STATE OF HARYANA AND ANR.versusTILAK RAJ AND ORS.

A                        STATE OF HARY ANA AND ANR.
                                     v.
                             TILAK RAJ AND ORS.

                                   JULY 14, 2003

B               [DORAISWAMY RAJU AND ARIJIT PASA YAT, JJ.]


          Service Law:

          Principle of 'equal pay for equal work'-Applicability of-Held, for its
C   applicability wholesale identity is required between the one who is claiming
    and the one who has already earned such pay scale-The principle cannot
    be always translated into mathematical formula-Constitution of India,
    1950-Article 14.

D         Respondents who were employed on daily wages with the appellant- State
    filed writ petition before High Court inter alia contending that they were to
    be paid same salary as paid to regular employees, since the nature of work
    done by them was similar. Appellant-State disputed the claim of respondents
    on the ground that they were educationally not qualified for appointment to
    the post and that the principle of "equal pay for equal work" was factually
E   and legally not applicable to their case. High Court allowed the writ petitions
    directing that respondents be paid the minimum pay in the scale of pay
    applicable to the regular employees. Hence the present appeal.

          Allowing the appeal, the Court

F         HELD: 1. The principle of"equal pay for equal work" is not always easy
    to apply. There are inherent difficulties in comparing and evaluating the work
    done by different persons in different organisations, or even in the same
    organization. Equal pay for equal work is a concept which requires for its
    applicability complete and wholesale identity between a group of employees
G   claiming identical pay scales and the other group of employees who have
    already earned such pay scales. The problem about equal pay cannot always
    be translated into a mathematical formula. [524-F; 526-El

        State of Haryana and Ors. v. Jasmer Singh and Ors., fl9961 ll SCC 77;
    Federation of All India Customs and Central Excise Stenographers -
H                                        522
                      STATEv. TILAKRAJ[PASAYAT,J.]                            523

(Recognised) and Ors. v. Union of India and Ors., 119881 3 SCC 91; State of A
UP. v. J.P. Chaurasia, 1198911 SCC 121; Harbans Lal v. State of Himachal
Pradesh, [19891 4 SCC 459; Ghaziabad Development Authority v. Vikram
Choudhary, 1199515 SCC 210 and State of Orissa and Ors. v. Balaram Sahu
and Ors., 12003) 1 SCC 250, relied on.

       2. The respondent workers cannot be held to hold any posts to claim            B
even any comparison with the regular and permanent staff for any or all
purposes including a claim for equal pay and allowances. Tc claim a relief on
the basis of equality, it is for the claimants to substantiate a clear cut basis of
equivalence and a resultant hostile discrimination before becoming eligible
to claim rights on par with the other group vis-a-vis an alleged discrimination.      C
No material was placed before the High Court as to the nature of the duties
of either categories and it is not possible to hold that the principle of"equal
pay for equal work" is an abstract one. [526-E, F)

      CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 4570 of2003.
                                                                                      D
     From the Judgment and Order dated 10.1.2002 of the Punjab and Haryana
High Court in C.W.P. No. 2237 of2000.

      Praveen Kr. Rai for Ms. Kavita Wadia for the Appellants.

      Jasbir Maik for S.K. Sabbarwal for the Respondent.                              E

      The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

      ARIJIT PASAYAT, J. Leave granted.

     The State of Haryana is in appeal against the judgment rendered by a             F
Division Bench of the Punjab and Haryana High Court, whereby the
respondents herein were directed to be paid the miniruum pay in the scale of
pay applicable to the regular employees.

     Factual position so far as relevant for determination of the controversy         G·
needs to be noted in brief.

      The thirty five respondents were appointed at different points of time
as helpers on daily wages in the Haryana Roadways. They filed writ petition
claiming that they were entitled to regularization in view of service rendered
for long period and/or that they were to be paid the same salary as paid to           H
    524                     SUPREME COURT REPORTS f2003] SUPP. I S.C.R.

A regular employees since the nature of work done by them was similar. In other
    words for the second relief claimed principle of "equal pay for equal work"
    was pressed into service. They asserted to be educationally qualified for the
    post. The appellants disputed the claim of the respondents that they were
    educationally qualified for appointment to the post of helper and also took
B   the stand that the principle of "equal pay for equal work" was factually and
    legally not applicable to their case. The High Court allowed the writ petition,
    inter alia, with the following observations:

                 "In this view of the matter, the petitioners would be entitled to the
            relief, but again not the regular pay scale which their regular counter
C           parts are receiving. The petitioners would be entitled to minimum of
            the pay scale with dearness allowance alone."

           The High Court was of the view that since the claims were not pressed
    till 2000 and the respondents filed the writ petition without serving any notice
    of demand upon the employer, they would be entitled to get the relief only
D   w.e.f. 1.4.2000 i.e. two months later to the institution of the writ petition.

           Learned counsel appearing for the appellant-State submitted that the
    directions given by the High Court are contrary to the position of law
    enunciated by this Court in several cases. Strong reliance was placed on State
E   of Haryana and Ors. v. Jasmer Singh and Ors., [I 996] I 1 SCC 77. Per contra,
    learned counsel for the respondents-employees submitted that there being no
    dispute to the fact that the concerned employees have worked for a considerable
    length of time, the principle of"equal pay for equal work" is clearly applicable
    and the High Court's direction is in order.

F       The principle of"equal pay for equal work" is not always easy to apply.
  There are inherent difficulties in comparing and evaluating the work done by
  different persons in different organisations, or even in the same organization.
  In Federation of All India Customs and Central Excise Stenographers
  (Recognised) and Ors. v. Union of India and Ors., (1988] 3 SCC 91, this Court
G explained the principle of "equal pay for equal work" by holding that
  differentiation in pay scales among government servants holding the same
  posts and performing similar work on the basis of difference in the degree of
  responsibility, reliability and confidentiality would be a valid differentiation.
  The same amount of physical work may entail different quality of work, some
  more sensitive, some requiring more tact, some less - it varies from nature and
H culture of employment. It was further observed that judgment of administrative
                     STATEv. TILAKRAJ [PASAYAT,J.]                           525
authorities concerning the responsibilities which attach to the posts and the        A
degree of reliability expected of an incumbent would be a .value judgment of
the authorities concerned which, if arrived at bona fide, reasonably and
rationally, was not open to interference by the Court.

       In State ofU.P. v. J.P. Chaurasia, [1989] 1SCC121, it was pointed out
that the principle of"equal pay for equal work" has no mechanical application        B
in every case of similar work. In Harbans Lal v. State of Himachal Pradesh,
[1989] 4 SCC 459 it was held that a mere nomenclature designating a person
as a carpenter or a craftsman was not enough to come to a conclusion that
he was doing the work as another carpenter in regular service. A comparison
cannot be made with counterparts in other establishments with different              C
managements or even in the establishments in different locations though
owned by the same management. The quality of work which is produced may
be different, even the nature of work assigned may be different. It is not just
a comparison of physical activity. The application of the principle of "equal
pay for equal work" requires consideration of various dimensions of a given          D
job. The accuracy required and the dexterity that the job requires may differ
from job to job. It must be left to be evaluated and determined by an expert
body. Same was the view expressed in Ghaziabad Development Authority v.
Vikram Choudhary, [1995] 5 SCC 210.

      At this juncture, it would be proper to take note of what was stated in        E
Jasmer Singh's case (supra). In paragraphs 10 and 11, it was noted as under:

       "10. The respondents, therefore, in the present appeals who are
       employed on daily wages cannot be treated as on a par with persons
        in regular service of the State of Haryana holding similar posts. Daily-
       rated workers are not required to possess the qualifications prescribed       F
        for regular workers, nor do they have to fulfil the requirement relating
       to age at the time of recruitment. They are not selected in the manner
       in which regular employees are selected. In other words ·the
       requirements for selection are not as rigorous. There are also other
       provisions relating to regular service such as the liability of a member      G
       of the service to be transferred, and his being subject to the disciplinary
       jurisdiction of the authorities as prescribed, which the daily-rated
       workmen are not subjected to. They cannot, therefore, be equated
       with regular workmen for the purposes for their wages. Nor can they
       claim the minimum of the regular pay scale of the regularly employed.
                                                                                     H
    526                     SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003) SUPP. I S.C.R.

A           11. The High Court was, therefore, not right in directing that the
            respondents should be paid the same salary and allowances as are
            being paid to regular employees holding similar posts with effect from
            the dates when the respondents were employed. If a minimum wage
            is prescribed for such workers, the respondents would tie entitled to
            it if it is more than what they are being paid."
B
        In Harbans Lat's case (supra) and Vikram Chaudhary 's case (supra), it
  was held that daily rated workmen were entitled to be paid minimum wages
  admissible to such workmen as prescribed and not the minimum in the pay
  scale applicable to similar employees in regular service unless the employer
C had decided to make such minimum in the pay scale applicable to the daily
  rated workmen.

          In a recent case this Court in State of Orissa and Ors. v. Balaram Sahu
    and Ors., [2003] l SCC 250, speaking through one of us (Doraiswamy Raju,
    J) expressed the view that the principles laid down in the well considered
D   decision of Jasmer Singh 's case (supra) indicated the correct position of law.
    It was noted that the entitlement of the workers concerned was to the extent
    of minimum wages prescribed for such workers, if it is more than what was
    being paid to them.

E         A scale of pay is attached to a definite post and in case of a daily wager,
    he holds no posts. The respondent workers cannot be held to hold any posts
    to claim even any comparison with the regular and permanent staff for any
    or all purposes including a claim for equal pay and allowances. To claim a
    relief on the basis of equality, it is for the claimants to substantiate a clear
    cut basis of equivalence and a resultant hostile discrimination before becoming
F   eligible to claim rights on a par with the other group vis-a-vis an alleged
    discrimination. No material was placed before the High Court as to the nature
    of the duties of either categories and it is not possible to hold that the
    principle of "equal pay for equal work" is an abstract one.

G         "Equal pay for equal work" is a concept which requires for its applicability
    complete and wholesale identity between a group of employees claiming
    identical pay scales· and the other group of employees who have already
    earned such pay scales. The problem about equal pay cannot always be
    translated into a mathematical formula.

H         Judged in the background of aforesaid legal principles, the impugned
                     STATEv. TILAKRAJ [PASAYAT.J.)                       527
judgment of the High Court is clearly indefensible and the same is set aside.   A
 However, the appellant-State has to ensure that minimum wages are prescribed
for such workers and the same is paid to them. The appeal is allowed to the
extent indicated above. There will be no order as to costs.

K.K.T.                                                      Appeal allowed.
                                                                                B