Holding

A charge under Section 3 of the Railway Property (Unlawful Possession) Act can be framed if the accused is proved to have been in possession of the railway property at any point in time, even if not found in possession at the time of seizure.

Summary

The State of Maharashtra prosecuted Vishwanath Tukaram Umale and others for stealing railway tyres and tubes from a wagon in transit. The prosecution alleged that accused 1, 2, 5 and an absconding accused had removed the tyres, sold them to accused 3, who later sold some to accused 4. The trial magistrate refused to frame a charge under Section 3 of the Railway Property (Unlawful Possession) Act, 1966, and only framed IPC theft charges; the High Court allowed a charge under Section 3 only against accused 3 and 4. On appeal, the Supreme Court examined whether "possession" under Section 3 required the accused to be found in possession at the time of seizure or whether prior possession sufficed. The Court held that it is enough to prove the accused had been in possession at any point, and therefore a charge under Section 3 could be framed against accused 1, 2, 5 and the absconding accused. The High Court’s limitation was set aside and the trial court was directed to frame the Section 3 charge against all the accused.

Issues considered

Whether the prosecution can frame a charge under Section 3 of the Railway Property (Unlawful Possession) Act, 1966 against accused who were not "found" in possession at the time of seizure but were alleged to have "been in possession" earlier.
Whether "possession" under Section 3 requires a subsisting possession or can be satisfied by prior possession of the railway property.

Legislation cited

Bombay Police Acts. 124
Indian Penal Code, 1860s. 379, s. 411, s. 461
Railway Property (Unlawful Possession) Act, 1966s. 2(d), s. 3

Subjects

Railway propertyUnlawful possessionPossession elementTheftCriminal procedureSection 3 Railway Property ActIndian Penal CodeCharge framing

Judgment

190

A STATE OF MAHARASHTRA ~ '
f
v.
VISHWANATH TUKARAM UMALE & ORS.
August 2, 1979
B (R. S. SARKARIA, P. N. SHINGHAL AND 0. ClIINNAPPA REDDY, JJ.]
Railway Property (Unlawful Possession) Act, 1966-S. 3-Conviction
under-"Possession of property need not be a subsisting possession."-Suf]icient
if accused proved to "have been in possession" of property at any point of time.
Indian Penal Code-S. 379-Transfer of possession of the property however
tran,sient, lln essential ingredient of an offence of theft.
c
Section 3 of the Railway Property (Unlawful Possession) Act, 1966 pro-
vides penalty for unlawful possession of railway property, the essential require.-
ments being (1) the property in question should be railway property (2) it
should reasonably be suspected of having been stolen or unlawfully obtained
and ( 3) it should be found or proved that the accused was or had been in
possession of that property. The prosecution alleged that accused l, 2, 5
D (respondents) and the other absconding accused had stolen tyres and tub~$
fron1 a railway wagon in transit, that accused 1 sold them to accused 3, who
removed them in his motor Jorry. The prosecution further alleged that
accused 3 produced some tyres from bis lorry but sold the remaining tyres to
accused 4. They were later seized from his posseision. The prosecution,
therefore, contended that accused 1, 2, 5 and the absconding accused were
proved to "have been found in unlawful possession of railway property", while
E accu~ed 3 and 4 were found in ..unlawful possession thereof" within the mean-
ing of section 3 of the Act.
The trial magistrate refused to frame a charge under section 3 against any
of the accused but framed charges under sections 379, 461 and 411 of IPC
against all the accused. The State's revision application was rejected by the
Additional Sessions Judge. The 1-Iigh Court held that it was not necessary to
F frame the charge under s. 3 of the Act against accused 1, 2, 5 and the abscond-
ing accused but it however, directed that a charge under that section might be
framed as an alternative charge only against the accused 3 and 4.
The prosecution evidence had not been recorded. On the questicin whether
on the allegations made by the prosecution there was justification for framing
a charge under s. 3 of the Act against the accused 1. 2? S and the absconding
G accused,
•
HELD : 1. The question before the Court was whether it could be said
that the accused were found or were proved to have been in possession of the
railway property. It was perm:ssible for the prosecution to establish, either
that the accused were "found" to be in possession of the railway property, or
that they were proved "to have been" in possession thereof. As accused
1, 2, 5 and the absconding accused were not "found" in possession of the rail~
H way property, it was permissible for the prosecution to allege and prove that
they had been in possession of that property in order to attract the application
of sec. 3. f193E·F]
MAHARASHTRA V. V. T. UMALE (Shinghal, J.) 191
,, .. 2. In view of the categorical allegations against accused 3 to 4 the High A
Court was right in directing that they should be charged for an offence under
s. 3 of the Act, [193H]
•
I
3. The allegation against accused l, 2, 5 and absconding accused was that
.; they had removed the tyres by breaking open the wagon. It is an essential
ingredient of the offence of "theft" that the movable property which was the
subject matter of the theft should have been "moved" out of the possession of B
• any person without his consent. This could be possible only if the person
moving the property had taken it out of the possession of the person concerned
and transferred it to his own possession for the purpose of taking it dishonestly.
Therefore, transfer of possession of the property, however transient is an essen-
tial ingredient of an offence of theft. The allegation against accused 1, 2, 5
and the absconding accused was therefore to the effect that they "had been
·in possession" of the railway property in question, and that was sufficient to C
attract the application of s, 3 of the Act. [194 B·D, Fl

4. The High Court erred in taking the· view that it was necessary for the
purpose of bringing a case under s. 3 to prove that the accused were. found
to be in possession of the railway property at the time of its seizure, and that
it \vould not be attracted in the case of an allegation that the railway property
was the subject matter of dacoity or theft by the accused. The High Court D
was wrong in holding that s. 3 of the Act was meant to meet a situation
11
analogous to the one for meeting of whicb s. 124 of the Bombay Police Act
·has been enacterl.'' Unlike s. 3 of the Act, that section does not go to the
extent of penalising the accused where he is proved to "have been found in
possession" of that property. [194G-195A]

.- 5. Although the gravamen under s. 3 of the Act is "possession" of the pro- E
perty, it need not necessarily be a subsisting possession. It is sufficient if the
.accused was proved to "have been in possession" of that property at any point
of time. [195A]

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 51 of
1973.
F
Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated
... 30-11-1972 of the Bombay High Court in Cr!. Revision Application
No. 701 of 1972.
N. M. Phadke and M. N. Shroff for the Appellant.
• Mrs. Urmila Kapoor, Amicns Curiae for the Respondents, G
•
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

-•-. SHINGHAL J., This appeal by special leave is directed against the
judgment of tbe Bombay High Court dated November 30, 1972, up-
holding the view of the trial court and the Additional Sessions Judge of
Jalgaon that it was not necessary to frame a charge under section 3 of H
the Railway Property (Unlawful Possession) Act, 1966, hereafter re-
ferred to as the Act, against accused 1, 2, 5 and the absccmding ac-
192 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [l 980] 1 S.C.R.

A cused, and directing that a charge under that section may be framed
as an alternative charge only against accused 3 and 4. The State o(
Maharashtra feels aggrieved because of the failure to frame a charge
under the aforesaid section 3 against the accused mentioned above.

It wasl alleged that seven tyres and seven tubes were booked from
B
Wadi Bunder goods shed of the Central Railway on March 20, 1971,
in wagon No. WR 35775. The seven tyres, wern stolen by accused I,
2, 5 and the absconding accused, from the Down Yard of the Bhusawal
railway station while in transit, and were kept in the hnt of Ragbo
Motiram Birhade. Accused 1 sold seven tyres to accused 3 tor
c Rs. 2700/-, and oaccused 3 removed them in his motor-lorry to Savda.

D
He produced four tyres from his lorry, but three tyres were found to
have been sold tb accused 4 and were seized from his possession. It wa,.
therefore specifically alleged that accused 1, 2, 5 and the absconding
accused were proved to "have been found in unlawful possession" of
the railway property while accused 3 and 4 were found in unlawful
posse~sion thereof within the meaning of section 3 of the Act The trial
. -
magistrate however refused to frame a charge under that section against
any ot the accused and framed charges for the commis~ion of offence&
under ~ection~ 379, 461 and 411 I.P.C. against all the accused. The
State felt aggrieved and applied for a revision of that order, but it was
upheld by_ the Additional Sessions Judge, Jalgaon, as mentioned above.
E We have made a mention of the view which was taken when the matter
went up to the High Court in revision.

It is not in controversy before us that in the absence of the evidence
of the prosecution, which has still to be recorded, the case has to be
examined on the basis of the allegations mentioned above, and the short
F question therefore is whether they justify the framing of a charge under
section 3 of the Act against accused I, 2, 5 and the alm:onding accused.

Section 3 which provides the penalty for unlawful possession of rail-
way property reads as follows : -

G "Whoever is fouud or is proved to have been in posses- •
sion orf any railway property reasonably suspected of having
been stolen or unlawfully obtained shall, unless he proves that
the railway property came into his possession lawfully, be
punishable-
H (a) for the first offence with imprisonment for a term
which may extend to five years or with fine, or with both
and in the absence of special and adequate reasons to be
MAHARASHTRA v. V. T. UMALE (Shinghal, !.) 193

..
,'
mentioned in the judgment of the Court, such imprisomnent
' shall not be less than one year and such fine sha.ll not be
less than one thousand rupees;
•
J (c) for the second or a subsequent offence, with impri-
sonment for a term which may extend to fivle years and also
B
with fine and in the absence of special and adequate reasons
to be mentioned in the judgment of the Court, such imprison-
ment shall not be less than two years and such fine shall not
be less than two thousand rupees."

The essential requirements of the section therefore are that (i) the pro-
G
perty in question should be railway property, (ii) it shonld reasonably

- be suspected of having been stolen o~ unlawfully obtained, and (iii)
it should be found or proved that the accused was or had been in pos-
session of that property. It is not in dispute before us that th~ property
in question was railway property within the meaning of section 2( d)
of the Act. It is also not in dispute before us that it was reasonably D
suspected of having been stolen or unlawfully obtained. It 1~ not
disputed therefore that two of the three essential requirements of section
3 were showni to exist at the time when the question of framing the
charge came up for consideration. The question which r=ained for
consideration was. whether it could be said that the accused were found
or were proved to have been in possession of the railway property. lb E
was, therefore permissible for the prosecution to establish, either that
the accused were "found" to be in possession of the railway property,
or that they were provide "to have been" in possession thereof. As
accused 1, 2, 5 and the absconding accused were not "found" i11 po·s-
session of the railway property, it was permissible for the prosecution
to allege and prove that they had been in possession of that property, in
F
order to attract the application of section 3 .
.... As has been mentioned, the allegation against accused 3 was that
he purchased the seven tyres from accused 1 for Rs .. 2700/- and re-
moved them in his motor-lorry to Savda. It was further alleged th~t
• G
accused 3 produced four of those tyres from his motor-lorry and the
three remaining tyres were found to have been sold to accused 4 and
were seized from the possession. Jn view of this categorical allegation
against accused 3 and 4, the High Court rightly directed that they
should be charged for the offence under section 3 of the Act also. The
appellant State has no grievance in so far as that direction of the High B
Court is concerned. Its grievance is that the High Court ha~ taken the
view that it was sufficient to frame charges under section~ 379/34 and
194 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1!180] l S.C.R.

461/34 I.P.C. against accused 1, 2, 5 and the absconding accused as .'
in its view the allegation against them did not attract the application
of section 3 of the Act.

It has to be appreciated that the allegation against accused 1, 2, 5
'
and the absconding accused was that they had removed the seven tyres
'B
from the Down Yard at Bhusawal railway station by breaking open the
wagon. That was in fact the reason why they were charged for the
commission of offences under section 379, 461 and 411 I.P.C. It is
however an essential ingredient of the offence of "theft" that the mov-
able property which was the subject matter of the theft should have
c been "moved" out of the possession of any person without his consent.
As is obvious, that could be possible only if the person moving the
property had taken it ont of the possession of the person concerned
and transferred it to his own possession in order to move it for the
purpose of taking it dishonestly. It follows that transfer of possession
of the property, however transient, is an essential ingredient of an
offence of theft.

It was clearly alleged in this case that accused 1, 2, 5 and the
absconding accused committed theft of the seven tyres by removing
them from the wagon in the Down Yard of railway station Bhusawal.
So when it was alleged that the accused were responsible for the re- ~· '
moval of those tyres, it was thereby alleged that they had been in pos-
session of those tyres for some period of time, even if it is assumed that
they parted with them later on and left it for accused 1 to sell them to
accused 3. The allegation against accused 1, 2, 5 and the absconding
accused was therefore to the effect that they "had been in possession"
of the railway property in question, and that was sufficient to attrac~
F the application of section 3 ofi the Act. The High Court erred in tak-
ing the view that it was necessary, for the pnrpose of bringing a case
under that section, to prove that th~ accused were found to be in pos-
sesion of the railway property at the time of its seizure, and that it
would not be attracted in the case of an allegation that the railway prcr
perty was the subject matter of dacoity or theft by the accused. The
G •
High Court in fact went to the extent of upholding the argument that •
section 3 of the Act was meant to meet a situation "analogous to the
one for meeting of which section 124 of the Bombay Police Act
has been enacted." That section relates to possession of property of
which no satislfactory account is given by its holder. It is therefore
B the failure to acconnt for the actual possession of the property fonnd
/
in the possession of the accused which constitutes an offence under
section 124 of the Bombay Police Act. Unlike section 3 of the Act,
MAHARASHTRA V. V. T. UMALE (Shinghal, J.) I 95

that section does not go to the extent of penalising the accused where
he is proved to "have been in possession" of that property. It is true
that the gravamen of the offence under section 3 of the Act is the
"possession" of the property, but it need not necessarily be a subsisting
possession, and it is sufficient if the accused was proved to "have been
in possession" of that property at any point of time.
B
In the view we have taken, the appeal is allowed, !he impugned
judgment of the High Court dated November 30, 1972, is set aside, and
the trial court is directed to frame a charge under section 3 oe the Act
against accused 1, 2, 5 and the absconding accused in addition to the
charge under sections 379/34 and 461/34 I.P.C. The accused are
directed to appear in the tria1 court on September 3, 1979. Thei trial
c
of the case has been considerably delayed and it should now procee~
with expedition.

N.V.K. Appeal allowed.

-