Holding

The 1978 Government Order integrating the two wings and fixing promotion ratios is a rational administrative measure and does not contravene Articles 14 and 16.

Summary

The Tamil Nadu Government, after successive takeovers of Panchayat and District Board schools, created two separate wings ('A' for Government schools and 'B' for former District Board schools) within its Educational Subordinate Service. Petitioners challenged a 1978 Government Order (GO No. 1968) that integrated the wings by fixing promotion ratios (5:3 for ministerial staff, 3:2 for teaching staff) and allowing seniority to be counted from the date of absorption in 1970, alleging violations of Articles 14 and 16. The Court examined whether the qualifications, duties and selection processes of the two wings were substantially similar and whether the ratio and seniority formula were arbitrary. It held that the service characteristics were essentially identical, the ratio was a reasonable administrative device, and the policy revision was within the executive’s domain. Consequently, the GO was not unconstitutional and the petitions were dismissed.

Issues considered

Whether the integration of the 'A' and 'B' wings of the Tamil Nadu Educational Subordinate Service, including the fixed promotion ratios, violates Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution.
Whether the promotion ratio of 5:3 (ministerial) and 3:2 (teaching) is arbitrary, irrational or based on extraneous factors.
Whether service rendered in District Board schools prior to 1970 can be counted for seniority in the merged service.
Whether the State can revise its administrative policy on service integration without judicial interference.

Subjects

service integrationseniority calculationpromotion ratioArticles 14 and 16administrative policyTamil Nadu Educationpublic service commissionquota rule

Judgment

1026

A TAMIL NADU EDUCATION DEPARTMENT MINISTERIAL &
GENERAL SUBORDINATE SERVICE ASSOCIATION
v.
STATE OF TAMIL NADU & ANR.

October 23, 1979
[V. R. KRISHNA IYER AND R. S. PATHAK, JJ.]

Civil Service--lntegration of two services-Governrnent revising policy-
G.O. issued integrating staff of 'A' and 'B' Tflings of service, fixing ra1io for pro-
nzotion & principle of computation of service in detennining comn1on .~l'niority-
c Whether pennisslble and valid.

The State of Tamil Nadu had schools at various le\"els, primary, JJ1iddle and
high which were run by the public sector consisting of Pancbayats, District
Boards and the. Government. Progressively, Panchayat schools were absorbed by
District Boards and eventually those managed by the latter were taken over
D by the Government. Ini 1970, the State Government took a major policy-
dec:isions that all District Board schoo]s be taken over with effect from 1s-t
April. 1970. By G.O.M.S. No. 761 dated 16th May, 1970 the teaching and
non-teaching personnel were, absorbed as a separate service in the Education
Department nani.ed the Tamil Nadu Educational Subordinate Service. The
ministerial service, which related to the non-ieaching staff, also was kept sepe-
rate. The dfrecl consequence of the· maintenance of two separate services was
E that white promotional prospects were available to Government employees, they
were not open to lhe former District Board servants on their absorption into
Government service. This led to agitation and representation.

Government considered afresh the question, and by G.O. 1786 dated October
17, 1974 reorganised the service, to provide that all Government Schools' ser-
vants be called the 'A' Wing and the staff of tho former District Board Schools
F be referred 'to as 'B' \Ving and de"cided that as complete integration of the
Wings \Vas administratively difficult, they be kept separate as two ~lings of the
Tamil Nadu Educational Subordinate Service and the Tan1il Nadu EducatiOnal
Service. The personnel of the 'B~ \Ving represented to the Government that
ever since their absorption as Govemmnt servants with effect from April 1, 1970
they were not having enough promotional avenues. Government again examined
the matter, decided to re-integrate these Wings and for this purpose passed G.O.
G No. 1968 dated November 2, 1978 which provided for fixing the ratio between
the two Wings in the matter of promotion and also the principle for compu-
tation of ser,·ice in determining the common seniority.

In the· \vrit petitions to this Court, the petitioners contended that there was
no rational formula for integration of the two separate \Vings; the methods of
recruitment, qualification and seniority provided for the two wings being diffe-
H rent, their integration into a common service cadre and equalisation of their
service condi\ions was violative of Articles 14 and 16. The 'B' Wing personnel
having been absorbed into Government service with effect from April 1, 1970
EDUCATION DEPARTJ\IENT ASSN. V. TAMIL NADU 1027

i.\. was not perniissiblc to grant seniority from a date anterior to thdr eligibility A
.as Government servants.

The State Government however contended that the decision for integration
·Of the lwo wings was taken after examining the matter in gceat detail and
:taking into account the number of personnel of different categories in both the
~ings and their promotional opportunities.

Dismis~ in g the petitions,
·'B
HELD : l. The smdents who frc coached for examinations, the syllabu;,
for such coimcs and the nature of the teaching are virtually identical in the t'vo
.sets of schoois and the qualifications of the t.eacbers also resemble. In this
background, the Sta te probably assumed as inadmissible of contrary :lrgument
th:lt the ·qualit'f of the service, the nature of the qualifications for employment
anJ other feature5 were ·de fac:o identical and consequentially service in Dis-
trict Board Schools and service in Government Schools could be legitimately
equated for purposes of reckoning seniority. Mathematical precision in equa-
tion is a vain chase. [1034 B.C)

2. In Service Jurisprudence integration is a complicated administrative pro-
blem where, in doing broad justice> to many, some bruise to· a few cannot be
ruled out. Some play in the j oint~, even some wobbling, must be left to D
Government with.out fussy forensic monitoring, since the administration has been
entrusted by the Constitution to the Executive, not to thei Comt. All life,
including administrative life, invol\'es experiment, trfal and error, but wi1hin the
leading strings of fundamental rights, and, absent unconstitutional 'excesses',
judicial correction is not right. Under Art. 32, this Court is the constitutional
ser..tincl, not the national ombudsman. [1031 A-B]
Jn the instant case even if the quota rule is · an administrative <levice to
inject justice inlo the integrating process, the ratio cannot be arbitrary nor based
on extraneous· factors. [1031-DJ

3. The ratio of 5:3 and 3 :2 respectively were prescribed for !be ministerial
staff a nd teaching staff, taking a realistic note of the total numbers of the two '
equivalent groups vii. quondom District Boar<l servants a nd. relative Government
School staff. This is not an ilTational criterion when coalescence of two streams
!!pringing from two sources occurs. [1030 H]

4. H aving regard to the strength of the District Board staff lo be inducted,
the ratio is rational. A better formula could be evolved, but the court cannot
substitute its wisdom for Government's-, save to see that unreasonable perversity,
mala fide manipulation, indefensible arbitrariness and like infirmities do not
defile the equation for integration. [.1031 F] G

' 5. All the schools having been ta~en over by the State. directly the personnel
had to be woven into the basic fabric. Some relevant formula had 10 be fUr-
nished for this purpose so that the homogenisation did not unfairly injure one
group or the other. Jn 1970 Gove"mment chose not to integrate but 10 keep
apart. J..ate'r, this policy was given up. The court cannot quimcl if adminis-
trati ve policy is revised, nor strike down the order because (iovernment have
responded to the question hour or re-examined the decision at the instance of a
$Cnsith·e minister. fl031H-1032C]

/
1028 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1980] 1 S.C.R:.

A- 6. In the area o( equation. an overall view, and not a meticulous dissectio~.
matters. [l033C] ·
7. Policy is not sta:tic but is dynamic and what weighed with the Govemment
when panchnyat institutions were amalgamated with the District Board" institu-
tions might have be.en given up in the light of experience or changed circumstan-
ces. What was regarded as administratively · impractical might, on later though11

• and activist reconsideration, turn out to be feasible and fair. The court cannot
strike down a G.O., or a policy merely because there is a variation or contra-
diction. \Vhat is important is to know w~ther main [ides vitiates· or inationaI
and extraneous factor fouls. [1034G-H, 1035AJ
8. Once the principle is found to be rational the fact that a few freak instances
of hardship may arise on either side cannot be a ground to invalidate tht1
order or the policy. However unhappy it is to see the seniors of.yesterday be-
coming the juniors of today, this is an area where, absent arbitrariness and
irrationality, the court has to ~opt a hands-off policy. [1035C-D]

ORIGINAL JURISDICTION: Writ. Petition Nos. 272 and 399 of 1979.
(Under Article 32 o{ the Constitution)
S. V. Gupte (399/79), S. Govind Swaminathan (272/79), K. R.
D Choudhary and N. S. Sivam, for the Petitioners.
K. K. Venugopal, Addi. Sol. Genl., A. V . Rangam, for Respondent
No. l.
Y. S. Chitale, A. K. Sen, P. N. Ramali.ngam, R. !vlohan and A. T~
M. Sampath, for Respondents Nos 3-4.
E
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
KRISHNA !YER, J .-These two writ petitions under Art. 32 of the
constitution involve identical, though familiar, constitutional questions
based on Arts. 14 and 16 covered by rulings of this Court. The setting
too is familiar as also the submissions. For these reasons, a brief
narration of the facts, a terse enunciation of the law and a comf10n
judgment for both will suffice.
The Tamil Nadu State had schools at the various levels, primary~
middle and hlg11, run by the public sector consisting of Panchayats,
District Boards and Government. Progressively, Panchayat Schools
G were absorbed by District Boards aild, eventually, those managed by..
the latter were taken over by Government. . ,
We are not concerned with the teaching and non-teaching staff
under the Panchayats and their service fortunes when fused into Dis-
trict Board service, except to notice, that in integration, the date of entry
H into District B oard service not the service under the Panchayat, was
regarded ·as relevant for purposes of reckoning seniority. The next
operntion i.e. District Board staff, teaching and non-teaching being
EDUCATION DEPARTMENT ASSN. v. TAMIL NADU (Krishna Iyer, J.) 1029

sewn into Government service is what now falls for consideration by A
the court. A few skeletal facts to unfold the basic legal contentions
;1lone need be recounted.

All District Board Schools were taken over with effect from 1-4-70
and, inevitably, the issue of merger of the staff confronted Government. B

)' At the time of issuance of G.O. No. 761 dated 16th May 1970,
which organised the absorption of the teaching and non-teaching stafl
into Government service from the District Board service, Government
decided to keep the personnel so absorbed as, a, separate service in the c
Education Department named the Tamil Nadu Educational Subordi-
nate Service, The ministerial servrce, which related to the non-teach-
ing staff, also was kept separate. Of course, all schools to be opened
after 1-4-70 were to be Government Schools and so the dichotomy
between and staff of erstwhile District Board Schools and of Govern-
ment Schools no longer persisted. The direct consequence of this D
immiscible maintenance of the two separalt services was that the pro-
motional prospects then available for Government employees were not
open to the former District Board servants on their re-incarnation as
Government servants. This, naturally, gave rise to heart-burning and its
n1anifestation in a den1ocratic set-up, agitation, representation and
interpellations in the Legislature. E

The next development in the fortunes of the former District Board
Schools' employees came when G. 0. No. 1786 of October 17, 1974
was issued. Here Government recapitulated the position after
1·A-70 and considered afresh the question of integration of the two F
services, the Government Schools'' serv>mts being called the 'A' Wing
and the staff of the former District Board Schools being referred to as
'B' Wing. Jn the considered view of the Government, complete integra-

~
tion. of 'A' and 'B' Wings was administratively difficult and so they
were kept separate as two wings of the Tamil Nadu Educationai Sub-
G
ordinate Service and the Tamil Nadu Educ~tional Service. Certain
amelioratqry measures were taken in opening up better' prospects and
avenues of promotion for the new arrivals from the District Board
Schools. Presumably, this half-way house arrangement was hardly a
sufficient appeasement, and Government was again agitated over the
question. The pressure of social justice brought tn bear on Govern- H
ment through many channels including the houses of the legislature,
persuaded the State to overhaul the entire pattern of integration and,
1030 SUPREME COUIJ.T REPORTS [1980] 1 S.,C.R •.

A fitment of the two win1:s in a common seniority list. Government '
ratiocinated on the question thus :
"Ever since raking. over the 'B' wing personnel as· full
fledged Govermnent servants from 1-4-70 it was being re-
peatedly represented to Govermnent that it would not be
B equitable to deny them ~or ever the advantages available to
their counterparts in the 'A' Wing when persons of both the
wings are doing identical work and that the Government
should consider merging both the wings on some rational
basis. In both the Houses of the State Legislature also many
honourable members have been repeatedly urging the Gov-
c ernment to take quick and pragmatic decision on this long
pending issue. After examining the matter in great detail
taking into account the number of personnel of different
categories in both the wings and the promotional opportu-
nities for them, the Government have proposed to adopt a
formula to integrate the two wings and attempt to equalise
their service conditions to the .extent possible. The Tamil
Nadu Public Service Commission has, given its consent to
these proposal~.

The Government accordingly now direct, in partial modi-
fication of the orders in the G.0. Ms. referred to above, that
E the staff of 'A' and 'B' Wings be integrated with immediate
effect following the procedure indicated below : "
(emphasis added}
Then followed two important decisions settling the kismat of the
two Wings at the teaching and the non-teaching staff levels. These
decisions are castigated in the writ petitions as capricious, arbitrary
and traumatic by the 'A' Wing, i.e. the teaching and non-teaching staff
of the Government Schools. These two decisions are, briefly, (1}
fixing the ratio between the two wings in the matter of promotion, and
(2) fixing the principle for computation of service in determining com-~
G mon seniority. We are concerned only with non-gazetted officers
of secondary schools in. these writ petitions. With regard to them,
<different proportions for piromotional consideration have been fixed
in this G.O. No. 1968. The ratio of 5: 3 and 3 :2 respectively were
prescribed for the ministerial staff and teaching staff, taking realistic
note of the total nmnbers in the two equivalent groups viz. quondam
H District Board servants and relative Government School staff. This is
not an irrational criterion when coalescence of two streams springing
from two sources occurs.
EDUCATION ..DEPARTMENT ASSN. v. TAMIL NADU (Krishna Iyer, !.) 1031

In Servite Juri~prudence integration is a complicated administra. A ..
tivc problem where, in doing broad justice to many, some bruise to a
few cannot be ruled out. Some play in the joints, even some wobbing,
must be left to Government without fussy forensic monitoring, since the
administration has been entrusted by the Constitution to the Executive,
not to the Court. All life, including administrative life, involves
experiment, trial and error, but within the leading strings of fundamen-
) tal rights, and, absent unconstitutional 'excesses', judicial correction is
not right. Under Art. 32, this Court is the constitutional sentinel,.
not the national ombudsman. We need an ombudsman but the court
cannot make-do.
c
The feeble criticism that the promotional proportion between the
two wings, in the process of interlacing and integration, is niisupported
by any rational guideline is pointless. The State's case is that when
two sources merge it is. not uncommon to resort to the quota rule for
promotion, although after getting into the common pool further
'apartheid' shall he interdicted save in a limited class with which we I)

are not concerned here. Of course, even if the quota rule is an admi-
nistrative' device to inject justice into the integrating process, the ratio
cannot be arbitrary nor based on extraneous factors. None such is
averred nor established. The onus is on the challenger and, here, the
ratio is moderately related to the numbers on both sides and we see
nothing going 'berserk', nothing bizarre, nothing which makes you
rub your eyes to query what strange thing is this Government doing?
Counsel for the respondents explain that when equated groups from
different sources are brought together quota-rota expedients are prac-
tical devices familiar in the field. Bearing in mind the strength of the
District Board staff to be inducted, the ratio is rational. Maybe, a F
better formula could be evolyed, but the court cannot , substitute its
wisdom for Government's save ta see that unreasonable perversity,
mala fide manipulation, indefensible arbitrariness, and like infirmities
do not defile the equation for integration'. We decline to demolish the
order on this ground. Curial therapeutics can heal only the pathology
of unconstitutionality, not every injury. G

The more serious charge is that length of service for fixing seniority
has inflicted manife•t injustice on the 'A' Wing i.e. regular Government
staff, being born in arbitrariness and fed on ma/a fides. It is fair to
state the generalities and then proceed to particularities. Here we· H
must realise that all the schools having been taken over by the State
directly the personnel had lo be woven into the basic fabric. Some
1032 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1980] 1 S.C.R.

A relevant formula had to be furnished for this purpose so that the homo-
genisation did not unfairly injure one group or the other. In 19'70
Government chose not to integrate but to keep apart. Later, this policy
was given up. We cannot, as court, quarrel if administrative policy is
revised. The wisdom of yesterday may obsolesce into the folly of

• today, even as the science of old may sour into the superstition now,
and vice versa. Nor can we predicate ma/a fides or ulterior motive
merely because Assembly interpellations have ignited re-thinking or,
as hinted by Counsel, that the Education Minister's sensitivity is due to
his having been once District Board teacher. Democratic processes-
both these are part of such process-are not anathema to judges and
we cannot knock down the order because Government have responded
to the Question Hour or re-examined the decision at the instance of a
sensitive minister.
The central issue is whether the engraftment of the long service
under the District Board in favour of the transplanted staff, rational or
capricio':'s, equity-oriented or obnoxious. The impugned G.O. No.
D 1968 which is the cynosure of attack in these two writ petitions sets
out tile background history, current realities and the need to throw
open promotional opportunities to the District Board sources stunted
for long since 1970. There is reference to consultation with and con-
sent of the Public Service Commission which is usually the expert body
on service matters. The experience of 8 years is available with the
E
Government at the time it promulgated this G.O. It enunciates a policy
of integration of 'A' and 'B' Wings with immediate effect and outlines
the·basis on which such fusion is to be achieved. A State-wise
seniority list is decided upon, a desideratum which is inescapable if
integration is to be accomplished.
Government decisions are recorded in this impugnql G.O. regard-
ing the manner of filling existing substantive vacancies and promotion
posts with- respect to teaching posts. Of course, correspondingly simi-
lar decisions were taken for. filling up vacancies by promotion to non-
teaching posts. 2 : 3 in a cycle of 5 in regard to teaching posts and 5 : 3
in a cycle of 8 in regard to non-teaching posts is the quota-rota decision
G
of Government after appraising itself of the current lot of the 'trans-
plants', the missed past opportunities and the burgeoning future promo-
tions.
There is a direction that a combined State-wide seniority list shall
be prepared in accordance· with the ratios mentioned and all promo-
H tions thereafter were to be made out of such combined lists. Some
ameliorative provision regarding passing of tests necessary for promo-
tion has been made in regard to those who have crossed the 45 years
llDUCATION DEPARTMENT ASSN. v. TAMIL NADU (Krishna Iyer, J.) 1033

age mark. This last limb was relied on by Sri Swaminathan to sug- A
gest that there was no total integration between the two services.
But we do not read any decisive indication of such a conclusion from
this feeble circumstance. The crux of the matter is what is implicit
but not explicit in the order, that in the process of integration and
drawing up of combined seniority lists the services cf the quondO\f!L
District Board employees vis-a-vis the Government School employees B
District Board service Ms been reckoned. Can this be done by a
prudent person or is it outrageous 101 equate District Board service
\vith Government service ? That is the question an answer to which
disposes o! these writ petitions.
We need nof delve into details because, in the area of equation, c
an overall view, and not a meticulous dissection, matters. The peti-
tioners have argued that the selection of Government servants as
teachers or non-teachers 1s done by the Public Service Commission,
which means ~crcening and processing by experts. On the other hand,
District Board employees are appointed on the chance choice of
Presidents pro tempore. The obvious suggestion is that the profes- D
sional equipment in the two cases is substantially different. Even on
qualifications it is contended that there is superiority for Government
servants vis-a-vis District Board employees in schools. A few other
less consequential circumstances of difference are relied on in the
' writ petitions. On the contrary, the plea of the respondents is tf1at
there is substantial similarity in the quality of se...rvice and absence E
of disparity in the selection process : "Like the Service Commission,
the District Board also .selected the candidates. As already submitted,
the language test prescribed for the 'A' Wing people is not a peculiar
feature for them. The narration of the prescribed test and the syllabus.
therefore for the 'B' Wing people; would definitely show that 'B' Wing
F
people had to face onerous nature of examinations. As regards the
·educational qualifications for the teachers are concerned, there are
absolutely no differences. In A-Wing even without a degree in
teachers training, a candidate can be appointed and subsequently he
can qualify in B.Ed. But whereas for the B Wing teachers, the rules,
framed under the District Board Act stipulates that for the post of G
School Assistant in a Secondary School, a candidate must possess the
q>1alifications laid down under the Madras Educational Rules (the
111le relating to the appointment of Teachers in schools mainmined by
local bodies). Under the Madras Educational Rules one must possess
a degree in B.A. or B.Sc., with B.T. or B.Ed., as in the case of
ministerial service, the teachers also have to undergo a period of proba- H
tion for a period of 2 years. Only after the satisfactory completion
of probation for a period of 2 years, the,Y were regularised. Their
1034 \ SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1980] 1 S.C.R.•.

increment is sanctioned only after such regularisation. In 'B' Wing
s€hools a Headmaster or Headmistress must pass the following tests ...
If a candidate who has been promoted as a Headmaster or Head~
mistress fails in this subject. he or she will have to face reversion."

The students who are coached for examinations, the syllabus for
B such courses and the nature of the teaching are virtually identical in
the two sets of schools and the qualigcations of the teachers also
resemble. In this background, the State probably assumed as in-.
admissible of contrary argument that the quality of the service, th.e
nature of the qualifications for employment and other features were
de facto identical and consequentially service in District Board Schools
c and service in Government Schools could be legitimately equated for
purposes of reckoning seniority. In. this imperfect world mathematical
precision in equation is a vain chase.
Decisions were cited before us by counsel for the respondents to
show that this was not an exercise in novelty and even private rnlfoge
D experience has been considered relevant when Government has takeir
over such colleges. On the contrary, counsel for the petitioners
pressed before us that when Panchayat schools were dovetailed int°'
the Education Department of the District Boards the teachers and the
non-teaching staff thereunde.r were given no credit. for panchayat
service ant: seniority was reckoned only from the date of entry into
E District Board service. Why should a different rule be adopted when
District Board teachers and non-teaching staff are brought into Govern-
ment service ? Even the 'Fundamental Rules' were cited to shaw
that ordinarily service prior to entry into Government service is dis-
carded. Then why violate this norm to please the numbers ? This
is the question put to G<1verqment for faulting the G.O. No. 1968.
F
Aware of our jurisdictional !imitation we do not agree that the court
can analyse such minutiae to fault the policy and quash the order of
Government, i.e. G.O. No. 1968. For argument's sake, Jet us assume
that there is a volte face on the part ot the Government in shifting
G its stand in the matter of computation of seniarity with reference tOt
length of service. Surely, policy is not static but is dynamic lllld
what weighed with the Government when panchayat .institutions
wern amalgamated with the District Board institutions might have liceµ
given up in the light of experience or changed circumstances. What
was regarded as administratively impractical might, on later thougbt and
H activist reconsideration. turn out to be. feasible and fair. The court
cannot strike down a G.O., or a policy merely because there is a
variation or contradiction. Life is sometimes a contradiction and even
EDUCATION DEPARTMENT ASSN. V. TAMIL NADU (Krishna Iyer, J.)J 035

consistency is not ~\ways a virtue. What is important is to know
whether mala fities vitiates or irrational and extraneous factor fouls.
It is impossible to maintain that the length of service as District
;Board employees is irrational as a criterion. Let us assume for
argument's sake that the mode, of selection by the District Boards is
not as good as by the Public Service Commission. Even so it is
difficult to dislodge the Government's position that the teachers with
mostly the same qualificotions, discharging similar functions and
training similar students for similar examinations cannot be equated
from a pragmati~ ai1gle without being condemned as guilty ofl
arbitrariness.
Sri Govind Swaminathan drove home the point that in some cases c
even a few hundred 'A' wing members have been passed over by
some one in the 'E' wing far junior to them. Once the principle is
found to be rational ihe fact that a few freak instances of harcfship
may nrise on eilher side cannot be a ground to invalidate the order
or the policy. Every cmise claims a martyr and however unhappy
we be to see the seniors of yesterday becoming the juniors of today, D
this is an area where, absent ar.bitrariness and irrationality, the court
has to adopt a hands-off policy.
The 'B' wing members complain that they have really suffered
by being denied what is due to them on account of length of service
all these years after 1970. The boot is in! the other leg, they lament. E
Probably., the injmtice of the past, when suddenly set right by the
equity of the present, puts on a molested mien and the beneficiaries
of the status quo cry for help agninst injustice to them. The law, a~
an instrument of social justice, takes a longer look to r.cutralise the
sins ol history. Be that as it inay, judicial power cannot rush in
where even administrative feats fea.r to tread. F

We sec the force of the petitioners grievance and realise that art
alternative policy may well be fabricated. That is a matter for the
State and not for the court.
We hold that the impugned G.O. cannot be voided as violative
G
of Articles 14 and 16, and, therefore, dismiss the petitions. The
parties will bear their respective costs.

N.V.K. Petitions dismissed.