Holding

The respondent was not deemed confirmed; his termination as an officiating temporary officer by a one‑month notice simpliciter did not constitute punishment under Article 311(2), and the High Court’s judgment was set aside.

Summary

The respondent, a civil judge appointed on probation under the Bombay Judicial Service Recruitment Rules, 1956, continued in an officiating capacity after his two‑year probation expired and was terminated by a simple one‑month notice. He claimed he had been deemed confirmed under Rule 4(2)(iv) and that the termination was a punitive act violating Article 311(2) of the Constitution. The Supreme Court held that the rule does not automatically confer confirmation after probation, that the respondent remained a temporary/officiating officer, and that a termination simpliciter without stigma does not attract Article 311(2). Consequently, the termination was not punishment, the High Court’s order was set aside and the appeal allowed. The Court also clarified when courts may examine official records to determine the nature of a termination order.

Issues considered

Whether Rule 4(2)(iv) of the Bombay Judicial Service Recruitment Rules, 1956, deems a probationer confirmed after the expiry of the probation period.
Whether termination of a temporary or officiating government servant by a simple notice amounts to punishment within the meaning of Article 311(2) of the Constitution.
Whether the order of termination was passed by way of punishment and thus violative of Article 311(2).
Whether the court may call for and scrutinise official records to ascertain the true nature of a termination order.
Whether Rule 4(2)(iv) violates Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution.
Whether the termination order was arbitrary or mala fide.

Legislation cited

Bombay Judicial Service Recruitment Rules, 1956s. Rule 4(2)(iv)
Constitution of Indias. Article 311(2)

Subjects

probationconfirmationtemporary appointmentArticle 311(2)punishmenttermination of serviceofficial recordsadministrative lawjudicial serviceconstitutional law

Judgment

551

STATE OF MAHARASHTRA
v.
VEERAPP A R. SABOJI AND ANR.

September 6, 1979
B
[N. L. UNTWALIA AND R. S. PATHAK, JJ.]
Terndnation sin1pliciter-Appointment purely on a te1nporary, basis with a
probation for a period of two years during lVhich the appointee would be tenni-
nated with one month's notice-Two years' probationary periOd expired on
.6.. 12-1962-Respondent No. 1 lvas allowed to continue in the post only in an
officiating capacity and was not con-finned-Services terminated by a sifnple order C
of terniination dated 15-12-1971 w.e.f. 1-2-1912-Whether the order lVas passed
by way of punishnient in violation of Article 311(2) of the Constitution.

Deemed confi,rn1ation-Whether spelt out fron1 Rule 4(2) (iv) of the Bon1-
bay Judicial Sen'ice Recruitment Rules, 1956.

Right to i11forrnation from the relevant official record forming the basis of D
the order tern1inating the service-When can the Court call for the records.

Respondent 1 joined the judicial service Class IT in the State of Maharashtra
on the 7th Decelnber, 1960 as per his order of appointment which clea1ly states
(i) that he would be on probation for a pericxl of two years fron1 the date of his
joining, (ii) that during that period, his appointment would be liable to be termi-
nated without notice, (iii) that after the period of probation his services would E
be liable to be terminated on one month's notice· as long as his appointment was
temporary. The two years' probationary period originally fixed. expired on 6th
December of 1962 even so he was allowed to continue in the post only in an offi-
ciating capacity and was not confirmed. His services were terminated with effect
from 1-2-1972 by a simple order of termination dated 15th December 1971. Res-
pondeht 1 challenged the order of his termination by filing a writ petition. The
High Court of Bombay allowed the petition holding (!) that Respondent 1 would F
be deemed to have been confirmed in his post because his work wM satisfactory
and a vacancy in the permanent cadre was available. The· Government had no
discretion in the matter and it was bound to confirm him under Rule 4(2)(iv)
of the Rules (2) that the appointment of respondent l, therefore, could not be
terminated by a simple notice of termination and it was passed by way of punish-
• ment in violation of Artic_le 311(2) of the Constitution . G
Allowing the appeal by special leave~ the Court
• HELD: Per Untwalia !.
1. Sub rule (2) of Rule 4 of the Bombay Judicial Service Rules, 1956 deals
with the method of recruitment to the Junior Branch Class JI. Clause (iv) of
Sub-rule (2) of Rule 4 deals with probation and confirmation. There are two D
parts of clause (iv)-(a) that it is imperative to put every person appointed
u'n·d~r sub-rule (2) on probation for a minimum period of two years "unless
552 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1980] 1 S.C.R.

A otherwise expressly directed" and (b) on the expiry of the said period of two
yea!8 th~ eprson appointed may be confirmed, if there is a vacancy and if bis
work is found to be satisfactory. [557H, 558 B-CJ

The plain meaning of the rule is that there is no automatic confirmation en
the expiry of the probationary period of two years in the first instance. On the
expiry of the said period and on the fulfilment of the requirement of sub-clauses
a (a) and (b) a Government servant becomes eligible for being confirmed and
normally he is likely to be confirmed. But, in many branches of Government
service including the judiciary that for administrative reasons or otherwise the
confirmation is delayed and is made at a subsequent time. It may also be delayed
for watching the work of the' Government servant for a further period .. The
expression "unless otherwise expressly directed" governs only the first part of
clause (iv) and not the second Part. Therefore the rule in question comes under
C the ordinary and normal rufe that without an express order of confirmation the
Government servant will not be taken to, have been confirmed in the post to
which he was appointed temporarily and/ or on probation. It is not covered by
the exceptional rule like the one in State of Punjab v. D/laram Singh, [1968]
.3 S.C.R. !. [558C-FJ

State of Punjab v. Dharam,Singh, [1968] 3 SCR 1, Kedar Natl1 Bahl v. State
D of Punjab and Ors., A,I.R. 1972 SC 873; referred to.

2. Rule 4(2) (iv) of the Bombay Judicial Service Recruitment Rules, 1956
does not violate Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution; there being several other
reasons administrativ:e or otherwise, which may delay the confirmation of an
officer. The· confirmation can surely be delayed if the suitability of the Govern·
ment servant has got to be watched further to decide· whether he should be con·
E firmed in the post or not. [560 B, G·H]
S. B. Pdnvardhan and Ors. etc., etc. v. State of Maharashtra, [1977] 3 SCR
775; distinguished.
3. The Government Resolution dated .19-4-1963 and the Gazette Notification
dated 11-5·1963 do not give a deemed confirmation status. Two inferences are
Possible to be drawn from them ...... (1) that the period of probation stood
F extended beyond two years until a.nd unless he was confirmed and (2) that in
any event be continued in the post in his temporary or officiating capacity.
[561A, D·E]
4. Termination of services by a notice of termination simpliciter will be
violative of the requirement of Article 311 (2) of the Constitution, if the Govern·
ment s~rvant be held either as confirmed or deemed to have been confirmd in
G the post to which he. bas been initially appointed. In the instant case Responde~
.1 was continuing in the· post in an officiating capacity. His services could rte
..
terminated by one month's notice simpliciter. [561E-G]
5. If the termination was by way of punishment, then also Article 311(2) •
would be attracted. Even in the case of a temporary or officiating Go·vernment
servant his services cannot be terminated by way of punishment casting a stigma
JJ on him in violation of the requirement of Article 311(2). [561 G-HJ
6. Ordinarily and generally, any of the three courses, namely,· compulsory
retirement, reversion to parent cadre from a higher officiating post; dispensing
MAHARASHTRA V. V. R. SABO JI 553

with the services of an officiating or temix>rary Government servant with an A
order of termination simpliciter, is taken recourse to only, if there are some· valid
reasons for taking the action against the Government servant. If a probe in the
matter is allowed to be, made in all such cases, then curious results are likely to
follow. In a given case there may be valid reasons, may be of a very serious
kind, which led the authorities concerned to adopt one course or the other as the
facts of the particular case demanded. If reasons are disclosed in the order,
then it could be said that the order of the Government was passed by way of B
punishment. If not disclosed then it would be said as arbitrary and violative
of A1ticle 16 of the Constitution. Only a pra>ctical and reasonable approach to
the problem would solve it. Ordinarily and generally the rule laid down in, most
of the cases by this Court, is that the Court should look td the order on the' face
cf it and find whether it casts any stigma on the Government servant. In such
a case, there is no. presumption that the order is arbitrary or malafide unless a
very strong case is made out and proved by the GoVernment servant, who ·chal- c
lenges such an order. [562B-E] -

S. P. Vasudeva v. State of Haryana & Ors., [1976] 2 SCR 184; State of U.P. v.
Ram Chandra Trivedi, [1977] I SCR 462; Parshotam Lal Dhingra v. Union of
India, [1958] SCR 828; Shamsher Singh v. State of Punjab, [1975] 1 SCR 814
and Manager Govt. Branch Press & Anr. v. D. P. Belliappa, [1979] 2 SCR 458;
referred to.

7. Malafide should lie pleaded by specific allegations. Merely to say that the
action was not justified and it was.out of bias that the impugned action was taken,
was not, in the least, any allegation of malafide. [565 E]

In tl:i.e instant case, in the· absence of any specific allegation against any of
the respondents in the Writ Petition, the conclusion would be that when the orders R
v.·ere passed against Respondent 1 the High Court must have examined the matter
carefully and found that it was. not desirable to allow him to continue in the
service and must have further found that the facts did not warrant or make it
expedient to hold any regular enquiry against him and to ren1ove him from
service by way of punishment The order of termination against Respondent 1
was not passed by way of punishment contravening the requirement of Article
311 (2) of the Constitution. [565H, 566A-B, G] F

8. The State counsel rightly refused to show the records. of the case to Res-
pondent 1. Obviously it could not be shown to him. Otherwise he would have
come out with a plea, right or wrong, that the order was ril.ade against him by
way of punisbment. [566B-C]

• Per Pathak I. G
1. Where the services of a temporary Government servant or a probationer
Government servant are terminated by an order which does not ex facie disclose
·• any stigma or penal consequences against the Government servant and is merely
a termination order simpliciter, there is no case ordinarily for assuming that it
is anything but what it purports to be. Where· however, the order discloses on
the face of it that a stigma is cast on the Government servant or that it visits him •
with penal consequences, then plainly the case is one of punishment. There may
still be another kind of CMe, where although the termination of services is intended
554 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1980] l S.C.R.

·A by way of punishment, the order is framed as a termin!ltion simpliciter. In such
a case, if the Government servant is able to establish by material on the recor~
that the order is in fact passed by way of punishment, the innocence of the
language in which the order is framed will not protect it if the procedural safe~
guafds contemplated by Article 311(2) of the Constitution have not been satis-
fied. [567 B-D]
B 2. The jurisdiction of the Court extends to examining and scrutinising the
official records in the following circumstances :
(a) The official records may be called for by the Court generally in a given
case, for the purpose of determination the truth; where the Government servant
succeeds in making out a prima facie case that the order was by way of punish·
ment, but an attempt to rebut the case is made by the authorities. [567D-El
- (b) It is. not open to the Court to send for the Official records on a mere
allegation by the Government servant that the order is by way of punishment.
For unless there is material on the record before ·the Court in support of that
allegation, an attempt by the Court to find out from the record whether the
termination of service is based on the unsuitability 0£ _the Government servant
in relation to the po~t held by him or is in reality an order by way of punishment
will in effect be an unwarranted attempt to delve into the official records for the
purpose of determining the nature of the order on the basis of a mere allegation
of the Government servant. On a sufficient case being mOOe out on the merits
before the Court by the Government servant it is open to the Court to resort
to scrutiny of the official records for the purpose of verifying the truth.
[567E-GJ
(c) Courts should not decline to peruse the official records in an appropriate
case. Where considerations of privilege and confidentiality do not suffer, the
information set forth in the records should be made available te> the Government
servant. The mere possibility that the official records could confirm what the
Government servant had set out to prove, and prima facie had indeed proved,
should not shut out disclosure of the information. [567G-H, 568AJ
(d) There is no 'absolute rule that where the order terminating the services
F of a temporary or a probationer Government servant is ex facie an order of
termination simpliciter, the Government servant is barred from establishing that
it is in fact an order by way of punishment and on the Government servant suc--
ceeding in establishing it to be so the Court is prohibited from examining the
official records for the purpose of verifying the true position. [5680-E]
-
(e) The question of scrutinising the official records arises where a Govern·
ment servant is entitled to show that although the order impugned by him pur-
ports to be an order of termination simpliciter it is in fact an order made by way
of punishment. [568E-F] •
(f) If a Government servant is able to establish that, although the impugned
order is innocent ex facle it was made on the ground that he· was guilty of mis~ •
conduct and, therefqre, the order was intended by way of punishment, the law
still is that an order, although framed in terms which do not cast an aspersion

'" against the character and integrity of the Government servant or visii him with
evil conseqU'ences, may still be proved to be in fact one by way of punishment.
[569E-FJ
MAHARASHTRA v. v. R. SABOJI (Untwalia, !.) 555

(g) In the present case, the reason for the High Court refusing to examine A
the Official records was that the respondent Government servant had failed to
make out any case whatever that the order was by way of punishment. There
being no doubt in the mind of the High Court on the point, it was justified in
declining to look into the official records. [570C-D]

State of U.P. v. Ram Chandra Trivedi, [1977] 1 SCR 462, Union of India v.
R. S. Dhaba, [1969] 3 SCC 603, R. S, Sia/ v. The State of U.P. & Ors., [1974] B
3 SCR 754, Shamsher Singh & Anr. v. State of Punjab, [1975] 1 SCR 814;
applied.

j S. P. Vasudeva v. State ofBaryana and Ors., [1976] 2 SCR, 184; explained
and relied on.

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 628 of 1976. c
Appeal by special leave from the Judgment and Order dated
4-3-1976 of the Bombay High Court in Sp!. Civil Appeal No. 138 of
1972. '
••
M. N. Phadke, S. K. Mehta and M. N. Shroff for the Appellant.
G. L. Sanghi, F. S. Nariman and K. R. Nagaraja for Respon- D
dent No. 1.
The follo'wing Judgments were delivered :
UNTWALIA J_ This appeal by special leave has been preferred by
the State of Maharashtra from the judgment of the Bombay High E
Court given in a Writ Petition filed by respondent no. 1 for quashing
the order of termination of his service. The High Court has allowed the
Writ Petition and quashed the order.
Respondent No. 1 was appointed a Civil Judge (Junior Division)
and Judicial Magistrate, First Class, on probation in accordance with
the Bombay Judicial Service Recruitment Rules, 1956- hereinafter F
referred to as the Rules. In paragraph 3 of the appointment letter
dated 31st October, 1960 it was clearly stated : -
"You will be on probation for a period of two years from
the date on which you take charge ofyour appointment, and
during this period your appointment is liable to be termi- G
• nated without notice. After the period of probation your
services are liable to be terminated on one month's notice
• as long as your ~ppointment is temporary. It should be
clearly understood that your appointment at present is
purely. temporary."
H
Respondent No.1 pursuant to the said letter of appointment joined
the Judicial Service, Class II, in the State of Maharashtra on the 7th
556 SUPREME COURT REPORTS 11980] l S.C.R.

A December, 1960. The two years' probationary periQd originally fixed
expired on 6th December, 1962 even so he was allowed to continue ;.")
• in the post only in an officiating capacity and was not copfumed.
His services were terminated by a simple order of termination dated · ;.
the. 15th December, 1971 which ran as follows:--:-
a "The Government is pleased to terminate the services of
Shri V. R. Saboji, Officiating Civil Judge (Junior Division) i
and Judicial Magistrate, First Class, Kalamnuri, District ~
Parbhani with effect from 1st February, '1972." \.

A copy of the above order was forwarded to and served upon the first
C respondent alongwith a covering Jett.er of that date expressly stating
therein:-
"Your appointment is still temporary and your services
are liable to be terminated on one, month's notice. I am to
state that Government has decided to terminate your serviees
B with effect from 1st February, 1972 and that you will, there- •
fore, cease to be in service with effect (from) that date. A
formal order is enclosed herewith."

The first respondent challenged the order of his termination in the
High Court by filing a Writ Petition impleading the then Law Secre-
E tary to the Government of Maharashtra as respondent No. 1, State of
Maharashtra, respondent No. 2 and S/Shri K. N. Wahi and P. G.
Karnik as respondents 3 and 4 respectively. To put it briefly, the case
made out by the first respondent in his Writ Petition was that he had
become a confirmed Government servant and the order terminating
his services simpliciter was by way of punishment. Respondents 3 and
II' 4 were respectively District and Inspecting District Judges in the
District where respondent No. 1 happened to work under them. They
bore some ill-feeling and ill-will against him and had made certain
enquiries and reported the matter to the High Court as a result of
which, according to the belief of the said respondent, some adverse
remarks were given to him and his services were terminated at the
G insinuation of the said tw_o officers. Affidavits were filed on behalf of 1'
the State of Maharashtra and respondents 3 and 4 as well. The latter
two in their counters denied the allegations of mala fides against them.
In the High Court the following five points wer,e urged on behalf of
•
respondent No. 1 : -
B
" (1) That the order of termination has been passed as by
way of punishment which amounts, in fact, to dis-
MAHARASHTRA v. v. R. SA,BOJI (rintwalio, J.} 5.57

missal and since the .provisions of ;,\.rticlo 311(2) A
have not been complied with, the order is void;
(2) That the petitioner has been pnrposefuUy picked for
discharge when many of his jnniors were allowed to
be retained. Therefore, the order is violative of
Article 16 of the Constitntion; a
( 3) The order has been passed mala fide with a view to
circumv~nt the provisions of Article 311 of the
Constitntion;
( 4) The petitioner had, in fact, at the time of termination
of his services become permanent employee in
accordance with Rule 4 ( 2) (iv) of the Bombay c
Judicial Service Recruitment Rnles, 1956; ;md
( 5) The order is bad as it is passed in violation of the
provisions of Article 235 of the Constitntion."

Point No.. 5, was decided against reypondent No. 1. Apropos the other
four points the }ligh Court has held-(1) that the respondent No. 1 D
will .be deemed to have been cQllfirmed in Iris post because his work
was satisfactory and a vacancy jn the permanent cadre was available.
Th_e Government had no discretion in the matter and ·it was bound to
confirm the said respondent under Rule 4(2) (iv) of the Rules; (2)
that the apJX>intment of respondent No. 1, therefore, could not be
terminated by a simple notice of termination and it was passed by way . E
·of punishment in violation of Article 311 (2) of the Constitution. Tue
High Court did not hear the counsel on either side on the point of
mala fides and they also agreed not to advance any argument on that
point, as mentioned in the High Court judgment. Before us also, ecxept
in passing, no argument of any substance was advanced to press the F
4 110int of n\ala !ides. The correctness of the decision of the High Court

• , ·.. was assailed before us by Mr. M. N. Phadke, appearing for the appel-
lant, while it was sought to be sustained by Mr. F. S. Nariman appear-
ing for respondent No. 1. I now proceed to examine the rival conten-
tions of the parties.
•' c
.In the High Court judgment there is a reference to an undertaking
\
. ·!liven by respondent No. 1 showing his ::.viffingness fo accept the
~
·001ployment on a temporary basis. But that apart, the letter of appoint-
..,..._~, ment itself had indicated that he was being appointed on probation
and in a temporary capacity. It is necessary at this stage to read the ·
~
relevant provisions of the Rules . .Sub-rule (2) of Rule 4 deals with B
111ethcid of recruitment to the Junior Branch, Class II arid clause (iv)
-Of sub-rule (2) states : -
• 17-53 ISC]/79
558 SUPREME COURT REPORTS H980] 1 S.C.R.·

A "Unless otherwise expressly directed, every person
appointed under the last foregoing sub-rule shall be on pro-
bation for a period of two years and on the expiry of such
period he may be confirmed if-
(a) there is a vacancy; and
8 (b) his work is found satisfactory."
0

There was sub-clause (c) also which was defeted in 1961 and we are
not concerned with that sub-clause.
There are two parts of clause (iv)-(1) that it is imperative to
put every person appointed under sub-rule (2) on probation for a
c minimum period of two years "unless otherwise expressly directed"
. and (2) on the expiry of the said period of"two years the persol!:
appointed may be confirmed if there is a vacancy and if his work is
fourid to be satisfactory. The plain meaning of the rule is that there is
no automatic confirmation on the expiry of the probationary period of
0 two years in the first instance. On the expiry of the said period and on
the fulfilment of the requirement of sub-<:lauses (a) &: (b) a Govern-
ment servant becomes eligible for being confirmed and normally he is
likely to be confirmed. But it is a matter of common knowledge in
many branches of Government service including the Judiciary tha~ for
administrative reasons or otherwise the confirmation is delayed and
E is made at a subsequent time. It may also be delayed for watching the
work of the Government servant for a further period. The expression
"unless otherwise expressly directed" governs only the first part of · i·
clause (iv) and not the second as was attempted to be argued by Mr! I
Nariman. In my opinion the rule in question, therefore, comes under
the ordinary and normal rule that without an express order of con-
F firmation the Government servant will not be taken to have been con-
firmed in the post to which he was appointed temporarily and/or o~
probation. It is not covered by the exceptional rule like the one which
was the subject matter of consideration of this Court in State of
Punjab v. Dharam Singh(').
.\
G In Kedar Nath Bahl v. The State of Punjab and others(') Palekar
J. delivering the judgment on behalf of this Court said at page 876, •
column 2 : -
"fhe law on the point is now well settled. Where a

H
person is appointed as a probationer in any post and a period
of probation is specified, it does not follow that at the end of
r-·
. l-

(!) [1968] 3 S.C.R. 1.
(2) A.J.R. 1972 S.C. 873.
MAHARASHTRA v. v. R. SABOJI (Untwalia, !.) 559 .

the said specified period of probation he obtains confirmation A
automatically even if no order is passed in that behalf.
Unless the terms of appointment clearly indicate that con-
firmation would antomatically follow at the end. of the speci-
fied period, or there is a specific service rule to that effect,
the expiration of the probationary period does not neces-
sarily lead to confirmation. At the end of the p~riod of
probation an order confirming the officer is reguired to be
passed and if no such order is passed and he is not reverted
· . to his substantive post, the result merely is that he continues
in his post as a probationer." r
I am aware that a review against this judgment was allowed and- the c
appeal was re-heard recently by a Division Bench of this Court to
which I was a party. The appeal was again dismissed and no different
view of law was expressed therein than the one extracted above.
Bachawat J. also while delivering the judgment on behalf of a Consti-
tution Bench of this Court in Dharam Singh's case (supra) has said at ·n
page 4 thus : - · '
"This Court .has consistently held that when a first
appointment or promotion is made on probation for a speci-
fic period and the employee is allowed to continue in the
post after the expiry of the period without any specific order
of confirmation, he should be deemed to .continue in his post E
as a probationer only, in the absence of any indication to the
contrary in the original order of appointment or promotion
or the service rules: In such a case, an express order of con-
firmation is. necessary to give the employee a substantive
right to the post, and from the mere fact that he is allowed
F
to continue in the post after the expiry of the specified period
of probation it is not possible to hold that he should be
deemed to have been confirmed."

In Rule 6 (3) of he Punjab Educational Service (Provincia!ised)
Cadre) Class III, Rules, 1961 a certain period had been fixed G
' beyond wJ..jch the probationary period could not be extended. It was
because of that it was held that when the Governm-'nt servant was
allowed to continue in the post after completion of the maximum
period of probation without an express order of confirmation he
.could net be deemed to continue in that post as a probationer by
implication. In other words because of the express provision in the rule B
vis-a-vis the maximum period of probation the confirmation was
automatic. There is nothing of the kind to be found in the rules in the
560 SUl'.lEME COUB.T REPORTS fl980] 1 S.C.Jt..

present case. The view of the High Court to the contrary is erroneou;; ,...,
and cannot be. sustained.
4
Mr. Nariman l>ubmitted that if an interpretation were to be givca
to Rule 4(2)(iv) that it depended upon the sweet will of the appoint- ~}
ing authority to confirm a Government servant as and when it liked,
• then the rule would .be violative of Articles 14 and 16 of the Consti-
tution. He placed reliance upon a decision of this Court in S. B.
I
Patwardhan & others etc. etc. ~. State of ·Maharashtra & others(') ¥'
in support of his contention I find no substance in the argument. The
, question for con~ideration in that case related to the competition of
seniority between the direct recruits anc) the promotees in the Engine-
""
ering cadre. In that connection it was said at page 796 thus : -

"Confirmation is one of the inglorious uncertainities d
government service depending neither on efficiency ol the
incumbent nor on the availability of substantive vacancie1.
A glaring instance widely known in a part of our country is
of a distinguished member of the judiciary who was con-
firmed as a DistricV Judge years ·after he was confirmed as a
Judge of the High Court. It is On the record of thoee 'writ
petitions that officiating Deputy . Engineers were not
confirmed even though substantive 'Vltcancies were available
in which they could have been confirmed. It shows that con-
E
firmation does not have to conform to any set rules and
whet~er an employee should be confirmed or not depends
. on the sweet will and pleasure of the government." ·

These observations were made with reference to apparent discrimi-
F natory results which followed by applying different standards to !he
members of the two groups for determining their seniority, one the
direct recruits and the other promotees. I am not .concerned with such.
a situation in the present case. It was not suggested on behalf of lhe
Government that the confirmation depended on ihe .sweet will and the
pleasure of the Government. What was, however; .argued was that on
G the fulfilment of the two conditions mentioned in sub-clauses (a) and
(b) of clause (iv) of sulrrule (2) of rule 4 of the Rules the Govern-
• '·
ment servant became eligible but there may be several other reasona,
admiuistrative or otherwise, which may delay the confirmation.. The
confirmation can surely be delayed if the suitability of the Govemment
servant ·has got to be watched further to decide wh!;lther he should be
II confirmed in the post or not.

(1) [l977f 3 s.c.11.. 771.
I

MAHARASHTRA v. v. R. SABOJI (UntwaUa, !.) 561

Mf,. Nariman pointed out that the High Court in support of its
view has relied upon a resolution of the Government dated the 19th
April, 1963 and the Gazette Notification dated the 11th May, 1963.
It jg. not necessary to quote both in my judgment. It would suffice to
refor to the wordings of the notification only. It reads as follows : -
"On satisfactory completion of the probationary period
of two years, Shri V. R. Saboji is appointed with effect
from 6th December, 1962 (afternoon) as officiating Civil
Judge (Junior Division) ·and Judicial Magistrate; First
Class."
Tile submission was that respondent No. 1 had satisfactorily com-
pleted his probationary period of two years and, therefore, he should c
be deemed to have been confirmed on the strength of this notification.
But such an argument is in.the teeth of the language of the notifica-
tion itself as it says that he was appointed from 6th December, 1962
as "officiating Civil Judge (Junior Division) and Judicial Magistrate,
First Class." In other words even after the completion of the two years
D
period he continued in officiating capacity and was not confirmed in
the post. Two inferences are possible to be drawn from this-( 1) that
the period of probation in case of respondent No. l stood extended
beyond two years until and unless he was confirmed and (2) that in
any event he continued in the post in his temporary or officiating
capacity. No order was ever made confirming respondent No. 1 in the E
post and without such an order it is difficult to sustain the view of the
High Court that he was confirmed.
The question of viofation of Article 311 (2) has to be examined
,in two perspectives. Firstly, if it could be held in agreement with the
High Court that he should be deemed to have been confirmed in the
F
post to which he was initially appointed, it is plain that terminating his
services by oa notice 'of termination simpliciter like the one given in
this case, will be violative of the requirement of Article 311 (2). On
my finding it is manifest that it is not so. He wa& continuing in the post
in an officiating capacity. His services could be terminated by one
month's notice simpliciter according to the terms of the employment. G'
Secondly the question to be examined is whether the termination was
by way of punishment. Even in the case of a temporary or officiating
Government servant his services cannot be terminated by way of
punishment casting a stigma on him in violation of the requirement of
Article 311 (2). This principle is beyond any dispute but the difficulty
comes in the application of the said principle from case to case. It a
Government servant is compulsorily retired· or one who is officiating
in a higher post is reverted to his parent cadre, or when the services
562 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1980] l S.C.R.

A. of an officiating or temporary Government servant are dispensed with
'by an order of termination simpliciter, then problems arise in finding
out whether it is by way of punishment. In different kinds of situation,
different views have been expressed. Yet the underlying principle
remains the same. One should not forget a practical and reasonable ,,
approach to the problem in such cases. Ordjnarily and generally, and
B there may be a few exceptions, any of the three. courses indicated
above is taken recourse to only if there are some valid reasons for I "
taking the action against the GovernmenJ servant. If a probe in . the
matter is allowed to be made in all such cases then curious results are
~ I'
likely to follow. In a given case there may be valid reasons, may be
of a serious kiod, which led the authorities concerned to adopt one
c course or the other ~s the facts of a particular case demanded; If one
were to say in all such cases that the action has been taken by .way of
punishment then the natural corollary to this would be that such action
could be taken if there was no such reason in the background of the
action. Then the argtiment advanced is that the action was wholly
0 arbitrary, mala fide and capricious and, therefore, it was violative of
Article 16 of the Constitution. Where to draw the line in such cases?
Ordinarily and generally the rule laid down in most of the cases by
this Court is that you have to look to the order on the face of it and
find whether It casts any stigma on the Government servant. In such
a case there is no presumption ·that the order is arbitrary or mala fide
E unless a very strong case is made out and proved by the Government
servant who challenges such an order. The Government is on the
horns of the dilemma in such a situation. If the reasons are disclosed,
then it is said that the order of the Government was passed by way of
punishment. If it does not disclose the reasons, then the argument is
that it is arbitrary and violative of Article 16. What the Government
I' is to do in such a situation? In my opinion, therefQre, the correct and
normal principle which can be pulled out from the earlier decisions of ,
this Court is the one which I. have indicated above.
I shall now proceed to refer to only three recent decisions of this .~.·
Court, two relied upon by the appellant .and the one by the respondent.
G
I do not consider it necessary to refer to others.
In S. P. Vasudeva v. State of Haryana & Ors. (') a Bench oE this
Court ·to which I was a harty, Alagiriswami J. delivering the judgment
of this Court said at page 187 :-
"In cases where enquiries have been held before orders
e of reversion of a probationer to his former lower post or dis-
charge of a probationer or discharge from service of a
(l) [1976] 2 S.C.R. 184.
MAHARASHTRA V. v. R. SABOJI (Untwalia, J.) 563

temporary servant were passed, certain decisions have taken A
the view that where the enquiry was held in order to find
out the suitability of the official concerned the order would
. ~.
·not be vitiated. In certain. other cases it has been held that
the enquiry was held with a view to pnnish and as the
.enquiry did not satisfy the requirements of Article 311 the
punishment was bad. It appears to us that this theory as to B
whether the reversion to a lower post of a probationer in a
'higher post, or the discharge of a probationer, or the dis-
charge from service of a temporary servant was meant as
a punishment leads to a very peculiar situation. After all,
if such an order gives no reasons the Court will not normally
interfere because ex-facie there is nothing to show that the
c
order was intended as a punishment."

Jaswant Singh J., delivering the judgment of this Court in State of
U.P. v. Ram Chandra Trivedi(') on behalf'of a Division Bench of this
Court, the other two members of which were Khanna and Sarkaria D
JJ., reviewed 'all the earlier cases of this Court very elaborately
including the well-l>nown judgment of Das CJ., in Parshotam Lal
Dhingra v. Union of India( 2 ) and the comparatively recent decision of
a Bench of 7 Judges in Shamsher Singh & Anr. v. State of Punjab ( 3 )
Relevant extracts in extenso have been quoted from those two decisions E
as well as from others. It would be of use to very briefly state the facts
of Ram Chandra Trivedi (supra). The respondent was appointed as
a temporary clerk in a Canal Division in the year 1954. Seven years
later, he was required to appear in a departmental examination aml
there it was found that another clerk of another Canal Division was
attempting to personate and appear for the respondent. The Execntive F ,
Engineer detected this· and obtained the explanation of both the clerks
and reported the matter to the Superintending Engineer. Finding the
explanations tendered by the clerks to be unsatisfactory, the Superin-
tending Engineer brought the matter to the notice of the Chief ,
Engineer. The latter asked him to award suitable punishment to the
two clerks. The Superintending Engineer thereafter issued the orders G
terminating the services of both the clerks. Eventually Ram Chandra
Trivedi, the respondent, filed a suit challenging the order of termina-
tion of bis service as having been made by way of punishment in
disregard or Article 311 (2). The suit was dismissed. The dismissal

(1) [1977] 1 S.C.R 462. H
(2) [1958] S.C.R. 828.
(3) [1975] 1 S.CR. 814.
564 Sl:JPJt!ME COURT REPORTS [1980] 1 S.C.R,

:A was maintained by the First Appellate Court. The High Court, how·
ever, allowed the second appeal filed by the respondent and decreed
. bis suit. The State came to this Court in such a situation. This
Court reviewed all the previous decisions and finally said at page
475 : -
"Keeping in view the principles extracted aboye, the
B
respondent's suit could not be decreed in bis favour. He f
was a temporary hand and bad no right to the post. It is
also not denied that both under the contract of service and
the service ru1es governing the respondent, the State had
\
a right to terminate his services by giving him one month's
c notice. The order to which exception is taken is ex facie
an order of termination of service simpliciter. It does not
cast. any stigma on the respondent nor does it visit him with
evil consequences, nor is it founded on misconduct. In the
. circumstances, the respondent could not invite the Court to
. go into the motive behind the order and claim the protection
D of Article 311(2) of the Constitution."
The case relied upon for the respondent is MaMger Govt. Branch
Press & Anr. v. D. P. Be/liilppa('). Speaking for the Court, Sarkaria,
J., found that the order of termination was-wholly arbitrary and had
been passed because of some hostile motive which the authority termi·
nating the services had against the Government servant concerned. On
the facts of this case it was found that the decision of the High
Court allowing the Writ Petition of the Government servant was
· correct and was covered by some earlier decisions of this Court. I
may briefly refer to the :tacts of this case also from the judgment.
. The appellant fo the appeal was the Manager of a Government Ptess
who had terminated the services of Belliappa by the impugned order
without assigning any reason, albeit in accordance with · the condl-
tions of bis service, while three employees, similarly situated, junior
to Belliappa in the same cadre had been retained. A charge of
hostile disciimmation was levelled with sufficient particularity against
the appellant. Hostile animus was also attributed by Belliappa in
G bis writ petition to his superior officers. He asserted that bis service
record was good. This fact WllS not controverted by the appellant
•
by filing any counter-affidavit. The impugned order was preceded by
a show-cause notice of proposed disciplinary action against Belliappa.
In such a situation it was ob!erved in the judgment : -
.lt "Of course, there is always some reason or Cause for
terminating the services of a temporary employee. It is not
(1) [1979] 2 S.C.R. 458.

{
MAHARASHTRA v. v. R. SABOJI (Untwalia, J.) 565

necessary to state that reason in the order of termination
communicated to the employee concerned. But where
there is a specific charge of arbitrary discrimination or
some hostile motive is imputed to the '(luthority terminating
the service. It is incumbent on the authority making the im-
pugned order to expfain the same by disclosing the reason
for the impugned action." (Emphasis supplied).

It would also be seen from the judgment that sufficient time was given
to learned counsel for the appellant to show to the Court as to
whether the services of the respondent had be'en terminated on the
ground 0£ unsuitability. Yet learned _counsel failed to produce any
such material in the Court. In that view of the matter the order
of the High Court was upheld.

Now coming to the facts of the instant case, I find that the alle-
gations of mala fides were made in the Writ Petition only against res- D·
pondents 2 and 3 who were the immediate superior officers of res-
pondent no. 1 at the relevant time. No specific allegation was made
against them that they made reports against him to the High Court
due to any ulterior motive or to feed fat any grudge against respon-
dent no. L Merely to say, as was said by him in his Writ Petition,
that their action was not justified and it was out of bias that they
took the action, was not, in the least, any allegation of mala fide.
If it were to be permitted in such cases to examine all, these reports
in detail to find, out whether the reports were justified or not and
then to draw an inference of mala fide, on that basis, where will it
lead to ? Then in every case the reasons for termination of service
will have to be scrntinised thniad-bare to arrive at a conclusion that F
the order passed was not mala fide. On his own showing respon-
dent no. 1 had earned adverse remarks before his service was
terminated which clearly showed that his record_ was not satisfactory,
The High Court, therefore, recommended to the Government that
the services of respondent no. 1 be terminated. The Government
G
accepted the recommendation of the High Court and terminated his'
services. No allegation whatsoever of any hostile discrimination was
made in the Writ Petition against the Bigh ·Court or the Govern-
ment, not even agai_nst the Chief Justice or any 'Judge of the High
Court who might have dealt with this matter. Nor was any such allega-
_fon made against .the Law Secretary or the Chief Secretary or any H
Minister of the Government. After all when the orders were passe'd
against respondent no, 1 the High Conrt must have examined the
•
566 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1980] 1 S.C.R.

matter carefully and. found that it was not desirable to· allow respon-
dent no. 1 to continue in the service and must have found further
that the facts did not warrant or make it expedient to hold any
regular enquiry against respondent no. 1 and to remove him from
sepice by .wag of punishment. I may' add that the High Court
file containing the recommendation in case of respondent no. 1 was
·B ready in the High. Court to be shown to the Division Bench which
heard the Writ Petition. But the learned Judges refused to see i.t
because the State Counsel was not prepared to show it to respon-
dent no. 1. Obviously it could not be shown to him. Otherwise
he would have come out with a plea, right or wrong, that the order
was made against him by way of punishment. This is the delicate
area where the Government and the State Counsel find themselves in
a peculiar and delicate position. Mr. Phadke also informed us that
the High Court file was ready with him and if we liked we may
see it. On the facts and in the circumstances of this case we did
not think it nece'ssary to see and, therefore, we die! not see.
;D
It was also argued on behalf of respondent no. 1 that 162 offi-
cers had been appointed when respondent no. 1 was appointed to
the Judicial Service of Maharashtra along with them. The service
of none else was terminated and, perhaps, others, junior to hiin were
confirmed. Mr. Phadke informed that til! 1971 none of the 162 ofli-
ceis had been confirmed. Some of them might have been or must
have been confirmed later. No occasion arose for terminating the
services of any other out of those 162 officers except respondent no. 1
by the year 1971. It is not quite correct to say that his service
record was al! through satisfactory, and this fact was not controverted
in the counter filed on behalf of the State. Having examined all
the relevant paragraphs I find that apart from the denial being there
in the counter, respondent no. 1 himself, as I have stated above, dis-
closed in his ·Writ Petition acts of commissions and omissions on
his part which which led respondents 3 and 4 to submit adverse
reports against him to the High Court. That being so, in my opinion,
the order of termination against respondent no. 1 was not passed by
way of punishment contravening the requirement of Article 311(2)
nor was it arbitrary or mala fide.

·For the reasons stated above, I allow this appeal, .set aside the
judgment and order of the High Court and dismiss the Writ 'Petition
filed by respondent No. 1. In regiird to costs, already an order was
passed that costs will be paid by the appellant in any event. Accord-
ingly, the costs or any balance thereof, will be paid by the appellant.
MAHARASHTRA V. v. R· SABOJI (Pathak, J.) 567

PATHAK, J. I agree with the judgment and order proposed by my A
learned brother. There ,ire certain observations, however, in his
judgment on . the point whether a Government servant petitioner is
entitled to information from the relevant official records forming the
basis of the order terminating his services. Unfortunately, I find
myself unable to subscribe to these observations.
B
The law, it seems to me, is that where the services of a temporary
Government servant or a probationer Government servant are termi-
nated by an order which does not ex fade disclose any' stigma or
penal consequences against_ the Government servant and is me~ely a
termination order simpliciter, there is no case ordinarily for assuming
that it is anything but what it purports to be. Where, however, the c
order discloses on the face of it that a stigma is cast on the Govern-
ment servant or that it visits him with penal consequences, then plain·
ly the case is one of punishment. There may still be another kind of
. case where although the termination of service is intended by way
of punishment, the order is framed as a termination simp!iciter.
In such a case, if the Government servant is able to establish by D
material on the record that the order is in fact passed by way ot
punishment, the innocence of the language iu which the order is
framed will not protect it if the procedural safeguards contemplated
by Article 311 (2) of the Constitution have not been satisfied. In a
given case, the Government servant may succeed in making out a
prim a f a~ie case that· the order was by way of punishment but an E
attempt to rebut the case by the authorities may necessitate sending
for the official records for the purpose of determining the truth. It
is in such a case generally that the official records may be called for •
by the Court. · It is not open to the Court to send for the official
records on a mere allegation by the Government servant that the order
F
is by way of punishment. For unless there is material on the record
before the Court in support of that allegl\tion, an attempt by the Court
to find out from the record whether the termination of service is based
on the unsuitability of the Government ·servant in relation to the
post held by him or is in reality an order by way of punishment will
in effecl be an unwarranted attempt to delve into the official records G
for th~ purpose of determining the nature of the order on the basis.
of a mc1e allegation of the Government servant. On a sufficient case
being made out on the merits before the Court by the Government
servant it is open to the Court to resort to scrutiny of the official
records for the purpose of verifying the truth. I am unable to see
why the Court should decline to peruse the official records in an ap- H
propriate case and why, where considerations· of privilege and confi-
o<:lerttiality do not suffer, the information set forth in the records should
568 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1980] 1 S.C.R.

not ·be made available to the Government servant. The mere pGBSi·
bility that the official records could confirm what the Goverrunent
servant had set out to prove and pt/ma facie had, indeed, proved
should not shut out disclosure of the information. '

What I say here in no way detracts from what this Court has
B laid down in State of U.P. v. Ram Chandra Ttivadi.(') The Court
did deprecate there the act of the High <;ourt in probing into the
departmental correspondence that passed between the siiperiors of the
Goveroment servant for the purpose of determining whethor the
impugned order was passed by way of punishment. But it does not
appear from the facts recited in that case that the Government servant
c had made out any case that the impugned order had been made by
way of punishment and that on the claim being disputed by the State
it was necessary to ascertain whether the case sought to be proved by
the Government servant stood rebutted . or confirmed by the depart- .
mental correspondence. I am unable to spell out from the judgment 1
D any absolute rule enunciated by this Court that where the order termi-
nating the . services of a temporary or a probationer Government
servant is ex facie an order of termination simpliciter, the Government
servant is barred from establishing that it is in fact an order by way
of punishment, and that on the Government servant succeeding in
establishing it to be so the court is prohibited from examining the
.E official records for the purpose of verifying the true position .

The question of scrutinising the official records arises where a
government servant is entitled to show that although the order im-
pugned by him purports to be an order of termination simpliciter rt
is in fact an order made by way of punishment. In regard to that
F right this Court specifically referred in Ram Chandra Trivedi
(supra). to the decisions in Union of India & Ors. v. R. S. Dhaba
and R. S. Sia/ v. The ftate of U.P. & Ors. (2 ) with approval and
observed : -
"The form of the order, however, is not conclusive to
G its true nature. ·The entirety of circumstances preceding or
;
attendant on the impugned order must be examined by the
court and the overriding test will always be whether the
misconduct is a mere motive or is the very foundation of the
order."

8 (!) [1977] 1 S.C.R. 462.
(2) [1969] 3 S.C.R. 603.
(3) [1974] 3 S.C.R. 754.
MAHARASHTRA v. V. R. SABOJI (Pathak, 1.) 569

And it proceeded to quote from Shanisher Singh & Anr. v. State of A
Paniab('), decided
'
by a Bench
. of seven Judges of this Court, that :
"No abstract proposition can be laid down that where
the services of a probationer are terminated without saying
anything more in the order of termination than that the ser-
,vices are terminated it can never amount to a punishment B
in the facts and circumstances of the case. If a probationer
is discharged on the ground of misconduct, or inefficiency
or for similar reason without a proper enquiry and without
his getting a reasonable opportunity of showirlg cause against
his dis~harge it may in a given case amount to removal
from service within the meaning of Article 311 (2) of the C
Constitution."

ln the same case, it was observed further : -
"Where a departmental enquiry. is contemplated and if
an enquiry is not in fact proceeded with Article 311 will not
be attracted unless it can be shown that the order though D
unexceptionable in form is made followin~ a report based on
misconduct."
It seems clear that if a Government servant is able to establish that,
although the impugned order i~ innocent ex facie, it was made on the
ground that he was guilty of misconduct and, therefore, the order E
was intended by way of punishment. The law still is that an order,
although framed in terms which do not cast an aspersion against the
character and integrity of the Government servant or visit him with
evil consequences, may still be proved to be in fact one by way of
punishment. It is true that in S. P. Vasudeva v. State of Haryana &
F
On ( 2 ) this Court laid down that ordinarily the courts should not go
behind an order of reversion of a person who had no right to the
post if ex facle it did not disclose that he was being reverted as a
measure of punishment and did not cast any stigma on hiriJ.. But
the words advisedly used were : -
G
" ...... The courts will not normally go behind that
order to see, if there were any motivating factors behind
that order."

No definite principle as a rule of law appears to have been laid down
in that case on the point and the Court ha~ merely suggested that
B
(I) [1975] 1 S. C.R. 814.
(l) [1976] 2 S.C.R. 184.
570 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1980] 1 S.C.R.

A the question whether it should be open to the courts in such cases
to go behind the order should be examined de novo, and it recom-
mended that an order reverting a probationer from a higher to a lower
post, or discharging a probationer, or discharging a temporary servant
from service should not be questioned except on the basis of mala
tides in making the order. From the further comments of the Court,
B it appears that the observation was made with a view to lightening
. the burden of the Court having regard to the heavy load of work
t
presently occupying it. Until the day that the recommendation is
accepted, I believe it to be true that the jurisdiction of the courts h
extends to examinillg and scrutinising the official records in the cir-
mustances to, which I have specifically adverted.
c
In the present case if the High Coilrt refused to examine the
official records, I presume that the reason was that the respondent
Government servant had failed to make out any case whatever that
the order was by way of punishment, and there being uo doubt in the
mind of the. High Court on the point it was justified in declining to
· D look into the official records. That the respondent Government ser-
vant has been unable to make out any case at all that the impugned
order is by way of punishment is clearly evident from the. material
before us. No occasion arises in such a case for scrutinising the
official records.

E The appeal is allowed, the judgment and order of the High Court
are set aside and the Writ Petition filed by the first respondent is ·
dismissed. In view of the order already made by this Court that the
respondent will be entitled to his costs from the appellant in' any event,
the respondent will be paid his costs accordingly.

s. R. . Appeal allowed.