STATE OF PUNJAB & ANR.versusJALOUR SINGH & ORS.

                               [2008] 1 S.C.R. 922


" '                      STATE OF PUNJAB & ANR.
                                       v.
                                                                          A

                           JALOUR SINGH & ORS.
                        (Civil Appeal No. 522 of 2008)
                              JANUARY 18, 2008
                                                                          B
              (K.G. BALAKRISHNAN, CJI, G.P. MATHUR AND
                        R.V. RAVEENDRAN, JJ.)
 ,,
              Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987:
                s.20(3) - Lok Ada/at- Order passed by, without consent c
          of judgment debtor- Effect of- Motor Accident Claim -Award
          -Appeal before High Court for enhancement of compensation
          - Referred to Lok Ada/at for settlement- Lok Ada/at enhancing
        . compensation without consent of judgment debtor, with liberty
          to aggrieved party to move the High Court - Application by D
  ..;     iudgment debtor rejected by High Court as not maintainable
          holding that order of Lok Ada/at could be challenged only by
          a petition under Article 227 of the Constitution - Writ petition
          dismissed by High Court holding that order of Lok Ada/at had
          attained finality - HELD: Order of Lok Ada/at was not passed E
          by consent of parties or in pursuance of any compromise or
          settlement between parties - Such an order is not an award of
          Lok Ada/at - Being contrary to law and beyond power and
          iurisdiction of Lok Ada/at, it is void in the eye of law - Single
          Judge of the High Court failed to notice this aspect and instead F
          of perusing order of the Lok Ada/at and hearing appeal on
          merits, proceeded on a baseless assumption that order of Lok
          Ada/at was a binding award and therefore an application to
          hear appeal was not maintainable and the only remedy for
          appellants was to challenge order of the Lok Ada/at by filing a G
          writ petition under Article 227 of the Constitution - Order of
          Lok Ada/at shows that it assumed a judicial role, heard parties,
          ignored absence of consensus and increased the
          compensation to an extent it considered just and reasonable,
          by a reasoned order which is adjudicatory in nature - It
                                          922                               H
    923       SUPREME COURT REPORTS                    [2008] 1 S.C.R.


A arrogated to itself the appellate powers of High Court and               -\ . ._
  'allowed' appeal and 'directed' the respondents in appeal to
  pay enhanced compensation - Lok Ada/at exercised a power!
  jurisdiction not vested in it - High Court twice refused to
  exercise jurisdiction vested in it, thereby denying justice and
s driving the appellants to Supreme Court - Orders of the Lok
  Ada/at and the High Court are set aside - High Court would
  hear and expeditiously dispose of the appeal which continues
  to be pending on its record, on merits in accordance with law.
          Lok Ada/at- Functions and powers of- Nature of- HELD:
C   Lok Adalats have no adjudicatory or judicial functions - Their
    functions relate purely to conciliation -A Lok Ada/at determines
    a reference on the basis of a compromise or settlement
    between parties at its instance, and puts its· seal of confirmation
    by making an award in terms of compromise or settlement -
D   When Lok Ada/at is not able to arrive at a settlement or
    compromise, no award is made and the case record is returned
    to the court from which the reference was received, for disposal
    in accordance with law- No Lok Ada/at has the power to "hear"
    parties to adjudicate cases as a court does - It discusses
E   subject matter with parties and persuades them to arrive at a
    just settlement - In their conciliatory role, Lok Adalats are
    guided by principles of justice, equity, fair play - It is true that
    where an award is made by Lok Ada/at in terms of a settlement
    arrived at between the parties, it becomes final and binding
F   on parties to settlement and becomes executable as if it is a
    decree of a civil court, and no appeal lies against it to any
    court - If any party wants to challenge such an award based
    on settlement, it can be done only by filing a petition under
    Article 226 and/or Article 227 of the Constitution, that too on
G   very limited grounds - But where no compromise or settlement
    is signed by parties and order of Lok Ada/at does not refer to
    any settlement, but directs a party to either make payment if it
    agrees to the order, or approach the High Court for disposal of
     appeal on merits, if it does not agree, is not an award of Lok
    Ada/at- The question of challenging such an order in a petition
H
   STATE OF PUNJAB & ANR. v. JALOUR SINGH &                924
                    ORS.

under Article 227 does not arise - In such a situation, High A
Court should hear and dispose of the matter on merits - Lok
Adalats should resist their temptation to play part of Judges
and constantly strive to function as conciliators - Endeavour
and effort of Lok Adalats should be to guide and persuade
parties, with reference to principles of justice, equity and fair B
play to compromise and settle dispute by explaining pros and
cons, strength and weaknesses, advantages and
disadvantages of their respective claims- Constitution of India,
1950 - Articles 226 and 227.
      Lok Ada/at - 'Determination by' - 'Award by' - HELD: C
When LSA Act refers to 'determination' by Lok Ada/at and
'award' by Lok Ada/at, the said Act does not contemplate nor
require an adjudicatory judicial determination, but a non-
adjudicatory determination based on a compromise or
settlement, arrived at by parties, with guidance and assistance D
from Lok Ada/at - The 'award' of Lok Ada/at does not mean
any independent verdict or opinion arrived at by any decision
making process - Making of the award is merely an
administrative act ofincorporating the terms of settlement or
compromise agreed by parties in presence of Lok Ada/at, in E
the form of an executable order under signature and seal of
Lok Ada/at - Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987.
     CIVILAPPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 522
of 2008.
                                                                 F
     From the final Judgment and Order dated 26.2.2004 of
the High Court of Punjab and Haryana at Chandigarh in C.R.P.
No. 970/2004.
    Pahul Malik and Roh it Wlacha (for Ajay Pal)· for the
Appellants.                                               G
    Neeraj Kumar Jain and Ugra Shankar Prasad for the
Respondents.
     The Order of the Court was delivered by
    925       SUPREME COURT REPORTS                 [2008] 1 S.C.R.


A        K.G. BALAKRISHNAN, CJI. Delay condoned. Leave                ~   ,
    granted. Heard the learned counsel.
       2. Respondents 1 and 2 herein - the husband and son of
  oneAmarjit Kaur who died in a motor accident involving a Punjab
  roadways bus, filed a claim petition before the Motor Accident
8 Claims Tribunal, Faridkot. As against the compensation of Rs.5
  lacs claimed, the Tribunal, on 1.12.1998 awarded a
  compensation of Rs.1,44,000. Not being satisfied with the
  quantum of compensation, respondents 1 and 2 filed FAO
  No.1549/1999 before the Punjab & Haryana High Court. The
C said appeal was referred to Lok Adalat organised by the High
  Court, for settlement.
         3. The High Court LokAdalat took up the case on 3.8.2001.
    The parties were not present. Their counsel were present. After
    hearing them the Lok Ada lat passed the following order :
0
                        FAO No.1549 of 1999
          "After hearing counsel for the parties, we propose to
          increase in the amount of compensation, which is
          considered just and reasonable in this case.
E
          The accident took place on March 4, 1997. Amarjit Kaur,
          aged about 32 years, died in the accident. Her husband
          and minor son claimed compensation. The Tribunal
          granted Rs.1,44,0001- along with 12 percent per annum
          interest. Feeling dissatisfied, they are in appeal.
F
          The deceased was doing household work and also
          looking after some cattle and selling milk. The tribunal
          fixed earning capacity at Rs. 9001- and dependency at
          Rs. 6001- Applying multiplier of 15, compensation was
G         worked out at Rs.1,08,0001-. To this a sum of Rs.28,253
          on account of medical expenses, Rs.21471- towards
          incidental charges and Rs. 56001- towards hospital
          charges were allowed. We are of the opinion that the
          earning capacity of the household wife has been
H         determined on the lower side. An ordinary labourer gets
       STATE OF PUNJAB & ANR. v. JALOUR SINGH &               926
               ORS. [BALAKRISHNAN, CJI.]

         Rs. 12001- per mensem and at the lowest at least Rs. 12001 A
         - should have been determined the earning capacity of
         the deceased and dependency of the claimants at
         Rs. 8001-. The multiplier of 15 applied in this case is also
         on the lower side. Since the deceased was aged 32 years,
         as per Schedule attached to the Motor Vehicles Act, B
         multiplier. should have been 17. Thus, compensation
         worked out at Rs.1,63,2001- (Rs.BOO/- x 12 x 17). To this
         a sum of Rs. 7, 0001- is added i.e. Rs. 2, 0001- towards
         funeral expenses and Rs. 5, 0001- towards loss of
         consortium, payable to the husband, making total C
         compensation payable at Rs.1, 70,2001-. The Tribunal
         under this head allowed compensation of Rs.1,08,0001
         - i.e. under this head the claimants would get Rs. 62, 2001
         - over and above that amount. The compensation granted
         under other heads is considered just and reasonable.·
                                                                    D
         Thus, while allowing the appeal, we grant
         compensation of Rs.62,2001- over and above the
         amount awarded by the Tribunal to the appellants,
         who would share it equally On this amount they will get
         interest at the rate of 12 percent per annum from the E
         date of filing of the claim petition i.e. July 28, 1997, till
         payment. Two months time is allowed to the
         respondents to make the payment.
         If the parties object to the proposed order as above,
         they may move the High Court within two months F
         for disposal of the appeal on merits according to law.
         Copies of the order be supplied to the counsel for the
         parties."
                                          (emphasis supplied)
                                                                    G
         4. Punjab Roadways (second appellant herein) filed an
    application dated 15.1.2002 (CM No.13988-Cll of 2002 in FAQ
    No.1549/1999) to set aside order dated 3.8.2001 passed by
    the Lok Ada lat, as it was passed without their consent. The said
    application was rejected by a learned Single Judge by a short H


~
J
    927       SUPREME COURT REPORTS                   [2008] 1 S.C.R.


A order dated 11.9.2002 on the ground that such objections were          1   ...
  not maintainable or entertainable, having regard to its decision
  in Charanjit Kaur v Ba/want Singh (CM No.13988-Cll of 2002
  in FAO No.1827/1999 decided on 30.7.2002) and other cases.
  In Charanjit Kaur, the learned single Judge had held that an
B order passed by the Lok Adalat can be challenged only by a
  petition under Article 227 of the Constitution, as all proceedings
  before the Lok Adalat are deemed to be judicial proceedings
  and Lok Adalat is deemed to be a civil court under section 22(3)
  of Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987.                               '
C         5. The appellants, therefore, filed a petition under Article
    227 of the Constitution (Civil Revision Petition No.970/2004)
    challenging the order dated 3.8.2001 of the Lok Adalat. The
    said petition was rejected by another single Judge of the High
    Court by the following order dated 26.2.2003 :
D
          "The instant petition has been filed under Article 227 of
          the Constitution seeking necessary directions quashing
          the order dated 3. 8.2001 passed by the Lok Ada/at
          enhancing the compensation in favour of the claimant-
          respondents to the tune of Rs. 62, 0001-. The order of the
E         Lok Ada/at specifically indicated that if the parties were
          not satisfied, they could file objections within a period of
          two months for the disposal of the appeal on merits in
          accordance with law. The petitioners-State had filed
          objections which were dismissed on 11.9.2002 and the
F         order of the Lok Ada/at dated 3. 8. 2001 had attained
          finality.
          Now the instant petition has been filed against
          challenging the order of the Lok Ada/at dated 3.8.2001.
          Nothing has been pointed out showing that such a
G         petition under Article 227 of the Constitution is
          maintainable. Apart from the fact that the Lok Ada/at
          has granted time for filing the objections and the
          objections have been dismissed, the meager increase
          in the amount of compensation does not warrant any
H         interference.
                       STATE OF PUNJAB & ANR. v. JALOUR SINGH &                 928
                               ORS. [BALAKRISHNAN, CJI.]

o3....    -I             In view of the above, the petition is dismissed being not A
                         maintainable."
                                                        (emphasis supplied)
                         The said order is under challenge in this appeal by special
                    leave.
                                                                                       B
                         6. We are rather dismayed at the manner in which the entire
                    matter has been dealt with, undermining the very purpose and
                    object of Lok Adalats. At every stage the Lok Adalat and the
                    High Court have acted in a manner contrary to law.

                          7. A reference to relevant provisions will be of some c
                    assistance, before examination of the issues involved. Section
                    19 of the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 ('LSA Act' for
                    short) provides for organisation of Lok Adalats. Section 19(5)(i)
                    of LSA Act provides that a Lok Ada/at shall have jurisdiction to
                    determine and to arrive at a compromise or settlement between D
                    the parties to a dispute in respect of any case pending before
         ...<
                    any court for which the Lok Adalat is organised. Section 20
                    relates to cognizance of cases by LokAdalats. Sub-section (1)
                    refers to Lok Adalats taking cognizance of cases referred to by
                    courts and sub-section (2) refers to Lok Adalats taking E
                    cognizance of matters at pre-litigation stage. The relevant
                    portions of other sub-sections of section 20, relating to cases
                    referred by courts, are extracted below:
                         "(3) Where any case is referred to a Lok Ada/at under
                '
                ~        sub-section (1) .... the Lok Ada/at shall proceed to          F
                '
                         dispose of the case .. . and arrive at a compromise or
                         settlement between the parties.
                         (4) Every Lok Ada/at shall, while determining any
-~
                         reference before it under this Act, act with utmost
                                                                                   G
  l                      expedition to arrive at a compromise or settlement
                         between the parties and shall be guided by the principles
                         of justice, equity, fair play and other legal principles.
                         (5) Where no award is made by the Lok Ada/at on the
                         ground that no compromise or settlementcould be_ arrived H
    929       SUPREME COURT REPORTS                  [2008) 1 S.C.R.

A         at between the parties, the record of the case shall be
          returned by it to the court, from which the reference has
          been received under sub-section (1) for disposal in
          accordance with law.
          (7) Where the record of the case is returned under sub-
B         section (5) to the court, such court shall proceed to deal
          with such case from the stage which was reached before
          such reference under sub-section (1 )]"
                                               (emphasis supplied)
c         8. It is evident from the said provisions that Lok Adalats
   have no adjudicatory or judicial functions. Their functions relate
   purely to conciliation. A Lok Adalat determines a reference on
   the basis of a compromise or settlement between the parties at
   its instance, and put its seal of confirmation by making an award
   in terms of the compromise or settlement. When the Lok Ada lat
D is not able to arri\(e at a settlement or compromise, no award is
   made and the case record is returned to the court from which
   the reference was received, for disposal in accordance with
   law. No Lok Adalat has the power to "hear" parties to adjudicate
   cases as a court does. It discusses the subject matter with the
E parties and persuades them to arrive at a just settlement. In
   their conciliatory role, the Lok Adalats are guided by principles
 · of justice, equity, fair play. When the LSA Act refers to
   'determination' by the LokAdalat and 'award' by the LokAdalat,
   the said Act does not contemplate nor require an adjudicatory
F judicial determination, but a non-adjudicatory determination
   based on a compromise or settlement, arrived at by the parties,
   with guidance and assistance from the Lok Adalat. The 'award'
   of the Lok Adalat does not mean any independent verdict or
   opinion arrived at by any decision making process. The making
G of the award is merely an administrative act of incorporating
   the term.s of settlement or compromise agreed by parties in the
   presence of the Lok Adalat, in the form of an executable order
   under the signature and seal of the Lok Adalat.
        9. But we find that many sitting or retired Judges, while
H participating in Lok Adalats as members, tend to conduct Lok
   STATE OF PUNJAB & ANR. v. JALOUR SINGH &                     930
           ORS. [BALAKRISHNAN, CJI.]

Adalats like courts, by hearing parties, and imposing their views A
as to what is just and equitable, on the parties. Sometimes they
get carried away and proceed to pass orders on merits, as in
this case, even though there is no consensus or settlement. Such
acts, instead of fostering alternative dispute resolution through
Lok Adalats, will drive the litigants away from Lok Adalats. Lok B
Adalats should resist their temptation to play the part of Judges
and constantly strive to function as conciliators. The endeavour
and effort of the Lok Ada lats should be to guide and persuade
the parties, with reference to principles of justice, equity and
fair play to compromise and settle the dispute by explaining the C
pros and cons, strength and weaknesses, advantages and
disadvantages of their respective claims.
       10. The order of the Lok Adalat in this case (extracted
above), shows that it assumed a judicial role, heard parties,
ignored the absence of consensus, and increased the                     D
compensation to an extent it considered just and reasonable,
by a reasoned order which is adjudicatory in nature. It arrogated
to itself the appellate powers of the High Court and 'allowed'
the appeal and 'directed' the respondents in the appeal to pay
the enhanced compensation of Rs.62,200/- within two months.             E
The order of the Lok Ada lat was not passed by consent of parties
or in pursuance of any compromise or settlement between the
parties, is evident from its observation that "if the .parties object
to the proposed order they may move the High Court within two
months for disposal of the appeal on merits according to law".          F
Such an order is not an award of the Lok Ada lat. Being contrary
to law and beyond the power and jurisdiction of the Lok Ada lat,
it is void in the eye of law. Such orders which "impose" the views
of the LokAdalats on the parties, whatever be the good intention
behind them, bring a bad name to Lok Adalats and legal
services.                                                               G

     11. The travails of the parties did not end with the Lok
Adalat. Because the LokAdalat directed the aggrieved party to
move the High Court for disposal of appeal on merits if they
had objection to its order, the appellants moved the High Court H
    931       SUPREME COURT REPORTS                    [2008] 1 S.C.R.


A by an application in the appeal, stating that they had not agreed       {

  to the enhancement proposed by Lok Adalat and praying that
  the order of the Lok Adalat increasing the compensation by
  Rs.62,200 may be set aside as there was no settlement or
  compromise. The learned single Judge failed to notice that there
B was no settlement or compromise between the parties; that the
  order made by the Lok Ada lat was not an award in terms of any
  settlement as contemplated under the LSA Act; that the Lok
  Adalat had clearly stated that the parties may either agree to it,
  or move the High Court for disposal of the appeal on merits in
C accordance with law; and that in the absence of any settlement
  and 'award', the appeal before the High Court continued to be
  pending and could not have been treated as finally disposed of.
  The learned single Judge instead of perusing the order of the
  Lok Adalat and hearing the appeal on merits, proceeded on a
  baseless assumption that the order dated 3.8.2001 of the Lok
D Adalat was a binding award and therefore an application to hear
  the appeal, was not maintainable and the only remedy for the
  appellants was to challenge the order of the Lok Ada lat by filing
  a writ petition under Article 227 of the Constitution.
E       12. It is true that where an award is made by Lok Ada lat in
  terms of a settlement arrived at between the parties, (which is
  duly signed by parties and annexed to the award ofthe Lok
  Adalat), it becomes final and binding on the parties to the
  settlement and becomes executable as if it is a decree of a civil
F court, and no appeal lies against it to any court. If any party wants
  to challenge such an award based on settlement, it can be done
  only by filing a petition under Article 226 and/or Article 227 of
  the Constitution, that too on very limited grounds. But where· no
  compromise or settlement is signed by the parties and the order
  of the Lok Adalat does not refer to any settlement, but directs
G the respondent to either make payment if it agrees to the order,
  or approach the High Court for disposal of appeal on merits, if
  it does not agree, is not an award of the LokAdalat. The question
  of challenging such an order in a petition under Article 227 does
  not arise. As already noticed, in such a situation, the High Court
H ought to have heard and disposed of the appeal on merits.
            STATE OF PUNJAB & ANR. v. JALOUR SINGH &                  932
                    ORS. [BALAKRISHNAN, CJI.]

-   )-
                13. But the travails continued. In view of the order dated A
          11.9.2002 passed by the learned single Judge holding that a
         petition under Article 227 has to be filed to challenge the order
         of the Lok Adalat, the appellants filed a petition under Article
         227. But the said petition was dismissed by another single Judge
         on the ground that the order of Lok Adalat passed on 3.8.2001 B
         had attained finality as the objections to it were dismissed on
         11.9.2002 and a petition under Article 227 was not maintainable
         to challenge the order of Lok Ada lat. He failed to notice that the
         order dated 3.8.2001 was neither a decision nor had it attained
         finality. He also failed to notice that the objections to the order C
         were not rejected by the High Court after consideration on merits.
         He also overlooked the fact that the learned Judge who decided
         the appellants' application, had directed that the order of the
         LokAdalat should be challenged by filing a petition under Article
         227. Be that as it may.
                                                                             D
                11. Thus we find that the Lok Adalat exercised a power/
         jurisdiction not vested in it. On the other hand, the High Court
         twice refused to exercise the jurisdiction vested in it, thereby
         denying justice and driving the appellants to this Court. In this
         process, a simple appeal by the legal heirs of the deceased for E
         enhancement of compensation,· has been tossed around and
         is pending for more than eight years, putting them to avoidable
         expense and harassment.
              12. We therefore allow this appeal and quash the order
         dated 3.8.2001 of the Lok Adalat as also set aside the orders F
         dated 11.9.2002 and 26.2.2003 of the High Court. As a
         consequence, the High Court shall hear and dispose of FAO
         No.1549/1999 which continues to be pending on its record, on
         merits in accordance with law. The High Court is requested to
         dispose of the appeal expeditiously. Parties to bear their G
         respective costs.
         R.P.                                           Appeal allowed.


                                                                            H