Holding

Only candidates whose names appear in the list approved by the Public Service Commission under Rule 19 are entitled to seniority under Rule 22; the appointments of the 1970 "unplaced" candidates were illegal and their seniority must be placed below the 1972 candidates.

Summary

The case concerned the seniority of Munsifs appointed to the Uttar Pradesh Nyayik Seva after competitive examinations held in 1970, 1972 and 1973. The Public Service Commission had fixed minimum marks of 35% in the viva voce test for the 1970 exam; candidates who failed this were placed on a "third list" (the "unplaced candidates"). The State Government, citing a shortage of Munsifs, appointed 21 of these unplaced candidates in 1975 despite their failure to meet the viva voce requirement, relying on a high‑level committee’s recommendation. The High Court held that these appointments were based on the 1970 exam and granted them seniority, a decision the Supreme Court reversed, holding that appointments made without the Commission’s approval were illegal and that seniority could only be claimed by candidates approved under Rule 19. The Court ordered the unplaced candidates to be placed at the bottom of the 1972 seniority list, affirmed the legality of appointments made under the 1972 and 1973 exams, and emphasized the independent role of the Public Service Commission and the need for strict adherence to statutory rules.

Issues considered

The validity of appointing "unplaced" candidates of the 1970 examination who failed the viva voce minimum marks.
Whether seniority under Rule 22 can be claimed by candidates not approved by the Commission under Rule 19.
Whether the high‑level committee had authority to override the Commission’s minimum viva voce requirement.
Whether judgments and promotions of de facto judges appointed irregularly can be challenged.
Whether the amendment of Rule 19 in 1972 applies retrospectively to the 1970 examination.

Legislation cited

Uttar Pradesh Civil Service (Judicial Branch) Rules, 1951s. Rule 15, s. Rule 18, s. Rule 19, s. Rule 21, s. Rule 22, s. Rule 3, s. Rule 31, s. Rule 4, s. Rule 5, s. Rule 6, s. Rule 7, s. Rule 8

Subjects

seniorityjudicial servicepublic service commissioncompetitive examinationviva voceRule 19Rule 22de facto judgeappointment legalitynatural justiceArticles 14 and 16

Judgment

STATE OF U.P., ETC.
A
v.
RAFIQUDDIN & ORS. ETC.

NOVEMBER 4, 1987

B [E.S. VENKATARAMIAH AND K.N. SINGH, JJ.]

Service matters-Questions of law relating to seniority of Munsifs
in the Uttar Pradesh Nyayik Seva appointed as a result of the competi-
tive Examinations of 1970, 1972 and 1973, held under the Uttar Pradesh
Civil Service (Judicial Branch) Rules, 1951-Determination of.
c These appeals and writ petitions raised common questions of law
relating to the determination of seniority of Munsif appointed in the
Uttar Pradesh Nyayik Seva as a result of competitive Examinations of
1970, 1972 and 1973 held under the Uttar Pradesh Civil Service (Judi-
cial Branch) Rules, 1951 (the Rules).
D
Public Service Commission issued a notification dated September
3, 1970, for recruitment to 85 posts of Munsifs. In the examination held
for the purpose, 294 out of 918 candidates qualified in the written test
·and were called for viva voce test, and the Commission submitted to the
State Government a list of 46 approved candidates-list of 1970
E examination-for appointment to the service. The Government
requested the Commission to recommend some more candidates as there
was a shortage of Munsifs, while suggesting that the minimum of 40 per
cent marks in the aggregate be reduced to 35 per cent. The Commission
forwarded another list of 33 candidates-the Ilnd list, comprising the
candidates who had secured 35 per cent marks in the aggregate and 35
F percent, in the Viva Voce .• All the 79 candidates of the two lists above-
said were appointed to service between May, 1972, and June, 1973, and
in July, 1973, a notification was issued, determining inter se seniority of '
the 79 persons appointed on the basis of the 1970 examination in }
accordance with their position in the lists prepared by the Commission
under rule 19 of the Rules. Meanwhile, the Public Service Commission
G held another ·competitive examination-the 1972 examination-for
appointments to 150 posts of Munsifs, and forwarded a list of 150
successful candidates to the Government for appointment under Rule
19 above-mentioned, and they were so appointed between 1975 and
1977.

H The State Government, in view of the shorta~e of the Munsifs
794
STATE OF U.P. v. RAFIQUDDIN 795

as also the amendment of rule 19 in pursuance whereof it was no longer
necessary for a candidate to qualify independently in the viva voce, A
requested the Commission to reconsider the result of the examination of
1967, 1968, 1969 and 1970 and approve all those candidates for
appointment who might have obtained 40 per cent or more marks in the
aggregate even if they might have failed to secure the m·inimum marks
in the viva voce tests. The Commission refused to consider this proposal B
as the minimum marks prescribed by it under the then existing proviso
to Rule 19 could not be ignored. The Government thereupon constituted
a high level committee comprising the Chief Minister, the Chief Justice
of the High Court and the Chairman of the Public Service Commission
to consider this question, and the Committee decided that the Commis-
( sion be requested to recommend candidates of the 1967, 1968, 1969 and
~ 1970 examinations as above-mentioned. The Government wrote to the C
commission again for the purpose, conveying to it the decision of the
High level committee above-said, and asking it to forward the applica-
tions and the marks of the unsuccessful candidates of the Examinations
above-mentioned. The Commission could forward a list of 37 such
candidates of the 1970 Examination only-the Illrd list-to the Gov- o
ernment. The Hird list contained the names of Refiquddin and 36
others, the "unplaced candidates" of the 1970 Examinations, unsuc-
cessful due to failure in the viva voce. Thereupon, the Government
issued a notification, appointing 21 of the 37 candidates above-men-
tioned as Munsifs, the remaining 16 having already again appeared in
the 1972 Examination and selected and appointed to the service. Upon a E
further request by the Government for 16 more candidates, the Com-
mission forwarded another list. of 16 candidates who had appeared in
the 1972 Examination.

In March, 1977, the State Government published a seniority list
of the successful candidates of the 1970 examination, whereupon, the F
-\ "unplaced candidates" of the Hird list of the 1970 Examination sub-
mitted a representat.ion for determination of their seniority under Rule
22 of the Rules on the footing that they were recruited in pursuance of
the 1970 Examination, and, therefore, they were entitled to seniority as
candidates of the examination held in 1970 irrespective of their appoint-
ment being made in 1975, thereby claiming seniority over those who G
had been recruited in pursuance of the 1972 Examination and those who
had been recruited earlier to them in pursuance of the 1970 Examina-
\ tion and the 1st and llnd lists of the 1970 Examination. The representa-
tion was rejected by the High Court (administratively) and the Govern-
ment. Then, Rafiquddin and 16 other "unplaced candidates" filed a
writ petition in the High Court. The High Court allowed the writ peti- H

I
'
796 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1988] 1 S.C.R.

A lion on the footing that the "unplaced candidates" were appointed on
the basis of the result of the 1970 Examination, quashed the seniority
list and issued directions for the preparation of the seniority list of the
candidates of the 1970 Examination afresh in accordance with rule 22,
read with rule 19 of the rules and for confirmation and promotion of the
petitioners in accordance with the seniority list so drawn up. The State
B of Uttar Pradesh appealed to this Court again.st the decision of the High
Court.

Appellants Sushi! Kumar Srivastava and others also preferred an
appeal to this Conrt against the above-said decision of the High Court. -
,.
D.P. Shukla and three other unsuccessful candidates of the 1970 ,
C Examination preferred an appeal to this Court against the judgment of
the High Court dismissing the writ petition filed by them, raising the
.J
grievance that they were discriminated as they had not been appointed,
and instead, 37 candidates "belonging to the Hird list" had been ap-
pointed although they had obtained lower marks.
D
Chandra Prakash Agrawal, an unsuccessful candidate at the 1970
Examination, filed a wrii petition in this Court, challenging the
appointments of those who had secured less than 40 per cent marks in
the aggregate.

E Sushi! Chand Srivastava, a member of the service appointed in
pursuance of the 1972 Examination filed a writ petition in this Court,
challenging the validity of the appointments of the "unplaced candi-
dates" of the 1970 Examination belonging to the Hird list which
included Rafiquddin and others, on the ground that their appointment
was illegal and, therefore, they could not be treated as senior to him.
F
R.P. Lavaniya, a member of the service recruited in pursuance of
the 1973 Examination filed a writ petition in this Court, claiming
seniority over respondents 3 to 15 in the writ petition, recruited in
pursuance of the 1972 Examination and appointed in service after the
petitioners appointment.
G
P.N. Parasher and 11 others, recruited in pursuance of the 1972
Examination, filed a writ petition in the High Court, challenging the
seniority list prepared in pursuance of the judgment of the High Court Y-
in the writ petition filed by Rafiquddin and others, afore-mentioned on
the ground that the "unplaced candidates" of, the 1970 Examination
H were not entitled to seniority over the candidates of the 1972 Examina-

'
STATE OF U.P. v. RAFIQUDDIN 797

tion, as they had been appointed to service earlier in time, that writ
A
~ petition was transferred to this Court as the Transferred case.

Allowing the appeal filed by the State of U.P. and the appeal
preferred by Sushi! Kumar Srivastava and others and allowing in part
the writ petition of Sushi! Chand Srivastava and the Transferred case of
P.N. Parashar and others, and dismissing the appeal of D.P. Shukla B
and others, and the writ petition of Chandra Prakash Agarwal and the
writ petition of R.P. Lavaniya, the Court.

-i HELD: The High Court completely misconceived the relevant
Rules, while rendering the judgment in the writ petition filed by the
"unplaced candidates" Rafiquddin and 16 oth~rs-in total disregard of
the facts. It committed a serious error in applying the principles of
natural justice to a competitive examination. [820E]
c

The Rules entrust the Public Service Commission with the duty of
holding competitive examinations and recommending the names of the
:Suitable candidates for appointment to the service on the basis of the D
proficiency shown by the candidates. Rule 19 provided that the list of
the selected candidates should be arranged in order of merit on the
basis of the aggregate marks of each candidate in the written as well as
viva voce tests. In pursuance of clause (i) to the proviso to rule 19, the
eommission had the power to fix minimum aggregate marks in the
---<fl
written test. Similarly, clause (ii) of the proviso conferred power on the E
Commission to fix the minimum marks for the viva voce to judge the
suitability of the candidates for the service. The scheme underlying rule
19 and the proviso there to made it apparent that the obtaining of the
minimum aggregate marks in the written test and the viva voce test,
was the sine qua non before the Commission could make its recommen-
dations in favour of the candidates for appointment to the service. It is F
manifest that only those candidates could be appointed to the service

* who were included in the list prepared by the Commission under rule
19. Appointments to the service are made from the list forwarded by the
Commission to the State Government. Seniority in the service is
determined on the basis of the year of the examination irrespective of
the date of the appointment and the inter se seniority of the candidates G
recruited is determined on the basis of their ranking in the merit list.
Seniority of a candidate appointed to the service would depend upon the
result of the competitive examination and his position in the list pre-
'\ pared under rule 19. The claim to seniority on the basis of the year of
competitive examination as contemplated by rule 22 is available only to
those candidates who are approved by the Commission on the basis of H
798 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1988] 1 S.C.R.

their marks in the written and viva voce tests. The commission alone
;\
had the power to prescribe the minimum marks in the viva voce test for
judging the suitability of a candidate for the service. That is the clear
meaning of the words in the proviso to rule 19. (814B-H]

In the instant case, the commission had fixed 35 per cent
13 minimum marks for the viva voce test. The viva voce test is a
well-recognised method of judging the suitability of a candidate for
appointment to public services. There is no constitutional, legal
infirmity in the provision of clause (ii) of the proviso to rule 19, confer-
ring power on the commission to fix minimum marks for the viva voce
test, as aforesaid, and so long as the clause (ii) remained in force, the
Commission had that power. Even if a candidate had obtained higher
C aggregate marks in the written and viva voce test, his name could not be
included in the list prepared by the Commission under rule 19. None of
the "unplaced candidates" of the 1970 examination (those included in
the Hird list) had secured minimum marks of 35 per cent in the viva
voce test, and for that reason they were not approved by the Commis-
D sion. The appointments of the "unplaced candidates" made in
pursuance of the decision of the high level committee are not
countenanced by the rules. There is no escape for the conclusion that
the "unplaced candidates" were appointed to service on the basis of
the result of the competitive examination of 1970. Their appointments
were made in breach of the rules. It is well-settled that where recruit-
E ment to service is regulated by the statutory rules, the recruitment must
be made in accordance with those rules, and any appointment made in
breach of the rules, would be illegal. The appointments of the 21
"unplaced candidates" made out of the third list were illegal as thev
were made in violation of the provisions of the rules. The high level
committee, even though constituted by highly placed persons, had no
F authority in law to take the decision it did as above-said, as the rules do
no contemplate any such committee and the decision taken by t.he com-
mittee could not be implemented. The committee had no authority in
)
law to disregard the rules and direct the Commission, which is a con-
stitutional and independent authority, not sub-servient to the directions
of the Government, to make a recommendation to the Government in
G favonr of the unsuccessful candidates by disregarding the minimum
marks prescribed for the viva voce test. Its view that after the amend-
ment of the rule 19, the minimum qualifying marks fixed for viva voce
could be ignored, was wholly wrong. Rule 19 was amended in January
1972, but before that the 1970 examination had already been held, and
the amendment was not retrospective. Even if the Commission had
H made recommendations in favour of the "unplaced candidates" under
STATE OF U.P. v. RAFIQUDDIN 799

the directions of .the government, the appointments of the said candi·
A
dates would have been illegal as made in violation of the rule~. And
there was no justification for the appointments of the unsuccessful candidates
in 1975 because by then, the result oftbe 1972 examination bad been announ-
ced and duly selected candidates were available. [816F-H; 822D-ll; 823C·D]

There is no express provision in the rules as to for what period the B
list prepared under rule 19 can be utilised for making appointments to
·...J..,, the service. In the absence of any provision in the rules, a reasonable
period must be followed during which the appointments on the basis of
the result of a particular examination should be made. The list pre·
pared by the Commission on the basis of the competitive examination of
a particular year could be utilized by the Government for making
appointments before the declaration of the result of the subsequent C
examination. If selected candidates are available for appointment on
the basis of the competitive examinations of subsequent years, it would
be unreasonable and unjust to revise the list of earlier examination by
changing norms to fill up the vacancies, as that would adversely effect
the rights of those selected at the subsequent examination in the matters D
relating to their seniority undrr rule 22. The 1970 examination could
not be utilised· as a perennial source or an. exhaustible reservoir for
making appointments indefinitely. The result of a particular examina·
tion must come to an end at some point of time, like a "dead ball" in
cricket. The practice of revising the list prepared by the Commission
under rule 19 at the behest of the government by lowering down E
fixed standards and norms, is subversive of the rule of law. This
practice is' fraught with dangers of favouritism and nepotism and
it would ~pen back ·door entry to the service. Once the result of
the subsequent examination of 1972 was declared, the Commission
could not revise the list of approved candidates of 1970 examina·
'· tion prepared by it under rule 19 at the behest of the Govern· F
. ment by lowering. down the standar ~ fixed by it. The procedure
r ·
adopted in appointing the unplaced candidates of 1970 examina·
tion was unauthorised by law and it practised discrimination in
violation of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution. [824B·ll; 82611]

The "unplaced candidates" were appointed to the service in G
breach of the rules and they form a separate class. They cannot be
equated with those appoinied from the first and the second lists of the
· 1970 examination as their appointments were made on the recommen·
dation of the Commission. Similarly, the candidates appointed to the
service on the basis of the result of the competitive examinatio·n of 1972
before the "unplaced candidates" were appointed, fermed a· separate . H
800 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1988] 1 S.C.R.

A class as they were also appointed in accordance with the rules. The
"unplaced candidates" could not claim seniority over them on the basis
of rule 22, as their appointments were not made on the basis of the list
approved by the Commission under rule 19. [827A-C]

Even though the 21 "unplaced candidates" of 1970 examination
B have been found to have been appointed to the service illegally in breach
of the rules, yet the judgments and others passed by them are not

-
rendered invalid; they were appointed by competent authority with the
concurrence of the High Court. They have been working in the judicial
service all these years and some of them have been promoted also; they
have performed their functions as de facto judicial officers. The judg-
e ments and orders of a de facto judge cannot be challenged on the
ground of his ineligibility for appointment. Keeping in view the period
of 12 years that has elapsed, the Court did not propose to strike down
the appointments of the "unplaced "andidates". Having regard to all
the facts and circumstances, it would be just and proper to assign
seniority to the "unplaced candidates" of the 1970 examination at the
D bottom of the list of the 1972 candidates. The 16 "unplaced candidates"
out of the total of 37, who were successful in the 1972 examination and
were approved and included by the Commission in the list prepared
under rule 19, are entitled to seniority of 1972 examination on the basis of
their positions in the merit list of that examination. [8270-G; 828F-H]

E The appeal of the State of U.P. and the appeal of Sushi! Kumar
Srivastava and others allowed. Judgment of the High Court set aside.
The High Court and State Government shall determine the seniority of
the 21 "upheld candidates" as directed by the Court. [829F-G]

In the Appeal filed by D.P. Shukla and others, directed against
F another judgment of the High Court, the view of the High Court was
.
consistent with the view of this Court. The appellants had appeared at j
,
the 1970 examination but were unsuccessful as they had failed to secure
35 per cent minimum marks at the viva voce test, although they had
secured higher marks in the aggregate than those selected and
appointed. They had challenged the selection made in pursuance of the
G 1970 examination. [830A-B]

In the writ petition filed in this Court by Chandra Prakash
Aggarwal, as the petitioner had failed to obtain the minimum
marks prescribed for the viva voce test although he had obtained
more than 40 per cent marks in the aggregate, he could not be
H granted the relief of appointment to the service. He was also,
STATE OF U.P. v. RAFIQUDDIN 801

disentitled to any relief on the ground of inordinate delay, there
A
being rJo plausible explanation for the delay in challenging the
validity ll;f the 1970 examination in 1982. [830C-D l

/ In the writ petition filed in this Court by Sushi! Chand
-'Srivastava and in the transferred case of P.N. Parasher and others,
,( the petitioners, recruited to the service on the basis of the 1972 B
J examination, were aggrieved by the decision of the High Court in
' Rafiquddin's case as their seniority was affected adversely.
This Court has already taken the view that the "unplaced can-
"" didates" of the 1970 examination could not be senior to the
candidates appointed as a result of the 1972 examination, and the
1 petitioners were covered by that decision of the Court to get relief
~ to that extent. [830G] C

In the writ petition filed in this Court by R.P. Lavania, the
petitioner was appointed to the service in November, 1976 on the
basis of the result of the 1973 exair.ination. His grievance was that
the respondents Nos. 3 to 15 in the petition had been shown senior o
to him; although they had been appointed later in time on the basis
of the 1972 examination, and that the selection and appointment
of the said respondents were against the rules and they were not
entitled to seniority over him as he was a regularly selected candidate.
_. There was no merit in the petitioner's case. Rule 22 directs that
seniority shall be determined on the basis of the year of examination, E
which means that a person recruited to the service in pursuance of the
result of a particular year of examination would rank senior to a candi-
_. date who is recruited in pursuance of the result of a subsequent year of
examination, although he might have been actually appointed earlier in
time, as, after the selection of the candidates, several formalities, like
medical examination, character and antecedents verification, etc., are F
.~. followed before the appointments are made under rule 21. Many a time,
\ this process of formalities causes delay in the making of the actual
appointment, with the result that sometimes persons selected on the
basis of subsequent examination are appointed before the successful
candidates of the earlier examination. But under rule 22, the latter shall
be senior to the former, irrespective of the date of appointment. The G
petitioner was appointed in the service on the basis of the result of the
1973 examination while the respondents Nos. 3 to 15 were recruited to
-'I'.
service on the basis of the result of the 1972 examination. Therefore,
under rule 22, the validity of which has not been challenged, the respon-
dents Nos. 3 to 15 are entitled to be senior to the petitioner.
There was no illegality in the appointments of the respondents H
802 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1988] 1 S.C.R.

Nos. 3 to 15. Their appointments in the service were made by the
A State Government on the recommendation of the Public Service
Commission made under Rule 19, as they had obtained the requisite.
aggregate makrs in the written and the viva voce tests. They were
•-appointed in accordance with the · rules and were entitled to
·seniority in terms of ruk22. [83IA-H]
B
The Public Service Commission has been changing the norms
fixed by it at the behest of the Government after the declaration of the k
results. The Commission is an independent, expert body. It has to act in
an independent manner. It may consult the State Government and the
High Court In prescribing the norms for judging the suitability of the
candidates if no norms are prescribed in the Rules. Once the Commis-
C sion determines the norms and makes selection on the conclusion of a . - \
competitive examination and submits the list of the suitable candidates
to the Government, it should not re-open the selection by lowering
down the_ norms at the instance of the Government. If the practice of
rel'ising the results of competitive examinations by changing the norms
D is followed there will be confusion and the people will loss faith in the
institution of the Public Service Commission and the authenticity of the
selections. The Commission should take a firm stand in these matters,
uninfluenced by the directions of the State Government unsupported by
the Rules. f833A-D I

E (ii) The practice of appointing a retired Judge of the High Court ,,\....
· as an expert to assist the Commission in making selections for appoint·
ments to the judicial service, is not desirable. A sitting Judge of the
High Court should be nominated by the Chief Justice of the State to
participate in the interviews as an expert; he would be in a better posi·
tion to give advice to the Commission in the selection of suitable candi·
F dates and his ad vice would be binding on the Commission unless there
are strong an·d cogent reasons· for not ·accepting such advice, which~
must be recorded in writing by the Chairman and Members of the ' I
Commission, as observed by a Constitution Bench of this Court inA.K.
Yadav v. State of Haryana, [1985] 4 S.C.C. 417. The Constitution
Bench had issued directions to the Pub)ic Service Commission of every
.G state to follow this direction, but it appears that in the State of U.P ., this
direction is not being followed. In future, the selections for appoint·
ments to the judicial service shall be made by the Commission on the
expert advice of a sitting judge of the High Court nominated by the
Chief Justice. [833E-H; 834A] -

H (iii) It has been noticed that generally, there is a considerable
STATE OF U.P. v. RAFIQUDDIN (SINGH, J.J 803

interregnum between the holding of the examination and the appoint- A
ments of the selected candidates in these cases, no system was followed
in making the appointments, as some of the candidates selected in the
subsequent examination were appointed earlier than those selected in
the earlier examination, and those appointed later in time are. made
senior to those appointed earlier in time under Rule 22. This causes
heart-burning and other complications. To avoid this situation, it is B
necessary that every effort should be made to appoint the successful
candidates of a particular examination before any candidate of a subse-
quent exmaination is appointed. [834B-D I
" K.N. Chandrasekhra & Qrs. v. State of Mysore and Ors., A.l.R.
( 1963 Mysore 292; T.N. Manjvla Devi v. State of Karnataka, (1982]
~ Labour and Industrial Cases, 759; Durga Charan Misra v. State of C
Orissa, W.P. 1123of1986, decided on 27.8.1987; Lila Dhar v. State of
Rajasthan, (1982] 1 S.C.R. 320; A.K. Yadav v. State of Haryana,
(1985] 4 S.C.C. 417; Umash Chandra Shukla v. Union of India & Ors.,
[1985] 3 S.C.C. 721; Shit/a Prasad Shukla v. State of U.P. & Ors.,
(1986] Supp. S.C.C. 185 and Achanti Sreenivasa Rao & Ors. v. State of D
Andhra Pradesh, (1981] 3 S.C.C. 133, referred to.

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 4023
of 1982 etc.

From the Judgment and Order dated 31.3.1982 of the Allahabad E
High Courtiu C.M.W.P. No. 1303 of 1979.

G. Vishwanath Iyer, Satish Chandra, D:P. Singh, S.P. Gupta,
G.L. Sanghi, Gopal Subramaniam, Shobha Dikshit, H.K. Puri, S.D.
Lal, M.K.D. Namboodry, R.N. Keshwani, Irfan Ahmad, S.
' Balakrishnau, A.O. Sikri, Pradeep Misra, L.R. Singh, Jayanand, F
\- Gopal Singh, C.P. Pandey, Mrs. Rani Chhabra and Krishnamani for
the appearing parties.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

SINGH, J. These three civil appeals directed agamst the judg- G
ment of the High Court of Allahabad and four writ petitions filed
.J under Article 226 of the Constitution raise common questions of law
"\ relating to determination of seniority of members appointed as
Munsifs in the Uttar Pradesh Nyayik Seva as a result of competitive
Examinations of 1970, 1972 and 1973 held under the Uttar Pradesh
Civil Service (Judicial Branch) Rules, 1951 (hereinafter referred to as H
804 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1988] 1 S.C.R.

A
the Rules). Since the appeals and the petitions raise common ques- '""-
lions of law they have been heard together and are being diposed of by ·
a common judgment.

On September 3, 1970 a Notification was issued by the Public
Service Commission inviting applications for recruitment to 85 posts of
B Munsifs. In this examination 918 candidates appeared, out of whom
294 candidates on the basis of their marks in written papers, were ~
called for viva voce test. After completion of the written and viva voce

c
test, the commission submitted a list of approved candidates to the
Government on October 25, 1971 recommending the names of 46
candidates for appointment to the service, which shall hereinafter be
referred to as the !st list of 1970 examination. On receipt of the list of \
46 candidates the State Government requested the Commission to j
-
recommend some more candidates for appointment to the service as·
there was shortage of Munsifs, and it further suggested that the
minimum of 40 per cent marks in the aggregate may be reduced to 35
per cent. The Commission agreed to the State Government's sugges-
D tion and thereafter it forwarded another list of 33 candidates on April
25, 1972 for appointment to the service which shall hereinafter be
referred to as the !Ind list. This list included those who had obtained
35 per cent marks in the aggregate, as well as 35 per cent marks in viva
voce .. All the 79 candidates, as recommended by the Commission in
the aforesaid two lists were appointed ·10 service by different Notifica- ·.,,__
E lions issued between May, 1972 to 12th Julie 1973. On July 17, 1973 a
Notification was issued determining inter-se seniority of all the 79
candidates appointed on the basis of 1970 examination in accordance
with of their position in the list prepared by the Commission under -
Rule 19 of the Rules. Meanwhile, the Public Service Commission held
another competitive examination for appointment to the 150 posts of
F Munsifs which shall hereinafter be referred to as the 1972 Examina-
tion. The Written test was held in November, 1973 and the result was--}
declared on 26th June 1974. The Public Service Commission·
forwarded a list of 150 successful candidates to the Government for
appointment to the service under Rule 19 of the Rules and all those
candidates were appointed to the service on different dates between
G 1975 to 1977. ·

Some of the unsuccessful candidates of the 1970 Examination
made representation to the State· Government for considering their 'r
case for appointment on the basis of their aggregate marks irrespective
of their low marks in the viva voce. The State Government by its letter
H dated 24th Joly, 1973 requested the Commission that in view of the
STATE OF U.P. v. RAFJQUDDIN [SINGH, J.] 805

shortage of Munsifs in the State and since in view of the amendment of
A
_x' Rule 19 it was no longer necessary for a candidate to qualify indepen-
dently in the viva voce, it may reconsider the result of the examina-
tions of 1967, 1968, 1969 and 1970 and approve all those candidates for
appointment to the service who might have obtained 40 per cent of
marks or more in the aggregate even if they might have failed to secure
the minimum marks in the viva voce test. The Commission refused to B
consider the proposal of the Government, as the minimum marks pre-
scribed by the Commission under the then existing proviso to Rule 19

-
could not be ignored in judging the suitability of a candidate. lnspite of
the Commission's refusal the Government pursued the matter further,
and it convened a meeting of the Chief Minister, Chief Justice of the
High Court and the Chairman of the Public Service Commission on
( 3rd May, 1974. At that meeting it was decided that in view of the
c
-..11 immediate need for Munsifs the Public Ser".ice Commission should be
requested to recommend such candidates of 1967, 1968, 1969 and 1970
examination who might have secured 40 per cent or more marks in the
aggregate, but could not qualify in the viva voce. The committee took
the view that after the amendment of Rule 19 it was n'ltt necessary for a D
candidate to qualify in the viva voce test and therefore he could be
appointed to the service if he had got 40 per cent or more marks in the
aggregate. In pursuance of the decision taken by the said high level
Committee the Government by its letter dated May 10, 1974 requested
the Commission to forward the application forms and the marks ob-
tained by the unsuccessful candidates of the Examinations held during E
the years 1967, 1968, 1969 and 1970 who might have got 40 per cent or
more marks in the aggregate but might not have qualified in the viva

- voce. The letter enclosed a note containing the decision taken by the
high level committee. The Commission by its letter dated 9th June
1974 informed the Government that the application forms and other
particulars of the unsuccessful candidates of 1967, 1968 and 1969 F
"'- examination had been destroyed, and therefore the Commission was
-,- unable to forward the names of candidates of those examinations as
desired by the Government. But the Commission forwarded with a
covering letter dated June 19, 1974 a list of 37 candidates of the 1970
Examination who had obtained 40 per cent or more marks in the
aggregate but who had failed to secure 35 per cent qualifying marks in G
the viva voce which shall hereinafter be refetTed to as the IIIrd list.
The Commission's letter contained a note that the candidates
mentioned therein had obtained 40 per cent or more marks in ~e
aggregate but they had not been found suitable by the Commission.
This Illrd list contained the names of Rafiquddin and 36 others, who
were unsuccessful at the 1970 Examination who will be referred to H
806 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1988] I S.C.R.

A hereafter as the "unplaced candidates" of the 1970 Examination. On
receipt of the Illrd list of the "unplaced candidates" the State Govern-
ment after obtaining approval of the High Court issued a Notification
dated August 19, 1975 appointing 21 candidates out of the list of 37
candidates as Munsifs with a note that the appointments were being
made on the basis of the 1970 Examination conducted by the Commis-
B sion and the persons appointed were "unplaced candidates" with a
further note that their seniority would be determined later on. Out of
the list of 37 candidates forwarded by the Commission under its letter
dated June 19, 1974 the State Government found that the remaining 16
persons who had been unsuccessful at the 1970 Examination had again
appeared in the 1972 Examination and they had been selected and
C appointed to the service. Therefore, the Government requested the
Commission to select 16 more candidates from the 1972 Examination.
Jn pursuance of the Government's request the Public Service Commis-
sion by its letter dated 14/15th July, 1976 fprwarded another list of 16
candidates who had appeared in the 1972 Examination for appoint-
ment to the serv~e.
D
In March, 1977 the State Government published a seniority list
of successful candidates of the competitive examination of 1970. The
"unplaced candidates" belonging to the Hird list of the 1970 Examina-
tion made representation to the High Court for determining their
seniority in accordance with Rule 22 of the Rules on the footing that
E they were recruited to the service in pursuance of 1970 Examination ),....
and therefore they were entitled to the seniority as candidates belong-
ing to the examination held in 1970 irrespective of their appointment
being made in 1975. They claimed that they were senior to those who
had been recruited to service in pursuance of 1972 Examination as well
as to those who had been recruited to service, earlier to them in
F pursuance of the 1970 Examination who were appointed in service in
pursuance of 1st and the Ilnd list of 1970 Examination but who had -l
secured lower marks in the aggregate. Their representation was
rejected by the High Court as well as by the State Government as in
their view the "unplaced candidates" were unsuccessful in the com-
petitive examination of 1970, their appointment was not in accordance
G with the Rules and as such they were not entitled to seniority of 1970.
Rafiquddin and 16 otlier "unplaced candidates" filed Writ Petition
No. 1303 of 1979 under Article 226 of the Constitution before the High
Court of Allahabad for quashing the decision of the High Court and ~r
the State Government rejecting their representation and also for the
issue of a writ of mandamus dtrecting the High Court to confirm the
H petitioners and to grant them seniority of 1970, and to rearrange the
STATE OF U.P. v. RAFIQUDDIN [SINGH, J.[ 807

;:..:' seniority of Munsifs appointed in service in pursuance of 1970 Exami-
A
nation in order of merit on the basis of the aggregate marks obtained
by each of the candidates at the said examination. A Division Bench of
the High Court consisting of M.N. Shukla and K.M. Dayal JJ. by their
Judgment dated 31st March, 1982 allowed the writ petition on the
finding that the unplaced candidates were appointed in service on the
basis of the result of 1970 examination. The Bench quashed the senior- B
~ ity list and issued a direction to the State Government and the High
Court to prepare the seniority list of caudidates of the 1970 Examina-

- tion afresh in accordance with Rule 22 read with Rule 19 of the Rules
and to confirm and promote them in accordance with the seniority list
so drawn. The State of Uttar Pradesh has preferred Civil Appeal No.
( 4023 of 1982 against the judgment Qf the Divis!on Bench. ~ivil Appeal C
~ No. 4024 of 1982 has been preferred by Sush!I Kumar Snvastava and
"-others against the aforesaid judgment of the Division Bench. It should
be stated here that D .P. Shukla and three other unsuccessful candi-
dates at the 1970 Examination had filed another writ petition Writ
Petition No. 4261of1974 in the High Court of Allahabad under Arti-
cle 226 of the Constitution raising the grievance that even though they D
had secured higher marks in the competitive examination than those
appointed to the service yet they were discriminated, as they had not
been appointed to the service instead 37 candidates "belonging to the
, IIIrd list" were appointed although they had obtained lower marks.
--i Another Division Bench of the High Court consisting of Satish
Chandra CJ. and A.N. Verma J. by its judgment dated March 30, 1982 E
dismissed the said writ petition on the ground that since the petitioner~

- therein had failed to secure minimum qualifying marks in the viva voce
they were not entitled to selection. Civil Appeal No. 3736 of 1982 has
been preferred by the unsuccessful petitioners against the aforesaid
judgment.
F
In addition to the aforesaid three civil apeals four writ petitions
have also been filed raising the same controversy. Writ Petition No.
4636 of 1982 has been filed in this Court under Article 32 of the
Constitution b'y Chandra Prakash Agrawal an unsuccessful can\lidate
at the 1970 Examination, challenging the appointment of those who
had failed to secure less than 40 per cent marks in the aggregate. Sushil G
Chand Srivastava a member of the service appointed in pursuance of
the 1972 Examination has also filed Writ Petition No. 12818 of 1984
--\ under Article 32 of the Constitution challenging the validity of the
appointment of "unplaced candidates" of the 1970 Examination
belonging to the Hird list which include Rafiquddin and others on the
ground that their appointment was illegal and for that reason they H
808 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1988] 1 S.C.R.

could not be treated senior to him. R.P. Lavaniya a member of the ·""-
A service who was recruited in pursuance of the 1973 Examination has
also filed Writ Petition No. 1347 of 1984 under Article 32 of the Con-
stitution claiming seniority over Respondents 3 to 15 to the writ peti-
tion who had been recruited in service in pursuance of the 1972 Exami-
nation and appointed in service after the petitioner's appointment.
B P. N. Parashar and 11 others who had been recruited to the service in
pursuance of the 1972 Examination filed a writ petition under Article 'r
226 of the Constitution before the High Court of Allahabad being writ
petition No. 5409 of the 1982 challenging the seniority list prepared in
pursuance of the judgment of the High Court in writ petition No. 1303
ef 1979 (Rafiquddin and others v. State of Uttar Pradesh), on the
ground that the "unplaced candidates" of the 1970 Examination were 1
C not entitled to seniority over the candidates of the 1972 ExaminationJ
as they had been appointed to service earlier in time. That writ peti-
tion was transferred to this Court. Three Civil appeals and four writ
petitions including the transferred petition have been heard tegether at
length.
D
The U.P. Civil Service (Judicial Branch) Rules 1951 that is, the
Rules have been framed by the Governor under the proviso to Article
309 read with Article 234 of the Constitution in consultation with the
U .P. Public Service Commission and the High Court which provide for
recruitment to the service and lay down the conditions of service of }--
E personnel appointed to the U.P. Civil Service (Judicial Branch). Rule
3 provides that the Rules shall apply to Munsifs and Civil Judges.
"Member of the service" as defined by Rule 4 means a person ap-
pointed in a substantive capacity "under the proisions of these Rules"
-
or of the Rules in force previous to the introduction of these Rules to a
post in the cadre of the service. Rule 5 provides that the strength of the
F service shall be determined by the Governor from time to time in _j
consultation with the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad. It 7·
confers power on the Governor to increase the cadre by creation of
additional or temporary posts as may be necessary. Rule 6 provides
that recruitment to the service shall be made on the result of a com-
petiti~e examination conducted by the Public Service Commission.
G Rule 8 lays down that the Governor shall decide the number of recruits
to be taken in any particular year. Rule 15 provides for holding of
competitive examination for recruitment to the service and it lays 'r
down that the examination may be conducted at such time and on such
date as may be notified by the Commission and shall consist of written
examinations in such legal and allied subjects including procedure as
H may be included in the syllabus prescribed in Rule 18 and an examina-
STATE OF U.P. v. RAFIQUDDIN [SINGH, J.] 809

tion to test the knowledge of the candidate in Hindi, Urdu and also an
A
interview to test the fitness of the candidates for appointment. Rule 18
prescribes syllabus for the competitive examination as contained in
Appendix E. Appendix E provides that the examination will include
written and viva voce test, it specifies the subjects for written test and
the marks allotted to each subject. Clause 5 of Appendix E relates to
the viva voce, and the notes appended thereto relevant ,for the B
determination of the question-raised in these cases, are as under:

-
"5. Viva Voce: The suitability of the candidate for
employment in the judicial service will be tested with refer-
ence to his record at school, college and in university and
his personality, physique. The questions which may be put
to him may be of a general nature and will not necessarily C
be on an academic or legal nature.

(I) The marks obtained in viva voce will be added to the
marks obtained in the written papers and the candidate's
place will depend on the aggregate of both.
D
(II) The Commission reserves the right to refuse to call for
viva voce and candidate who has not obtained such marks
in the two Law Papers as to justify such refusal or who does
not satisfy the requirements of Rule U(2) of the Rules."

Rule 19 requires the Commission to prepare list of candidates E
approved by it and to forward the same to the Government. Rule 19 is

-- it stood in the year 1970 read thus:
"19. List of candidates approved by the Commission-The
Commission shall prepare a list of candidates who have
taken the examination for recruitment to the service in F
order of their proficiency as disclosed by the aggregate
marks finally awarded to each candidate. If two or more
candidates obtain equal marks in the aggregate the Com-
mission shall arrange them in order of merits on the basis of
their general suitability for the service:
G
Provided that in making their recommendations the
Commission shall satisfy themselves that the candidate-

(i) has obtained such an aggregate of marks in the
written test that he is qualified by his ability for appoint-
ment to the service; H
810 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1988] i S.C.R.

A (iii) has obtained in the viva voce test such sufficien-
tly high marks that he is suitable for the service. ........_

While preparing the list the Commission had to satisfy itself that a
candidate had obtained such aggregate marks in the written test as to
qualify him for appointment to the service and further that he had
B obtained such sufficiently high marks in the viva voce test that he was
suitable for the service. The position of the candidates in the list was to
be determined on the aggregate marks obtained by a candidate,both in .'r
•
written as well as viva voce test. Rule 21 provides that the Governor
shall on receipt of the list prepared by the Commission consult the
High Court and after taking into consideration the view of the High
C Court, select candidates for appointment from amongst those who
stand highest in order of merit in the list if they are duly qualified in
other respects. Rule 22 provides that the seniority of candidates shall )
be determined by the year of competitive examination on the results of
which a candidate is recruited and his position in the list prepared
under Rule 19. The Rules were amended by a Notification dated
D January 31, 1972. After the amendment the Rules are known as the
U . P. Nyayik Seva Niyamavali 1951. Under the amended Rules the
service has been designated as the U.P. Nyayayik Seva. It is not neces-
sary to refer to all the amended provisions of the Niyamavali. After
the amendment Rule 15 provides that the examination shall consist of
written examination and interview to assess all round student career of
E the candidates and their personality address and general suitability.
Rule 19 after the amendment reads as under:

19. List of candidates approved by the Commission-

"The Commission shall prepare a list of candidates who
F
have taken the examination for recruitment to the service
in order of their proficiency as disclosed by the aggregate
marks finally awarded to each candidate. If two or more
candidates obtain equal marks in the aggregate, the
Commission shall arrange them in order of merit on the
basis of their general suitability for the service;
G

P.rovided that in.making their recommendations the
Commission shall satisfy themselves that the candidate has
obtained such as aggregate of marks in the written test that
he is qualified by his ability fo~ appointment to the
H service."
STATE OF U.P. v. RAFIQUDDIN [SINGH, J.) 811

A glance at the amended Rule 19 would show that the two clauses of A
the proviso have been omitted. instead the new proviso to Rule 19 has
been inserted which lays down that in preparing the list of the
approved candidates the Commission shall satisfy itself that the candi-
date has obtained such aggregate of marks in the written test that he is
qualified by his ability for appointment to the service. Now, after the
amendment the Commission has no power to prescribe or fix any B
minimum marks qualifying for viva voce. Now it is not necessaw for a
candidate to be successful in the viva voce. Prior to the amendment a
candidate could not be selected unless he had obtained minimum
marks as fixed by the Commission in viva voce. The amended proviso
of Rule 19 has dispensed with that requirement though viva voce test
has been retained. It is not necessary to refer to other Rules as these
are the only Rules which are relevant for the purposes of determining C
the controversy involved in these cases.

The "unplac~d c.andidates" of 1970 examination claimed senior-
ity of 1970 in terms of Rule 22 even though they were appointed in
1975. The State Government as well as the High Court rejected their D
claim as in their view the "unplaced candidates" formed a separate
class as their recruitment to the service was made in special circumst-
ances, even though they had been unsuccessful at the examination.
The High Court on its administrative side rejected their claim for
seniority whereupon Rafiquddin and other "unplaced candidates"
approached the High Court on the judicial side by filing the writ peti- E
tion under Article 226 of the Constitution challenging the order reject-

- ing their representation. The Division Bench of the High Court con-
stituting of M.N. Shukla and K.M. Dayal, JJ. held that the appoint-
ment of the "unplaced candidates" had been made in pursuance of the
result of the competitive examination of 1970 and as such they were
entitled to seniority of 1970 in accordance to Rule 22. The Bench F
further held that as the seniority in the service is determined on the
\ basis of the year of the competitive examination the "unplaced candi-
dates" belonging to .the Hird list were entitled to the senior to those
appointed to service on the basis of the result of the competitive
examination of 1972 even though the "unplaced candidates" had been
appointed to sel".'ice later in time. At regards the inter-se-seniority of G
the candidates recruited to the service in pursuance of 1970 examina-
tion the High Court held that the Commission had no authority to
prescribe any minimum qualifying marks for viva voce and instead it
should have prepared the list'of successful candidates on the basis of
aggregate marks secured by each candidate irrespective of the marks
obtained by a candidate in viva voce. Adverting to proviso to Rule 19 H
812 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1988] I S.C.R.

the Bench observed "It is true that the Rule authorises the Public
A Service Commission to lay down such minimum makrs but that it was
so laid down prior to the holding of the examination of the year 1970
does not appear from the record. If any minimum marks were pre-
scribed the candidate should have had notice of the same and only
thereafter they could decide to appear or not to appear at the examina-
B tion. The Public Service Commission cannot at its whim at any point of
time without notice to the candidates fix minimum marks." On these
findings the High Court directed that the merit list of 1970 recruits,
should be drawn afresh, on the basis of the aggregate marks secured by
each candidate disregarding the qualifying marks fixed by the Public
Service Commission for the viva voce test. The Division Bench di-
rected that the seniority of the "unplaced candidates" included in the
C third list be refixed after rearranging the lists of candidates included in
the first and second list on the basis of the aggregate marks. The effect
)
of the judgment of the Bench has been that all those candidates who
had been appointed to service in pursuance to thi: 1972 examination
have been made junior to the "unplaced candidates" of 1970 examinac
D tion although they were appointed much later. Further the seniority of
regularly selected candidates and. appointed to the service out of the
1st and Ilnd lists of the 1970 examination is adversely affected on
account of the rearrangement of the merit list as many of the unsuc-
cessful candidates have become senior to those who had been included
in the 1st and Ilnd list. Further the candidates who had passed along-
E with the successful candidates of 1972 examination also being unplaced
candidates would go above all the candidates of the 1972 examination
including the candidates who had stood first in the 1972 examination.

After hearing the learned counsel for the parties at length and
having given our anxious consideration to the controversy raised in
F these cases, we are of opinion that the Division Bench completely
misconceived the Rules and rendered the judgment in total disregard
of the facts available on record. As discussed earlier the Rules, entrust
the Public Service Commission with the duty of holding competitive
examination and recommending the names of suitable candidates as
approved by it for appointment to the service on the basis of the
G proficiency shown by the candidates at the examination adjudged on
the basis of the aggregate marks secured by them. The appointment to
service is made from the list forwarded by the Commission to the State
Government. Seniority in the service is determined on the basis of the r
year of the competitive examination irrespective of the date of
appointment and the inter-se-seniority of candidates recruited to the
H service is determined on the basis of their ranking in the merit list. To
STATE OF U.P. v. RAFJQUDDIN [SINGH, J.) 813

recapitulate Rules 19, 21and22 as they stood during the year 1970 i.e.
A
prior to their amendment in January, 1972 were as under:

"19. List of candidates approved by the Commission-The
Commission shall prepare a list of candidates who have
taken the examination for recruitment to the service in
order of their proficiency as disclosed by the aggregate B
marks finally awarded to each candidate. If two or more

-
candidates obtain equal marks in the aggregate the Com-
mission shall arrange them in order of merits on the basis of
their general suitability for the service:

I Provided that in making their recommendations the
Commission shall satisfy themselves that the candidate- C

(i) has obtained such an aggregate of marks in the written
test that he is qualified by his ability for appointment to the
service:
D
(ii) has obtained in the viva voce test such sufficiently high
marks that he is suitable for the service.
' .
21. Appointment-( 1) subject to the provisions of Rule
20, the Governor shall on receipt of the list prepared by the
Commission consult the High Court and shall, after taking E
into consideration the views of the High Court, select
candidates for appointment from amongst those who stand
highest in order of merit in such list provided that he is
satisfied that they duly qualified in other respects.

(2) The Governor may make appointment in tempor- F
ary or officiating vacancies from persons possessing neces-
sary qualifications prescribed under these Rules.

(3) All appointments made under this Rule shall be
notified in the official Gazette.
G
22. Seniority-Subject to the provisions of Rule 31 the
seniority of candidates already in sei;yice at the time when
these rules come into force would be determined according
to the Rules in force previously and for those appointed
subsequently the seniority shall be determined by the year
of competitive examination on the results of which a candi- H
814 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1988) l S.C.R.

A date is recruited and the position in the list prepared under ·.i...
Rule 19.

NOTE: A candidate may lose his seniority if without any
reasonable cause he does not join his service when a vac-
ancy is offered to him." (underlining by us)
B
The aforesaid rules show that the Commission was required to prepare
a list of candidates approved by it for appointment to the service. Rule
19 provided that the list of selected candidates should be arranged in
order of merit on the basis of the aggregate marks finally awarded to
each candidate in written as well as in viva voce test. Clause (I) of
proviso to Rule 19 laid down that in making their recommendation, \
c the Commission should sati~fy llself that a candidate had obtained )
such aggregate of mark& in the written test as to indicate that he was
qualified by his ability for appointment to the service and further he
had obtained in the viva voce test such sufficiently high marks that he
was suitable for the service. In pursuance to clause (I) of the proviso,
D the Commission had power to fix minimum aggregate marks in written
test for judging the suitability of a candidate for appointment to
service. Similarly clause (ii) of the proviso conferred power on the
Commission to fix the minimum marks for viva voce test to judge the
suitability of a candidate for the service. One related to the fixation of
the minimum in the aggregate marks in the written test while the other
E related to the fixation of the minimum marks in the viva voce test. The
enacting clause of Rule 19 directed the Commission to prepare the list
on the basis of the aggregate marks awarded to a candidate. Aggregate
marks obtained by a candidate determined his position in the list, but
the proviso of the Rule required the Commission to satisfy itself that
the candidate had obtained such aggregate marks in the written test as
I
F to qualify him for appointment to service and further he had obtained
such sufficiently high marks in viva voce which would show his suitabil- -.J
ity for the service. The scheme underlying Rule 19 and the proviso '
made it apparent that obtaining of the minimum aggregate marks in
the written test and also the minimum in the viva voce was the sine
quo non before the Commission could proceed to make its recommen-
G dation in favour of a candidate for appointment to the service. The
Commission in view of the clause (ii) of the proviso Comission had
power to fix the miniqmm marks for vive voce for judging the suitabil-
ity of a candidate for service. Thus a candidate who had merely
secured the minimum of the aggregate marks or above was not entitled
to be included in the list of successful candidates unless he had also
H secured the minimum marks which had been prescribed for the ·viva
STATE OF U.P. v. RAFIQUDDIN (SINGH, J.( 815

voce test. The Commission was required to include the name of candi- A
dates in the list prepared by it under Rule 19 on the basis of the
aggregate of marks as obtained by each candidate both in written as
well as in the viva voce test. Rule 20 provides that no person shall be
appointed as member of the service unless he is medically fit. It further
provides that a candidate who has passed the competitive examination B
and is finally approved for appointment to the service shall be required
to pass an examination by a Medical Board. Rule 21 provides that the
Governor, on receipt of the list prepared by the Commission under
Rule 19 shall select candidates for appointment from amongst those
who stand highest in order of merit in "such list" after taking into
consideration the views of the High Court. The expression "such list"
in Rule 21 obviously refers to the list prepared by the Commission c
under Rule 19. It is, therefore, manifest that only those candidates can
be appointed to the service who are included in the list prepared by the
Commission under Rule 19. If the Commission does not approve and
include the name of a candidate in the list prepared by it under Rule
19, he cannot be appointed to the service under Rule 21. Rule 22
D
provides that the seniority in the service shall be determined by the
year of competitive examination on the results of which a candidate is
recruited and his position in the list prepared under Rule 19. The Rule
clearly postulates determination of seniority of members of the service
recruited to the service through competitive examination with refer-
ence to their position in the list of approved candidates prepared by
E
the Commission under Rule 19. The expression "member of the
service" as defined by Rule 4(e) means a person appointed in substan-
tive capacity under the provisions of the Rules. Rule 22 read with Rule
4( e) lays down in unmistakable terms that the seniority of members of
service is to be determined on the basis of the year of competitive
examination and not otherwise. In other words only those persons who
F
are appointed in accordance with the Rules on the result of a competi-
tive examination are entitled to the determination of their seniority in
accordance with Rule 22. Seniority of a candidate appointed to the
service would depend upon the result of the competitive examination
and his position in the list prepared under Rule 19. Claim to seniority
under Rule 22 cannot be upheld if a candidate is not approved for
appointment under Rule 19 and has not found his way into service on G
the recommendation of the Commission. We therefore hold that the
claim to seniority on the basis of the year of competitive examination
as contemplated by Rule 22 is available only to those candidates who
are approved by the Commission on the basis of their marks in the
written and viva voce test at the examination.
H
816 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1988] 1 S.C.R.

A Learned counsel for the respondent (up laced candidates) urged
that clause (2) of the proviso to Rule 19 did not confer power on the
Commission to fix any qualifying minimum marks for viva voce. In the •
alternative he challenged the constitutional validity of the proviso on
the ground of excessive delegation of legislative power. Rule 19 as it
stood in the year 1970 read with Rule 18 and Appendix E and the Note
B I of clause (5) of appendix E required that the aggregate of marks
obtained in the written and viva voce test, determined a candidate's
rank in the merit list. These provisions conferred power on the

-
Commission to fix qualifying marks in the written test and if a candi-
date failed to obtain the minimum marks in the written test the Com-
mission might refuse to call him for viva voce test. The enacting clause
C of Rule 19 provide guidance for the Commission in preparing the list of
approved candidates on the basis of the aggregate marks obtained by a \
candidate in the written as well as in viva voce test. Clause (2) of the f
proviso to Rule 19 did not no doubt expressly lay down that the
minimum marks for the viva voce had to be prescribed but the
language used therein clearly showed that the Commission alone had
D the power to prescribe minimum marks in viva voce test for judging the
suitability of a candidate for the service. That is the clear meaning of
the words in the proviso to Rule 19 "provided that in making their
recommendation the Commission shall satisfy themselves that the
candidate i) ..... ii) has obtained in the viva voce test such sufficiently
high marks that he is suitable for the service." Commission is required
E to judge the suitability of a candidate on the basis of sufficiently high
marks obtained by a candidate in the viva voce test, it has to fix some
percentage of marks which in its opinion may be sufficient to assess the
suitability of a candidate. In the absence of a fixed norm, there could
be no uniformity in assessing suitability of candidates in the viva voce
test. The Commission had therefore power to fix the norm and in the
F instant case it had fixed 35 per cent minimum marks for viva voce test.
r The viva voce test is a well-recognised method of judging the suitabil-
ity of a candidate for appointment to public services and this method
had almost universally been followed in making selection for appoint-
ment to public services. Where selection is made on the basis of writ-
ten as well as viva voce test, the final result is determined on the basis
G of the aggregate marks. If any minimum marks either in the written
test or in viva voce test are fixed to determine the suitability of a
candidate the same has to be respected. Clause (ii) of the proviso to
Rule 19 clearly confers power on the Commission to fix minimum
marks for viva voce test for judging the suitability of a candidate for
the service. We do not find any constitutional legal infirmity in the
H provision.
_I

STATE OF U.P. v. RAFIQUDDIN [SINGH, J.] 817

The learned counsel placed reliance on a Division Bench judg-
,,A ment of the Mysore High Court in K.N. Chandrasekhra & Ors. v. State A
of Mysore & Ors., AIR 1963 Mysore 292. In that case A.R. Somnath
Iyer, J. speaking for the Bench observed that the power to fix
minimum marks in viva voce test for judging the suitability of a candi-
~(\ date for appointment to State Judicial Service was legislative in
character and it could not be exercised by the Public Service Commis- B
sion: He also held that under Article 234 of the Constitution it would
\' be a special duty and responsibility of the Commission alone to make a

- Rule prescribing the minimum marks for viva voce examination and in
the absence of such a rule the committee constituted could not pre-
scribe any such minimum standard. No doubt this decision supports
the submission raised on behalf of the unplaced candidates but a Full
~ Bench of the Mysore High Court had not approved the view taken in c
K.N. Chandrasekhra's case as can be gathered from T.N. Manjula
Devi v. State of /,(arnataka, [ 1982] Labour and Industrial Cases 759. In
the latter case the Court held that the process of selection of suitable
candidates to a responsible post involved a minimum standard to be
crossed by candidates and that had to be fixed by the selection commit- D
tee. Learned counsel for the respondent referred to a decision of this
Court in Durga Charan Misra v. State of Orissa, W.P. 1123 of 1986
decided on 27 .8.1987, for the proposition that the Commission had no
power to fix the qualifying marks for the viva voce test. We have
·---; carefully considered the decision but we do not find anything therein
to support the respondents' contention. In that case the question for E
consideration before this court was whether the minimum marks pre-
scribed by the Commission for the viva voce test for appointment to
the State Judicial Service of Orissa was justified. The Court on an
analysis of the relevant rules of the Orissa Judicial Service Rules 1964
held that there was no rule prescribing the minimum qualifying marks
for the viva vove test. The court found that the Commission had fixed F
~ qualifying marks and on that basis it had excluded candidates securing
' higher marks in written test. The Court allowed the petition and
quashed the selection made by the Commission and directed the Com-
mission to prepare the select list afresh on the basis of the aggregate
marks obtained by the candidates in the written examination and the
viva voce test. This decision does not advance the case of respondents G
in view of clause (ii) of the proviso to Rule 19. So long clause (ii) of
proviso to Rule 19 remained in force the Commission had power to fix
--<'. minimum qualifying marks for the viva voce test. Thus even if a candi-
date had obtained higher aggregate marks in written and viva voce test
but if he had failed to secure the minimum marks in the viva voce test
\ his name could not be included in the list prepared by the Commission H
818 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1988] I S.C.R.

A under Rule 19. This view was taken by another Bench of the High
Court in D.P. Shukla's case, and with which we agree. There is no
dispute that none of the unplaced candidates of 1970 examination
(those included in the third list) had secured minimum marks of 35 per
cent in the viva voce test and for that reason they were not approved by
the Commission, although they had obtained more than 40 per cent
B marks in the aggregate.

Learned counsel for the respondents urged that 35 per cent of
qualifying marks fixed by the Commission for the viva voce test was
unreasonable and excessive. In Lila Dhar v. State of Rajasthan, [1982]
I SCR 320 this Court held that while a written examination assessed a
C candidate's knowledge and intellectual ability an interview test is valu-
able to assess a candidate's over all intellectual and other qualities.
The interview permits an assessment of qualities of character which
written papers ignore, it assesses the man himself and not his intel-
lectual abilities. The Court observed that there could not be any rule
of thumb regarding the precise weight to be given to the viva voce test.
D It must vary from service to service according to the requirement of
service the minimum qualifications may be prescribed, the age group
from which the selection is to be made, the body to which the task of
holding the interview is entrusted. There can be no doubt that viva
voce test performs a very useful function of assessing personal
characteristics and traits of a candidate. The answer to question as to
E what weight should be attached to viva voce test where both written
and viva voce test are held for making the selection, would depend
upon the purpose of the selection. Chinnappa Reddy, J. speaking for
the Court observed:

"Thus, the written examination assesses the man's intellect
F and the interview test the man himself and "the twain shall
meet" for a proper selection. If both written examination
and interview test are to be essential features of proper
selection the question may arise as to the weight to be
attached respectively to them. In the case of admission to a
c:>llege, for instance, where the candidate's personality is
G yet to develop and it is too early to identify the personal
qualities for which greater importance may have to be at-
tached in later life, greater weight has per force to be given
to performance in the written examination. The impor-
tance to be attached to the interview test must be minimal.
That was what was decided by this Court in Periakaruppan
H v. State of Tamilnadu, Ajay Hasia etc. v. Khalid Mujib
STATE OF U.P. v. RAFIQUDDIN {SINGH, J.] 819

~ Sehravardi & Ors. efc. and other cases. On the other hand,
A
in the case of service to which recruitment has necessarily
to be made from persons of mature personality, interview
test may be the only way, subject to basic and essential
academic a professional requirements being satisfied. To
subject such persons to a written examination may yield
unfruitful and negative results, apart from its being an act B
of cruelty to those persons. There are, of course, many
services to which recruitment is made from younger candi-
dates whose personalities are on the threshold of develop-
ment and who show signs of great promise, and the discern-
ing may in an interview test, catch a glimpse of the future
personality. In the case of such services, where sound selec-
tion must combine academic ability with personality prom- c
ise, some weight has to be given, though not much too
great weight, to the interview test. There cannot be any
rule of thumb regarding the precise weight to be given. It
must vary from service to service according to the require-
ment of the service, 'the minimum qualifications pres- D
cribed, the age group from which the selection is to be
made, the body to which the task of holding the interview
test is proposed to be entrusted and host of other factors. It
is a matter for determination by experts. It is a matter for
.... research. It is not for courts to pronounce upon it unless
exaggerated weight has been given with proven or obvious E
;~ oblique motives. The Kothari Committee also suggested
~ that in view of the obvious importance of the subject, it
may be examined in detail by the Research Unit of the
Union of Public Service Commission.

In A.K. Yadav \j. State of Haryana, [1985] 4 SCC 417 a Constitution F
\-' Bench of this Court approved the view expressed in Lila Dhar's case.
The Court observed there cannot be any hard. and fast rule regarding
the weight to be given as against the written examination. It must vary
from service to service according to the requirement of the service the
minimum qualification prescribed age group from which the selection
is to be made the body to which the task of holding the interview test is G
proposed to be entrusted and a host of other factors. It is a matter for
determinii,tion by. experts. The Court does not possess the necessary
~ equipment and it would not be right for the court to pronounce upon
it. In Lila Dhar's case 25 per cent of marks fixed for viva voce test was
upheld. In A.K. Yadav's case selection made by the Haryana Public
Service Commission for appointment to the post of Haryana Civil H
820 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1988] I S.C.R.

A Service (Executive and other allied setvices) was under challenge. The ··~
Court held that allocation of 33.3 per, cent for viva voce was high as it
opened door for arbitrariness and in order to diminish it if not elimi-
nate the same the percentage needs to be reduced. The Constitution
Bench made observation that marks for viva voce test should not
exceed 12.2 per cent. In spite of these observations the Constitution
8 Bench did not interfere or strike down the selection instead it directed
the Commission to give one more opportunity to the aggrieved candi-
dates to appear at the competitive examination. In the instant case
there has been no allegation of ma/a fides or arbitrariness against the
Commission which held the viva voce test. In the circumstances we do
not consider it necessary to set aside selection or issue any direction to
the Public Service Commission or to the State Government as Rules
C relating to viva voce test have already been amended. After the
amendment of the Rules on January 31, 1972 no minimum qualifying
marks can be fixed by the Commission for vi~a voce test and therefore
it is not necessary to issue any direction in the matter.

O The Division Bench of the High Court observed that the Com-
mission had no authority to fix any minimum marks for the viva voce
test and even if it had such a power it could not prescribe the minimum
marks without giving notice to the candidates. The Bench further
observed that if the Commission had given notice to the candidates
before the steps for holding the competitive examination were taken
E the candidates may or may not have appeared at the examination. In
our opinion the High Court committed a serious error in applying)he
principles of natural justice to a competitive examination. There is ~
basic difference between an examination held by a college or,
university or examining body to award degree to candidates appearing
at the examination and a competitive examination. The examining
F body or the authority prescribes minimum pass marks. If a person
obtains the minimufu marks as prescribed by the authority he is
declared successful and placed in the respective grade according to the
number of marks obtained by him. In such a case it would be obliga-
tory on the examining authority to prescribe marks for passing the
examination as well as for securing different grades well in advance. A
G competitive examination on the other hand is of different character.
The purpose and object of the competitive examination is to select
most suitable candidates for appointment to public services. A person
may obtain sufficiently high marks and yet he may not be selected on
account of the limited number of posts and availability of persons of
higher quality. Having regard to the nature and characteristics of a
H competitive examination it is not possible nor necessary to give notice
.,. STATE OF U.P. v. RAFIQUDDIN [SINGH, J.] 821

F:imaythedetermine
candidates about the minimum marks which the Commission
for purposes of eliminating the unsuitable candidates.
A
The rule of natural justice does not apply to a competitive
examination.

The question arises as to whether the unplaced candidates
1
"included in the third list" were appointed to the service on the result B
~ of the competitive examination of 1970. We have already referred to
necessary facts in detail indicating the circumstances under which the
unplaced candidates (included in the third list) of 1970 examination
were appointed. Initially the Public Service Commission had fixed 40
per cent of aggregate marks and 35 per cent as minimum marks in the
;,/ viva voce test for judging the suitability of candidates and on that basis
,___ it had recommended 46 candidates for appointment but subsequently c
on a suggestion made by the Government the Commission forwarded
another list of 33 candidates for appointment to service on the basis of
. 35 per cent marks in the aggregate as well as 35 per cent minimum
marks in viva voce. In forwarding the first and the second list, the
Commission had applied the criteria of minimum marks of 35 per cent D
in viva voce test. The Commission had not recommended any candi-
date in either of the two lists, who had failed to secure minimum marks
of-35 per cent in viva voce test. After the amendment of Rule 19 and
..! deletion of the two proviso the State Government on the representa-
11' lion of the unsuccessful candidates of 1970 examination made sugges-
~- tion to the Commission for approving more_ candidates of the Exami- E
nations held in 1967, 1968, 1969 and 1970 for appointment to the
service on the basis of 40 per cent of marks in aggregate disregarding
the minimum marks fixed for viva voce. The Commission refused to
accept the suggestion but subsequently in pursuance of the decision
' taken by the high level committee it forwarded the list of 37 unsuccess-
~ul candidates of 1970 examination who had obtained 40 per cent or
IJ ~ore marks in the aggregate but had not qualified in the viva voce.
· The Commission by its letter dated 19th June, 1974 forwarded the list
F

of 37 candidates to the State Government. The Commissioner's letter
shows that it had not approved the appointment of those included in
the third list as they had failed to secure minimum prescribed marks in
l~e viva voce test. During the course of hearing before us, serious
G
0 dispute and doubt was raised on the genuineness of the annexure to
"I the_letter on behalf of the "unplaced candidates." It was suggested on
thetr behalf that the Commission had approved and recommended the
names mentioned in the third list for appointment and that it had no
where stated that they were unsuccessful candidates or that they had
not been found suitable by the Commission. In order to resolve this H
822 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1988] 1 S.C.R.

A controversy, on our directive, the State Counsel produced the original
of the Jetter. before the Court and on a perusal of the same we found
that the Commission had neither in the body of the Jetter nor in the
annexure ·appended thereto ever expressed its views that the candi-
' dates . mentioned therein had been found suitable by it. On ihe
contrary, the note appended to the list which was annexed to the letter
B clearly stated that the candidates mentioned in the list had not been
found suitable by the Commission. This would clearly show that the
unplaced candidates (those included in the third list) were unsuccessful
at the competitive examination and their names were not included in
the list of approved candidates as contemplated by Rule 19 as they had
failed to obtain the minimum marks in the viva voce test: The Commis-
C sion had never made any recommendation for their appointment
instead under the influence of the Government, it had forwarded the
list without its recommendation. The appointment of unplaced candi-
. dates made in pursuance of the decision taken by the high level com-
mittee, is not countenanced by the Rules. There is no escape from the
conclusion that the unplaced candidates were not appointed to the
D service bn the· basis of the result of the competitive examination of
1970. Their . appointment was made in breach of the Rules, in
p,ursuance to the decision of the higb level committee. It is well-settled .
that where recruitment to service is regulated by the statutory rule~,
recruitment must be made in accordance with those Rules, any
appointment made in breach of rules would be illegal. The appoint-
E ment of 21 •;unplaced candidates" made out of the third list was illegal
as it was made .in violation of the provisions of the Rules. The higb
level committee which took decision for recruitment of candidates to
the service on the basis of the 40 per cent aggregate marks disregarding
the minimum marks fixed by the Commission for viva voce test had no
authority in Jaw, as the Rules do not contemplate any such committee
F · and any decisio~ tak~? by it could not be implemented. . J
We are surprised that the Chief Justice, Chief Minister as well as·
the Chairman of the COml)lission agreed to adopt this procedure which
was contrary to the Rules .. The high· level committee even though
constittited by· highly placed persons had no authority in law to disre-
G gard the Rules and to direct the COmmission to make recommendation
in favour of unsuccessful candidates disregarding the minimum marks
-- prescribed for the viva voce test. The high level committee's view that
after the amendment of Rule 19, the minimum qualifying marks fixed
for viva. voce could be ignored was wholly wrong. Rule 19 was
amended in January 1972, but. before that 1970 examination had
H already been held. Since the amendment was not retrospective the
STATE OF U.P. v. RAFIQUDDIN [SINGH, J.] 823

result of any examination held before January 1972 could not be
determined on the basis of amended Rules. The Public Service Com- A
mission is a constitutional and independent authority. It plays a pivotal
role in the selection and app~intment of persons to public services. It
secures efficiency in the public administration by selecting suitable and
efficient persons for appointment to the services. The Co.mmission has
to perform its functions and duties in an independent and objective B
manner uninfluenced by the dictates of any other authority. It is not
sub-servient to the directions of the Government unless such direc-
tions are permissible by law. Rules vest power in the Commision to
hold the competitive examination and to select suitable candidates on
the criteria fixed by it. The State Government or the high level com-
mittee could not issue any directions to the Commission for making
recommendation in favour of those candidates who failed to achieve C
the minimum prescribed standards as the Rules did not confer any
such power on the State Government. In this view even if the Commis-
sion had made recommendation in favour of the unplaced candidates
under the directions of the Government the appointment of the
unplaced candidates was illegal as the same was made in violation of D
the Rules.

On behalf of the respondents the "unplaced candidates" it was
contended that there was acute shortage of Munsif/Magistrates in the
• State as a result of which large number of cases were pending in the
;; courts. In order to meet the shortage of Munsifs State Government E
· and the high level committee, keeping in view the amendment of Rule
19 suggested to the Commission to recommend the names of those
candidates who may have obtained 40 per cent or more marks in the
aggregate disregarding the minimum qualifying marks fixed for the
viva voce test in the examination of 1967, 1968, 1969 and 1970. It was
urged that the suggestion of the committee was accepted by the Com- F
mission and therefore it forwarded the names of 37 candidates for
·appointment to the service. We have already.noticed that the Co~~is-
sion never agreed to the proposal. The Cha1Tman of the Comm1ss10n
was a member of the high level committee but the Commission never
took any decision to accept the proposals of the high level committee.
No material has been placed before the court to support this conten- G
tion. On the contrary, the Commission's letter dated 19th June 1974,
clearly indicates that the Commission as directed by the State Govern-
, ment merely forwarded the list of 37 candidates of 1970 examination,
...; without making any recommendation and yet they were appointed in
service in breach of the Rules. But even if the Commission had agreed
to the Government's suggestion, their appointments continued to be H
824 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1988] 1 S.C.R.

A illegal, as the same were made in breach of Rules. There was no ·
justification for the appointment of the unsuccessful candidates in 4
1975, because by that time result of 1972 examination had been .,
announced and duly selected candidates were available for appoint-
ment. ·

B In this 'context, it is necessary to consider as to how long the list
of candidates for a particular examination can be utilised for appoint-
ment. There is no expres& provision in the Rules as to for what period '
the list prepared under Rule 19 can be utilised for making appointment
to the service. In the absence of any provision in the Rules a reason-
able period must be followed during which the appointment on the
basis of the result of a particular examination should be made. The
C State Government and the Commission had announced 85 vacancies l
for being filled up through the competitive examination of 1970. In ,All
normal course, 85 vacancies could be filled on the basis of the result of
the competitive examination of 1970 but if all the vacancies could not
be filled up on account of non-availability of suitable candidates, the
D appointment to the remaining vacancies could be made on the basis of
the result of the subsequent competitive examination. The unfilled
vacancies of 1970 examination could not be filled after 5 years as
subsequent competitive examinations of the year 1972 and of the year
1973 had taken place and the results had been declared. The list pre-
pared by the Commission on the basis of the competitive examination ,..
E of a particular year could be utilised by the Government for making ·1.,
appointment to the service before the declaration of the result of the
subsequent examination. If selected candidates are available for ap-
pointment on the basis of the competitive examinations of subsequent
years, it would be unreasonable and unjust to revise the list of earlier
examination by changing norms to fill up the vacancies as that would
F adversely affect the right of those selected at the subsequent examina-
tion in matters relating to their seniority under rule 22. The 1970 ~
examination could not be utilised as a perennial source or in exhausti-
able reservoir for making appointments indefinitely. The result of a
particular. examination must come to an end at some point of time, like
a "dead ball" in cricket. It could not be kept alive for years to come for
G making appointments. The practice of revising the list prepared by the
Commission under Rule 19 at the behest of the Government by lower-
ing down the standards and norms fixed by the Commission to enable
appointment of unsuccessful candidates is sub-versive of rule of law. ·
This practice is fraught with dangers of favourtism and nepotism and it f
would open back door entry to the service. We are, therefore, of the
H opinion that once the result of the subsequent examination of 1972 was
STATE OF U.P. v. RAFJQUDDIN [SINGH, J.J 825

declared, the Commission could not revise the list of approved candi-
A
dates of 1970 examination prepared by it under Rule 19 at the behest
of the Government by lowering down the standard fixed by it.
'
. , In C. Channabasavaiah v. State of Mysore & Ors., [1965] I SCR
360 the Mysore Public Service Commission made selection and
appointment to services in the Mysore State to Class I and II posts of B
Administrative Services. After the viva voce interviews were held the
Commission published a list of 98 successful candidates who were

-
appointed. After the announcement of the results, the State Govern-
ment sent a list of 24 candidates for the consideration of the Govern-
ment and the Commission approved it. These 24 candidates also were
appointed. 16 candidates who had not been selected filed a writ peti- C
tion before the Mysore High Court. During the pendency of the writ
·~: petition a compromise was effected, as a result of an undertaking given
by the Government before the High Court and the 16 petitioners were
also appointed. Thereafter, some other candidates who had not been
selected, filed petition under Article 32 of the Constitution before this
Court challenging the selection of 24 candidates selected by the Gov- D
ernment and the 16 persons who had filed the writ petition. This Court
set aside the appointments made at the instance of the Government
and of the 16 writ petitioners. The Court observed:

"It seems surprising that Government should have recom-
mended as many a twenty four names and the Commission E
should have approved of all those names without a single
exception even though Pi its own judgment some of them
did not rank as high as others they had rejected. Such a
dealing with public appointments is likely to creat a feeling
of distrust in the working of the Public Service Commis-
sion, which is intended to be fair and impartial and to do its F
work free from any influence from any quarter."

The procedure adopted for selection and the appointment practiced
discrimination in violations of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution.
While setting aside the selection and appointment the Court observed:
G
"It is very unfortunate that these persons should be
uprooted afterJhey had been appointed but if equality and
equal protection before the law have any meaning and if
our public institutions are to inspire that confidence which
is expected of them we would be failing in our duty if we
did not, even at the cost of considerable inconvenience to H
826 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1988] 1 S.C.R.

A Government and the selected candidates to do the right
thing." j
In Umesh Chandra Shukla v. Union of India & Ors., [1985] 3 SCC 721
a competitive examination was held for appointment to the posts of •·
subordinate Judges in Delhi Judicial Service. Out of the candidates
B who appeared in the written examination only 27 candidates could
qualify for viva voce test. The High Court approved the list of 27
qualified candidates but having regard to the fact that some candidates

-
who had otherwise scored very high marks had been kept out of the
zone of consideration for final selection by reason of their having
secured one or two marks below the aggregate or the qualifying marks
C prescribed for the particular paper, the High Court directed that mod-
eration of two marks in each paper to every candidate be done. As a
result of moderation of two marks a second list was prepared showing f
the names of eight more candidates who also qualified for viva voce
test. Petitions were filed by the unsuccessful candidates challenging
the procedure adopted by the High Court and the selection committee
D in the preparation of the final list of the successful candidates. This
Court struck down the list prepared by the High Court after adding the
moderation marks. The Court observed that the High Court had no
power !o include the names of candidates who had not initially secured
the minimum qualifying marks by resorting to the device of modera-
tion, particularly when there was no complainTeither about the ques-
E tion papers or about the mode of valuation. In striking out the list
prepared by the High Court, this Court observed:

"Exercise of such power of moderation is likely to create a
feeling of distrust in the process of selection to public
appointments which is intended to be fair and impartial. It
F may also result in the violation of the principle of equality
and may lead to arbitrariness."

We are in agreement with the views expressed in the aforesaid
decisions. The appointment of the unplaced candidates of 1970 exami-
nation at the behest of the high level committee was unwarranted by
G law and it was likely to create a feeling of distrust in the process of
selection for appointment to public services which is intended to be
fair and impartial. The high level commit~e had no power to lower
down the standards fixed by the Commission with a view to accommo-
date unsuccessful candidates in the judicial services. The procedure
r
adopted in appointing the unplaced candidates of 1970 examination
H was unauthorised by law and it practiced discrimination in violation of
STATE OF U.P. v. RAFIQUDDIN [SINGH, J.] 827

Article 14 and Article 16 of the Constitution.
A
7'1-
The unplaced candidates were appointed to the service in breach
of the Rules and they form a separate class. They cannot be equated
with those who were appointed to the service from the first and second
list of 1970 examination as their appointment was made on the recom-
mendation of the Puhlic Service Commission. They remain unchal- B
Ienged. Similarly, candidates appointed to the servic~ on the basis of

f the result of the competitive examination of 1972 before the unplaced
candidates were appointed, formed separate class as they were also
appointed in accordance with the Rules. The "unplaced candidates" of
c:
1970 examination cannot claim seniority over them on the basis of
Rule 22 as their appointment was not made on the basis of the list
approved by the Commission under Rule 19. In Shitla Prasad Shukla c
\- v. State of U.P. & Ors. [1986] Supp. SCC 185 this Court held that an
-.~
employee must belong to the same stream before he can claim senior-
ity vis-a-vis others. Those appointed irregularly belong to a different
stream and they cannot claim seniority vis-a-vis those who may have
been regularly and properly appointed. D

We have recorded findings that 21 unplaced candidates of 1970
examination were appointed to the service illegally in breach of the

.
Rules. We would, however, like to add that even though their appoint-
ment was not in accordance with law but the judgment and orders
passed by them are not rendered invalid. The unplaced candidates are E
not usurpers o1 office, they were appointed by the competent authority
to the posts of munsifs with the concurrence of the High Court, though
.... they had not been found suitable for appointment according to the
norms fixed by the Public Service Commission. They have been work-
ing in the judicial service during all these years and some of them have
been promoted also and they have performed their functions and F
duties as de facto judicial officers. "A person who is ineligible to
~- judgeship, but who has nevertheless been duly appointed and who
exercise the powers and duties of the office is a de facto judge, he acts
validly until he is properly removed." Judgment and orders of a de
facto judge cannot be challenged on the ground of his ineligibility for
appointment. This doctrine in founded upon sound principles of public G
'I policy and justice. In Achanti Sreenivasa Rao & Ors. v. State of
Andhra Pradesh, [ 1981] 3 SCC 133 the de facto doctrine in relation to a
judicial officer was considered at length. Chinnappa Reddy, J. speak-
-...\
ing for the court observed:

l "A judge, de facto, therefore, is one who is not a mere H
828 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1988] 1 S.C.R.

intruder or usurper but one who holds office, under colour
A
of lawful authority, though his appointment is defective
and may later be found to be defective. Whatever be the
defect of his title to the office, judgments pronounced by
him and acts done by him when he was clothed with the
powers and functions of the office, albeit unlawfully, have
B the same efficacy as judgments pronounced and acts done
by a judge de jure. Such is the de facto doctrine, born of
necessity and public policy to prevent needless confusion
and endless mischief. There is yet another rule also based
on public policy. The defective appointment of a de facto
judge may be qi;estioned directly in a proceeding to which
he be a party but it cannot be permitted to be questioned in
c a litigation between two private litigants, a litigation which
is of no concern or consequence to the judge except as a
judge. Two litigants litigating their private titles cannot be
permitted to bring in issue and litigate upon the title of a
judge to his office. Otherwise, so soon as a judge
D pronounces a judgment a litigation may be commenced for
a declaration that the judgment is void because the judge is
no judge. A judge's title to his office cannot be brought
into jeopardy in that fashion. Hence the rule against collat-
eral attack on validity of judicial appointments. To ques-
tion a judge's appointment in an appeal against his judg-
ment is, of course, such a cojlateral attack."

--
We have adverted to this aspect of the case in order to avoid any
challenge to the validity of judgments and orders by the unplaced
candidates of the 1970 examination on the ground on legal infirmity in
their appointments. But having regard to the period of 12 years that
F have elapsed we do not propose to strike down their appointments.

Now the question arises as to what seniority should be assigned
to the unplaced candidates. Their claim for assigning them seniority on
the basis of the. comp'etitive examination of 1970 is not sustainable in
/
G law as discussed above. They were appointed to service after five years
of the examination and before their appointment compefitive exami-
nation of 1972 had taken place and candidates selected under that
examination had been appointed to ser"Vice prior to their appointment.
The directions issued by the High Court for rearranging the merit list
of 1970 examination seriously affect the seniority of those who were
H regularly selected in accordance with the norms prescribed by" the
STAIB OF U.P. v. RAFIQUDDIN [SlNGH, J.] 829

Commission. Having regard to these facts and circumstances of the
A
case we are of the opinion that the view taken by the High Court on its
)ii-
administrative side and the State Government that the unplaced candi-
dates of 1970 examination should be assigned seniority below the last
candidates of 1972 examination appointed to the service is just and
reasonable. In our opinion it would be just and proper to assign senior-
ity to the unplaced candidates of 1970 examination at the bottom of the B
list of 1972 candidates. There were 37 unplaced candidates of 1970
examination who were included in the third list, out of them 16 candi-
-I dates appeared in the 1972 examination and they were successful and
' their names were approved by the Commission in the list prepared
.: under Rule 19. The State Government appointed them in service .
Under Rule 22 they are entitled to seniority of 1972 examination but in
, view of the judgment of the High Court in Rafiquddin's case thei~ c
-~ seniority has been determined on the basis of their recruitment to
service under the 1970 examination. We have already recorded find-
ings that unplaced candidates of 1970 examination (as included in the
third list) have not been recruited in service according to the Rules and
their recruitment to service cannot be treated under 1970 examination D
for purposes of determining their seniority under Rule 22. We have
further directed that 21 unplaced candidates of 1970 examination
should be placed below the candidates of 1972 examination. But so far
as 16 remaining candidates are concerned, they were appointed to the
service on the result of 1972 examination and their appointment does
not suffer from any legal infirmity. They are therefore entitled to E
~ seniority of 1972 examination on the basis of their position in the merit
list of that examination. They are however not entitled to the seniority

-
'
~
of 1970 on the basis of the examination of that year as held by the High
Court.

We accordingly set aside the order of the Division Bench dated F
30.3.1982 and direct the High Court and the State Government to
~ determine the seniority of the 21 unplaced candidates of 1970 exarni-
nation by placing them at the bottom of the candidates appointed on
the result of 1972 examination. We accordingly allow Civil Appeal No.
4023 of 1982 and Civil Appeal No'. 4024 of 1982.
G

I
Civil Appeal No. 3736 of 1982.

This appeal is directed against the judgment of another Division
·-~
Bench of the High Court consisting of Satish Chandra and A.N.
Verma, JJ. dated 30th March, 1982. The appellants appeared at the
1970 examination but they remained unsuccessful as they had failed to H
830 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1988] 1 S.C.R.

A secure 35 per cent of minimum marks at the viva voce test, although
they had secured higher marks in the aggregate then those selected and
appointed. They challenged the selection made in pursuance of 1970
examination. The Division Bench held that since the minimum marks
fixed for viva voce test was integral part of the examination and as the
appellants had failed to secure the requisite minimum marks in viva
B voce test, they were not entitled to s.election. The view taken by the
Division Bench is consistent with our view. Accordingly, we dismiss
the appeal.

Writ Petition 4636 of 1982.
)

The Petitioner C.P. Aggarwal was unsuccesful at the 1970 exami·
c nation. as he failed to obtain the minimum marks prescribed for viva
voce test, although he had obtained more than 40 per cent marks in the
aggregate. For the reasons stated earlier he cannot be granted relief of
appointment to the service. Further he is disentitled to any relief on
the ground of inordinate delay. The validity of the examination of 1970
D was challenged before this Court in 1982. There is no plausible expla·
nation for the delay. The petition is liable to be dismissed and we
accordingly dismiss it.

Writ Petition No. 12818 of 1984.

E The petitioner was recruited to the service on the basis of the Y
competitive examination of 1972. He is aggrieved by the direction '1
issued by the Division Bench of the-High Court in Rafiquddin's case,
as his seniority was affected adversely. We have already taken the
view that the unplaced candidates of 1970 examination cannot be
senior to the candidates appointed in the service as a result of the 1972
F examination. The writ petition succeeds to that extent.

Transfer Case No. 15 of 1987.

The petitioners were recruited to the U.P. Nyayayik Seva on the
basis of the result of the competitive examination of 1972. They are
G aggrieved by the direction issued by the Division Bench in Rafiqud· ·
din's case for rearranging the seniority. Since we have already expres-
sed the view that the unplaced candidates of 1970 examination are not
entitled to seniority over the candidates appointed to the service on
the result of the 1972 Examination. The petition is to succeed partly.

H Writ Petition No. 13047 of 1985.
STATE OF U.P. v. RAFIQUDDIN [SINGH, J.] 831

-Ji'; The petitioner was appointed to service on 22nd November 1976
A
on the basis of the result of the 1973 examination. His main grievance
is that respondent Nos. 3 to 15 to the petition have been shown senior
to him although they were appointed in service between May 1976 to
November 1977 on the basis of the result of competitive examination
of 1972. Since the respondents were treated senior by the High Court,
they were promoted to the post of Chief Judicial Magistrate/Civil B
Judge ignoring the petitioner's claim. On behalf of the petitiener, two

-
submissions were made: (i) respondent Nos, 3 to 15 were appointed
later in time, cosequently they cannot. be treated senior to the
petitioner; (ii) the selection and appointment of respondent Nos. 3 to
15 was against rules and as such they are not entitled to seniority over
-~ the petitioner who is a regularly selected candidate.
c
We do not find any merit in either of the two submissions. Rule
22 lays down criteria for determination of the seniority of members of
service. It directs that the seniority shall be determined on the basis of
the year of examination which means that a person 'recruited to the D
~ervice in pursuance of the result of a particular year of examination
would rank senior to the candidate who is recruited to service in
pursuance of result of subsequent year of examination although he
' may have actually been appointed earlier in time. After the selection
t of candidates, several formalities are followed before appointment is
made under Rule 21. The selected candidates are required to undergo E
medical examination, their character and antecedents are verified and
the approval of High Court is obtained and only thereafter the Gover-
nor appoints them by issuing notification. Many a time, this process
causes delay in making the actual appointment and in that process
sometimes persons selected on the basis of subsequent examination
are appointed before the successful candidates of earlier examination
t- are appointed. But in view of Rule 22 the latter shall be senior to the
F
former inrrespective of the date of appointment. Since there has been
no challenge to Rule 22 and the appointment is not shown to be illegal
for the reasons which we presently give, it must be applied in its plaip
terms in determining the seniority of those recruited to service in
accordance with Rules. The petitioner was appointed in service on the
G
basis of the result of the 1973 examination while respondent Nos. 3 to
-,I 15 were recruited to service on the basis of the result of the 1972
examination. Therefore, according to Rule 22, the respondent Nos. 3
to 15 are entitled to be sepior. to the petitioner. The mere fact that the
petitioner was appointed few months before the respondent Nos. 3 to
1~ were appointed, cannot override the express provision of Rule 22. H
832 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1988) I S.C.R.
·~
As regards, the second submission raised on behalf of the
A
petitioner, we do not find any illegality in the appointment of respon·
dent Nos. 3 to 15. The competitive examination of 1972 was held for
recruiting 150 candidates, the examination was held in 1973 and 1974.
16 successful candidates of 1972 examination were included in the list
of 37 unplaced candidates of 1970 examination and the Government
B had appointed them in service treating them as unplaced candidates of
1970 examination. On the request of the State Government, the Public
Service Commission made recommendation in favour of 16 more
candidates on the basis of result of 1972 examination which included
the name of respondent Nos. 3 to 15 and they were appointed to the
service between May 1976 to November 1977. Their appointment in
service was made by the State Government on the recommendation of
-
G Public Service Commission made iii accordance with Rule 19 as they 1
had obtained the requisite aggregate marks in the written and viva
voce test. Unlike the 21 unplaced candidates of 1970 examination
respondents 3 to 15 were appointed in accordance with the Rules, they
are therefore entitled to their seniority in terms Rule 22. We find no
D merit iii the petition.

Before we close we would like to refer certain aspects which
came to our notice during the hearing of the case relating to the func-
tioning of the Public Service Commission, selection of candidates and
their appointment to the Judicial Service. We were distressed to find
'r'
E that the Public Service Commission has been changing the norms fixed
by it for considering the suitability of candidates at the behest of the
"'
State Government after the declaration of results. We have noticed ~

that while making selection for appointment to the U.P. Judicial
Service the Commission had initially fixed 40 per cent aggregate marks
and minimum 35 per cent marks for viva voce test and on that basis it
F had recommended list of 46 candidates only. Later on at the instance
of the State Government it reduced th& standard of 40 per cent marks
·-f
in aggregate to 35 per cent and on that basis it forwarded a list of 33
candidates to the Government for appointment to the service. Again
at the behest of the State Government and with a view to implement
the decision of the high level committee consisting of Chief Justice,
G Chief Minister and the Chairman of the Commission forwarded name
of 37 candidates in 1974 ignoring the norms fixed by it for judging the
suitability of candidates. The Commission is an independent expert
body. It has to act in an independent manner in making the selection
on the prescribed norn:is: It may cm;1sult the ~tate. Governm~nt ~d the
High Court in prescnbmg the norms for 1udgmg the suitability ?f
H candidates if no norms are prescribed in the Rules. Once the Comm1s-
STATE OF U.P. v. RAFIQUDDIN [SINGH, J.] 833

·)*, sion determines the norms and makes selection on the conclusion of
the competitive examination and submits list of the suitable candidates A
to the Government it should not reopen the selection by lowering
down the norms at the instance of the Government. If the practice of
revising the result of competitive examination by changing norms is
followed there will be confusion and the people will lose faith in the
I institution of Public Service Commission and the authenticity of selec- B
tion. The State Government had made a preposterous suggestion to

-
the Commission that unsuccessful candidates of 1967, 1968, 1969
should be selected and recommended for appointment by ignoring the
marks obtained by them in viva voce test. If the Commission had
accepted the Government's suggestion and forwarded the list and
appointments had been made in 1975 as was done in the case of unp-
laced candidates of 1970 examination, it would have made a mockery c
of the entire system. We are of opinion that the Commission should
take firm stand in these matters in making the selection in accordance
with the norms fixed by law or fixed by it in accordance with law
uninfluenced by the directions of the State Government unsupported
by the Rules. D

We have noticed that a retired Judge of the High Court is
appointed as an expert to assist the Commission in making the selec-
tion for appointment to the Judicial Service. This practice is not desir-
able. In A.K. Yadav's case a Constitution Bench of this Court
observed that when selection for judicial service of the State is made it E
is necessary to exercise the utmost care to see that competent and able
persons possessing a high degree are selected because if we do not
have good competent and honest judicial officers the democratic qual-
ity of the State itself will be in serious peril. It is therefore essential
that when selections to the judicial service are being made a sitting
Judge of the High Court should be nominated by the Chief Justice of F
'" the State to participate in the interview as an expert. The Constitution
Bench further observed that a sitting High Court Judge would be in a
better position to give advice to the Commission in the matter relating
to selection of suitable candidates and his advice would be binding on
the Commission unless there are strong and cogent reasons for not
accepting such advice and such strong and cogent reasons must be G
recorded in writing by the Chairman and members of the Commission.
The Constitution Bench had issued directions to the Public Service
Commission of every State to follow this direction but it appears that
in the State of U .P. this direction is not being followed. We therefore
direct that in future selection for appointment to the Judicial Service
shall be made by the Commission on the expert advice of a sitting H
834 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1988] I S.C.R.

A Judge of the High Court nominated by the Chief Justice. "·?(·

There is another aspect which requires consideration. Seniority
of officers recruited to the service is determined on th.e basis of the
year of the competitive examination under which they are recruited.
We have noticed that generally there is a considerable interreguum '
B between holding of the examination and the., appointment of the ,\0
'
selected candidates. Those selected under 191o examination were ).-

c
appointed in 1973, 1974, and 1975 while those sele'cted under the 1972
examination were appointed in 1975 and 1976 and also in 1977. Simi-
larly the successful candidates of 1973 examination were appointed in
1976 and 1977. No system was followed in making appointments as
some of the candidates selected in subsequent examination were
appointed earlier to those selected under the earlier examination, with -f
-
the result those appointed to the service later in time are made senior
to those appointed in service earlier in time in accordance with Rule
,,,.,,,
22 .. This causes heart burning and other complications. In order to
avoid these complications it is necessary that every effort should be
D made to appoint the successful candidates of a particular examination
...
before any candidate of subsequent examination is appointed. If for
some reason this is not possible the State Government and the High
Court both should consider the desirability of amending the Rule 22 to
ensure that the length of service rendered by an officer is respected.
y
E In the result, Civil Appeal No. 4023 of 1982 and Civil Appeal F
No. 4024 of 1982 and allowed. Civil No. 3736 of 1982 is dismissed. Writ
Petition No. 4636 of 1982 and Writ Petition No. 13047 of 1985 are
dismissed Writ Petition No. 12810 of 1985 and Transfer Case No. 15 of
1987 (transferred petition) are allowed partly. There will be no order
....
as to costs in th"se cases.
F
S.L.
._.