STATE OF HIMACHAL PRADESHversusSHREE KANT SHEKARI

A                      STATE OF HIMACHAL PRADESH
                                         v.
                            SHREE KANT SHEKARI

                              SEPTEM~ER 13, 2004


B   [ARIJIT PASAYAT AND PRAKASH PRABHAKAR NAOLEKAR, JJ.]

          Penal Code, 1860-Sections 376 & 506-Rape of student by teacher-
    Victim became pregnant-Placing reliance on her evidence, Trial Court
    convicted the accused-But High Court acquitted him-Appeal against the
    acquittal-On appeal, Held: Question of consent of the victim was
c   inconsequential as documentary evidence proved that on date of occurrence
    and even when FIR was lodged, victim was only about 14 years ofage-High
    Court erred in putting burden on the victim to show that there was no
    consent-Plea of consent was not taken by accused in defence-High Court
    also erred in making hypothetical calculations regarding dates to doubt
D   testimony of victim, an unintelligent girl and her illiterate mother-Delay in
    lodging of FIR satisfactorily explained-False implication too shallow to be
    acceptable-Judgment of High Court set aside-Order of Trial Court
    restored.

          Penal Code, 1860-Sections 228A, 376, 376-A, 376-B, 376-C & 376-
E   D--Sexual offence-Punishmentfor disclosure ofidentity ofvictim-Restriction
    not relating to printing or publication a/judgment by High Court or Supreme
    Court-Held, to prevent social victimization or ostracism of such victim for
    which Section 228-A was enacted, it would be appropriate that in judgments
    of Court, name of the victim is not indicated.
F
          Constitution of India, 1950-Article 21-Right to life-Sexual crime
    against women-Held, is an unlawful intrusion on right of privacy and
    sanctity of a female-Courts expected to deal with such cases with utmost
    sensitivity.

G         According to the prosecution, Respondent-accused asked vidim,
    his student of class 4, to wait after school hours for solving a question,      -.
    while he allowed other students to go. The victim remained in the class
    room when Respondent bolted the door from inside and forcibly
    committed sexual intercourse with her. Since he threatened the victim
H   she did not disclose this fact to any person. Few days later Respondent
                                         380
                         ST A TE v. SREE KANT SHEKARl                         381

       again committed sexual intercourse with the victim. She became pregnant        A
       and subsequently lodged report at police station, on the basis of which
       Respondent faced trial for alleged commission of offences punishable
       under Sections 376 and 506 IPC. Placing reliance on evidence of the
       victim, Trial Court convicted and sentenced Respondent to undergo
       imprisonment for 7 years. Fine was also imposed. In addition, Respondent       B
       was directed to pay compensation of Rs.10,000 to the victim. However,
       High Court set aside the judgment of Trial Court and directed acquittal
       of Respondent on grounds that the age of the victim was more than 16
       years; that no evidence was placed by prosecution to show that the
       victim had not consented to the act; and that the time of alleged rape
       as given by the victim and her mother was improbabilised by the medical        C
        evidence.

            In appeal to this Court, Appellant-State ·submitted that the High
       Court failed to analyse the factual and the legal position in proper
       perspective and has kept out of consideration relevant matters and drawn
       presumptuous conclusions and, therefore, the judgment is to be set aside.
                                                                                      D

            Allowing the appeal, the Court

            HELD : 1.1. Ex.PW6/A to Ex.PW6/C i.e. the records regarding
       admission of the victim to the school and her period of study unerringly
ti                                                                                    E
       prove that the date of birth of the victim as per official records was
       10.4.1979. Therefore, on the date of occurrence and even when the FIR
       was lodged on 20.11.1993 she was about 14 years of age, and hence the
       question of consent of the victim was really of no consequence. [387-B-C)

            1.2. Even otherwise the High Court seems to have fallen in grave          F
       error in coming to the conclusion that the victim has not shown that the
       act was not done with her consent. It was not for the victim to show that
       there was no consent. Factually also the conclusion is erroneous right
       from the beginning that is from the stage when the FIR was lodged and in
       her evidence there was a categorical statement that the rape was forcibly
       done notwithstanding protest by the victim. The High Court was therefore
                                                                                      G
       wrong in putting the burden on the victim to show that there was no
       consent. The question of consent is really a matter of defence by the
       accused and it was for him to place materials to show that there was
       consent. But it is significant to note that during cross-examination and the
....
       statement recorded under Section 313 of Cr.PC, plea of consent was not         fl
     382                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2004] SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A    taken or pleaded. In fact in the statement under Section 313 of CrPC the
     plea .was complete denial and false implic;ation. [387-D-E]

           1.3. The High Court has also committed error in making hypothetical
     calculations regarding dates to doubt the testimony of the victim and her
     mother. What the witnesses had stated were approximate dates or periods
B    and not that they were to be reckoned with exactitude. The victim is not an
     intelligent girl as the evidence on record shows. She passed out Class 3 on
     the third attempt. Her mother, a rustic woman is practically illiterate. To
     examine their evidence with microscopic approach would be an insult to
     justice oriented judicial system. (387-F-G]
c          1.4. The High Court has also disbelieved the prosecution version
     for the so called delay in lodging the FIR. But the prosecution has not
     only explained the reasons but also led cogent evidence to substantiate
     the stand as to why there was· delay. As the factual scenario shows, the
     victim was totally unaware of the catastrophe which had befallen to her.
·D   That being so, the mere delay in lodging of first information report does
     not in any way render prosecution version brittle. In any event, delay
     per se is not a mitigating circumstance for the accused when accusations
     of rape are involved. Delay in lodging first information report cannot be
     used as a ritualistic formula for discarding prosecution case and doubting
E    its authenticity. It only puts the court on guard to search for and consider
     if any explanation has been offered for the delay. Once it is offered, the
     Court is to only see whether it is satisfactory or not. The trial Court in
     fact analysed the position in great detail and had come to a right
     conclusion that the reasons for the delay in lodging the FIR have been
     clearly explained. (387-H; 388-A-B]
F
           Tulshidas Kanolkar v. State of Goa, (2003] 8 SCC 590, relied on.

           2. There is no rule oflaw that testimony of a victim ofrape cannot be
     acted without corrobor.Uion in !"aterial particulars. She stands at a
     higher pedestal than an injured witness. However, if the court on facts
G    finds it difflcult tc a~cept the version of the prosecutrix on its face value, it
     may search for evidence, direct or circumstantial, which would lend
     assurance to her testimony. Assurance, short of corroboration as understood
     in the context of an accomplice would suffice. [388-G-H; 389-A]

H          3. The stand of the accused that he was falsely implicated because
               STA TE v. SREE KANT SHEKARI [PASAYA T, J .]                   383
•   brother of the victim was not successful in the examination and therefore,      A
    his family had grudge against the accused is too swallow to be accepted.
    The incident which involved the accused and mother and brother of the
    victim took place about a decade back. There is not even remote
    possibility of the same being the foundation for false implication. In any
    event no girl of a tender age and her parents would like to jeopardize          B
    her entire future by falsely implicating a person alleging forcible sexual
    intercourse. [389-B-C]

          4. Keeping in view the social object of preventing social victimization
    or ostracism of the victim of a sexual offence for which Section 228-A
    has been enacted, it would be appropriate that in the judgments, be it          C
    of this Court, High Cou~t or lower Court, the name of the victim should
    not be indicated. [385-B-C)

         State of Karnataka v. Puttaraja, (2003) 8 Supreme 364, relied on.

          5. Sexual violence apart from being a dehumanizing act is an              D
    unlawful intrusion on the right of privacy and sanctity of a female. It is
    a crime against basic human rights, and is also violative of the victim's
    most cherished of the Fundamental Rights, namely, the Right to Life
    contained in Article 21 of the Constitution of India, 1950. The Courts
    are, therefore, expected to deal with cases of sexual crime against women       E
    with utmost sensitivity. (384-E-G)

         Madan Gopal Kakkad v. Narain Dubey and Anr., (1992) 2 Crimes
    168 and Shri Bodhisattwa Gautam v. Miss Subhra Chakraborty, AIR (1996)
    SC 922, referred to.
                                                                                    F
         CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 589
    of 1999.

         From the Judgment and Order dated 10.11.98 of the Himachal Pradesh
    High Court in Cr!. A. No. 278 of 1996.                                          G

         J.S. Attri Addi. Advocate General and L.R. Rath for the Appellant.

         S.K. Verma (NP) _for the Respondent.

         The Judgment of the Court was delivered by                                 H
    384                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2004] SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A         ARIJIT PASAYAT, J. : The factual matrix of this appeal is unfortunately
    related to sordid and obnoxious incidents where the respondent (hereinafter
    referred to as 'accused') who at the relevant point of time was working as
    a teacher gratified his animated passions and sexual pleasures by having
    carnal knowledge of his student, a girl of tender age. The result was that the
B   sacred relation of teacher and his pupil was besmirched.
    As observed by this Court in Madan Gopal Kakkad v. Narain Dubey and
    Anr., (1992) 2 Crimes 168 such offenders are menace to the civilized society.

          The State of Himachal Pradesh is in appeal against the judgment of a
    learned Single Judge of the Himachal Pradesh High Court directing acquittal
c   of the accused who faced trial for alleged commission of offences punishable
    under Sections 376 and 506 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (in short the
    'IPC'). The trial Court i.e. the Sessions Court, Kinnaur had convicted and
    sentenced him to undergo imprisonment for 7 years and a fine of Rs. 2,000
    for the first offence and one year and a fine of Rs.2,000 for the second
D   offence. In addition, the accused was directed to pay compensation of Rs.
    10,000 to the prosecutrix.

          Sexual violence apart from. being a dehumanizing act is an unlawful
    intrusion on the right of privacy and sanctity ofa female. It is a serious blow
E   to her supreme honour and offends her self-esteem and dignity - it degrades
    and humiliates the victim and where the victim is a helpless innocent child
    or a minor, it leaves behind a traumatic experience. A rapist not only causes
    physical injuries but more indelibly leaves a scar on the most cherished
    possession of a woman i.e. her dignity, honour, reputation and not the least
    her chastity. Rape is not only a crime against the person of a woman, it is
F   a crime against the entire society. It destroys, as noted by this Court in Shri
    Bodhisattwa Gautam v. Miss Subhra Chakraborty, AIR (1996) SC 922, the
    entire psychology of a woman and pushes her into deep emotional crisis. It
    is a crime against basic human rights, and is also violative of the victim's
    most cherished of the Fundamental Rights, namely, the Right to Life
G   contained in Article 21 of the Constitution of India, 1950 (in short the
    'Constitution') The Courts are, therefore, expected to deal with cases of
    sexual crime against women with utmost sensitivity. Such cases need to be
    dealt with sternly and severely. A socially sensitized judge, in our opinion,
    is a better statutory armour in cases of crime against women than long clauses
H   of penal provisions, containing complex exceptions and provisos.
            STATE v. SREE KANT SHEKARI [PASAYAT, J.]                        385

      We do not propose to mention name of the victim. Section 228-A of             A
IPC makes disclosure of identity of victim of certain offences punishable.
Printing or publishing name of any matter which may make known the
identity of any person against whom an offence under Sections 376, 376-A,
376-B, 376-C or 376-D is alleged or found to have been committed can be
punished. True it is, the restriction, does not relate to printing or publication   B
of judgment by High Court or Supreme Court. But keeping in view the social
object of preventing social victimization or ostracism of the victim of a sexual
offence for which Section 228-A has been enacted, it would be appropriate
that in the judgments, be it of this Court, High Court or lower Court, the name
of the victim should not be indicated. We have chosen to describe her as
'victim' in the judgment. (See State of Karnataka v. Puttaraja, (2003) 8            c
Supreme 364).

     Prosecution version as unfolded during trial is essentially as follows:

     On 28.5.1993 the accused Shree Kant asked the victim who was his
student of class 4 to wait after school hours for solving a question, while he      D
allowed other students to go. The victim remained in the class room when
the accused bolted the door from inside and made the victim to lie on the
floor and forcibly committed sexual intercourse with her. She kept refusing,
wept and cried. .However, since the doors of the room were closed, none
could hear her cries. He then threatened her that if she dared to narrate the       E
incident to anyone, he would throw her into the river. Being threatened she
did not disclose this fact to any person.

      Few days after the first incident the accused had taken her and three
other students to Chuha Bagh for cleaning his room. The accused sent the
other three students out of the room and kept her inside the room. He bolted        F
the door of the room and made her lie on the floor and committed sexual
intercourse with her again.

      In September, 1993 the victim stopped going to school. As she
regularly complained of stomach ache, her mother took her to Rampur
Hospital where after examination by Doctor (PW-1), mother of the victim             G
learnt that she was pregnant. On enquiry by her mother, the victim disclosed
to her mother that her conception was due to sexual intercourse by the
accused. After returning to the village, mother of the victim discussed the
matter with her husband and then disclosed the incident to Krishna, a member
of Gram Panchayat who suggested to report the matter to the police.                 H
    386                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2004] SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A         On 20.11.1993, the victim lodged a report at police station, Rampur.
    On the basis of such report a case under Section 376 and 506 IPC was
    registered vide FIR No.365/1993 (Ex.PW3/A).

         During the course of investigation the victim (PW-3) was medically
    examined on 20.11.1993 at 4.00 p.m. Such medical examination was carried
B   out by doctor (PW-1) ofRefural Hospital, Rampur. In her opinion her period
    of gestation was 28 weeks.

          On the completion of investigation, charge sheet was placed and matter
    was taken up for trial. Twelve witnesses were examined to further the
C   prosecution version. The key witnesses were the victim herself who was
    examined as PW-3, her mother (PW-4), father (PW-5) and other witnesses
    who had spoken about the age of the victim. Placing reliance on the evidence
    of the victim the trial Court found the accused guilty, convicted and sentenced
    him as aforesaid.

D        The accused questioned his conviction and sentence imposed before the
    High Court. A learned Single Judge by the impugned judgment set aside the
    judgment of the trial Court and directed acquittal.

           Learned counsel for the appellant-State submitted that the High Court
    has failed to analyse the factual and the legal position in the proper
E   perspective and has kept out of consideration relevant matters and drawn the
    presumptuous conclusions and, therefore, the judgment is to be set aside.
    There is no appearance on behalf of the accused in spite of service of notice.

          The factors which seem to have weighed with the High Court are (i)
F   the age of the victim, which according to the High Court was more than 16
    years; (ii) no evidence has been placed by the prosecution to show that the
    victim had not consented to the act; and (iii) the time of alleged rape as given
    by the victim and her mother was improbabilised by the medical evidence.
    A particular reference was made to the fact that a child was born on I 0.4. I 979
    and if the alleged rape has been committed during the period indicated by
G   the victim and her mother the same wo~ld have been altogether different
    periods. The delay in lodging the first information report was also highlighted
    to attach vulnerability to the prosecution case.

           We shall first deal with the question of age. The radiological test
H   indicated age of the victim between 15 to l 6Yi years. The school records were
            STATE v. SREE KANT SHEKARI [PASAYAT, l]                         387

produced to establish that her date of birth was l 0.4.1979. The relevant           A
documents are Ex.PW6/A to PW6/C. The High Court was of the view that
these documents were not sufficient to establish age of the victim because
there was another document Ex.PW7/A which according to the High Court
did not relate to the victim. Merely because one document which was
produced by the prosecution did not, according to the High Court relate to
                                                                                    B
the victim that was not sufficient to ignore the evidentiary value of Ex.PW6/
A to Ex.PW6/C. These were records regarding admission of the victim to the
school and her period of study. These documents unerringly prove that the
date of birth of the victim as per official records was 10.4.1979. Therefore,
on the date of occurrence and even when the FIR was lodged on 20.11.1993
she was about 14 years of age. Therefore, the question of consent was really        c
of no consequence.

        Even otherwise the High Court seems to have fallen in grave error in
coming to the conclusion that the victim has not shown that the act was not
done with her consent. It was not for the victim to show that there was no
consent. Factually also the conclusion is erroneous right from the beginning
                                                                                    b
that is from the stage when the FIR was lodged and in her evidence there
was a categorical statement that the rape was forcibly done notwithstanding
protest by the victim. The High Court was therefore wrong in putting burden
on the victim to show t;iat there was no consent. The question of consent is
really a matter of defence _by the accused and it was for him to place materials    E
to show that there was consent. It is significant to note that during cross
examination and the statement recorded under Section 313 of the Code of
Criminal Procedure, 1973 (in short the 'Code') plea of consent was not taken
or pleaded. In fact in the statement under Section 313 of the Code the plea
was complete denial and false implication.
                                                                                    F
      The High Court has also committed error in making hypothetical
calculations regarding dates to doubt the testimony of the victim and her
mother. What the witnesses had stated were approximate dates or periods and
not that they were to be reckoned with exactitude. The victim is not an
intelligent girl as the evidence on record shows. She passed out Class 3 on         G
the third attempt. Her mother, a rustic woman is practically illiterate. To
examine their evidence with microscopic approach would be an insult to
justice oriented judicial system. It would be totally detached from the realities
of life.

      The High Court has also disbelieved the prosecution version for the so-
    388                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2004] SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A   called delay in lodging the FIR. The prosecution has not only explained the
    reasons but also led cogent evidence to substantiate the stand as to why there
    was delay. The trial Court in fact ·analysed the position in great detail and
    had come to a right conclusion that the reasons for the delay in lodging the
    FIR have been clearly explained.
B
           The unusual circumstances satisfactorily explained the delay in lodging
     of the first information report. In any event, delay per se is not a mitigating
     circumstance for the accused when accusations of rape are. involved. Delay
     in lodging first information report cannot be used as a ritualistic formula for
     discarding prosecution case and doubting its authenticity. It only puts the
C   ·court on guard to search for and consider if any explanation has been offered
     for the delay. Once it is offered, the Court is to only see whether it is
     satisfactory or not. In a case if the prosecution fails to satisfactory explain
     the delay and there is possibility of embellishment or exaggeration in the
     prosecution version on account of such delay, it is a relevant factor. On the
D    other hand satisfactory explam~tion of the delay is weighty enough to reject ·
     the pie<!: of false implication or vulnerability of prosecution case. As the
     factual scenario shows, the victim was totally unaware of the catastrophe
     which had befallen to her. \fhat being so, the mere delay in lodging of first
     information report does not in ~ny way render prosecution version brittle.
     These aspects were highlighted in Tulshidas Kanolkar v. State ofGoa, [2003]
E    8 sec 590.

          The High Court by hypothetical calculations has concluded that there
    were discrepancies and has come to the presumptuous conclusion on mere
    surmises and conjectures that there was unexplained delay in lodging the FIR.
F   In view of the above, conclusions of the High Court are not to be sustained.

         It was also pleaded by the accused before the High Court which seems
    to have weighed regarding absence of any corroboration to the victim's
    evidence.

G         It is well settled that a prosecutrix complaining of having been a victim
    of the offence of rape is not an accomplice after the crime. There is no rule
    of law that her testimony cannot be acted without corroboration in material
    particulars.- She stands at a higher pedestal than an injured witness. In the
    latter case, there is injury on the physical form, while in the former it is
H   physical as well as psychological and emotional. However, if the court on
            ST ATE v. SREE KANT SHEKARI [PASAYA T, J .]                        389

facts finds it difficult to accept the version of the prosecutrix on its face value,   A
it may search for evidence, direct or circumstantial, which would lend
assurance to her testimony. Assurance, short of corroboration as understood
in the context of an accomplice would suffice.

      The victim has categorically stated that she was afraid of the accused
who was her teacher and the threats given by hiu1 to the extent that she would
                                                                                       B
be put to physical harm if she spoke about the incident to anybody. The stand
of the accused that he was falsely implicated because brother of the victim
was not successful in the examination and therefore, his family had grudge
~gainst the accused is too swallow to be accepted. The incident which
involved the accused and mother and brother of the victim took place about             c
a decade back. There is not even remote possibility of the same being the
foundation for false implication. In any event no girl of a tender age and her
parents would like to jeopardize her entire future by falsely implicating a
person alleging forcible sexual intercourse.

     Looked at from any angle, judgment of the High Court is indefensible              D
and the same is accordingly set aside. The order of the trial Court is restored.
Accused shall surrender to custody forthwith to serve remainder of sentence.
The appeal is allowed.

B.B.B.                                                           Appeal allowed.       -g