception that it will be
qualified by the nature of the special category for which it is meant.
In other words, when the special (horizontal) reservation is applied
to the Unreserved/Open category, it will be open to all candidates
irrespective of the social category, provided they are also endowed
with the character of the same special (horizontal) categorisation.
Thus, a post earmarked for special (horizontal) reservation under the
Unreserved category will be open to every candidate possessing the
attribute or character of the special (horizontal) reservation.
29. The difference in the concept of Unreserved/Open category in the
vertical, and that in the horizontal reservation under the Unreserved
category is that, in respect of vertical reservation, the Unreserved/
Open quota does not belong to any of the social categories and is
open to all irrespective of the social categorisation. On the other
hand, with respect to the special (horizontal) reservation under the
Unreserved/Open category, it means that, although it is also open
to all social categories, such a candidate must also belong to the
same special (horizontal) category.
614 [2026] 4 S.C.R.

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30. Thus, if the Unreserved/Open post is meant for the special category
of Persons with Disabilities, it means that the said post will be open
to all candidates of all vertical social categories, whether SC, ST or
OBC, provided such candidates are also Persons with Disabilities.
Thus, all candidates, whether SC, ST or OBC, but who are Persons
with Disabilities, are equally entitled to compete for the post meant
for Persons with Disabilities falling under the Unreserved category,
the rationale being that all those who are similarly situated must be
treated equally.
31. The principle of migration in reservation will be applicable in this
scenario also. Thus, even though there are candidates under the
Unreserved category who are Persons with Disabilities, if there are
more meritorious candidates belonging to any of the social categories
like SC, ST or OBC who are also Persons with Disabilities, such
more meritorious persons from the SC, ST or OBC category can
be appointed against the Unreserved quota meant for Person with
Disabilities by virtue of merit.
32. This principle has been indicated by this Court in Saurav Yadav12
(supra) in para 60 therefore, wherein it was held that the first rule that
applies to filling horizontal reservation quotas is one of adjustment
i.e. examining whether on merit any of the horizontal categories
are adjusted in the merit list in the open category, and then, in the
quota for such horizontal category within the particular specified/
social reservation.
33. However, the vice versa will not be true. Thus, if a post is reserved
for Persons with Disabilities (PWD) for the social category of
OBC-A, only Persons with Disabilities under the OBC-A category
can apply, and no other PWD candidates belonging to ST, SC, or
Unreserved category can be considered, since the reservation is
compartmentalised.
34. Similarly, candidates belonging to other special (horizontal) categories
like PWD-HH13 (Hearing impairment) or Ex-Serviceman (Ex.S) or
Exempted Category (EC) will also not be eligible to apply for the

12 (2021) 4 SCC 542
13 PWD-HH: Person with Disabilities (Hearing Impairment)
[2026] 4 S.C.R. 615

The West Bengal State Electricity Transmission Co. Ltd & Ors. v.
Dipendu Biswas & Ors.

post meant for PWD-LV even if it is under the Unreserved category,
as the said Unreserved post is reserved for PWD-LV category only,
and not for other horizontal categories like PWD-HH, Ex.S or EC.
Thus, only those qualified as PWD-LV can be considered.
35. In the present case, the Respondent No.3 though belongs to OBC-A
category also falls under PWD-LV category of horizontal reservation.
Since the post under Unreserved category is reserved for PWD-LV
category, the Respondent No.3 has also the right to be considered
for appointment to the said post of PWD-LV under the Unreserved
category. The Respondent No.3 can always stake a claim for the
said post by virtue of being in the category of PWD-LV on the basis
of merit. Similarly, had there been any other SC or ST candidate
who also belongs to the PWD-LV category, he could have also been
considered for the post of UR (PWD-LV). But it appears that there
were no such PWD-LV candidates from other social categories like
SC or ST and even if so, were not found meritorious enough to be
considered.
36. The aforesaid principles have to be kept in mind in understanding the
implication of the aforesaid condition in the recruitment notification,
that in case of non-availability of qualified UR (PWD-LV), the vacancy
will be filled up by other categories of PWD-LV as per merit.
37. This condition has to be read and understood in consonance with
and not contrary to the well-established principles of law relating
to appointment to Unreserved posts and the law of migration to
Unreserved posts.
38. Thus, this horizontally reserved post of PWD-LV falling under
the Unreserved category can be filled by any PWD-LV candidate
belonging to any social reserved category, as this post of PWD-
LV under the Unreserved category is also open to all PWD-LV
candidates belonging to any social reserved category. In other
words, any candidate belonging to any social category can compete
for this post so long as they belong to the PWD-LV category. The
principle of mobility will also apply when filling the said post of UR
(PWD-LV).
39. This legal position is fortified by the other note appended to the
recruitment notification, which provides that in case of non-availability
of a qualified UR (PWD-HH) candidate, the vacancy will be filled by
616 [2026] 4 S.C.R.

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PWD candidates of other categories as per merit. Since this post
of UR (PWD-HH) is reserved for the special category of PWD-HH,
all such candidates who are also categorised as PWD with Hearing
disability, belonging to any social category can also apply.
40. It may also be noticed that even though there are other horizontal
reservations for categories like PWD-LV, EC, Ex-Servicemen in
respect of other social categories like SC, ST and OBC-B in the
recruitment notification, no such stipulation is provided for these
categories but only for the Unreserved category. It is for this reason
that, with respect to compartmentalised horizontal reservation for
these social categories, there cannot be any adjustment or migration
from other social categories. Such vacancies have to be filled up by
candidates in that particular social category qualifying the specific
horizontal category. On the other hand, as long as any such horizontal
reservation is provided for the Unreserved category, it will be open
to all candidates who also belong to the same special category of
horizontal reservation.
41. The Division Bench of the Calcutta High Court, however, has taken
the view that this condition in the recruitment notification prevents
the filling up of the vacancy in the UR (PWD-LV) category from any
other social category if a qualified unreserved candidate is available.
This view is not in consonance with the principle as discussed above.
This view presupposes the fallacious position that ‘Unreserved”
category is another communal or social or special category as distinct
from other reserved categories. However, there is no communal or
social or special category under the nomenclature “Unreserved”. It
merely denotes the remaining vacancies or percentages of posts
available after accounting the posts/percentages under different
reservation categories. The only condition attached to this Unreserved/
Open category in the present case is that it is meant only for
candidates belonging to the horizontal PWD-LV category, i.e., it is
specially reserved for persons who are categorised as PWD-LV.
The Unreserved post/vacancy for PWD-LV is available and open to
all, irrespective of the social category they may belong to, provided
they also belong to the same special category of PWD-LV. As the
said post falls under the Unreserved category, it is to be filled up
purely on merit. Merit is the co-attendant and inseparable attribute
of appointment to any post under the “Unreserved” category. As a
[2026] 4 S.C.R. 617

The West Bengal State Electricity Transmission Co. Ltd & Ors. v.
Dipendu Biswas & Ors.

consequence, every person belonging to any social reserved category,
can compete with others, including those under the “Unreserved”
category and can be appointed against such Unreserved post, so
long as they belong to the special PWD-LV category, as it is the
condition that the post under the Unreserved category is reserved
for the horizontal category of PWD-LV.
42. The individual status of such a reserved candidate as regards his
social/communal categorisation, however, will remain unaffected for
all other purposes. For example, if any OBC/SC/ST candidate by
virtue of his merit is appointed to an Unreserved/Open post by virtue
of his merit, he will continue to remain in the OBC/ST/SC category
as the case may be. He would not lose his identity as OBC/SC/
ST for all other purposes, and this will also not affect the extent of
reservation in respect of his original reserved category.
43. Thus, what is stipulated in the recruitment notification is merely stating
the obvious. Certainly, if there is no eligible and qualified unreserved
candidate available under PWD-LV category, this vacancy can be
filled by anyone belonging to any social reserved category, but
belonging to PWD-LV category. Thus, it cannot be read to insist that
so long as any PWD-LV candidate under the Unreserved category
is available, there will be an absolute bar to consider any other
meritorious PWD-LV candidate belonging to any of the social reserved
categories and only such Unreserved category PWD-LV candidate
can be appointed irrespective of the merit. Such an interpretation,
as adopted by the Division Bench of the Calcutta High Court, flies in
the face of the well-settled principle of law for filling up Unreserved
posts and law of migration as discussed above. If any Unreserved
candidate (belonging to PWD-LV) available, is found to be below
in merit to any other reserved candidate (belonging to PWD-LV),
such PWD-LV candidate belonging to the Unreserved category
cannot steal a march over the more meritorious PWD-LV candidate
from the reserved category as it would defy the principle of merit,
which is the sole criterion for appointment under the Unreserved
category. Therefore, such less meritorious PWD-LV candidate
under the Unreserved category has to give way to the claim of a
more meritorious PWD-LV candidate from any other reserved social
categories for the said post of UR (PWD-LV), as was correctly held
by the Single Bench of the High Court. Any contrary view would
618 [2026] 4 S.C.R.

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be patently arbitrary being opposed to the equality clause under
Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution of India.
44. Therefore, in our considered opinion, what the aforesaid condition
in the recruitment notification would mean is that even though
qualified PWD-LV candidates under the Unreserved category may
be available, if there is a PWD-LV candidate belonging to other
social reserved category available who is better in merit than the
Unreserved PWD-LV candidate available, the said post is to be
filled up by the more meritorious reserved PWD-LV candidate by
ignoring the claim of the less meritorious Unreserved candidate by
virtue of merit. Qua a vacancy/post under “Unreserved” category
for the PWD-LV candidates, all PWD-LV candidates are equal and
have similar rights even if they belong to different social reserved
categories, and the most meritorious amongst them has to be
preferred.
45. The aforesaid position results from the application of the principle
enumerated in Saurav Yadav’s14 case wherein this Court explained
the manner in which horizontal reservation is to be filled, under which
it has to be first examined whether on merit any of the horizontal
category can be adjusted in the open category, and then in the quota
of the horizontal category within the particular social reservation.
Thus, it has to be ascertained whether the Respondent No. 3 can be
adjusted against the PWD-LV vacancy in the Unreserved category
by virtue of his merit, which has been done and was adjusted, as he
was more meritorious than anyone else including the Respondent
No. 1 in the Unreserved category. The second situation of adjustment
against the horizontal category within the social category will not
arise in the present case, as there is no horizontal reservation for
the OBC-A category.
46. There is one more aspect of reservation law which may be looked
into when it relates to migration to the Unreserved category.
Providing reservation of appointment for posts in favour of any
backward class of citizens is guaranteed under Article 16 of the
Constitution of India, and it has also been well settled that the

14 (2021) 4 SCC 542
[2026] 4 S.C.R. 619

The West Bengal State Electricity Transmission Co. Ltd & Ors. v.
Dipendu Biswas & Ors.

reservation is in the nature of affirmative action and is not an exception
to the principle of equality. Such special provisions have been made
to provide an equitable setting to level up the weaker sections so
that the real or factual equality can be ensured and does not remain
illusory as observed by this Court in Neil Aurelio Nunes (OBC
reservation) vs. Union of India15. Further in respect of reserved
categories, the law permits relaxation of certain qualifications for
appointment, however, subject to the condition that such relaxation
does not destroy the essential standard requirements, for example,
as regards requirements relating to age or experience etc. Such
relaxations have been provided to enable such classes to catch up
with the rest of the society. Such relaxation, however, will be confined
for the purposes of appointment within the reserved categories and
cannot be made applicable for appointment under Unreserved/
Open category for the reason is that in respect of Unreserved/
Open category, the essential qualifications or conditions required
for recruitment must be equal in all respects and merit being the
only decisive factor.
47. Thus, a reserved PWD-LV candidate being offered an appointment
against an Unreserved PWD-LV vacancy/post must not have
availed any relaxation in the eligibility criteria stipulated for the
Unreserved PWD-LV category. If he had availed such a relaxation,
he certainly cannot be considered to be a qualified candidate
qua the unreserved post, as has been explained by this Court
in Deepa E.V. vs. Union of India16, reiterated in Union of India
vs. Sajib Roy17.
48. In the present case, nothing has been brought to our notice that the
Respondent No. 3, though, was more meritorious than the Respondent
No. 1 had availed any relaxation qua the essential qualifications for
the said post of UR (PWD-LV).
49. In view of the above discussion, it is clearly evident that the Division
Bench of the Calcutta High Court had misunderstood the implication
of the aforesaid condition in the recruitment notification.

15 (2022) 4 SCC 1
16 (2017) 12 SCC 680
17 2025 INSC 1084
620 [2026] 4 S.C.R.

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50. Consequently, for the reasons discussed above, the appeal succeeds,
and the impugned judgment and order dated 07.05.2024 passed by
the Division Bench of the High Court of Calcutta in MAT 69/2024
with CAN 1 of 2024 is set aside, restoring the decision of the Single
Bench dated 11.12.2023.
The appeal is accordingly allowed.
Pending application (s) if any, stands disposed of.

Result of the case: Appeal allowed.

†
Headnotes prepared by: Nidhi Jain