STATE THROUGH CBIversusDR. NARAYAN WARMAN NERUKAR AND ANR.

A                      STA TE THROUGH CBI
                                v.
             DR. NARAYAN WARMAN NERUKAR AND ANR.

                                 AUGUST 26, 2002

B           [DORAISWAMY RAJU AND ARIJIT PASAYAT, JJ.]


          Criminal Procedure Code, 1973:

           Section 482:
c
           Quashing ofCriminal proceedings on the ground ofdelay in proceedings
    -Justification of-Held, quashing ofproceedings without considering whether
    the prolongation was on account of delaying tactics adopted by accused,
    number of witnesses, volume of documents to be exhibited, nature and
D   complexity ofthe offence under investigation, would not be justified-Sections
    309, 311 and 258-Constitution of India, 195~Article 21.

          Practice and procedure:

          Applicability ofa particular provision-Determination ofby High court-
    Held, normally this aspect is left to be decided by trial court-High Court can
E   come to conclusion about the provisions applicable to the facts in its jurisdiction
    under section 482 Cr.P.C. where factual aspects and.the law applicable are
    clear-Complex nature of offence should be deterrent to the Courts for going
    into the question-

          Respondent No.I was tried for offences u/ss. 3 and 5 of Official
F Secrets Act, 1923 and S.120-B IPC. He approached High Court u/s 482
    Cr.P.C. for quashing of the proceedings on account of delay in conclusion
    of the proceedings by the Trial Court.
          High Court quashed the proceedings on the ground that there was
G unnecessary delay in the proceedings. It held that respondent's right to
    speedy trial had been infringed and that about 100 witnesses spread all
    over India were to be examined was not a relevant gr~und to justify the
    delay. It also held that maximum sentence for the alleged offence would
    be 3 years.

          In appeal to this Court appellant-State contended that it is not a
H                                          676
           STATE THROUGH CBI v. DR. NARA YAN WARMAN NERUKAR              677

rule of universal application that whenever there is delay, whatever he         A
the justification for the same, the proceedings are to be quashed; that there
was no material before the High Court to come to the conclusion that the
maximum sentence for the offences was 3 years and not IS years.

      Allowing the appeal and remitting the matter to High Court, the
~rt                                                                             B
      HELD: I. While considering the question of delay court has a duty
to see whether the prolongation was on account of any delaying tactics
adopted by the accused and other relevant aspects which contributed to
the delay. Number of witnesses examined, volume of documents likely to C
be exhibited, nature and complexity of the offence which is under
investigation or adjudication are some of the relevant factors. There can
be no empirical formula of universal application in such matters. Each
case has to be judged in its own background and special features if any.
No generalization is possible and should be done. It bas also to be borne
in mind that criminal courts exercise available powers such as those under D
Sections 309, 311 and 258 Cr.P.C. to effectuate right to speedy trial. These
aspects have not been considered by the High Court while quashing the
proceedings. On that score the judgment under challenge is vitiated.
                                                           [681-E, F, G, HJ

      P. Ramachandra Rao v. State of Karnataka, JT 2002 ( 4) SC 92, E
followed.

       "Common Cause" A Registered Society through its Director v. Union
of India and Ors., (199614 SCC 33; "Common Cause" A Registered Society
through its Director v. Union of India and Ors., [1996) 6 SCC 775; Abdul
Rehman Antulay and Ors. v. R.S. Nayak and Anr., [1992] I SCC 225 ; Raj          F
Deo Sharma v. State of Bihar, JT (1999) 7 SC 317 and Raj Deo Sharma (II)
v. State ofBihar, JT (1999) 7 SC 317, referred to.

      2. While dealing with the question as to the proper provision
applicable to the case, the High Court has come to a definite finding about     G
maximum sentence. Normally, these aspects are to be left to be decided
by the trial court. It is correct that the court can, in a given case, where
factual aspects and the law applicable are clear, come to the conclusion
about the provision applicable to the facts. But for coming to such
conclusion the factual position must be clear and no doubt should exist
about the applicability of a particular provision to the factual scenario.      H
     678                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002) SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

 A The complex nature of the offence should be deterrent to the courts while
     goina into the question of applicability of a provision. 1681-H; 682-A-BJ

         ··3. The judament of the High Court is quashed and the matter is
    remitted back to the High Court, which will hear the matter afresh, permit
    parties to file relevant material and take a fresh decision in accordance
 B ·with law. 1682-B)
           CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No.
     8S8 ·of 2002.

           From the Judgment and Order dated 30.5.2001 of the Delhi High Court
 C   in Crl.W.P. No. 40 of 2000.

           Harish N. Salve, Soliciter General, Rajeev Sharma and P. Parmeshwaran,
     for the Appellants. ·.

          K. Ramamoorthy, Amit Chadha, Ms. Shobha and N.L. Ganpathi for the
 D   Respondents.

           The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

           ARIJIT PASAYAT, J. Leave granted.

 E         Challenge in this appeal is to the judgment of a Division Bench of the
     Delhi High Court whereby the proceedings against the respondent no. I were
     quashed, primarily on ground that there was unnecessary delay in conclusion
     of the trial by court. Reliance was placed on a decision of this Court in
      "Common Cause".A registered Society through its Director v. Union of
     India and Ors., [1996] 4 SCC 33 as mOdified in "Common Cause" A registered
 F   Society through its Director v. Union of India and Ors., [1996] 6 SCC 775
     to hold so. A brief reference to the factual aspects would suffice.

          According to the prosecution, resp0ndent no. I committed offences under
    Sections 3 and 5 of lhe Official Secrets Act 1923 (in short 'Secrets Act') and
. G Section 120-B of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (in short 'IPC') read with the
    aforesaid provisions. The Chief Metropolitan Magistrate by his order dated
    16.8.1999 took cognizance and issued processes against the accused persons
    including the respondent no. I herein. Respondent no. I approached the High
    Court under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (in short
    'Cr.PC') for passing an order against the cognizance taken by the Chief
  H Metropolitan Magistrate. The High Court quashed the proceedings, inter alia,
STATE THROUGH CBI v. DR. NARAYAN WARMAN NERUKAR [ARIJIT PASAYAT, l .1679

on the ground that there has been unnecessary delay in the proceedings.           A
Stand of the prosecution before the High Court was that the case is of very
serious nature and the respondent no. I, who at the relevant time, was Adviser
in the Department of Electronics, Government of India parted with a copy of
a sensitive secret document namely "User Evaluation Trial Report on RATAC-
S Battle Field Surveillance Radar (BFSR) Phase-I", which was being evaluated
by the Army Authorities with reference to certain specific parameter required     B
by the Army Authorities and the same was dispatched to an expert in Paris,
France through courier service, who brought it to the notice of the police. As
such the case involved offences which relate to security of the State. A large
number of documents were to be exhibited. There was no unusual delay. But
the High Court did not accept the same. Placing reliance on a decision of this    C
Court in Abdul Rehman Antulay and Ors. v. R.S. Nayak and Anr., [1992) I
sec 225, it was held that the right of speedy trial has been infringed. It was
noted that merely because about 100 witnesses spread all over the India were
to be examined, that cannot be a relevant ground justifying the delay.
Maximum punishment for the alleged offence is 3 years and the _respondent         D
no. I has suffered custody of about 2 years in addition to agony of facing
prosecution for about 12 years.

        Mr. Harish N. Salve, learned SoJicitor General submitted that the
approach of the High Court is clearly erroneous. It cannot be said to be a rule
of universal application that whenever there is delay, whatever be the            E
justification for the same, the proceedings are to be quashed. Additionally
there was no material before the High Court to come to the conclusion that
 the maximum sentence is 3 years and not 15 years. It was not the case of the
 respondent no. I before the High Court that his case would fall under sub-
section (3) of Section 5 of the Secrets Act. In any event that was a matter for
 trial to be determined on consideration of the materials which are to be         F
placed.

      Per contra Mr. K. Ramamoorthy, learned senior counsel for the
respondent submitted that the right to speedy trial is inbuilt in Article 21 of
the Constitution of India, 1950 (in short 'the Constitution') and, therefore, G
the High Court had committed no error in directing the proceedings to the
quashed. According to hi.n, it was specifically pleaded before the High Court
as to how the alleged offence was covered by sub-section (3) of Section 5 of
Secrets Act.
                                  .r
      Recently a 7-Judges Bench of this Court in P. Ramachandra Rao v.            H
    680                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2002] SUPP. I S.C.R.

A State of Karnataka, JT (2002) 4 SC 92 held as under:
            "No person shall be deprived of his life or his personal liberty except ·
            according to procedure established by law declares Article 21 of the
            Constitution. 'Life and liberty', the words employed in shaping Article
            21, by the founding fathers of the Constitution, are not to be read
B           .narrowly in the sense drearily dictated by dictionaries; they are organic
            terms to be construed meaningful_ly. Embarking upon the interpretation
            thereof, feeling the heart-throb of the Preamble, deriving strength
            from the Directive Principles of state policy and alive to their
            constitutional obligation, the courts have allowed Article 21 to stretch
c           its arms as wide as it legitimately can. The mental agony, expense
            and strain which a person proceeded against in criminal law has to
            undergo and which, coupled with delay, may result in impairing the
            capability or ability of the accused to defend himself have persuaded
            the constitutional courts of the country in holding the right to speedy
            trial a manifestation of fair, just and reasonable procedure enshrined
D           in Article 21. Speedy trial, again, would encompass within its sweep
            all its stages including investigation, inquiry, trial, appeal, revision
            and re-trial in short, everything commencing with an accusation and
            expiring with the final verdict the two being respectively the terminus
            a quo and terminus ad quern of the journey which an accused must
            necessarily undertake once faced with an implication. The
E
            constitutional philosophy propounded as right to spe~dy trial has
            though grown in age by almost two and a half decades, the goal
            sought to be achieved is yet a far off peak· Myriad fact-situations
            bearing testimony to denial of such fundamental right to the accused
            persons, on account of failure on the part of prosecuting agencies and
F           executive to act, and their turning an almost blind eye at securing
            expeditious and speedy trial so as to satisfy the mandate of Article 21
            of the Constitution have persuaded this Court in devising solutions
          . which go to the extent of almost enacting, by judicial verdict bars of
            limitation beyond which the trial shall not proceed and the arm of law
            shall lose its hold. In its zeal to protect the right to speedy trial of an
G           accused, can the court devise and almost enact such bars of limitation
            though the Legislature and the statutes have not chosen to do so is a
            question of far-reaching implications which has led to the constitution
            of this bench of seven-judge ~trength."

H         It was held that the decisions in the two "Common. Cause" cases and
STATE THROUGH CBI v. DR. NARA YAN WARMAN NERUKAR IARlllT PASAYAT, J.168 J


Raj Deo Sharma v. State of Bihar, 1T (1998) 7 SC 1 and Raj Deo Sharma               A
(ll) v. State of Bihar, 1T (1999) 7 SC 317, were not correctly decided on
certain aspect~. It is neither advisable nor feasible, nor judicially permissible
or draw or prescribe an outer limit for conclusion of all criminal proceedings.
The time-limits or bars of limitation prescribed in the several directions made
in the aforesaid four cases could not have been so prescribed or drawn arid,
therefore, are not good law. Criminal courts are not obliged to terminate trial     B
of criminal proceedings merely on account of lapse of time, as prescribed by
the directions made in the aforesaid cases.

      As was observed in P. Ramchandra Rao 's case (supra), at the most
periods of time prescribed in those decisions can be taken by the Courts in         C
seisin of the trial or proceedings to act as reminder when they may be
persuaded to apply to their judicial mind to the facts and circumstances of the
case before them and determine by taking into consideration several relevant
factors as pointed in A.R. Antulay's case (supra) and decide whether the trial
or proceedings have become so inordinately delayed as to be called oppressive
and unwarranted. Such time limits cannot and will not be treated by any             D
court as a bar to further trial or proceedings and as mandatorily obliging the
court to terminate the same and acquit or discharge the accused.

      While considering the question of delay the court has a duty to see
whether the prolongation was on account of any delaying tactics adopted by          E
the accused and other relevant aspects which contributed to the delay. Number
of witnesses examined, volume of documents likely to be exhibited, nature
and complexity of the offence which is under investigation or adjudication
are some of the relevant factors. There can be no empirical formula of universal
application in such matters. Each case has to be judged in its own background
and special features if any. No generalization is possible and should be done.      F
It has also to be borne in mind that the criminal courts exercise available
powers such as those under Sections 309, 311 and 258 of the Cr.P.C. to
effectuate right to speedy trial.

       These aspects have not been considered by the High Court while
quashing the proceedings. On that score the judgment under challenge is             G
vitiated. Additionally while dealing with the question as to the proper provision
applicable to the case, the Court has come to a definite finding about maximum
sentence. Normally, these aspects are to be left to be decided by the trial
court. In the case at hand we find that the High Court came to the conclusion
about applicability of a particular provision. Mr. Ramamoorthy has rightly          H
    682                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002) SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A   submitted that the court can, in a given case, where factual aspects and the
    law applicable are clear, come to the conclusion about the provision applicable
    to the facts. But for coming to such conclusion the factual position must be
    clear and no doubt should exist about the applicability ofa particular provision
    to the factual scenario. The complex nature of the offenccfshould be deterrent
B   to the courts while going into the question of applicability of a provision.

          Be that as it may, in view of the conclusion that order of the High
    Court is to be quashed, we do not think it necessary to bestow our attention
    to the question as to which provision is applicable to the facts of the case.

C         Accordingly the judgment of the High Court is quashed and the matter
    is remitted back to the High Court: The High Court shall hear the matter
    afresh, permit the parties to place materials which according to it will be
    relevant for the purpose of determination of the dispute before it, and take a
    fresh decision in accordance with law.As mentioned above, we are not
    expressing any opinion on the merits of the case.
D
          The appeal is allowed to the extent indicated above.

    K.K. T.                                                       Appeal allowed.