Holding

The Uttar Pradesh notification fixing a rebate of 0.625 kg per quintal for binding material is a valid, reasonable exercise of statutory power and does not violate Article 19(1)(g).

Summary

The petitioners, manufacturers of khandsari sugar, challenged a Uttar Pradesh Government notification that allowed a rebate of 0.625 kg per quintal for the binding material when sugarcane was brought in bundles. They argued that the power to prescribe such a rebate was conditional on fixing a minimum price, that the rate was arbitrary, and that it violated Article 19(1)(g) freedom of trade. The Court examined the statutory scheme of the Sugarcane (Control) Order, 1966 and the Essential Commodities Act, 1955, holding that clause 4A (and its third proviso) independently empowered the State to prescribe the rebate irrespective of whether a minimum price was fixed. The Court found the rebate rate to be based on a long‑standing national average, reasonable, and aimed at protecting perishable sugarcane growers from exploitative deductions, thereby serving a public interest. Consequently, the notification was upheld as a valid exercise of legislative power and not violative of the Constitution.

Issues considered

The State notification prescribing a rebate of 0.625 kg per quintal for binding material is within the powers conferred by the Sugarcane (Control) Order, 1966 and the Essential Commodities Act, 1955.
Whether the power to prescribe the rebate rate can be exercised without a prior fixation of a minimum price of sugarcane.
Whether the prescribed rebate rate is arbitrary, unreasonable, or unrelated to market practice.
Whether the notification infringes the freedom of trade guaranteed under Article 19(1)(g) of the Constitution.

Legislation cited

Essential Commodities Act, 1955s. 3
Sugarcane (Control) Order, 1966s. Clause 3, s. Clause 3A, s. Clause 4, s. Clause 4A

Subjects

sugarcane controlrebatebinding materialArticle 19(1)(g)freedom of tradeessential commoditiesminimum pricekhandsari sugarstatutory interpretation

Judgment

371 A

SUKHNANDAN SARAN DINESH KUMAR &
ANOTHER ETC. ETC.
v.
UNION OF INDIA & ANOTHER ETC. ETC.
B

March 3, 1982'

[D.A. DESAI, AND A. VARADARAJAN, JJ.]

Sugar Cane (Control) Order 1966, Clauses 3, 3A, 4 and 4A & U.P. State C
Government Notification dated September 3, 1980.
•
j Sugar Cane brought in bundles-Binding material-Grant of rebate-Whb
ther valid and reasonable.

The raw material for manufacturing sugar or Khands~ri sugar is sugarcane.
When the vacuum pan process is employed the end product is called sugar and D
when the open pan process is employed the end product is called Khandsari
sugar. In order to extend protectiOn to the farmers who had undertaken raising
of sugarcane crop, the Central Government issued the Sugarcane (Control) Order
1966. Clause 3 of this Order conferred power on the Central Government to fix
minimum price of sugarcane to be paid by produ~rs of sugar for sugarcane pur-
chased by them. C1ause 4 conferred similar power to fix the minimum price to be
paid by th" producers of khandsari sugar for the sugarcane purchased. Clause 3A
which was introduced on September 24, 1976 conferred power on the Central
Government and various other authorities to allow a suitable rebate in regard to
the weight of the binding material not exceeding 0.62S Kg. per quintal of sugar-
cane, when sugarcane was purchased by the producer of the sugar. Later,
Clause 4A ·was introduced on March 20, 1978,. to provide for the rebate that can
be deducted from the price paid for sugarcane by prp<jucers of kbandsari
sugar. F

The State Government issued a notification on September 3, 1980 to provide
that where sugarcane is brought in !:undies and is weighed as such, a rebate in
' •, regard to the binding material at 0.650 Kg. per quintal should be allowed. As
there waS a printing error in mentioning the figure '0.650 kg.' a corrigendum was
issued to correct it, to '0.625 kS: per quintal in the notification. G

The petitioners in the writ petitions who were manufacturing khandsari
sugar by the open pan process assailed the decision of the State Government
allowing rebate. They cootcoded that : (I) the power to prescribe the rate of
rebate under the third proviso to clause 4 is conditional upon the fixing of the H
minimum priae of sugarcane and as the pre~condition for exercise of that power
was not satisfied, the authorities canQQ\ ~xercise Power to prescribe the 111te of
372 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1982] 3 s.c.R.

A rebate, (2) if the p\lrchaser and seller of sugarcane are free agents to negotiate
the price no useful purpose would be served by prescribing the rate of rebate
statutorily. If higher rebate is to be allowed, the producer of khandsari sugar
and the grower of sugarcane would work out the price accordingly and if Jess
rebate is allowed, it will have a direct i~pact on the negotiated ptj,cc, (3) assum-
ing that the power to prescribe the rate of rebate under clause 4A read
with the third proviso could also be exercised where the price of sugarcane was
B left to be negotiated between the growers of sugarcane and the producers of
kbandsari sugar, the quantum of rebate determined must have a reasonable rela-
tion to the reality of market situation as well as to prevalent trade practice, (4)
assuming that the Central Government was influenced by the report m::i.de by the
Director, National Sugar Institute the report suggests that the average works out
at 0.741 kg ~er quintal, and consequently there was no justification for
further reducing it to 0.625 kg, (5) the notification places a restriction on the
c freedom of trade guaranteed under Article 19(1) (g) and as it is neither
reasonable nor imposed in public interest, it is violative of freedom of trade and
therefore void, and (6) in order that a restriction may be reasonable it must have
a reasonable relation to the object which the statute seeks to achieve and must
not be in excess of that object.

Dismissing the writ petitions.
D
HELD: The State Government notification dated September 3, 19BO
directing that where sugarcane is brought in bundles and is weighed as such a
rebate in regard.to the binding material at 0.625 kg per quinta:I be allowed, is
valid and legal. The rebate was statutorily prescribed to ensure that' sugarcane
growers were not at the mercy of the producers of sugar and kbandsari sugar.
The statutory rebate serves two-fold purpose: (i) it ensures price of sugarcane
E avoiding impermissible deductions and (ii) it circumvents fraud by making such
deductions as would render illusory even the negotiated price, if not fixed price.
The restriction is undoubtedly reasonable and is imposed in the interest of the
general pub1ic and the guarantee of freedom of trade is not violated.
[376 E; 392 H; 393 A-C]

1. (i) Though 1clause 3A was inserted in the Control Order in 1976 conferr·
F ing powerlon the Central Government or with the approval of the Central Govern-
ment, on the State Government to allow rebate at 0.625 kg. per quintal of sugar-
cane purchased by manufacturers of sugar, such rebate was being prescribed
by the Central Government since 1968. [379 G]

(ii) Clause 4 confers power on the Central Government or a State Gove~
ment with the concurrence of the Central Government to fix the minimum price
G or ihe price of sugarcane to be paid by producer.,s of khandsari sugar for sugar-
cane purchased by them. Third proviso to clause 4 provides that· the Central
Government or with the approval of the Central Government the State Govern-
ment to allow. a suitable rebate in the price so fixed. If the provision were to
end with clause 4, the question may arise whether the power to determine rate of
rebate can be exercised de hors the power to fix minimum price or price of sugar-

" cane or can be unilaterally exercised. But the language of the third proviso" ... as
it may specify. allow a suitable rebate of the price so fixed", indicates that the
rebate is :o-related to lhe price fixed. {381 C-F]
SUKHNANDAN SARAN V. UNION 373

(iii) The rebate contemplated by the third proviso to clause 4 is not neces- A
sarily con6ned to rate of rebate for binding material only but permissible rate of
rebate from the price or minimum price fixed under the substantive provision of
clause 4 can be prescribed. [381 H; 382 A)

(iv) Clause 4A stands on an independent footing and it is independent
of clause 4. Clause 4A is neither inter-dependent nor interrelated to clause 4.
Clause 4A visualises a situation in which either the minimum price of Sugar- B
cane is fixed under clause 4 or ·where no such price if fixed, the price agreed
to between the sugarcane grower and the producer who purchased sugarcane and
even in this latter situation the power to prescribe rate of rebate only in respect
of binding material was conferred on the authoiities set out in the third proviso
to clause 4A. Therefore, fixing of the minimum price may be a p1e--condition
to the exercise of power under the third proviso of clause 4, as far as clause 4A
is concerned, even where the price to be paid by the producer to the sugarcane c
grower is the one negotiated between the two, the producer or his agent will
have to allow that much rebate and no more for binding material if notified
.J under the third proviso. This literal construction accords with the intendmcnt of
the provision. [382 B-E; 383 G)

2. (i) Sugarcane is a perishable commodity. The grower of the sugarcane
D
is at the mercy of producers of sugar or khandsari sugar. It would be uneconomic
for him to transport sugarcane to a long distance. The product, .being perishable
and transport over a distance being uneconomic, the grower of sugarcane has
limited choice in selecting the producer to whom it coUld be sold. Between the
producer of khandsari and the grower of sugarcane, the first one is primarily in
a position to dominate and dictate and they do not operate on the level of equa-
lity. The grower of sugarcane in relation to the producer of the khandsari
E
sugar would therefore be weaker and requires to be protected. If the protec-
tion of fixing of minimum price is not resorted to because the authorities
have information that the grower of sugarcane would be able to obtain a 'reason-
ably fair price for his labour, the only thing which is required to be protected
against is inequitous. un3.uthorised and impermissible deductions. In the States
of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar the weight of the binding-material When sugarcane
is brought in bundles to the producer bas been a fruitful s~urce for the producers
F
of khandsari sugar to make deductions from the weight of sugitrcane delivered
to them in an exorbitant quantity so as to deny in real money worth the ncgoti·
ated price. [382 H; 388 A-DJ

(ii) While retaining the power to fix minimum price -0r price to be paid
and also in a given situation leaving it to the purchaser of sugarcane to G
negotiate the price in order to eschew any exploitation of the weaker section
between the two, th~ power to prescribe thC rate of rebate was acquired and it
can be rightly enforced. There is therefore no merit in the submission that
unless the power to fix the price or minimum price is exercised there is no power
to prescribe the rate of rebate. [383 F-G]
H
3. The rate of rebate has been determined by the law of averages after
wllectin~ infor1DMioD from all over th~ \09Ynt'i', and tile ~resent rate of r•bllt~
374 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982} 3 s.c.R.

A is in vogue for over a quarter of a century. It is therefore difficult to accept the
submission that the fixation of-rate of rebate for bindin~ material at 0.625 kg. for
th~ whole country is either arbitrary or unreal or unrelated to trade and practice.
[386 G-H]

4. (i) The differential between what is prescribed and what is calculated
as average by the study of the National Sugar Institute is not so wide as to render
B the prescribed rate arbitrary or unrealistic. The differentials being within a
narrow range, the one which is in vogue for over a quarter of a century cannot
be rejected as arbitrary or unrelated to trade and practice. Nor is the Court
competent to work out the exact permissible rebate with mathematical accuril.cy.
[387D-E]

(ii) The rate of rebate set out in the impugned notificaiion bears resemb-
c lance to the sample testing of actual weight of binding. material used in binding
sugarcane when brought in bundles to the khandsari factory. [388 E]

(iii) This does not however imply that no case has been made for upward
revision of the rebate. The Central Government may realistically .el!'.amine the
same before the next crushing season commences. [_388 G]

5. (i) It would be open to the producer of khandsari sugar to buy sugar-
D -cane from the grower who may be asked to bring sugarcane not bound in bund-
les. The rebate for binding material is to be aliowed only when sugarcane is
brought to the khandsari sugar producing unit bound io bundles. It is always
open to the purchaser of sugarcane to insist upon the grower bringing the sugar-
cane not bound in bundles and he is free to negotiate the price of sugarcane is
not fixed and the impugned notification wiIJ not even remotely impinge upon his
ffeedom to carry on his trade. The restriction Complained of therefore does not
E directly and proximately interfere with the exercise of freedom of trade and
Article 19(1) (g) is not attracted. [389 E-G]

(ii) Producers of sugar and khandsari sugar constitcte powerful trade
lobby, and this can be taken judicial notice. Sugar being an essential commodity
occasionally kept in short supply and being a commodity needed for consump-
lion by almost the entire population, the pOwerfut industry magna tcs are in a
F position to dominate both the growers of sugarcane as also the consumers of the
essential commodity. Number of regulations have been enacted to regulate this
powerful combination of manufacturers of sugar and khandsari sugar all over the
country for the ultimate benefit of consumers, the farmers-the growers of
sugarcane. The marginal farmers, are unable to stand up againsfthe organised ,/
industry and need protection for selling at fair price their meagre agricultural
produce. [391 D·G]
G
(iii) Sugarcane gro~ers who are farmers cannot negotiate on the footing
of equality with the producers of sugar· and khandsari sugar. The State action
for the protection of the weaker sect-ions is not only justified but absolutely
necessary unless the restriction imposed is excessive. If price or minimum price
"of sugarcsne is fixed. the producers of sugar would try to circumvent the price
H or minimum price by unrealistic and impermissible deductions. The reb8.te for
weight of binding material seems to be a source for indulging in this nefarious,
if not wholly fr,audulent. conduct,

:o'-
suKHNANi>AN SARAN v. UNION (besai, J.)
6. To strike the balance between the conflicting interests not only the State A
acquired power to fix minimum price of sugar and khandsari sugar but that this
wholesome effort may not work to the disadvantage of the sugarcane growers
another weaker section of th~ society, the power to prescribe rate of rebate was
acquired. And the power to fix price or minimum price comprehends the power
to so regu1ate supply as to ensure the price so fixed and to ensure that in the
name of unauthorised and unwarranted deduction the price fixed or negotiated
is not rendered illusory. [393 G-H; 394 A) B
ORIGINAL JURISDICTION : Writ Petition Nos. 0443-44/80,
•
8829-30, 9123-24, 370·87, 777•796, 658·62, 732·63, 824-31, 847-62,
1080-1103, 1131-52, 8916, 9071-74., 9130-32, 9176·79, 8965, 8971-72,
9347-48, 9352-67 of 1981.

(Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India)
c

AND

Writ Petitions Nos. 14-19/82, 333-25, 458-96, 1307-17, D
1410-13, 1595, 8268-72 of 1981 and 152 of 1982.

· (Under article 32 of the Constitution of India)

C.M. Lodha. in W. P. No. 6443-44/80, Shanti Bhushan,
in WP. Nos. 732·63, 3423-25/81-S.N. Kackar, in W.P. 777-96 &
1131-52 of 81, R.K. Jain, S. Mitter, K.K. Mohan, N.S. Das Bahl, E
•
Rameshwar Dial and Madan Gopal Gupta for the Petitioners.

G.N. Dikshit and Mrs. Shobha Dikshit for Respondents.

Girish Chandra and Miss A. Subhashini for Union of India in
W.l'. Nos. 6443-44/80. (> F
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by :
' ;.
DESAI, J. Even an innocuous marginally regulatory measure
affecting the sugar trade at fringes is sufficient for this powerful
ipdustry to invade the courts with petitions galore almost pro- G
claiming that there should be hands off policy in respect of this trade.
The filimsty albeit untenable grievance made in this group of peti-
tions would underscore the truth of what is just stated.

-· ~ In exercise of the power conferred by clause (4) third proviso
of the Sugarcane (Control) Order, 1966, ('Control Order' for short),
the 2nd respondent-State ofUttar Pradesh, with the permission of
SUPREME COURT RBPORts [1982] 3 s.c.il.
A the 1st respondent Union of India, issued Notification dated Sep-
tember 3, 1980, which ·is impugned in these petitions. The
impugned Notification reads as under :

"Sr. No. 398 A (Ka) 13-38-16, 56 •
B Government Gazette, U.P.

Extraordinary

Legislative Supplement
Part 4, Seciion (b) (Kha)
c ... Order

Lucknow, Wednesday, 3rd. September, 1980.

Notification

P.As.~306

In exercise of the powers conferred by clause 4 proviso 3 of
the Sugarcane Control Order, 1966, the Governer, with the permis-
sion of the Central Government, allows in Uttar Pradesh in respect
of Khandsari units, producing Gur, rab or Khandsari sugar, where
E sugarcane is brought in bundles and is weighed as such, a
rebate in regard to the binding material at 0.650 kilograms per
quintal.

By Order,
R. Basudev,
Secretary"
F
•
It was stated that there was a printing error in mentioning the figure
'0.650 kg.' and a corrigendum bas been issued to correct it to
'0.625 kg.' per quintal in the Notification.

G. Tbe allegations in all the petitions are identical and, therefore,
we would state a few representative facts from the writ petition ,
filed by M/s. Sukhnandan Saran Dinesh Kumar and Another. The
petitioners are producers of sugar by open pan process, the product
being described as Khandsari sugar. This term is to be understood in
H contra-distinction to the marketable commodity called 'sugar' -which
is produced by vacuum pan process. The raw material for manu-
silkllNANbAN SARAN v. UNION (Desai, i.)

factoring sugar or Khandsari sugar is sugarcane. The petitioners A
have set up a factory for manufacturing khandsari sugar by open
pan process. The petitioners buy sugarcane from the sugarcane
growers. In order to extend protection to the farmers who · have
•
undertaken raising of sugarcane crop, tbe Central Government
issued the Control Order in exercise of the power conferred by
section 3 of the Essential Commodities Act, 1955. By clause 3 of 8
this order, power was conferred on the Central Government to fix
minimum price of sugarcane to be paid by producers of sugar for
sugarcane purchased by them. Clause 4 confers similar power to
fix the minimum price to be paid by the producers of khandsari
sugar for sugarcane purchased by them. Other clauses of the
Order for the present purpose are not relevant. Clause 3A was
c
introduced by GSR 815 (E)/ESS. COM./Sugarcane dated Septem-
ber 24, 1976, which, inter a/ia, conferred power on the Central
Government and various other authorities mentioned therein to allow
a suitable rebate in regard to the weight of the binding material not
exceeding 0.625 kg, per quintal of sugarcane, when sugarcane was D
purchased by the producer of sugar. Subsequently, by Notification
GSR 197 (E)/Ess. Com./Sugarcane dated March 20,1978, Clause 4A
with the marginal note "Rebate that can be deducted from the
price paid for sugarcane by producers of Khandsari sugar" was
introduced. Clauses 4 and 4 A are material for the present dis-
cussion and they may be extracted : E

"4. Minimum price of sugarcane payable by producers of
[(handsari sugar :~

The Central Government or a State Government, with F
the concurrence of the Central Government, may, by notifi-
cation in the Official Gazette, from time to time, fix the
minim11m price or the price of sugarcane to 'be paid by
producers of khandsari sugar or their agents for the sugar-
cane purchased by them : .
G
x x x
Provided also that the Central Government or, with
the approval of the Central Government, the State Govern- H
ment, may in such circumstances and subject to such con-
SUPREME COURT REPORTS f19821 :i s.c.il.
A
ditions as it may specify allow a suitable rebate in the price
so fixed." ' ·

*"4A. Rebate that can be deducted from the price paid
for sugarcane by producers of Khandsari sugar :
B
A producer of khandsari sugar or his agent shall pay,
i
for the sugarcane purchased by him, to the sugarcane
grower or the sugarcane growers' co-operative society,
either the minimum price ·of sugarcane ·fixed under clause
4, or the price ·agreed to between the producer or bis agent'
c and the sugarcane grower or the sugarcane growers' co·
operative society, as the case may be (hereinafter referred
to as tbe agreed price : )

Provided that :

D x x x

x x x

(iii) Where the sugarcane is brought bound in bundles
and weighed as such, the Central Gove.rnment, or,
E with the approval of the Central Government, the
State Government or the Director of Agriculture or
the Cane Commissioner or the District Magistrate
within their respective jurisdiction, may allow a suitable
rebate in regard to the weight of the binding material
not exceeding 0.625 Kilograms per quintal of sugar-
F cane; and,

x x x
,
·,(
Clause 4 c0nferred power on the Central Government or a
State Government with the concurrence of the Central Government
G
to fix the minimum price or the price of sugarcane to be paid by
producers of khandsari sugar or their agents for the sugarcane pur-
chased by them. The second and third proviso to clause 4 were
simultaneously introduced with clause 4A. By the Third proviso
to clause 4, power was conferred on the Central Government or
H
* Inserted vide Notification No. GSR 197 (B)/Bsi. Com./Sugarcane
dated 20.3. 78,

,.
51.JltllNANl>AN SAl\AN v. UDION (Desai, J.) 319

with the approval of the Central Government on the State Govern·
A
ment to allow a suitable rebate in the price fixed in exercise of the
power conferred by clause 4. The purpose underlying the proviso is
manifest. If the minimum price or price of sugarcane to be paid by
producers of khandsari sugar is fixed, it is incumbent upon the pro-
ducers of khandsari sugar to pay that price and nothing less than
B
that price on the pain of criminal prosecution. The authorities
clearly envisaged a situation where sugarcane may be brought
in bundles to the unit manufacturing khandsari sugar and if
the sugarcane is weighed with the binding material used, the
minimum price or price fixed by the Government to be paid per
quintal of sugarcane would ipso facto include the weight of the
binding material and if the power to grant rebate is not conferred
c
the producer of khandsari sugar will be under an obligation to
pay the same price even if the part of the payment was for some-
thing other than sugarcane, namely, binding material. The raison
d'etre behind conferring this power is thus clearly discernible.

Clause 4A made it obligatory to pay the minimum price of
D
sugarcane if so fixed under clause 4 or in the absence of price fixa-
tion, the negotiated price. Proviso (iii) to clause 4A confers power
to allow rebate not exceeding 0.625 kg. per quinta:I of sugarcane
where sugarcane is brought in bundles and is weighed as such, i.e.
with the binding material. Armed with this power, the 2nd res-
pondent after obtaining approval of the Central Government, as per
E
letter dated September. 6, 1979, issued the impugned notification
directing tha.t where sugarcane is brought in bundles and is weighed
as such a rebate in regard to the binding material at 0.625 kg. per
quintal be allowed.

Before adverting to the contentions raised in this group of F
petitions it may be made distinctly clear that though clause 3A
was .inserted in the Control Order in 1976 conferring similar power
on the Central Government. or with the approval of the Central
Government, on the State Government to allow rebate at 0 .625 kg.
per quintal of sugarcane purchased by manufacturers of sugar, such
rebate was being prescribed by the Central Government since 1968, G
The Gazettes oflndia setting out the notifications for tbe years
1968, 1971, 1972 and 1975 were 11bown to us. The notifications
were issued in exercise of the power conferred by clause 3 of the
Sugarcane Control Order, 1966. By the notifications hereinabove
referred to minimum price of sugarcane per quintal payable by each H
sugar mill enumerated in the Schedule to the notification was fixed.
'
jgo SUPREME cOURT REi>OlTS l l 982j 3 s.c.tl.
A While fixing this minimum price the Central Government authorised·
itself as also conferred power on the State Governments or the
Commissioner or Director of Agriculture within their jurisdiction to
allow a suitable rebate in regard to the weight of binding material
not exceeding 0.625 kg. per quintal of sugarcane. It thus clearly
•
transpires that the power to fix the minimum price of sugarcane
B · comprehended the power to fix rebate to be allowed for binding
material where sugarcane is brought to the factory or the producing
centre bound in bundles. However, to avoid any quibbling about
the power to fix such.rates of rebate, clause 3A was added in 1976
and an identical clause 4A was added in 1978 acquiring power to
prescribe rebate to be allowed for binding material where sugarcane
c is brought to the khandsari sugar producing units bound in bundles
and weighed as such. Thi~ would at least show that since 1968
rebate at 0.625 per quintal of sugarcane purchased by producers of
sugar is being allowed. Sugarcane is a raw material both for sugar
and khandsari sugar, the distinction between them being that when
vacuum pan process is employed the end product is called sugar and
D when open pan process is employed the end product is called
khandsari sugar. In case of either of them, the grower of sugarcane
has hardly anythi.ng to do with the end product. After the grower
sells his sugarcane, as far as he is concerned, it is immaterial whether
the producer produces sugar or khandsari sugar or rab or jaggery
or shakkar. Therefore, clause 4A was introduced to avoid discri-
mination between producers of sugar and khandsari sugar in the
matter of rebate to be allowed when the grower of sugarcane brings
the same bound in bundles to be delivered to the producer. The
producers of sugar have without a murmur accepted this position
but once the producers of khandsari sugar are brought within the

···~
F purview of an identical provision, they have filed the present
petitions.

Mr. C.M. Lodha who led on behalf of the petitioners con-
tended that the power to prescribe rate of rebate under third proviso
G to clause 4 is conditional upon the fixing of minimum price or price
of sugarcane, and as the pre-condition to exercise of power is not
satisfied, the authorities cannot ex~rcise power to prescribe rate of
rebate. The submission is that where minimum price of sugarcane
is fixed by the Government, in order to ensure that that price is paid
.ff for sugarcane and simultaneously to avoid any unauthorised deduc-
tion, the' Central Government or the State Government may pres-
cribe the rate of rebate to be allowed beyond which no deduction

,,
StiKllNANbAN SARAN v. UNION (Desai, J.) 381

under the camouflage of rebate for binding material can be.
A
resorted to by the purchaser; but if the power to fix minimum price
or price o( sugarcane is not exercised, there does not arise a situa-
tion in which the power to prescribe rebate to be allowed for binding
material can be exercised. It was urged that the power to fix price
or mfoimum price of sugarcane and to prescribe r~te of rebate are
B
not independent but they are inter-dependent and one cannot be
exercised without exercising the other.

Clause 4 confers power on the Central Government or a State
Government with the concurrence of the· Central Government to c
fix the minimum price or th.e price of sugarcane to be paid by pro-
ducers of khandsari sugar for sugarcane purchased by them. Third
proviso to clause 4 provides that the Central Government or with
the approval of the Central Government, the State Government may
in such circumstances and subject to such conditions as it may.
specify, allow a suitable rebate in the price so fixed. If the provi- D
sion were to end with clause 4, a serious contention would arise whe-
ther the power to determine rate of rebate can be exercised de horse
the power to fix minimum price or price of sugarcane or can be uni-
laterally exercised. Undoubtedly, if the power was exercised under
clause 4 probably the pre-condition to exercise of power of prescrib- ·
ing suitable rebate viz. fixing of minimum price or prlce of sugarcane E
if not satisfied, the power to prescribe rate of rebate could not have
been exercised because the latter power for its exercise is dependent
npon the power to fix price or minimum price. Both the powers are
interrelated as would be evident from the language of third proviso :
" .. .,as it may specify, allow a suitable rebate in the price so fixed."
The rebate is thus co-related to price fixed. Therefore prima facie it F
appears that the power to fix rate of rebate under the third proviso
to clause 4 cannot be exercised without exercising the power to fix
price or minimum price. It being a conditional power, the satisfac-
tion of condition giving rise to the occasion to exercise of power
is a must. Therefore, before the rate· of rebate is prescribed the
G
price or the minimum price of sugarcane as provided in the subs-
tantive part of clause 4 will have to be fixed. From the price so
fixed a rebate has to be allowed and, therefore, the power was con-
ferred by the third proviso to prescribe the rate of rebate. The
rebate contemplated by the third proviso to clause 4 is not neces- H
sarily confined to rate of rebate for binding material only but per-
~82 SUPREMR COURT REPORtS [ 1982] j s.c ..t.

A missible rate of rebate from the price or minimum price fixed under
the substantive provision of clause 4 can be prescribed.

Clause 4A stands on an independent footing and it is inde-
pendent of clause 4. Clause 4A is neither inter-dependent nor
interrelated to clause 4. Clause 4A provides that the producer of
B khandsari sugar or his agent shall pay for the sugarcane purchased
by him to the sugarcane grower or the sugarcane growers' co-
operative society either the minimum price of sugarcane fixed under
clause 4 or the prico agreed to between the 'producer or his agent
and the sugarcane grower or the sugarcane growers' co-operative
society as the case may be. Clause 4A thus visualises a situation
c in which either the minimum price of sugarcane is fixed under clause
4 or where no such price if fixed, the price agreed to between the
sugarcane grower and the producer who purchased sugarcane and
even in this latter situation the power to prescribe rate of rebate only
in respect of binding material was conferred on the Central Govern-
D ment or the authorities set ont in the third proviso to clause 4A.
Therefore, fixing of the minimum price may be a pre-condition to
the exercise of power under the third proviso of clause 4, as far as
clause 4A is concerned, even where the price to be paid by the
producer to the sugarcane grower is the one negotiated between the
two, the producer or his agent will have to allow that much rebate
E and no more for binding material if notified in exercise of the power
conferred by the third proviso. This literal construction accords
with the intendment of the provision as would be presently pointed
out.

Mr. Lodha urged that if the purchaser and seller of sugarcane
F are free agents to negotiate the price, what useful purpose would be
served by prescribing the rate of rebate statutorily ? Says
Mr. Lodha, that if higher rebate is to -be allowed, the producer of
A
.•
khandsari sugar and the grower of sugarcane would work out the
price accordingly and if less rebate is allowed, it will have a direct
G impact on the negotiated price. This submission proceeds on the
unwarranted assumption that a producer of khandsari sugar and
the grower of sugarcane are capable of negotiatin& the price as
free agoots and stand on a footing of equality. Sugarcane
is a perishable commodity. The grower of the sugarcane is at the
mercy of producers of sugar or khandsari sugar. It would be un-
H economic for him to transport sugarcane to a long distance. By
the very nature of the product, it being perishable and transport
SUKHNANDAN SARAN v. UNION (Desai, J.) 383

over a distance being uneconomic, the grower of sugarcane bas A
limited choice in selecting the producer to whom it could be sold.
Between the producer of khandsari and the grower of sugarcane, the
first one is primarily in a position to dominate and dictate and they
do not operate on the level of equality. Unquestionably, therefore,
the grower of sugarcane in relation to the producer of the khandsari
sugar would be weaker and it is he who requires to be protected. 8
Now, if the protection of fixing of minimum price is not resorted to
because the authorities under the Control Order may have informa-
tion before them that looking to the supply and demand and the
~'--- demand and the market economy, the grower of sugarcane would be
able to obtain a reasonably fair price for his labour, the only thing
which is required to be protected against is inequitous, unauthorised c
and impermissible deductions. It appears that in the State of
Uttar Pradesh and Bihar the weight of the binding material when
sugllrcane is brought in bundles to the producer has been
a fruitful source for the producers of khandsari sugar to make
deductions from the weight of sugarcane delivered to them in
such an exorbitant quantity as to deny in real money worth the D
negotiated price. This can be demonstrably established by the claim
made in these petitions that the weight of binding material is 2. 5 kg.
per quintal of sugarcane while the authorities have prescribed only
0.625 kg. per quintal of sugarcane and the national average as
worked out by National Sugar Institute, Kanpur is 0.741 kg. per E
quintal of sugarcane. If the price of sugarcane is fixed per quintal
and the deduction is made as contended herein, it does not require
imagination or mathematician's intellect to work out the invisible
loss inflicted by the subtle method on the growers of sugarcane.
Therefore, while retaining the power to fix minimum price or price
to be paid and also in a given situation leaving it to the purchaser of F
sugarcane and grower of sugarcane to negotiate the price in order
to eschew any exploitation of the weaker section between the two,
the power to prescribe the rate of rebate was acquired and can be
rightly enforced. Therefore, viewed from either angle, there is no
merit in the submission that unless the power •to fix the price or
minimum price is exercised there is no power to prescribe the G
rate of rebate. Language of clause 4A on a literal or gramma-
tical construction negatives the submission and it must as well be
rejected looking to the intendment underlying this provision.

Mr. Shanti Bhushan, learned counsel appearing for the peti- H
tioners in Writ Petitions No. 734 to 763 urged that assuming thl!t
384 SUPREMll COURT REPORTS [1982f 3 s.c.a'

A power to prescribe rate of rebate under clause 4A read with the
third proviso could also be exercised where price of sugarcane may
be left to be negotiated between the growers of sugarcane and pro-
. ducers of khandsari sugar, yet the quantum as determined must at
least have reasonable relation to the reality of market situation as
well as prevalent trade practice. He urged that viewed from this
8 angle fixation of rate of rebate at 0.625 kg. per quintal of sugarcane
is unjust and unfair' and therefore the Court should strike down the
impugned notification on the ground that the determination is
arbitrary and utterly unrelated to trade and practice. Simultaneously
he contended that assuming that national average of weight of
binding material works out at 0.741 kg. per quintal as submitted
c by the Respondents on the strength of the report of National Sugar
Institute, Kanpur, there was absolutely no justification for reducing
the same to 0.625 kg. per quintal and therefore prescribed rate of
- rebate apart from being arbitrary is unrelated to trade and prac(ice
and deserves to be quashed. In this connection, he referred to
paragraph 6 of the counter-affidavit ·filed by Shri H.A.M.L. Vaz,
D
Deputy Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Food
in which it is stated as under :

"The limit of_ 625 grams per quintal was adopted, as it
was allowed by the States of U.P. and Bihar before the
E Cenlial Government took over the control over the price
of sugarcane, and has continued since then. Representa-
tions were received from the Associations of the vacuum-
pan sugar mills etc. again! that limit. A survey was carried
out by the National Sugar Institute, Kanpur, and the
average weight of the binding material worked out to
F 0. 741 kg., per quintal for the winter season of the selected
factories spread over· the whole country.' Subsequently,
on receipt of a representation from the Madras State
Federation of Co-operative Sugar Factories, views of the
State Governments in the matter were also called for, with
the specific request that they might also ascertain the views
G of the cane growers. The major sugar producing State
Governments of U.P., Punjab, Rajasthan, Maharashtra,
Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Pondicherry, West Bengal,
Orissa, Madh~a Pradesh, Kerala and Gujarat, recom-
mF.nded that the limit already prescribed was adequate and
H
that there was no need to revise it. The Bihar Govern-
Jlle!lt bad alreadr indicated the same view. Hence fixation
SUKHNANDAN SARAN .v. UNION <Desai, J.) 385

of that limit cannot be said to be unreal and arbitrary or A
contrary to actualities of trade and practice."

Petitioners countered it by the affidavit in rejoinder of
Shri Prem Parkash Aggarwal; the relevant portion of para 4
reaqs as under :
B
"With reference to Para 6 of the counter-affidavit I say
that to the best of my information no survey was carried
out at any time after 1976. It is to the best of my informa-
tion that National Sugar Institute, Kanpur, conducted
some kind of survey in 196.4 or earlier." c
This half-hearted lack of knowledge would not be sufficient to
reject what Mr. Vaz stated -in his counter-affidavit. However, to
put this factual averment beyond the pale of controversy Mr. Girish
Chandra, learned advocate who appeared for the Union Government
produced a file of the Department of Food, Sugar Policy Desk, in D
which claim for upward revision of allowance for binding material
presently allowed under Sugar (Control) Order, 1966 in the light
of the suggestions received from Indian Sugar Mills Association as
per its letter dated July 14, 1977 has been meticulously examined.
It appears that Indian Sugar Mills Association approached the
Central Government requesting it for upward revision of the rebate r:
for binding material till then granted under the Control Order.
Indian Sugar Mills Association appears to be the spokesman
of the sugar industry. Probably a grievance was voiced that while
producers of sugar are under a statutory obligation to grant the
prescribed rate of rebate, the producers of khandsari sugar are under
F
no such obligation even though they purchase sugarcane from the
the same market. Accordingly while examining the. question
whether any upward revision in the rate of rebate shoqld be allowed
to the produc~rsof sugar who purchase sugarcane, it was decided
to simultaneously introduce an i.dentical provision in respect of
purchase of sugarcane by producers of khandsari sugar. That
. is the genesis of the introduction of clause 4A in, the Control Order.
The file meticulously examines the suggestion for upward revision of
the rate of rebate. It clearly transpires from the file that a circular
letter was sent to all the governments of sugar producing states
requesting them to intimate their view on the desirability or other· H
wise of any upward revision in the existing quantum of rebate of
0.625 kg. per quintal in respect of the weisht of the binding material'
386 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982) 3 S.C.R.
A where sugarcane is brought bound in bundles and weighed as such.
It may be briefly mentioned that Punjab, Gujarat, Karnataka and
U.P., did not consider it necessary to grant any upward revision.
On the other hand, Tamilnadu, Kerala, West Bengal, Pondicherry,
Haryana, Rajasthan and Orissa were of the opinion that there is
B some justification for an upward revision not exceeding I kg.
per quintal. The State of Bibar took a neutral stand stating
that in Bihar, sugarcane is not supplied hound in bundles and
therefore the question of giving any rebate in respect of binding
material does not arise. After ascertaining the views of the different
State Governments, the departmen_t was of the view that since the
/-~
c views of the State Governments are sharply divided, a request may
be made to Director, National Sugar Institute, Kanpur to carry out
an independent study in regard to the quantum of l:!'bate that should
be given for binding material, to enable the Government to take a
final decision, on the request of the industry for upward revision of
the existing rebate of 0.625 kg per quintal. This is the genesis of the
D report of the Director, National Sugar Institute referred to in Para
6 of the counter-affidavit. The summary of the report of the
Director, ;National Sugar Institute, Kanpur was examined and it
was observed that the percentage of the binding materials varies
from State to State and ranges· between 0.64 to 1.5% except in
Orissa where it is found to be 3.00%. When the matter was still
E under consideration of the Department, the present writ petitions
were filed. It was observed that the present rate of rebate is in
force for the last over 20 years, so far as the vacuum-pan sugar
manufacturers are concerned and the same can be applied to the
khandsari sugar manufacturers also. Probably further examination
of the request for upward revision came to be stalled in view of the
F fact that the present writ petitions were filed.

In the light of the fact situation hereinabove set-out, ·it is
difficult to accept the submission that the fixation of rate of rebate
for binding material at 0.625 kg. for the whole country is either
G arbitrary or unreal or unrelated to trade and practice. The rate of
rebate seems tg have been determined by the law of averages after
collecting information from all over the country. Coupled with
this is the fact that the present rate of rebate is in vogue for over a
quarter of a century. It in itself is sufficient to negative the conten-
H tion that the rate of rebate is fixed arbitrarily or unrelated to trade
and practice,
SUKRNANDAN SARAN ~. UNION (Desai, J.) .387

The next submission is that assuming that the Central Govern·
ment was influenced by the report made by the Director of the
National Sugar Institute, Kanpur, the report suggests tbat the
average works out at 0.741 kg, per quintal, being approximately
the mean between 0.64 and 1.5o/o. Therefore, it was vehemently
urged that there was no justification for further reduCing it to 0.625
B
kg. When the determination has to be made on law of averages
and applicable to the whole country, the ftnal figure cannot be
mathematically determined. If the existing rate of rebate, deter-
mined on the national average is marginally higher or lower than
the average worked out by a later study team, it cannot be said that
the existing prescription is arbitrary or unf.elated to trade or practice c
No doubt, if the range is wide, and the gap is unexplained, realistic
redetermination may be directed. According to the average worked
out by the Director of the National Sugar Institute, all India average
rate of rebate would work out at 0. 741 kg. per quintal while the
Government has been fixing for over a quarter of a century the rate
of rebate al 0 625 kg. per quintal. Thus the differential between D
what is prescribed and what is calcula.!ed by the study is not so wide
as to render the presc.ribed rate arbitrary or unrealistic. The
differentials being within a narrow range, the one which is in vogue
for over a quarter of a century cannot be rejected as arbitrary or
unrelated to trade and practice. Nor is the Court competent to
work out the exact permissible rebate with mathematical accuracy. E

A reference at this stage to a piece of evidence furnished by the
petitioners would suffice to repel the contention of the petitioners
that the average weight of binding material is 2.5 kg. per quintal
and, therefore, the prescribed rate is not merely marginally low but F
wholly unrealistic. Annexure I to the rejoinder affidavit filed by
Shri Prem Prakash Aggarwal, Secretary of Our Khandsari Utpadak
Sangh, Roorkee, dated December 24, 1981, ·purports to be a report
-
of the Assistant Sugarc11ne Commissioner on his visit to M/s Anand
Prakash Alulkumar, a Khandsari sugar producing unit on January G
25, 1978. He was accompanied by Shri Shanker Shukla, Khandsari
Officer, Sarvashri 'S.D. Verma, R.C. Kureel, Deoband and Navin
Chandra, Khandsari Inspectors. In order to ascertain the average
weight of binding material a truck loaded to its full capacity with H
sugarcane was weighed. The gross weight was 37 quintals and 36
kgs. Sbri Shol?h~ !lam! the o~ner of the sugarcane was directed tq
388 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982] 3 s.c.R.

A remove the joon (binding material) of sugarcane. The weight of M.
Trolly was found to be 21 quintal~ and 40 kgs. Substracting the
weight of trolly from the gross weight, the weight of sugarcane
with binding materials worked out at 15 quintals and 96 kgs. Then
followed the calculation which may be extracted :

B
"The above farmer (kastkar) also reported that the
sugarcane was being purchased at Rs. 9. IO p. per quintal.
Approximately about 1800 quintals cane was lying at site.
The weight of the joon (binding material) after it bad been
c removed came to 32 kgs."

If the actual weight of the binding material in respect of 1800
quintals of sugarcane turned out to be 32 kg., obviously per each
quintal it would be much less than 0.625 kg. Mr. Shanti Bhushan,
D
however, attempted to urge that the last sentence in the Report is
disjointed and misplaced and he wanted us to read the Report as
. meaning that the weight of sugarcane in the trolly was 15.96 kg.
and that the weight of the binding material in respect of the same
was 32 kg. and, therefore, on an average it would work out at 2 kg.
per quintal. It is not possible to read the Report in the manner
E indicated by Mr. Shanti Bhushan. In fact, the Report was produced
on behalf of the petitioners and not a word has been stated in the
affidavit to which it is annexed as to how the Report is to be read.
It would thus appear that the rate of rebate set out in the impugned
Notification bears resemblance to the sample testing of actual
weight of binding material used in binding sugarcane when brought ".:
F in bundles to the khandsari factory. ~

Our rejection of the submission should not be interpreted to
imply that no case is made out for upward revision of the rate of .A'.·
rebate for binding material. There is by the law of average as
G recently worked out in 1980·81, an examinable case for revision up
to at least 0.741 kg. per quintal. We do not purport to indicate the
figure as a judicial pronouncement but we believe that the Central
Government would continue its examination of the request made by
Indian Sugar Mills Association, shelved because of these petitions,
for upward revision and realistically examine the same as early as
possible and before the next crushing season commences. With this
we re~ect the su!Jmission that the fixation of rate of rebate at
SUKHNANDAN SARAN v, UNION (Desai, J.) 389

0.625 kg. per quintal in the impugned notification is arbitrary or A
unrelated to trade and practice.

Mr. Kackar, learned counsel who appeared in Writ Petitions
777-796 and 1131-52/81 urged that the impugned notification places
a restriction on th~ freedom of trade guaranteed to the petitioners B
under Article 19 (I) (g) and as it is neither shown to be reasonable
nor imposed in public interest, it is violative of the freedom of trade
and is, therefore, void.

Whenever it is contended that a regulatory measure imposes c
restriction upon the freedom of trade guaranteed by Articles 19 ( J)
(g), it must be shown that the restriction so imposed directly and
proximately interferes in presenti with the exercise of freedom of
trade. If the alleged restriction does not directly or proximately
interfere with the exercise of freedom of trade., the freedom
guaranteed by Article 19 (I) (g) is not violated. Petitioners contend 'D
that they have a right to carry on trade on manufacturing khandsari \
sugar and for facilitating the carrying on of this trade they have to
buy the raw material called sugarcane. When they buy sugarcane in
the absence of minimum price for sugarcane the sugarcane grower
and the producer of khandsari sugar are free to negotiate the price.
The negotiated price would take care of the condition in which E
sugarcane should be supplied. It would be open to the producer of
kbandsari sugar to buy sugarcane from the grower who .may be
asked to bring sugarcane not bound in bundles. The rebate for
binding material is to be allowed only when sugarcane is brought to
the khandsari sugar producing unit bound in bundles. It is always
open to the purchaser of sugarcane to insist upon the grower F
bringing the sugarcane not bound in bundles and _be is free to
negotiate the price when price or minimum price of sugarcane is not
fixed and the impugned notification will not even remotely impinge
upon his freedom to carry on his trade. Therefore, the short
answer is that the restriction complained of" does not directly and
G
proximately interfere with the exercise of freedom of trade and
Article 19 (I) (g) is not attracted.

Assuming that the impugned notificaiion ma~ing it obligatory H
to grant rebate for binding material when sugarcane is brought ,
pound in l)undles to the extent prescribed
. in the impugned notifica- i
'
390 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982) 3 S.C.R.

A tion does impose a restriction on the freedom to carry on trade, the *
next question is, whether the restriction is reasonable and imposed
in the interest of general public. Once it is assumed that the
impugned notification imposes a restriction on the freedo.m of
trade, the burden is on those who support it, to show that the
restriction imposed by the impugned law is reasonable and is
B
imposed in. the interest or general public. In other words, the
burden is on those who seek the protection ·or clause (6) of Article 19 ~
not on the citizen who says that the restrictive enactment is invalid
(see Saghir Ahmad v. The State of U.P. & Ors.,( 1) Khyerbari Tea Co.
Ltd. & Anr. v. The State of Assam(') and ·vraj/a/ Manila/ & Co. and .----.._
/ ~

G Ors. v. State of Madhya Pradesh & Ors.,('). It is of course not
necessary to recall the dissent of Sarkar, J. in Khyerbari, Tea Co.
Ltd. case. The learned judge was of the view that the whole theory
of burden of proof rests on the assumption that clause (6) of i..
Article 19 carves out an exception and that the burden to prove
that the case is covered by the exception is on him who pleads the
D same, but it was observed that this way of reading the Constitution
is not proper and one may legitimately say that there is no exception
because the real fundamental right is what is left after the restriction
has been imposed. Consistently with the majority view, the burden
will be on the authority who claims the protection of clause (6) of
Article 19 to show that the restriction is a reasonable one and that is
E imposed in the interest of general public.

Having settled the question of burden, the passing submission
made tiy Mr. Kacker may be dealt with. It was urged that in the
batch of petitions in which he appears neither the Union Govern·
ment nor the State of Uttar Pradesh has filed counter·affidavit and
therefore, one can say that no attempt has been made to justify the
restriction. We are not disposed to accept this submission because
the Union Government has filed counter-affidavit in Writ Petitions,
Nos. 6443-6444 of 1980 and all the petitions in this batch raised'~
identical contentions and were directed to be heard with Writ ·-.,.
Petitions Nos. 6443-6444 of 1980. Undeserved respect for processual '·"-
G justice may have persuaded us to direct the Union Government
to file a copy of the counter-affidavit iq each petition which we

(I) [1955] l SCR 707.
!2) [1964) 5 S.C.R. 975.
H q) [1970] l SCR 40<),
•
§UKHNANDAN SARAN v. UNION (Desai, J.) j9j

consider superfluous. At any rate, the petitioners in the petitions A
in which Mr Kacker appears, were supplied a copy of the counter·
affidavit and therefore this passing submission must be negatived.

If freedom of trade postulates, inter alia, freedom to negotiate
-4. price for purchase and sale both the raw material and the finished
8
product, the control order confers power. to fix price of sugar-
cane and to th11t extent there is a restriction on freedom of
__,,__ ~ trade. But the restriction is not under examination here Even
-' "'- when be is left free to negotiate the price where either the Central
Government or with the approval of the Central Government, the
State Government does not fix minimum price or price of sugar-
,J cane there is a further restriction on his freedom of negotiating the
price because he is statutorily bound to give rebate for the binding
material as prescribed in the impugned notification. To that extent
one may give credence to the contention that there is a marginal
restriction on the freedom of trade. D

The statutory prescription of quantum of rebate for binding
material has been prescribed for the benefit of sugarcane growers.
Producers of sugar and khandsari sugar constitute a powerful
trade lobby, the fact of which one can take judicial notice. E
Sugar being an essential commodity occasionally kept in short
,. supply and being a commodity needed for,consumption by almost

-
the entire population, the powerful industry magnates in this field
are in a position to dominate both the growers of sugarcane as also
the consumers of the essential commodity. Number of regulations
\<... have been enacted almost since the dawn of independence to regulate F
this powerful combination of manufacturers of sugar and khandsari
t sugar all over the country for the ultimate benefit of consumers on
the one hand and on the other hand the farmers and the growers of
sugarcane with their small holdings and raising a perishable food
crop. The marginal farmers, are unable to stand up against the
organised industry. It does not require long argument in this G
predominantly agricultural society that the farmers having small
holdings need protection for selling at fair price their meagre agri-
cultural produce. As far back as 1953; the U.P. Legislature enacted
U.P. Sugarcane (Regulation of Supply and Purchase) Act, 1953, for H
rational distribution of sugarcane to factories, for its development
on the organised scientific line, to protect the interest of cane
•
392 SuPREMB COURT REPORTS (19s2j 3s.c.ll.
A growers and of the industry, etc. Constitutionality of this Act was
challenged on various grounds including one under Article 19 (!) (g)
In Ch. Tika Ramji & Ors. v. The State of Uttar Pradesh & Ors.,(1 )
this Court repelled the challenge under Article 19 (I) (g) holding
that the restriction which is imposed upon the canegrowers in regard
to sales of their sugarcane to the occupiers of factories in areas
B
where the membership of the Canegrowers Co-operative Society if
not less than 75 per cent of the total cane growers within the area, is
a reasonable restriction in the public interest desigqed for safeguard-
ing the interest of the large majority of growers of sugarcane in the
area and works for the greatest good of the greatest number. The
c proposition is now beyond the pale of controversy that the State
can impose a restriction in the interest of general public on the right
of a party io con tract where in the opinion of the Government the
contracting parties are unable to negotiate on the footing of equality.
Constitutional validity of statutes prescribing minimum wages has
been founded on this proposition. The principle can be effectively
D extended to the powerful sugar industry and the cane growers
because the cane growers admittedly are at a comparative disadvan-
tage to the producers of sugar and khandsari sugar who were
described in the course of arguments as sugar barons. It does not
require an elaborate discussion to reach an affirmative conclusion
that sugarcane growers who are · farmers cannot negotiate on the
E footing of the equality with the producers of sugar and khandsari
sugar. The State action for the protection of the weaker sections
is not only justified but absolutely necessary unless the restriction
imposed is excessive.

F Viewed from another angle, the impugned restriction is entirely
reasonable. If price or minimum price of sugarcane is fixed, the·
producers of sugar would try to circumvent the price by unrealistic
-
,__:,/

and impermissible deductions. The rebate for the weight of binding )

material seems to be a source for indulging in this nefarious, if not
wholly fraudulent conduct. It is equally well settled that the State
can impose reasonable restrictions under clause (6) of Article 19 to
G
prevent fraud or where advantage of a fraudulent conduct is sought
to be taken (see M/s. Fedco (P) Ltd. v. S.N. Bilgrami( 1). The impug-
ned ·restriction serves two-fold purpose: (i) it ensures price of
sugarcane avoiding impermissible ded,uctions; (ii) it circumvents
H
(I) [1956] S.C.R. 393.
tZJ [ t 960J 2 s.c.R. 40s.
sbirnNANDAN SAlAN v. UNION (Desai, J,J 393
+ A
possible fraud by making such deductions as would render illusory
even the negotiated price, if not fixed price. And it is indisputable
that if the rebate is not statutorily prescribed the cane growers will
be at the mercy of the producers of sugar and khandsari sugar. If
• price or minimum price of sugarcane can ·be fixed by the State,
because this power was never questioned before us, this very power B
comprehends the power to provide such incidenta land ancillary
regulations which will ensure the price. Price fixation measure is
for protection of the farmer from the exactions of producers against
which he cannot protect himself. (See Lee Nebbia v. People of the
State of New York)('). The impugned measure ensures price either
fixed or negotiated and, therefore, it is a restriction which is undoub-
tedly reasonable and is imposed in the interest of general public
c
and the guarantee of freedom of frade is' not violated.

The last submission is that in order that the restriction may be
reasonable it must have reasonable relation to the object which the
:;tatute seeks to achieve and must not be in excess of the object. It o·
was nrged that the Sugarcane Control Order was issued in exercise
of power conferred by section 3 of the Essential Commodities Act.
One of the objects sought to be achieved by the Essential Commidites
Act, 1955, is to ensure availability at fair price the essential commo-
dity to the consumers. It was further urged that one can visualise
that the po~er to fix minimum price or price of sugarcane may have E
a rational nexus to the object sought to be achieved, namely, availa-
bility of sugar to the consumers at fair price. But it was urged that
prescribing the rate of rebate for binding material has no relation

-
.
~-
with the aforementioned object. This submission does not commend
to us for the obvious reason that the restriction is imposed in the
inte~est of the cane growers and the State while ensuring that sngar,
a commodity . of daily consumption by almost every one in this
country, is available to everyone at a fair price simultaneously
. F

wanted to ensure that the gro\Ver of sugarcane, another weaker
section of the society is not left to vagaries of the trade or the
powerful sugar industry. To strike the balance between the conflic-
ting interests not only State acquired power to fix minimum price of
G
sugar and khandsari sugar but that this wholesome effort may not
work to the disadvantage of the sugarcane growers section of the
society, the power to prescribe rate of rebate was acquired. And
the power to fix price or minimum price comprehends the power to H
(1)78 L.Rd. 940 at 960.
394 siJl>kEMil coililT REPORTs (1~82) ~ S.C.ll..

A so regulate supply as to ensure the price so fixed and to ensure that
in the name of unauthorised and unwarranted deduction the price
fixed or negotiated is not rendered illusory.

Viewed from either angle the restriction is both reasonable and
it is imposed in the interest of general public, and bas a rational
B relation to the object sought to be achieved by the Control Order.

These were all the contentions in this batch of petitions and
as none has merit in it, the petitions fail and are dismissed with
costs; hearing fee in one· set. ,,r ~"'--;-

c N.V.K. Petitions dismis$ed.

.f -