Holding

The State’s denial of grant‑in‑aid and pension‑cum‑gratuity benefits to recognised private law colleges was unconstitutional discrimination, and the State failed to discharge its burden of proof, warranting a direction to extend the schemes to such colleges.

Summary

The Supreme Court upheld a Bombay High Court order directing the State of Maharashtra to extend its grant‑in‑aid and pension‑cum‑gratuity schemes to all recognised private law colleges. The Court held that the State’s refusal to provide these benefits to private law colleges, while extending them to other non‑government professional colleges, amounted to hostile discrimination violating Articles 14, 21 and 39A of the Constitution. The State’s claim of paucity of funds was rejected as an insufficient justification, and the burden of proving a reasonable classification rested on the State, which it failed to discharge. The Court also affirmed that courts may issue directions to enforce Directive Principles when the executive is inactive. Consequently, the Court modified the High Court’s directions, setting new implementation timelines, and dismissed the State’s appeals.

Issues considered

The State’s refusal to extend grant‑in‑aid to recognised private law colleges violates Article 14.
Whether paucity of funds can justify differential treatment of private law colleges.
Whether the burden of proof to justify classification lies on the State.
The applicability of Article 21 and Article 39A in mandating grant‑in‑aid for legal education.
The court’s power to direct the executive to implement Directive Principles.

Legislation cited

Constitution of Indias. Art.14, s. Art.21, s. Art.226, s. Art.39A

Subjects

grant-in-aiddiscriminationArticle 14Article 21Article 39Alegal educationpension-cum-gratuitydirective principlespublic interest litigationconstitutional law

Judgment

...
STATE OF MAHARASHTRA A
v.
MANUBHAI PRAGAJI VASHI AND ORS.
' '
AUGUST 16, 1995
B
[KULDIP SINGH AND K.S. PARIPOORNAN, JJ.]

Constitution of India, 1950 :

Article 14-State-Grants-in-aid--benefits under-Affording to non-
Govemment professional colleges of Arts. Science, Commerce, Enginee1ing c
and medicine faculties-Denial to non-Govemmental Law Colleges-Held
violative of Article 14-Paucity of funds held no ground for discrimina-
tion-Held burden to prove that there was no discrimination was on the
State-On facts held that the State has not discharged such a proof-Direc-
tions issued to State to extend the grants-in-aid scheme to non-Government D
private law colleges.
"'
A1ticles 21 and 39-A~ombined effect of-Legal education-Legal
aid-Held State is obliged to afford grants-in-aid to recognised private law
colleges-Need for continuing and well organised legal education em-
phasised-Standard of legal education should not suffer for want of funds. E

Part IV-Directive Principles-State inaction-Held Cowt can issue
directions to Executive to carry out the Directive Principles.

These appeals arise out of a common judgment of the Bombay High F
Court dated 19.8.1988 rendered in two writ petitions. the first writ petition
was filed in public interest by a practising advocate and a member of the
Bar Council of Maharashtra for a direction to the Government of
Maharashtra to extend the grant-in-aid scheme to the non-Government
Law Colleges in the State of Maharashtra as afforded to other faculties
viz. Arts, Science, Commerce, Engineering and Medicine etc. In the other G
connected petition the prayer was that the benefit of pension-cum-gratuity
....... scheme introduced by the Government for all teaching and non-teaching
staff in colleges with faculties in Arts, Science, Commerce, Engineering and
Medicines as per GR. No. NCC-1983 (865)-IN-4 dated 21.7.83 should be
made applicable to the staff of non-Government Law Colleges. H
733
734 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A A Division Bench of the Bombay High Court rejected the State's plea
that the petitioner has no right to seek a writ of Mandamus under Article
226 basing his relief on a Directive Principle contained in Part IV of the
Constitution and held that (i) the action of the Government in non-extend-
ing the grants-in- aid to non-Government recognised Law Colleges was
discriminatory; (ii) paucity of funds can be no reason for discrimination.
B Accordingly, it directed the Respondent-State to extend the grant-in-aid
scheme to all Government recognised private law colleges on the same
criteria as such grants were given to other faculties viz. Arts, Science,
Commerce, Engineering and Medicine commencing from academic year
June, 1988. The State was also directed to implement the pension-cum-
C gratuity scheme in favour of the staff of non-Government law colleges with
effect from 1.10.1982 on such staff exercising their option in writing within
four weeks from Government's declaration to implement Grants-in-aid
scheme to non-Government law colleges.

In appeals preferred by the State before this' Court it was contended
D that (i) the High Court erred in assuming that other non-Government
private professional colleges like Engineering Colleges, Medical Colleges
etc. were given the benefit of grants-in-aid scheme and on this basis, it was
discriminatory in not extending the benefit of the scheme to non-Govern-
ment Law Colleges; and (ii) it is primarily for the Government to decide,
E taking into account the total financial commitments and constraints
whether to extend the benefit of grants-in-aid scheme to all or any private
professional colleges. The decision on the score was not justiciable.

Dismissing the appeals, this Court

F HELD : .1. The High Court was right in holding that recognised
private law colleges have been singled out for hostile discriminatory treat-
ment in withholding grant-in-aid and so interference in the nature of
affirmative action or direction in the form of remedial measure was called
for. (751-G]
G 2. The facts amply bring out the fact that recognised private law
colleges alone were singled out for hostile discriminatory treatments. The
State has not discharged the burden of proof cast on it to sustain the
differential treatment meted out to one of the Goveniment recognised
professional colleges (private) law colleges. It is patent that likes have been
H treated unlike; without proper justification or reason and the private law

•
STATE v. M.P. VASHI 735

colleges have been singled out for hostile discriminatory treatment. A
[747-E-FJ
3. The disparity in the service conditions in not affording the benefit
of pension-cum-gratuity scheme to the non-teaching staff in non-Govern-
ment law colleges and at the same time affording the same benefit to
non-teaching staff of colleges with faculties in Arts, Science, Commerce, B
Engineering and Medicine with effect from 1.10.1982 is discriminatory as
correctly opined by the High Court and requires to be set right. [747-F-G]

4. Paucity of funds can be no reason for discrimination. One facet
of education cannot be selected for hostile discriminatory treatment,
whatever may be the other laudable activities pursued by the Government C
in the matter of education or its discretion to assign the order of priorities
in different spheres of education. [746-D]

Municipal Counci~ Ratlam v. Vardhichand, AIR (1980) SC 1622;
referred to.
D
5. Records indisputably show that the Government of Maharashtra
was affording grant-in-aid to the non-Government Engineering, Technical
and Technological colleges and polytechnics and also to Government
recognised private ayurvedic teaching institutions or hospitals and non-
Government Arts, Science, Commerce Colleges. Thus, Engineering and E
Medical College (professional college) were given grant-in-aid. In the light
of the above unassailable state of affairs, it is idle for the state of contend
that the High Court was in error in assuming that non-Government
private professional colleges like Engineering Colleges, Medical Colleges
etc. were given the benefit of grants-in-aid scheme. [749-H; 750-A-B]
F
6. When, prima facie, a plea of discrimination is made out, the
burden of proof is on the State to show that it is not so; or that a valid
and permissible classification exists for the differential treatment meted
out to Government recognised private law colleges alone. The bur,den of
proof cast on the State, that discrimination against recognised private G
colleges is based on a reasonable classification having nexus to the object
sought to be achieved, .has not been discharged. [745-H; 746-A; 751-A-B]

Budhan Choudhary and Ors. v. State of Bihar, AIR (1955) SC 191;
Express Newspaper Ltd. v. Union of India, AIR (1958) SC 578; Mahant Moti
Das v. S.P. Sabi, AIR (1959) SC 942; Babula/ Amthalal Mehta v. Collector H
736 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995) SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A of Customs, AIR (1957) SC 877; D.S. Nakara v. Union of India, AIR (1983)
SC 130, relied on.

7. In a fit case, it is open to the court to direct the Executive to carry
out the directive principles of the Constitution, when there is inaction or
slow action by the State. (751-F]
B
State of Himachal Pradesh v. Umed Ram Shanna, AIR (1986) SC 847,
relied on.

8. Even otherwise the conclusion arrived at by the High Court can
be sustained independently on the basis of Article 21 read with Article 39-A
c of the Constitution of India. Article 21 read with Article 39-A of the
Constitution mandates or casts a duty on the state to afford grant-in-aid
to recognised private law colleges, similar to other faculties, which qualify .
for the receipt of the grant. The aforesaid duty cast on the State cannot be
whittled down in any manner, either by pleading paucity of funds or
J) otherwise. (755-E]

Chandra Bhawan Boarding and Lodging, Bangalore v. State of Mysore,
AIR (1970) SC 2042; Unnikrishnan J.P. v. State of A.P., (1993) 1 SCC 645;
M.H. Hoskot v. State of Maharashtra, (1978) 3 SCC 544; Hussainara
E Khatoon v. Home Secretary, State of Bihar, (1980) 1 SCC 98; A.R. A.ntulay
v. R.S. Nayak, (1992) 1 SCC 225; referred to.

9. The right to free legal aid and speedy trial are guaranteed fun-
damental rights under Article 21 of the Constitution. The principles
contained in Article 39-A are fundamental and cast a duty on the state to
F secure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice, on the basis '
of equal opportunities and further mandates to provide free legal aid in
any way - by legislation or otherwise, so that justice is not denied to any
citizen by r~son of economic or other disabilities. The words occuring in
Article 39-A are of very wide import. In order to enable the State to afford
G free legal aid and guarantee speedy trial, a vast number of persons trained
in law are essential. Legal aid has manifold facets. The explosion in
population, the vast changes brought about by scientific, technological and
other developments, and the all round enlarged field of human activity
reflected in modern society, and the consequent increase in litigation in
cour\.s and other forum demand that the service of competent persons with
H expertise in law is required in many stages and at different forums or levels
STATE v. M.P. VASHI 737

and should be made available. [753-E; G-H; 754-A-C] A
10. The need for a continuing and well organised legal education, is
absolutely essential reckoning the new trades in the world order, to meet
the ever growing challenges. The legal education should be able to meet
the ever growing demands of the society and should be thoroughly
equipped to cater to the complexities of the different situations. Specialisa-
B
tion in different branches of the law is necessary. The requirement is of
such a great dimension, that sizeable or vast number of dedicated persons
should be properly trained in different branches of law, every year by
providing or rendering competent and proper legal education. This is
possible only if adequate number of law colleges with proper infrastructure C
including expertise law teachers and staff are established to deal with the
situation in an appropriate manner. [754-C-E]

11. A sole Government law college cannot cater to the needs of legal
education or requirement in a city like Bombay. Lack of sufficient colleges D
called for the establishment of private law colleges. If the State is unable
to start colleges of its own, it is only appropriate that private law colleges
which are duly recognised by the concerned University and/or the Bar
Council of India and/or other appropriate authorities, as the case may be,
should be afforded reasonable facilities to function effectively and in a
meaningful manner. That requires substantial funds. Under the lable of E
self financing institutions the colleges should not be permitted to hike the
fees to any extent in order to meet the expenses to provide the infrastruc-
ture and for appointing competent teachers and staff. The private law
colleges, on their own may not afford to incur the huge cost required in
that behalf. The 'standard' of legal education and discipline are bound to F
suffer. It should not so happen for want of funds. The 'quality' should on
no account suffer in providing free legal aid and if it is not so, 'the free
legal aid' will only be a farce or lnake believe or illusory or a meaningless
ritual. That should not be. It is in that direction the grants- in-aid by the
State will facilitate and ensure the recognised private law colleges to
function effectively and in a meaningful manner and turn out sufficient G
number of well trained or properly equipped law graduates in all branches
year after year. That will in turn enable the State and other authorities to
provide free legal aid and ensure that opportunities for securing justice
are not denied to any citizen on account of any disability.
[754-G-H; 755-A-C] H
738 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995J SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A 12. The ends of justice call for suitable and appropriate modification
regarding the operative portion of the judgment. Accordingly, the State of
Maharashtra is directed to the following effect: [756-B]

(a) To extend the grant-in-aid scheme to all Government recognised .__,,
private law colleges, on the same criteria as such grants are given to other
B
faculties viz. Arts, Science, Commerce, Engineering and Medicine from the
academic year 1995 within three months from the date of this Order.
[756-C]
(b) Regarding non-Government law colleges which have closed down
c or are about to close down, the date will be collected by the Government
of Maharashtra forthwith and sincere attempt must be made to re-start
the colleges as they existed in the academic year 1985-86 for the purpose
of extending grants-in- aid from the academic year 1995-96; [756-E]

(c) The Government shall implement the pension cum-gratuity
D scheme in favour of the staff of non-Government law colleges with effect
from April 1, 1995 on such staff exercising their option within three months
from the government's declaration to implement grant-hi-aid scheme to
non-Government law colleges; [756-F]

E (d) Government shall ensure, by taking appropriate steps, that those
private law colleges duly and properly recognised by Government and/or
other competent authorities, including the Bar Council of India, and
conforming to standards laid down by appropriate authorities and af-
filiated to an established University alone are afforded the grant-in-aid.
Steps shall be taken to ensure that the aided institutions, abide by all the
F
rules and regulations of the aforesaid authorities for recognition and
affiliation including such of those rules and regulations in the mater of
recruitment of teachers, staff, their conditions of service, syllabus, stand-
ard of teaching and discipline. [756-H, 757-A]

G (e) Government should further ensure that a high standard is main-
tained in legal education and in that behalf, Government of Maharashtra
shall, with the concurrence of the concerned University, the Bar Council
of India, Bar Council of Maharashtra and other competent bodies or
persons, as the case may be, take all necessary steps, so that excellence in
H legal education is achieved. [7S7-C]
STAIB v. M.P. VASHI [PARIPOORNAN,J.) 739

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeals Nos. 7373- A
7374 of 1995.

From the Judgment and Order dated 19.8.88 of the Bombay High
Court in W.P. Nos. 2303 & 4816of1987.

S.K. Dholakia S.B. Wad, B.A. Desai and V.N. Ganpule, S.M. Jadhav, B
AS. Bhasme, Ms. J.S. Wad, Ms. Reema Bhandari, M.N. Shorff, H.a.
) Raichura, D.M. Nargolkar, Kailash Vasdev, Ms. Manik Karanjawala, S.K.
Agnihotri, Promod Swarup, A. Chauhan and V.R. Joshi for the appearing
parties.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
c
PARIPOORNAN, J. Leave granted.

State of Maharashtra represented by the Education Department - the
appellant in both the appeals - filed special leave petitions against the D
common Judgment and order of the High Court of Judicature of Bombay
dated 19.8.1988 rendered in Writ Petition No. 2303 of 1987 and Writ
Petition No. 4816 of 1987. The writ petitions are public interest litigations,
wherein the State of Maharashtra was the first respondent. The petitioner,
who filed Writ Petition No. 2303 of 1987, is the first respondent in the
appeal filed in S.L.P. No. 14017 of 1988 and the writ petitioners in Writ
E
Petition No. 4816 of 1987 are respondents Nos. 51, 52 and 53 in the appeals.
The other respondents in the High Court and also in this Court are the
University of Bombay, various Universities in the State of Maharashtra,

- various law colleges affiliated to the Bombay University and the University
of Pune, Marathwada, Nagpur and Kolhapur, the Bar Council of F
Maharashtra and the Bar Council of India. The University Grants Com-
mission is also a respondent. It should be stated at the outset that the
common appellant in these civil appeals (state) (petitioner in the S.L.Ps.
and the common first respondent in the writ petitions in the High Court)
was the sole contesting party in the High Court. The other respondents in G
the High Court and still before us support the petitioners in the writ
petitions - respondents in the civil appeals.

2. Writ Petition No. 2303 of 1987 is the main petition. The prayer
therein was to direct the Government of Maharashtra to extend the grant-
in-aid scheme to the non-Government Law Colleges in the state retrospec- H
740 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1995) SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A tively from April, 1982 or from the date of filing of the ~it petition.
Respondents 51 to 53 in the civil appeals addressed a letter to the High
Court raising certain grievances of retired employees of Law College, Pune.
The said letter was treated by the High Court suo motu as Writ petition
No. 4816of1987. The prayer therein was that the benefit of pension-cum-
gratuity scheme introduced by the Government for all teaching and non-
B teaching staff in colleges with faculties in Arts, Science, Commerce,
Engineering and Medicines as per GR No. NCC-1983(865)-IN-4 dated
21.7.1983 should be made applicable to the staff of the non-government
Law Colleges. A Division Bench of the High Court of Bombay, consisting
of Lentin and Agarwal, JJ. by judgment dated 19.8.1988, held that the
c action of the Government is not extending the grants-in-aid, afforded to
faculties like Arts, Science, Commerce, Engineering and Medicine .to
non-Government recognised law colleges is discriminatory. It was held that
withholding of facility of grants-in-aid to non-Government Law Colleges
would be discritp.ination between such law colleges from whom grants-in-
D aid are withheld and other non-Government colleges with faculties viz.,
Arts, Science, Commerce, Engineering and Medicine, to whom grants-in-
aid are given. After referring to the relevant facts, the Division Bench
passed an order in paragraph 34 of the judgment dated 19.8.1988, to the
following effect :

E "A. Commencing from academic year June, 1988, Government is
directed to extend the Grant-in-aid Scheme to all Govern-
ment recognised private law colleges on the same criteria as
such grants are given to other faculties viz. Arts, Science,
Commerce, Engineering and Medicine.

F B. The scheme shall be implemented within 12 weeks from
today.

C. Regarding non-Government, law colleges which have closed
down or are about to close down, their statistics shall be
considered by Government as of academic year 1985-86 for
G
the purpose of extending grants.

D. Government shall implement the pension-cum-gratuity
scheme in favour of the staff of non-Government law colleges
with effect from 1.10.1982 on such staff exercising their option
--
H in writing within four weeks from Government's declaration
STATE v. M.P. VASHI [PARIPOORNAN,J.] 741
___,
....
to implement Grant-in-aid scheme to non-Government law A
colleges.

E. No order as to costs of the petitions. Rule is made absolute
-. in terms above."

3. A Division Bench of this Court, by order dated 9.12.1988, ordered B
issue of notice in the S.L.Ps. and passed the following order :

"Issue notice returnable on 31.1.1989. The State of Maharashtra is
directed to consider the question of implementation of the im-
pugned judgment of the High Court in accordance with the grant-
in-aid scheme framed by the Government for recognised private c
colleges. Such consideration shall be made within four weeks from
date and the law colleges which will be considered by the State of
Maharashtra as eligible for the grant-in-aid shall be paid the
grant-in-aid within two weeks thereafter. Mr. S.K. Agnihotri,
learned counsel appearing on behalf of Respondent No.1 is dis- D
charged as prayed for by him as the Respondent No. 1 has himself
appeared in person before us and accepts notice. The State of
Maharashtra shall supply copies of the grant-in-aid scheme to the
appearing respondents within four weeks from today."

4. By Order dated 14.2.1989, a Bench of this Court passed interim E
order to the following effect :

"List the matter on 28th March, 1989, subject to overnight part-
heard for final disposal. There will be interim stay of the operation
of the judgment of the High Court and also the hearing of the
application for contempt which has been filed by the 1st Respon- F
dent in the High Court. Additional affidavits, if any, shall be filed
in the meantime."

Still later, on 23.10.1990, a Bench of this Court passed the following interim
order:
G
"After hearing the learned counsel Mr. S.K. Dholakia, Sr. Adv. for
a considerable length of time, we think that for the ends of justice
.·-.
and fair play, the State of Maharashtra will file before us the Rules
or Acts or administrative instructions on the basis of which sane-
tion has been accorded to the instant law college and also other H
A
742 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995) SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

38 law colleges. The petitioner shall also produce before this Court
-
the original sanction memos issued by the State not only in respect
of the instant law college, but also of other law colleges established
either before 1983 or after 1983. We also direct the State Govern-
ment to produce before this Court the facts which were taken into .....
account in determining that these colleges which are accorded
B sanction will be self sufficient in running their respective institu-
tions without asking for or awaiting for the grant from the State
Government. We also further clarify that if there is any und<>;rtaking '\.
given by any of the colleges, the said undertaking in its original
form or a copy of the same with an affidavit by a responsible officer
c be filed before this Court. These documents be filed within a
period of five weeks from this date positively with an advance copy
of the affidavit filed, if any, to the counsel for the other side. The
matter may be listed on 28.11.1990 subject to overnight part- heard.
Liberty is also given to the counsel for the respondents to file
affidavits in counter, if any, within that period."
D
The office report, available at pages 515 D and E of the paper book, shows
that the parties did not comply with aforesaid directions issued by this
Court.

E 5. On 30.8.1991, a Bench of this Court passed the following order:

"Shri M.P. Vashi states that the Government of Maharashtra has
already put some amount being allocated for law colleges in the
Budget in the Maharashtra Assembly for the years 1988 and
onwards. He would file documents in support of this contention
F and give a copy in advance to the counsel for the State of
Maharashtra."

6. Still later, on 3.10.1991 a Bench of this Court has passed the
following order :
G "The respondents have furnished Budget estimates for the years
1990-91 and 1991-92 showing that the State Government has allo-
cated some grant for law colleges. Learned counsel for the
petitioner/State wants time to seek further instructions from the
State in this regard. He prays for one month's adjournment. The
H prayer for adjournment is contested from the side of the respon-
STATE v. M.P. VASHI [PARIPOORNAN,J.] 743

dents. We consider it proper in the interest of justice to grant a A
last opportunity of one month to the petitioner to file an affidavit
stating all the details with regard to the allocation of Budget for
the law colleges in the State of Maharashtra. We also award a cost
of Rs. 1,000 for adjournment. Put up on 22nd November, 1991 at
the top of the hearing cases subject to overnight part-heard. The
B
amount of Rs. 1,000 will be paid within two weeks to the respon-
dents."

Along with the additional submission filed by the first respondent in the
civil appeal, papers evidencing 'technical education in Maharashtra State
1989-90 and 1990-91', the statement showing grants-in-aid given to aided c
Engineering Colleges, Polytechnics and other technical institutions have
been annexed as Ext. Pl. In Ext. P2, filed along with the additional
submission Civil budget estimates of expenditure for the year 1992-93 for
Education and Employment Department of Government of Maharashtra
it is seen at SI. No. 104 on page E48 under the head 104(1)(1), 'grants to D
non-Government Arts, Science, Law and Commerce Colleges'.

7. We heard counsel on both sides. The appellant's counsel stressed
the following aspects :

(A) The High Court was in error in assuming that other non- E
Government private professional colleges like Engineering
Colleges, Medical Colleges, etc. were given the benefit of
grants-in-aid scheme and on this basis, it was discriminatory
in not extending the grants- in-aid scheme to non-government
Law Colleges. It was this erroneous factual assumption which
resulted in the High Court holding that there is discrimination F
between the professional colleges - non-Government law col-
leges on the one hand and other non-Government profes-
.sional colleges like Engineering Colleges, Medical Colleges
on the other.

(B) It is primarily for the Government to decide, taking into
G
account the total financial commitments and constraints
whether it is possible to extend the benefit of grants-in-aid
scheme to all or any private professional colleges. Various
non-Government professional colleges were given recognition
only on the condition that none of the colleges would seek H
744 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1995) SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A grant-in-aid scheme to be made applicable. It is the policy
decision of the Government whether it should extend the
benefit of grant-in-aid scheme to non-Government law col•
leges. The decision on that score is not justiciable.

B 8. On the other hand, counsel for the respondents submitted that in
the High Court, the plea that the professional colleges other than law
colleges were given grants-in-aid was not disputed and in fact, there was
sufficient material before the High Court to show that professional colleges
like Engineering Colleges, Ayurvedic non-Government colleges and B.Ed.
colleges were given the benefit of grants-in-aid scheme. Even the affidavit
C filed by a responsible senior official of the State of Maharashtra would go
to show that private professional colleges other than law colleges were
extended the benefit of grants-in-aid scheme. The plea of discrimination
found by the High Court is based on substantial material and no error
has been committed on that score. Even the committee appointed by the
D Government under the Chairmanship of the then Education Minister and
· other members recommended that the existing grant-in-aid formula should
be made applicable to the non-Government law colleges with effect from
1985-86 and a Division Bench of the High Court directed the State Govern-
ment to take appropriate steps in that behalf. The State Government was
directed to file affidavits giving full particulars in pursuance of the earlier
E order dated 27th August, 1987. Even so, no steps were taken in that behalf
and no statement was filed regarding the steps taken in pursuance of the
recommendations of the committee. What is more, in the interim order
passed by this Court, the State ·was directed to prepare the grant-in-aid
scheme in accordance with the judgment of the High Court and specify the
F law colleges which were found to be eligible to be paid tl).e grant-in-aid.
Various law colleges submitted the relevant documents to enable the
Government to prepare the scheme. Though the State Government prayed
for extension of time to frame the scheme, no orders were obtained there
nor was the scheme prepared. Apart from the discriminatory treatment
G metted out to one facet of education, viz., private law colleges, the Division
Bench also stressed the point that in the context of the obligation of the
State under the directive principle of the State policy to provide free legal
aid, legal education to a good number of students is essential and in its
absence hardship and detriment to the general public will ensure and the
public will be deprived of the legal assistance. The inaction of the executive
H should be set right by appropriate directions by the· Court. By reckoning
-
STATE v. M.P. VASHI [PARIPOORNAN, J.] 745

this factor also, the High Court gave the directions as it did in para 34 of A
the judgment.

9. The main l.1cts highlighted and found by the High Court which
were not successfully assailed before us may be stated. The State of
Maharashtra has .i reputation of being the premier state in India. B
Educationwise, it has several faculties, viz., Arts, Science, Engineering,
Medicine and Law. Except law, all other faculties run by the recognised
non-Government colleges are given grant-in-aid by the Gove:rnment. The
Government recognised non- government law colleges in Maharashtra is
the only faculty which is denied the above grant-in-aid. In the State of
Maharashtra, there is only one Government law college at Bombay. There C
has been an increase in demand for legal education. During the academic
year 1985-86, the total number of law students in Maharashtra was about
25,700. The Government counsel himself stated before the High Court
during the time when the writ petitions were heard, that then the number
of such students would be in the vicinity of 27,000 to 28,000. The heavy D
demand for legal education could not be met by the solitary law college
run by the Government in Bombay. It resulted- in private or non-Govern-
ment law colleges coming up in Bombay and other parts of Maharashtra.
All such colleges are recognised by the Government. There are 38 law
colleges. The strength of the teaching staff is 544, comprising about 91
full-timers and the remaining part-time staff. The full time non-teaching E
staff is about 400. The Government recognised private law colleges applied
for aid as early as 1975. It was reiterated by the Chairman of the Bar
Council of India on 1.12.1982. Resolutions were passed. Discussions took
place and meetings were held. Information was invited and received by the
Government from the various Principals and data was collected and the F
matter went on in like manner. But no final decision was taken nor was
grants-in-aid afforded to the Government recognised private law colleges.
It was challenging this enacting or hostile discriminatory attitude towards
legal education in general and the Government recognised private law
colleges in particular, a public interest litigation was started by Mr. M.P. G
Vashi, a practising advocate and a member of the Bar Council for
Maharashtra. The main plea of the State was lack of funds and also the
general or vague unsubc;tantiated statement that other private professional
educational institutions were not receiving grants-in-aid. When, prima facie,
a plea of discrimination is made out., the burden of proof is on the state
to show that it is not so; or that a valid and permissible classification exists H
746 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995) SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A for the differential treatment meted out to Uovernment recognised private
law colleges alone. There should be nexus hetween the basis of classifica-
tion and the object of the Act under consiJeration. On the above crucial
aspects, on an evaluation of Government's .iffidavits; they are found to be
wanting, repleted as they are with generalisations, good intention and
B achievements in other fields of education which are irrelevant. The charge
of discrimination stands unproved. It was further stated by the State that
th~ maximum effort is taken by it to provide primary and secondary
education to every child and that the weaker section of the society is taken
care of within available financial resource~ and private professional col-
leges 'were given recognition only on condition that they will be self-sup-
c porting and will not insist for affording grant-in-aid. These pleas urged by
the State are no answer to the charge of discrimination pleaded in the writ
petitions. Paucity of funds can be no reason for discrimination. One facet
of education cannot be selected for ho~tile discriminatory treatment,
whatever may be the other laudable activities pursued by the Government
D in the matter of education or its discretion to assign the order of priorities
in different spheres of education. In a fit case, it is open to the court to
direct the executive to carry out the directive principles of the Constitution,
when there is inaction or slow action by the State. In the report submitted
by Proof. Mogh in August, 1986, he recommended that grant-in-aid should
E be extended to non-Government law colleges and a sum of Rs. 89.92 lakhs
is required for this purpose with an increase every year depending on the
number of colleges, etc. The total budget for the State in the year 1987-88
was Rs. 5,351 crores, out of which Rs. 791 crores had been earmarked for
expenditure for education. Out of 659 colleges in th_e entire State, 198
colleges do no receive grant-in-aid. 38 non-Government law colleges form
F
part of this 198 colleges. If the remaining 160 colleges which do not receive
grant-in-aid (other than non-Government law colleges) insist for the grant-
in-aid, it was stated that the expenses will amount to only Rs. 2 crores. If
the grant-in-aid is given to private law colleges, the requirement will be less
than 0.1 % of the total budgetary allocation for education which is not high
G aprice for legal education. The staff of Government law college and other
Government run colleges having faculties of Arts, Science, Commerce,
Engineering and Medicine draw a much higher scale of emoluments and
enjoy greater benefits than what the private law colleges with their depleted
resources can possibly afford to pay by way of salaries or other benefits to
H their staff. Out of eight law colleges in Marathwada, seven are not in a
STATE v. M.P. VASHI [PARIPOORNAN, J.] 747

position to pay salaries according to the scale fixed by the UGC. A Dean A
of Faculty of Law in Marathwada University and the principal in Dayanand
College, Latur, with a teaching experience of 29 long years, draw salary of
Rs. 400 per month. As against this, Principals and staff of aided colleges
get as much as Rs. 4,000 to Rs. 5,000 per month with allowances and other
benefits. Slowly private law colleges, one by one, face the prospect of B
closure. The Dayanand College of Law at Latur had closed the first and
second year of LL.B classes. Law College at Usmanadabad had closed the

- first year LL.B classes. Similar is the case of Jalna Law College. This is an
increasing epidemic and the student will be starved of legal education and
will be deprived of practising law as a profession which will cause hardship
and determent to the general public who will be deprived of legal assis- C
tance.

10. On hearing counsel, we are of the view that no dispute seems to
have been raised in the High Court regarding the grant-in-aid made
available to recognised private professional colleges other than law. Nor D
was any material placed before the court on this score. The conclusion of
the High Court to t.he effect that not extending the grant-in-aid to non-
Government law colleges and at the same time extending such benefit to
non-Government colleges with faculties viz., Arts, Science, Commerce,
Engineering and Medicine (other professional non-Government colleges)
is patently discriminatory, and based on material and sustainable. The State E
has not discharged the burden of proof cast on it to sustain the differential
treatment meted out to one of the Government recognised professional
colleges (private law colleges). It is patent that likes have been treated
unlike; without proper justification or reason and the private law colleges
have been singled out for hostile discriminatory treatment. The disparity in F
the service conditions in not affording the benefit of pension-cum-gratuity
scheme to the non-teaching staff in non-Government law colleges and at
the same time affording the same benefit to non-teaching staff of colleges
with faculties in Arts, Science, Commerce, Engineering and Medicine with
effect from 1.10.82 is discriminatory as correctly opined by the High Court
and requires to be set right. G

11. We hold that there is sufficient material on record to show that
the Division Bench of the High Court was justified in stating that several
non-Government professional colleges, like Engineering Colleges, Medical
Colleges, etc. are receiving grant- in-aid from the Government. Smt. H
748 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A Kumud Bansal, Secretary, Education and Employment Department,
Government of Maharashtra, in her additional affidavit filed on 24.1.1989,
available at pages 155 to 161, has referred to the fact that out of the total
budget for the year 1988-89, a sum of Rs. 1,033.74 crores was earmarked
for educational purposes. The break-up is as follows:
B Total budget 1988-89 Rs. 1,044.74 crores

Primary Education Rs. 469.37 crores

Secondary Education Rs. 390.59 crores

c Higher Education Rs. 99 .29 crores

Technical Education Rs. 65.89 crores

Other Education Rs. 8.58 crores.

D For technical education (Polytechnics and Engineering Colleges), a sum of
Rs. 65.81 crores was set apart and for 'other education', Rs. 8.58 crores
has been spent. What faculty represents the head 'other education' is
anybody's guess . .One thing is clear, that the said amount is not for 'legal
education; and should be for subjects other than one previously dealt with
in the narrative. The matter is not made clear by the State. It is also stated
E therein that in view of paucity of funds, the Government do not think it
possible to afford grant-in-aid to law colleges. Denying that there was any
discriminatory attitude against the law colleges in particular, it is stated
that out of sixty-one private engineering colleges, only six of them started
earlier have been granted the facility of grant-in-aid (pages 157 and 158 of
F the paper book). The further averment to the effect that private profes-
sional colleges were allowed to start only on condition that they would not
get grant-in-aid stands belied, in view of the grant to six private engineering
colleges. On what basis six private engineering colleges were admittedly
given grant-in-aid, is not evident. It does not stand tp reason. The affidavit
G filed by Sri Madhusudan Balakrishnan Karmarkar (Respondent No. 45)
dated 17.3.1989, available at pages 244 to 253 of the paper book, discloses
the following facts:

"On the contrary .medical, engineering and ayurvedic colleges
which were started before 1983 wer:e either fully financed by the
H Government or were run by the Government itself. Government of
STATE v. M.P. VASHI [PARIPOORNAN,J.] 749

Maharashtra has approved grant-in-aid scheme for the non-Govern- A
ment engineering colleges on 18th May, 1978 (hereto annexed and
marked Ext. 'A' is a copy of the said scheme) to the Ayurvedic
non-Government colleges on 4th September, 1978 and thereafter on
2nd May, 1980 (hereto annexed and marked Ext. 'B' and 'C' are
the copies of the said scheme). So far as medical colleges are
concerned, they are either being run by the Government itself or
B
by the Municipal Corporation. It is only after 1983 that two medical
colleges were allowed to be started by private management, one
Krishan Institute of Medical Science at Karad and another
Prawara Medical College at Prawanagar, Dist. Ahmednagar. How-
ever, these colleges are allowed to charge tuition fees of Rs. 30,000 C
per year. There are 62 B.Ed. Colleges in the State of Maharashtra
at present. Out of these, 40 colleges were started prior to 1983 and
out of these 40 colleges, 28 are being run by the private manage-
ments and 12 by the State Government itself. They give straining
to the students to qualify them as professional teachers. In other D
words, it is a professional course and all, 28 non-Government B.Ed.
Colleges siarted before 1983 are getting grants from the State Govern-
ment. All these B.Ed. colleges are treated at par with Arts, Science
and Commerce colleges. The Government of Maharashtra has
approved grant-in-aid scheme for all such colleges on 3rd October
1979 (hereto annexed and marked Ext. 'D' is the copy of the said E
scheme). Therefore, the argument of petitioner that the law course
is professional course and hence they are not eligible for grants
has no basis. The same is falsified by the above facts supported by
the respective exhibits."
F
Annexure A dated 18.5.1978, the order of the Government of Maharashtra,
shows that grant-in-aid is afforded to non-Government Engineering, Tec;h-
nical and Technological colleges and polytechnics in the State (page 254
of the order book). Annexure B to the said affidavit is the order of the
Government dated 4th September, 1978 (page 270 of the paper book). G
Annexure C is the order of the Government dated 2nd May, 1980 (page
278 of the paper book) and Annexure D (page 288) is an order of the
Government dated 3.10.1979. Annexure A dated 18.5.1978, Annexure B
dated 4.9.1978, Annexure C dated 2.5.1980 and annexure D dated 3.10.1979
indisputably should that the Government of Maharashtra was affording
grant-in-aid to the non-Government Engineering, Techniccll and Tech- H
750 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.
,.,..,-,
A nological colleges and Polytechnics also also to Government recognised
private ayurvedic teaching institutions or hospital and non-Government
Arts, Science, Commerce Colleges. Thus, Engineering and Medical Col-
lege (professional college) were given grant-in-aid. In the light of the above
unassailable state of affairs, it is idle for the State to contend that the High
Court was in error in assuming that not-Government private professional
B colleges like Engineering Colleges, Medical colleges, etc. were given the
benefit of grant-in-aid scheme. It is perhaps, due to this undoubted state
of affairs, there was no dispute before the High Court on this count. Our \...
attention was invited to the fact that the working group constituted by the
Government of Maharashtra, by order G.R. No. NCC/2086/(7) INI-2A
c dated 24th April, 1986 under the Chairmanship of Prof. D.R. Meghe,
Principal of University College of Law, Nagpur, submitted a report for
non-government Law Colleges in the State of Maharashtra (available at
pages 208 to 218 of the paper book). The working group has recommended
that the revised unified and integrated grant-in-aid formula laid down to
colleges of Arts, Commerce, Science and Education, as reflected in
D
Resolution No. NCC 1279/157796-XXV dated 2.10.1979 (page 162 of the
paper book) should be made applicable to the non-Government law col- 1'

leges with effect from 1985-86. It was also brought to our notice that
Government of Maharashtra passed a resolution [No. USG 1177/135330/
XXII (Cell)] dated 25th September, 1978 accepting the recommendation
E of the Central Government incorporating the recommendation of the UGC II'

that the benefit of the revised scales recommended by the UGC should be
given to the full-time teachers in law colleges and that the additional
burden on this count will be subsidised by the Central Government to the
extent of 80% during the Fifth Plan Period and the remaining 20% being
F borne either by the management or the State Government. The implemen- \
tation of the scheme of the revision of pay scales for full-time teacher in
law colleges in Maharashtra was sanctioned with retrospective effect from
1.1.1973, as could be seen from Annexure I - pages 86 to 108 of the paper
book. But, even so the UGC scale was not implemented so far as full-time
teachers in private law colleges are concenied.
G
12. The facts stated above amply bring out the fact that recognised
private law colleges alone were single out for hostile discriminatory treat- ,,,...
ment. The recommendations of the Committee (page 198-208) to apply the
new formula for the grant to private law colleges and the resolution adopted
H by the Government to extend the UGC scales to teachers of law colleges
STATE v. M.P. VASHI [PARIPOORNAN,J.] 751
....
(pages 86-87) remained only in 'paper' and no concrete steps were taken to A
implement them. It is not explained as to why recognised private law colleges
alone are dis.entitled to received grant-in-aid from the Government. The
burden of proof cast on the State, that discrimination against recognised
private law college's is based on a reasonable classification having nexus to
the object should to be achieved, has not been discharged. The High Court
B
has held so, placing reliance on the decisions of this Court reported in Bud-
han Choudha1y and Others v. State of Bihar, AIR (1955) SC 191, Express
Newspaper Ltd. v. Union of India, AIR (1958) SC 578,Mahant Moti Das, v.
S.P. Sahi, AIR (1959) SC 942), Babula! Amthalal Mehta, v. Collector of Cus-
toms, AIR (1957) SC 877 and D.S. Nakara v. Union of India, AIR (1983) SC
130. We hold that the aforesaid reasoning and conclusion of the High Court c
is fully justified and no exception can be taken to the decision so arrived at
by the High Court. Th·- High Court has further referred to the plea of
paucity of funds pleaded by the State and has held that paucity of funds can
be no reason for discrimination, placing reliance on the decision of this Court
in Municipal Council, Ra'1am v. Vardhichand, AIR (1980) SC 1622. This D
reasoning of the High Court is also fully justified and no exception can be
taken to the said proposition as well. We hold so.

13. A plea was taken in the High Court that the petitioner has no
right to seek a writ of mandamus under Article 226 of the Constitution
basing his relief on a directive principle contained in the Constitution. The E
High Court, rightly in our opinion, repelled this plea relying on the decision
of this Court in State of Himachal Pradesh v. Urned Ram Shamia, AIR 1986
SC 847. The High Court referred to the dictum laid down in the aforesaid
decision to the effect (a) the Court can in a fit case direct the executive to
carry out the directive principles of the Constitution, and (b) when there F
is inaction or slow action by the executive the judiciary must intervene. We
have no doubt that the above conclusion of the Court below is also justified.

14. On an analysis of the various aspects discussed above, it is evident
that the High Court was right in holding that recognised private law
colleges have been singled out for hostile discriminatory treatment in G
withholding grant-in-aid and so interference in the nature of affirmative
active or direction in the form of remedial measure was called for. Except
to the extent of modifications contained hereinafter, the directions given in
para 34 of the judgment in that behalf are justified and proper in all the
circumstances of the case. H
752 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995) SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A 15. Quite apart from the above, we are also inclined to hold that the
conclusion arrived at by the High Court can be sustained independently on
the basis of Article 21 read with Article 39A of the Constitution of India.
Articles 21 and 39A are as follows :

"21. Protection of life and personal liberty. - No person shall be
B deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to proce-
dure established by law.

xxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx
39-A. Equal justice and free legal aid. - The State shall secure that
c the operation of the legal system promotes justice, on a basis, of
equal opportunity, and shall in pmticular, provide free legal aid, by
suitable legislation or schemes or in any other way, to ensure that
opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by
reason of economic or othd disabilities."
D
(Emphasis supplied)

Article 21 is a fundamental right conferred under Part III in the Constitu-
tion, whereas Article 39A is one of the directive principles of the State
Policy under part IV of the Constitution. As held by the Constitution Bench
E of this Court in Chandra Bhawan Boarding and Lodging, Bangalore v. State
of Mysore, AIR (1970) SC 2042 at page 2050, para 13:

"While rights conferred under part III are fundamental, the direc-
tives given under Part IV are fundamental in the governance of
the country. We see no conflict on the whole between the
F provisions contained in Part III and Part IV. They are complemen-
tary and supplementary to each other."

In Unnikrishnan J.P. v. State of A.P., which again is a Constitution Bench
deCision [1993) 1 SCC 645 at page 730, B.P. Jeevan Reddy, J. stated the
G law thus:

"It is thus well established by the decisions of this Court that the
provisions of Part II and IV are supplementary and complementary
to each other and that fundamental rights are but a means to
achieve the goal indicated in Part IV. It is also held that the
H fu,ndamental rights must be constrned in the light of the directive
STATE v. M.P. VASHI [PARIPOORNAN,J.] 753
...
principles." A
(Emphasis supplied)

A page 732, the learned Judge has further declared thus :

"The right to education which _is implicit in the right to life and B
personal liberty guaranteed by Article 21 must be constrned in the
! light of the directive principles in Part IV of the Constitution."

(Emphasis supplied)

Article 21 of the Constitution dealing with personal liberty has many C
dimensions as held by the series of decisions of this Court. A few of them
have been catalogued in the judgment of Mohan, J. in Unnikrishnan 's case
[1993) 1 sec 645 at pages 669 and 670. It is now fairly settled that the rigrt
to legal aid and speedy trial are part of the guarantee of human rights
envisaged by Article 21 of the Constitution of India see : M.fl. Hoskot v. D
State of Maharashtra, [1978) 3 SCC 544, Hussainara Khatoon v. Home
Secretary, State of Bihar, [1980] 1 SCC 98, and A.R. Antulay v. R.S. Nayak,
[1992] 1 sec 22s.

16. In the light of the above, we have to consider the combined effect
of Article 21 and Article 39A of the Constitution of India. The right to free E
legal aid and speedy trial are guaranteed fundamental rights under Article
21 of the Constitution. The preamble to the Constitution of India assures
'justice, social, economic and political'. Article 39A of the Constitution
provides 'equal justice' and 'free legal aid'. The State shall secure that the
operation of the legal system promotes justice. It means justice according F
to law. In a democratic polity, governed by rule of law, it should be the
main concern of the State, to have a proper legal system. Article 39 A
mandates that the State shall provide free legal aid by suitable legislation
or schemes or in any other way to ensure that opportunities for securing
justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other
disabilities. The principles contained in Article 39A are fundamental and G
cast a duty on the State to secure that the operation of the legal system
promotes justice, on the basis of equal opportunities and further mandates
to provide free legal aid in any way-by legislation or otherwise, so that
justice is not denied to any citizen by reason ~f economic or other dis-
abilities. The crucial words are (the obligation of the State) to provide free H
754 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1995] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A legal aid 'by suitable legislation or by schemes' of 'in any other way', so that
opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason
of economic or other disabilities. (Emphasis supplied) The above words
occurring in Article 39A are of very wide import. In order to enable the
state to afford free legal aid an guarantee speedy trial, a vast number of
person trained in law are essential. Legal aid is required in many form and
B at various stages, for obtaining guidance, for resolving disputes in courts,
tribunals or other authorities. It has manifold facets. The explosion in
population, the vast changes brought about by scientific, technological and
other developments, and the all round enlarged field of human activity
reflected in modern society, and the consequent increase in litigation in
c courts and other forums demand that the service of competent persons
with expertise in law is required in many stages and at different forums or
levels and should be made available. The need for a continuing and well
organised legal education, is absolutely essential reckoning the new trends
in the world order, to meet the ever growing challenges. The legal educa-
D tion should be to meet the ever growing demands of the society and should
be thoroughly equipped to cater to the complexities of the different situa-
tions. Specialisation in different branches of the law is necessary. The
requirement is of such a great dimension, that sizeable or vast number of ·_.

dedicated persons should be properly trained in different branches of law,
every year by providing or rendering competent and proper legal educa-
E tion. This is possible only if adequate number of law colleges with proper
infrastructure including expertise law teachers and staff are established to
deal with the situation in an appropriate manner. It cannot admit of doubt
that, of late there is a fall in the standard of legal education. The area of
"deficiency" should be located and correctives should be effected with the
F co-operation of competent persons before the matter gets beyond control.
Needless to say that reputed and competent academics should be taken
into confidence and their services availed of, to set right matters. As in this
case, a sole Government law college cannot cater to the needs of legal
education or requirement in a city like Bombay. Lack of sufficient colleges
called for the establishment of private law colleges. If the State is unable
G to start colleges of its own, it is only appropriate that private law colleges,
which are duly recognised by the concerned University and/or that Bar
Council of India and/or other appropriate authorities, as the case may be,
should be afforded reasonable facilities to function effectively and in a
meaningful manner. That requires substantial funds. Under the label of self
H
STATE v. M.P.VASHI[PARIPOORNAN,J.] 755

financing institutions, the colleges should not be permitted to hike the fees A
to any extent in order meet the expenses to provide the infrastructure and
for appointing competent teachers and staff. The private law colleges, on
their own, may not afford to incur the huge cost required in that behalf.
The 'standard' of legal education and discipline is bound to suffer. It should
not so happen for want of funds. The 'quality' should on no account suffer
B
in providing free legal aid and if it is not so, 'the free legal aid' will only
be a farce or make believe or illusory or a meaningless ritual. That should
not be. It is in that direction the grant-in-aid by the State will facilitate and
ensure that recognised private law colleges to function effectively and in a
meaningful manner and turn out sufficient number of well trained or
properly equipped law graduates in all branches year after year. That will c
in turn enable the state and other authorities to provide free legal aid and
ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen
on account of any disability. These aspects necessarily flowing from Ar-
ticles 21 and 39A of the Constitution were totally lost sight of by the
Government when it denied the grant-in-aid to the recognised private law D
colleges as was afforded to other faculties. We would add that the State
has abdicated the duty enjoined on it by the relevant provisions of the
Constitution aforesaid. In this perspective, we hold that Article 21 read
with Article 39A of the Constitution mandates or casts a duty on the State
to afford grant-in-aid to recognised private law colleges, similar to other
faculties, which qualify for the receipt of the grant. The aforesaid duty cast E
on the State cannot be whittled down in any manner, either by pleading
paucity of funds or otherwise. We make this position clear.

17. Before closing, we may observe that the content of Article 21 read
with Article 39A did not (in terms) arise for consideration in this court on p
any previous occasion. Even in the recent Constitution Bench decision
reported in Unnikrishnan's case (supra), Article 21 read with Articles 41,
45 and 46 alone came up for consideration. The scope of Article 21 in the
light of Article 39A never arose for consideration nor was it considered in
the said decision.
G
18. For the above reasons, we uphold the judgment and order of the
High Court of Bombay under appeal as detailed herein below and dismiss
the civil appeals.

19. In view of the fact that the decision of the High Court was H
756 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.
..
A rendered nearly seven years ago and the operation of the judgment was
stayed by this court as early as 14.2.1989, we are of the view that taking
into account the subsequent events, the ends of justice call for suitable and
appropriate modification regarding the operative portion of the judgment
contained in paragraph 34. we, therefore, pass the following order or
directions in substitution of paragraph 34 of the judgment of the court
B below.

We direct the State of Maharashtra to the following effect :

A. Government is directed to extend the grant-in-aid scheme to
c all Government recognised private law colleges, on the same
crite1ia as such grants are given to other f acuities viz. Arts,
Science, Commerce, Engineering cind Medicine from the
academic year 1995;

B. The scheme shall be implemented within three months from
D today;

c. Regarding non-Government law colleges which have closed
..
down or are about to close down, the data will be collected
by the Government of Maharashtra forthwith and sincere
attempt must be made to re-start the colleges as.they existed
E
in the academic year 1985-86 for the purpose of extending
grant-in-aid from the academic year 1995-96;

D. As stated by the High Court, Government shall implement
the pension-cum-gratuity scheme in favour of the staff of
F non-government law colleges with effect from April 1, 1995
on such staff exercising their option, on notice being served
on them individually or by public notice, within three months
from the Government's declaration to implement grant-in-aid
scheme to non-Government law colleges;

G E. Government shall ensure, by taking appropriate steps, that
those private law colleges duly and properly recognised by
Government and/or other competent authorities, including
the Bar Council of India, and conforming to standards laid
down by appropriate authorities and affiliated to an estab-
H lished University alone are afforded the grant-in- aid. Steps
STATE v. M.P. VASHI [PARIPOORNAN,J.] 757
. shall be taken to ensure that the aided institutions, abide by A
all the rules and regulations of the aforesaid authorities for
recognition and affiliation including such of those rules and
regulations in the matter of recruitment of teachers, staff,
their conditions of service, syllabus, standard of teaching and
discipline. In this context, the Bar Council of India Rules,
B
Part IV, standards, of legal education and recognition of
degree in law or admission as Advocates, should be the
guiding factor;

F. Government should further ensure that a high standard is
maintained in legal education and in that behalf, Government C
of Maharashtra shall, with the concurrence of the concerned
University, the Bar Council of India, Bar Council of
Maharashtra and other competent bodies or persons, as the
case may be, take all necessary steps, so that excellence in
legal education is achieved. This shall be done expeditiously;
~ D
G. There shall be no order as to costs in these appeals,

The appeals are disposed of, as above.

T.N.A. Appeals disposed of.