SUNDARAMURTHIversusSTATE OF TAMIL NADU

                           SUNDARAMURTHI                               A
                                     v.
                       STATE OF TAMIL NADU

                          DECEMBER 16, 1994

       [M.M. PUNCHHI AND K. JA YACHANDRA REDDY, JJ.]                   B

    Indian Evidence Act, I 872: Section 3.

   Circumstantial evidence-Conviction based on-Validity of Indian
Penal Code, 1860:
                                                                       c
    Sections 302134, 392 and 449-Conviction under-Conviction based
on circumstantial evidence-Validity of

     The appellant, alongwith two other co-accused, was prosecuted for
offences punishable under Sections 302/34, 392 and 449 of the Indian
Penal Code, 1860. The prosecution case, based entirely on D
circumstantial evidence, was that appellant, A2, and his father, A3,
were running a rice mill, while Al was working for them. A3 had
obtained loan from the deceased B and in lieu thereof deceased B and
his brother-in-law, PW 8, who were doing business in sale and purchase
of sago on commission basis, were occupying a portion of the house,
without payment of rent, which was within the mill premises. It was E
further case of the prosecution that A-3 borrowed two sums of Rs.
20,000 and Rs. 15,000 and executed two promissory notes, Ex.P.l and
P.2, in favour of the deceased. Two days before the date of occurrence
deceased B obtained a loan of Rs. 25,000 from PW 16 and 17 and out of
the said amount paid Rs. 10,000 to PW 10 in part payment towards
sago purchase from him while the balance cash remained with him. On F
9.10.1983, in the presence of PW 10, A3 demanded a sum of Rs. 10,000
from the deceased and on his refusal to pay A3 vowed to reco:ver the
possession of the house at any cost. On 10.10.1983 i.e. the day of
occurrence at about 10.00 P.M. PW 11, who used to see sago through
the deceased, came to see the deceased in his house and the deceased G
told him that A3, who owed him Rs. 47,000 including the two
promissory notes, was pestering him to vacate the house without paying
the loan amounts. It is alleged that after PW 11 left, the murder of B
was committed. PWs 1 to 4 deposed that sometime after 10.00 P.M. on
the night of 10.10.1983 they saw Al and A2 entering the car shed of A3
to gain access to the house where the deceased used to sleep. After two H

                                  653
    654                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS          [1994] SUPP. 6 S.C.R

A   hours Al was seen coming out of the car shed carrying a bag and 10
    minutes later A2 also came out of the shed closing the gate of the mill
    compound and walking away. Next morning i.e. on 11.10. 1983 body of
    B was found lying on a cot in the house. Deceased's safe was found
    open and the cash and pronotes were missing. At the instance of Al, a
    bag containing 240 currency notes of Rs.SO each hidden in a pit in the
B   village and a blood stained shirt and lungi were recovered from the
    house of Al. Pursuant to the statement of A2, 80 notes of Rs.SO each
    were seized from his house. Pursuant to the statement of A3 two
    undischarged promissory notes were seized from him. The Expert
    opinion confirmed that the finger prints taken from the scene of
    occurrence tallied with those the Al.
c
        Relying on the evidence of PWs 1 to 4 as well as the evidence of
    finger prints expert and on the basis of the recoveries made, the Trial
    Court convicted Al and sentenced him to death but acquitted A2 and
    A3 on the ground that circumstantial evidence was not sufficient to
    connect them with the crime. On appeal the High Court reduced the
D   death sentence of Al to life imprisonment and confirmed the acquittal
    of A3. However, it set aside the acquittal of the appellant, A2, holding
    that the evidence of PWs 1 to 4 coupled with other circumstantial
    evidence sufficiently establish is guilt also and consequently convicted
    him under section 392, 449 and 302/34 and sentenced him to life
    imprisonment. A2 preferred an appeal to this Court.
E
          Dismissing the appeal, this Court

         HELD: 1. The High Court has considered all the circumstances
    and has rightly convicted the appellant. The Sessions Judge has
    erroneously rejected the evidence of PWs 1 to 4. There is nothing to
    show that these four witnesses were interested in any manner. What
F   really they have stated regarding the movements of the appellant in the
    company of Al appears to be true and natural. Their evidence has been
    believed by both the courts as against Al and their evidence equally
    establishes that the appellant was also in the company of Al during
    that period when the murder took place. No doubt this circumstance by

G
    itself at the most may throw some suspicion, but one should remember
    that the appellant and Al going inside more or less at the same time
    and coming out about two hours later during which interval the
    murder has taken place, is very incriminating in nature.
                                                                                -
                                                        (660 G, 659 F to H]

       2. The next important circumstance is Ex.P.l and Ex.P2 i.e.
H   promissory notes being found in the possession of A3, which were
        SUNDERAMURTHI v. STATE [K. JAYACHANDRA REDDY, J.]            655

enforceable by the date of occurrence and were not containing A
endorsement of discharge. On this there is the evidence of PW 11. PWS
10 and 11 are independent witnesses and there is no reason whatsoever
to doubt their evidence which establishes that the amount in
promissory notes were not paid and they were not discharged and
therefore they must have been in the possession of the deceased and
must have been in his iron safe. Therefore, the irresistible inference is B
that somebody who after committing the murder and having removed
the promissory notes from the iron safe, must have handed them over
to A3. He could be none else than A2 in the circumstances. This is a
highly incriminating circumstance. [660 A to F]

    CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 670               C
of 1985.

    From the Judgment and Order dated 26.7.85 of the Madras High Court
in Crl.A.No.408of1985.

    Raju Ramachandran and Joseph Pookkatt for the Appellant.
                                                                           D
    V. Venkataraman for the Respondent.

    The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

     K. JAYACHANDRA REDDY, J. This is an appeal under Section
2(a) of the supreme court (Enlargement of Criminal Appellate Jurisdiction) E
Act, 1970 filed by Sundaramurthi, original accused no. 2 in the case. He
alongwith his father S.K. Palaniappa Gounder, original accused no. 3 and
one Illangovan alias Pachan, original accused no. l was tried for offences
punishable under Sections 302/34, 392 and 449 I.P.C. A-3 was also charged
under Sections 302/109 I.P.C. alternatively. The Sessions Judge acquitted
the appellant (A-2) and his father A-3 but convicted A-1 under Section 302 F
I.P.C. and sentenced him to death subject to confirmation by the High
Court. He was also found guilty under Sections 392 and 449 I.P.C. The
State preferred an appeal against the acquittal of A-2 and A-3 and the same
alongwith reference for confirmation of death sentence were heard together
and disposed of by a common judgment by a Division Bench of the High
Court which confirmed the acquittal of A-3 but reduced the death sentence G
of A-1 to one of life imprisonment and also set aside the acquittal of
Sundaramurthi, A-2 and convicted him under Sections 302/34 I.P.C. and
sentenced him to undergo imprisonment for life. He was also convicted
under Sections 392 and 449 I.P.C. and sentenced to undergo seven years'
R.I. under each count and the sentences were directed to run concurrently.
                                                                           H
    656                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS             [1994] SUPP. 6 S.C.R

A   Hence the present appeal by A-2 only. It appears that A-1 has not preferred
    any appeal.

         The facts that emerge from the prosecution case may briefly be stated.
    A-2 is the son of A-3 and they are the residents of Sehvvapettai, Salem
    District and A- I is the resident of A varangatur, Dharumapuri District. A-3
B   had a rice mill and he and his son A-2 used to manage the affairs of the
    mill. A-I used to work in the mill and used to collect wages and distribute
    the same to other workers. As the work in the mill dwindled; A-1 ·stopped
    away from the work. The deceased Bhaiyaji and his brother-in law, P.W.8
    belong to Uttar Pradesh and for the last 15 years both of them had been
    residing in a portion of a house bearing No. 82 which was within the mill
c   premises belonging to A-3. Both of them used to do business on
    commission basis in purchase and sale of Sago. P.W.8 used to occupy the
    office portion of the building while the deceased used to occupy the kitchen
    portion of the building. A-3 borrowed money from the deceased and the
    understanding between them was that in lieu of the interest, P. W.8 and the·
    deceased were to occupy a portion of House no. 82 without payment of
D   rent. A-3 borrowed tWo sums of Rs. 20.000 and Rs. 15,000 and two promis-
    sory notes Ex.P.land Ex.P.2 dated 19.1.1979 were executed and they were
    kept alive by means of endorsements made on 17 .1.1982 by making
    payment of small amounts. P.W.8 went away to Gorakhpur (U.P.) on
    25.7.1983 and thereafter the deceased Bhaiyaji was living alone in that
    house. About two days prior to his death, Bhaiyaji obtained a sum of
E   R~.15,000 from P.W.16 and another sum of Rs. 10,000 from P.W.17 for his
    trading activities. Presumably out of the said amount he paid Rs. 10,000 to
    P. W. l 0 in part payment towards Sago purchase from him. Their evidence
    shows that Bhaiyaji possessed of sizable amount of cash. On 9.9.1983 when
    P. W. l 0 was at the office of the deceased, A-3 came and asked Bhaiyaji for
    a sum of Rs. I 0,000 for purchasing tyres but the deceased refused saying
F   that he had already advanced considerable amounts. A-3 asked him to
    vacate the building for which the deceased told him that he would vacate
    the building only when the monies due to him were repaid. A-3 became
    angry and vowed that he would recover the possession of the building at
    any cost. So saying he went away. On the night of 10.10.1983, P. W.11 who
    used to sell sago through the deceased met him at about 10 P.M. in his
G
    house and conversed with him for about half an hour. During the course of
    the talks the deceased told him that A-3 owed him Rs. 47,000 out of which
    Rs. 35000 were covered by two promissory notes and that wi~hout paying
    the loan amounts, A-3 was pestering him to vacate the building. According
    to the prosecution some time after P.W.11 left, the murder of the deceased
H   is said to have taken place in his own residence.
                      SUNDERAMURTHI v. STATE [K. JA YACHANDRA REDDY, J.]              657

                   There are no eye-witnesses and the prosecution relied on circumstantial A
      I   .   evidence. P. Ws. 1 to 4 spoke about the movements of A-1 and A-2 on that
              night. According to their evidence some time after IO P.M. on the night of
               10.10.1983 they saw A-1 and A-2 entering the car shed of A-3 to gain
              access to the house where the deceased used to sleep. About two hours later
              A-1 was seen coming out of the car shed carrying a bag and 10 minutes
              later A-2 also came out of the shed closing the gate of the mill compound B
              and walking away. Next morning i.e. 11.10.1983 P.W.18, a milk vendor
              knocked the front ~oor of House no. 82 to deliver milk to the deceased. As
              there was no response she requested P. W.11 to find out what the matter
              was. P. W.11 went to the rear side of the house and saw through the open
              door on the western side the dead body of the deceased lying on a cot. He at
              once sent the message to A-3 who came there and also saw the dead body. C
              A-3 prepared a report Ex. P.30 and handed over the same to P.W. 31 who
              registered a crime under Section 302 I.P.C. P. W.31 proceeded to the scene
              of occurrence and found door of the almirah open and photographs of the ·
              place of occurrence as well as finger prints found on the bureau were taken.
              P.W.32, Circle Inspector, took over the investigation. He examined P.Ws. 1
              to 4, 8, 10 and others. After the inquest the dead body was sent for autopsy D
              and P.W. 29 conducted the autopsy and he found IO incised wounds, one
              contusion and several irregular abrasions on the dead body. On dissection
              he found frc:tctures of the left temporal and frontal bones as well as occipital
              bone. The Doctor opined that all the injuries could have been caused with a
              bill-hook like M.0.24 and the deceased would have died within three hours
..-
.
              after taking his last meal and that the death was due to shock and E
              haemorrhage from those injuries. On 23.10.1983 at aboµt 9AM., P.W.32
              arrested A-1 at Salem and recorded his statement under Section 27 of the
              Evidence Act. A-1 took P.W.32 and the police party to a piece of land in
              the village and he produced a bag taking it out from a pit where it was
              hidden. The bag contained 240 currency notes of Rs.50 denomination and F
              two insurance receipts, one relating to the life insurance of the deceased and
              other related to insurance of a scooter belon~ing to P.W.8. A-1 thereafter
              took the police party to his house in Avarangatur and produced blood-
              stained shirt and lungi. Thereafter A-1 took P.W. 32 to the office of A-3
              and from a room behind the office portion A-1 took out a bill-hook,
              M.0.24 which was seized. P.W.32 arrested A-2 and questioned him who G
              also gave a statement and pursuant to the same A-2 took P.W.32 to his
              house and produced a purse, M.O. 2 and 80 currency notes of Rs. 50
              denomination which were seized. Thereafter A-3 was arrested near the
              railway gate and pursuant to his statement two promissory notes Ex.P. l and
              Ex.P.2 which were executed by him in favour of the deceased, were seized.
              The photographs of the finger prints taken at the scene of occurrence along H
    658                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS              [1994] SUPP. 6 S.C.R

A   with the finger prints of A-1 taken were sent to the expert who gave the
    opinion that they tally. The prosecution also examined P.W.12 to speak            · 1 r
    about an extra-judicial confession said to have been made by A-1.
    However, P.W.l2's evidence was not accepted.

         When examined under Section 313 Cr.P.C. the accused denied the
B   prosecution case and the appellant (A-2) stated that the purse, M.0.2 and
    the cash of Rs.4,000, M.0.25, belong to him. A-3 stated that he repaid the
    amounts to the deceased due in Ex.P. l and Ex.P.2 and obtained the return
    of the same after the said discharge.

        The trial court relying on the evidence of P.Ws. 1 to 4 as well as the
C   evidence of finger-print expert and on the basis of the recoveries, held that
    they fully prove the case against A-1 and convicted him and acquitted A-2
    and A-3 on the ground that the circumstantial evidence was not sufficient to
    connect them with the crime.

         The High Court while allowing the State appeal against A-2, the
D   appellant herein, took note of the fact that the evidence of P.Ws. 1 to 4 has
    been believed in respect of A-1 and no good reasons were given whatsoever
    to reject their evidence in respect of A-2 who was also seen entering the car
    shed at the relevant time and also came out just behind A-1 and since the
    murder had taken place during that time, the High Court held that the evi-
    dence of P.Ws. 1 to 4 who spoke about the movements of A-2 as well as
E   that of A-1 coupled with other circumstantial evidence sufficiently establish
    the guilt of A-2 also and accordingly convicted him.

          Before we advert to the circumstantial evidence we may state a few
    facts which are beyond dispute. The fact that the deceased and his brother-
    in-law had been residing in Salem for nearly two decades and doing
F   business and that they were staying in Door No. 82 belonging to A-3 is not
    disputed. There were many dealings between the deceased and A-3 and Ex.
    P. l and Ex. P.2 are the promissory notes which establish the same and they
    were executed by A-3 on 19.l.1979. On the day of occurrence, P.W.8 was
    not in the portion of the house and the deceased was alone occupying the
    kitchen portion on the western side which had a door way. Since the portion
G   was within the mill compound of A-3 the deceased used to keep the door
    open for fresh air as he did not feel it to be risky. That the deceased met his
    death on the night of IO. 10.1983 is also a factor beyond any dispute and his
    dead body was noticed only in the morning. The medical evidence estab-
    lishes that it was homicidal death and there were 12 injuries which could
    have been caused by a lethal weapon. The iron safe was found open and the
H   cash was missing. According to the prosecution the pronotes, Ex. P.l and
              SUNDERAMURTHiv. STATE [K. JAYACHANDRAREDDY, J.]                   659

      Ex. P.2 also were missing. They were recovered from A-3. No doubt, A-3 A
 ••   has given an explanation that they were discharged and therefore they were
      returned to him and thus they were in his possession. This explanation, we
      shall consider at a later stage. From the medical evidence it is also clear that
      the death should have occurred between 2 to 3 hours after the deceased had
      taken his last meal i.e. between 10 P.M. and midnight.
                                                                                       B
           With the aforesaid background we shall now examine the other
      circumstances which incriminate the appellant. P.Ws. l to 4 have been


..    examined to speak about the movements of A-1 and A-2 on the night in
      question. P.W.3 deposed that he saw A-1 and A-2 going inside the mill
      compound at about 11 P.M. and emerging at about midnight. P.W.2
      deposed that he saw on that night at the relevant time, A-1 and A-2 going        C
      inside the mill compound. P.W. l has spoken about A-1 and A-2 emerging
      out of the mill compound at about I A.M. He, however, deposed about A-1
      going into the mill compound also. P.W.4 had stated that he saw A-2 going
      inside the mill compound at about 10.45 P.M. Taking the evidence of all
      the four witnesses together, it emerges that some time after 10 P.M., A-2
      opened the car shed and that either A-1 and A-2 entered the compound             D
      together or one after the other. Then after two hours or so, A-1 was seen
      coming towards the railway gate carrying a bag and A-2 emerged just ten
      minutes later and closed the gate aud went away. P.Ws. I and 2 clearly
      stated that A-2 opened the mill gate and entered the compound and A-1
      more or less immediately also entered the compound. Then two hours later
      A-1 was the first person to come out with a bag and A-2 just a little later      E
      came out and locked the door and went away. These four witnesses were
      cross-examined at length but nothing significant has been elicited except
      making some suggestions. We do not find anything in the cross-
      examination which would go to show that they were interested in any
      manner in speaking falsehood and what really they have stated regarding
      the movements of the appellant in the company of A-1 appears to be true          F
      and natural. The presence of these witnesses round about that time also is
      quite natural and their evidence has been believed by both the courts as
      against A-1 so far his movements at the relevant time is concerned and their
      evidence equally establishes that the appellant was also in the company of
      A-1 during that period when the murder took place. No doubt this
      circumstance by itself at the most may throw some suspicion. Learned             G
       counsel in this context submitted that after all the mill belongs to the
       appellant and his father and there is nothing unnatural or strange if A-1
       entered his own mill. But one should remember that the appellant and A-1
       going inside more or less at the same time and coming out about two hours
       later during which interval the murder has taken place, is very incriminating
       in nature. The evidence of these witnesses also show that it was A-2 who        H
    660                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS               [1994] SUPP. 6 S.C.R

A . 'opened the car shed and made way for entrance of A-1. The next important
     circumstance is Ex. P. l and Ex. P.2 being found in the possession of A-3.
     The consideration in Ex. P. l and Ex. P.2 is not a small sum but as large as
     Rs.35,000. A-3 in his statement under Section 313 Cr.P.C simply pleaded
                                                                                       ..
     that having discharged this debt he obtained the return of Ex. P.l and Ex.
     P.2 and that is how they were in his possession. He did not give any further
B    explanation as to how he could raise this large amount. P.W. lO, who is an
     independent witness, deposed that on 8.10.1983 he met, the deceased for
     the last occasion. Before that he met him on 9.9.83 and at that time A-3
     came to the deceased for taking a further loan of Rs. 10,000 for buying the
     tyres but the deceased in his presence told A-3 that he had already given
     money and he could not give thereafter. A-3 pleaded that he wanted the
C    money urgently but according to P.W.10 the deceased refused. His
     evidence clearly shows that A-3 was in financial difficulties. It is also note-
     worthy that Ex. P.1 and Ex. P.2 were enforceable by the date of occurrence
     and it is also very much relevant to note that Ex. P.l and Ex. P.2 don't
     contain endorsement of discharge. If really there was such discharge as
     claimed by A-3 there would have been definitely an endorsement of
D    discharge on them. Apart from this there is the evidence of P.W.11 who
    deposed that he met the deceased some time before his death and at that
    time the deceased had told him thathe had given a loan of Rs. 47,000 to A-
    3 and that he had executed pronotes and without discharging the debt A-3
    was asking him to vacate the premises. P.W.10 and 11 are independent
    witnesses and doing business somewhat on a large scale and had a number
E   of transactions with the deceased. There is no reason whatsoever to doubt
    their evidence which establishes that the amounts in Ex.P.l and Ex. P.2
    were not paid and they wei:e not di~charged and therefore they must have
    been in the possession of the deceased and must have been in the iron safe.
    If that is the position, the irresistible inference is that somebody and after
    committing the murder and having removed the promissory notes, Ex. P.1
F   and Ex. P.2 from the iron safe, must have handed them over to A-3. He
    could be none else than A-2 in the circumstances. This is a highly
    incriminating circumstance. When questioned under Section 313 Cr.P.C, A-
    2 simply denied every circumstance appearing against him. The High Court
    has considered all these circumstances and has rightly convicted the appel-
    lant. We have carefully considered the reasons given by the learned
G   Sessions Judge and we find that the evidence of P.Ws. 1 to 4 has been
    rejected erroneously. Therefore the view taken by the High Court is the
    only reasonable one. For all the above said reasons, the appeal stands
    dismissed.

    T.N.A.                                                      Appeal dismissed.