Supreme Court of India
STATE OF GUJARATversusRELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD.
- Citation
- 2017 INSC 982
- Decided
- 22 September 2017
- Disposal
- Appeal(s) allowed
- Bench
- A K SIKRI
Holding
Section 11(3)(b) allows the 4% reduction in tax credit to be applied separately under each applicable sub‑clause, so double reduction is permissible, subject to the limitation that the reduction cannot exceed the credit itself.
Summary
The State of Gujarat appealed against Reliance Industries Ltd., a manufacturer of polymers and chemicals, challenging the reduction of input tax credit under the Gujarat Value Added Tax Act, 2003. Reliance purchased fuels (furnace oil, natural gas, light diesel oil) as raw materials, paid VAT, and claimed credit. Section 11(3)(b) mandates a 4% reduction in tax credit when goods fall under any of three sub‑clauses: (i) branch transfer, (ii) raw material used for goods dispatched out of state, and (iii) fuels used in manufacture. The issue was whether the 4% reduction could be applied twice when both sub‑clauses (ii) and (iii) are satisfied. The Supreme Court held that the non‑obstante clause allows reduction under each applicable sub‑clause, so double reduction is permissible, but the total reduction cannot exceed the credit available (e.g., for furnace oil the credit is reduced only by 4%). The Court allowed the appeals, overturning the High Court’s view that reduction could be applied only once.
Issues considered
- Whether Section 11(3)(b) of the Gujarat Value Added Tax Act, 2003 permits a 4% reduction in tax credit to be applied both under sub‑clause (ii) and sub‑clause (iii) when both conditions are met, or only once.
- How to interpret the non‑obstante clause and the punctuation between sub‑clauses (ii) and (iii) for the purpose of tax credit reduction.
Legislation cited
Subjects
tax creditVATGujarat Value Added Tax ActSection 11non‑obstante clausestatutory interpretationpunctuationdouble reductionraw materialfuelsbranch transfer
Judgment
[2017] 13 S.C.R. 25
STATE OF GUJARAT A
v.
RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD.
(Civil Appeal Nos. 13047-13048 of2017)
SEPTEMBER 22, 2017 B
[A. K. SIKRI AND ASHOK BHUSHAN, JJ.]
Gujarat Value Added Tax Act, 2003 - ss.11(3)(b), 12 -
Respondent-assessee is engaged in the business of manufacturing
and selling polymers and chemicals in the appellant-State - For the C
purpose of manufacturing said goods, the assessee purchases raw
materials/inputs which are fuels, namely furnace oil, natural gas
and light diesel oil - On purchase of such raw materials, VAT is
paid at varying rates - Under s.JJ(l)(a) credit is given to a dealer
on the VAT paid at the time ofpurchase of such raw materials which
are used in manufacturing the final products - However. s.11 (3)(b) D
provides that if the goods fall in the categories mentioned in sub-
clauses (i), (ii) and (iii), the tax credit is to be reduced by the amount
of tax calculated at the rate of 4% on the taxable turnover of
purchases within the State - In the instant case, since after the final
product is produced, the goods are transferred by assessee to its E
various branches outside the State, hence, the goods so transferred
are covered under sub-c/ause(ii) - Also the raw material/inputs used
in the manufacture of instant goods are fuels, hence it falls under
sub-clause (iii) as well - Issue as to whether the tax credit is to be
reduced at the rate of 4% under sub-clause (ii) and again at the
same rate under sub-clause (iii) as well or deduction is permissible F
only once - On appeal, held: Section 11 (3)(b) is a non-obstante clause
as it starts with the word 'notwithstanding' - The 'amount of tax
credit' which a dealer is entitled to claim ulcl. (a) which is to be
reduced at the rate of 4%, is effected in three eventualities provided
under sub-clauses (i), (ii) and (iii) - Between sub-clauses (i) and G
(ii) there is no question of any overlap and the same are disjunctive
as the word 'or' is inserted between these two clauses - However,
between clauses (ii) and (iii), there is a possibility of overlap (as in
the instant case), there is no word 'or' used between clauses (ii)
and (iii) - Sub-clause (ii) finishes with the punctuation mark full
stop and then sub-clause (iii) starts - This depicts the iry/e11tic:1 nf H
26 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 13 S.C.R.
A the Legislature, namely, reduction is not confined to one of the
aforesaid two isub-clauses and it can occur under both these
provisions - Thus, reduction of 4% would be applied whenever a
case gets covered by sub clause (ii) and again when sub-clause (iii)
is attracted -· However, this would be subject to one limitation, that
in cases where VAT paid on such raw material is 4%, as in the case
B
of fi•rnace oil, reduction cannot be more than that - Gujarat Tax
On Entry of Specified Goods into Local Area Act, 2001.
Interpretation of Statutes - Taxing statutes -Interpretation of
- Held: Taxing statutes are to be interpreted literally.
C Interpretation of Statutes - Taxing statute - Intention of
Legislature - Held: How much tax credit is to be given and under
what circumstances, is the domain of the Legislature and the courts
are not to tinker with the same.
Allowing the appeals, the Court
D HELD: 1.1 The tax credit which is admissible to the
purchasing dealer is subject to provisions of sub-section (2) of
Section 12, Gujarat Value Added Tax Act, 2003. Sub-section (3)(b)
provides that Ir the goods are falling in the categories mentioned
in sub-clauses (i), (ii) and (iii), the tax credit is to be reduced by
E the amount of tax calculated at the rate of 4% on the taxable
turnover of pq.rchases within the State. The raw material/ inputs
used in the in.tant goods are fuels. Sub-clause (ii) includes such
goods in case the taxable goods are dispatched outside the State
in the course of branch transfer. After the final product is
produced, the assessee transfers these goods to its various
F branch office$, many of which are located outside the State and,
therefore, those goods which are so transferred would be covered
by this sub-clause and in respect of such goods which are
transferred outside the State and are taxable under the VAT Act,
the tax credit, is to be reduced by 4%. Since the raw material in
G the instant goods is in the nature of fuels used for the manufacture
of goods, it gets covered by sub-clause (iii) as well. [Para 3)
[37-E-G]
1.2 Section 11 entails the provision pertaining to the
scheme of tax credit, which is the caption of the said Section as
H well. Sub-section (1) thereof mentions the contingencies when a
STATE OF GUJARAT v. RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. 27
registered dealer would be entitled to claim tax credit which is A
equal to the amount of tax collected from the dealer by a
registered dealer or tax paid by him during the tax period or tax
paid by the purchasing dealer under the Gujarat Tax On Entry of
Specified Goods into Local Area Act, 2001. In nutshell, clause
(a) of sub-section (1) of Section 11 entitles the registered dealer B
to claim tax credit of the amount of VAT or entry tax which was
paid. However, this tax credit is subject to sub-sections (2) to
(12) of Section 11. [Para 12] [41-B-D]
1.3 Clause (a) of sub-section 3 lays down certain conditions
which have to be fulfilled in order to claim the tax credit. First
condition is to give the tax credit in those cases where taxable C
goods are purchased. Thus, it is not admissible where the
purchased goods are non-taxable inasmuch as in those cases no
tax was paid and thus the question of giving credit would not
arise. Second condition mentions that these goods are intended
for specific purposes which are stipulated in sub-clauses (1) to D
(7) of clause (a). A perusal of these sub-clauses would indicate
that contingencies stipulated in sub-clauses (i) to (v) pertain to
one category, i.e. where the goods are purchased as it is. On the
other hand, sub-clauses (vi) and (vii) would fall in other category.
Sub-clause (vi) deals with a situation where the goods, after
purchase, are used as raw material in the manufacture of taxable E
goods or in the packing of goods so manufactured. Sub-clause
(vii) deals with those goods which are used as capital goods meant
for use in the manufacture of taxable goods. Sub-clause (i) of
clause (b) is relatable to sub-clause (iii) of clause (a) as these
deal with branch transfer of the goods. Likewise, sub-clause (vi) F
read with sub-clause (iii) of clause (a) is concerned with sub-clause
(2) of clause (b) as these deal with a situation where the goods so
produced, in respect of which tax credit is given, are used as raw
material in the manufacture or in the packing of goods and there
is branch transfer of these goods as well outside the State. In
such eventualities, tax credit is not fo!!y given as it is reduced by G
4%. [Para 13) [41-D-H; 42-A)
1.4 Section 2(19) defines "raw material". It is clear that
the material used even in the packing of goods is treated as raw
material and, therefore, this definition is to be treated as term of
art. This definition also clarifies that fuels used in the manufacture H
28 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 13 S.C.R.
A of goods would be treated as raw material with the only exception
of those fuels which are used for the purpose of generation of
electricity. [Paras 13, 141 [42-B-CJ
l.5 Section 11(3)(b) is a non-obstante clause as it starts
with the word 'notwithstanding'. It is the 'amount of tax credit'
which a dealer would be entitled to claim under clause(a) that is
B
to be reduced at the rate of 4% and this reduction is to be effected
in three eventualities provided under sub-clauses(i),(ii) and (iii).
Insofar as sub-clause (i) is concerned, it pertains to trading activity
and there is no question of any overlap between sub-clause(i) on
the one hand and sub-clauses(ii) and (iii) on the other. Further,
c insofar as sub-clauses(i) and (ii) are concerned, same are
disjunctive as the word 'or' is inserted between these two clauses.
However, between clauses(ii) and (iii), where there is a possibility
of overlap (as it has happened in the instant case), there is no
word 'or' use«J between clauses(ii) and (iii). Sub-clause(ii) finishes
D with the punctuation mark full stop and then sub-clause(iii)
starts. This depicts the intention of the Legislature, namely,
reduction is not confined to one of the aforesaid two sub-clauses
and it can occur under both these provisions. It was rightly pointed
out by the appellant State that these are event based sub-clauses
and two even*s are totally different. Sub-clause(ii) is attracted in
E those cases where taxable goods are used as raw material (which
may not necessarily be fuel but all raw materials are included)
and also the pther condition which is to be fulfilled is that these
goods are dispatched outside the State in the course of branch
transfer etc. Therefore, even if the taxable goods are used as raw
F
material in the manufacture or in the packing of goods but they
are consumed or sold within the State, sub-clause(ii) would not
apply. On the other hand, sub-clause(iii) is referable to only fuels
which are u$ed for manufacture of goods. It is, thus, a totally
separate catt:gory and the moment fuel is used in the manufacture
of goods, this sub-clause gets attracted and it would be immaterial
G whether the goods are sold within the State or outside the Sate;
The manner in which punctuations are to be interpreted is
provided by this Court in Jamshed N. Guzdar case. Moreover,
there is no quarrel about the well-settled proposition of law that
taxing statutes are to be interpreted literally. [Paras 15-171
(42-D-H; 43-A-C; 44-D]
H
STATE OF GUJARAT v. RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. 29
Jamshed N. Guzdar v. State of Maharashtra & Ors. A
(2005) 2 SCC 591 : [2005) 1 SCR 223- relied on.
1.6 It is a mega tax credit scheme which is provided under
the VAT Act meant for all kinds of manufactured goods. The
" material in question, namely, furnace oil, natural gas and light
diesel oil are admittedly subject to VAT under the VAT Act. The B
Legislature, however, has incorporated the provision, in the form
of Section 11, to give tax credit in respect of such goods which
are used as inputs/ raw material for manufacturing other goods.
Rationale behind the same is simple. When the finished product,
after manufacture, is sold, VAT would be again payable thereon.
This VAT is payable on the price at which such goods are sold, C
costing whereof is done keeping in view the expenses involved
in the manufacture of such goods plus the profits which the
manufacturer intends to earn. Insofar as costing is concerned,
element of expenses incurred on raw material would be included.
In this manner, when the final product is sold and the VAT paid, 0
component of raw material would be included again. Keeping in
view this objective, the Legislature has intended to give tax credit
to some extent. However, how much tax credit is to be given
and under what circumstances, is the domain of the Legislature
and the courts are not to tinker with the same. The upshot of the
aforesaid discussion is that reduction of 4% would be applied E
whenever a case gets covered by sub-clause (ii) and again when
sub-clause (iii) is attracted. This, however, would be subject to
one limitation. In those cases where VAT paid on such raw material
is 4%, as in the case of furnace oil, reduction cannot be more
than that. After all, Section 11 deals with giving credit in respect F
of tax that is paid. Therefore, if some reduction is to be made
from the said credit, it cannot be more than the credit given.
Thus, so far as furnace oil Is concerned, tax credit shall be reduced
by 4%. On the other hand, tax credit given in case of natural gas
and light diesel oil (other fuels), it shall be reduced by 4% under
sub-clause (ii) and 4% under sub-clause (iii) of clause (b) of sub- G
section (3) of Section 11. (Paras 18-20) [44-E-G; 45-A; 46-E-G;
47-A)
. Godrej & Boyce Mfg. Co. Pvt. Ltd. & Ors. v.
Commissioner of Sales Tax and Others (1992) 3 SCC
624 : [1992) 3 SCR 683 - relied on. H
30 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 13 S.C.R.
A Commissibner of Income Tax-Ill v. Calcutta Knitwears,
Ludhiana (2014) 6 SCC 444 ; State of Madhya Pradesh
v. Rakesh Kohli & Anr. (2012) 6 SCC 312 : 120121 6
SCR 66l ; V. V.S. Sugars v. Government of Andhra
P~adesh & Ors. (1999) 4 SCC 192 : 119991 2 SCR
925 ; H<Jtel Balaji & Ors. v. State of Andhra Pradesh
B
& Ors.(1993) Supp 4 SCC 536 : 119921 2 Suppl. SCR
182; Jayam and Company v. Assistant Commissioner
and Another (2016) 15 SCC 125 : [2016J 6 SCR 787 -
referred to.
Case Law Reference
c
120051 l SCR 223 relied on Para 16
(2014) 6 sec 444 referred to Para 17
120121 6 SCR 661 referred to Para 17
D 119991 2 SCR 925 referred to Para 17
119921 3 SCR 683 relied on Para 18
119921 2 Suppl. SCR 182 referred to Para 18
J2016J 6 SCR 787 referred to Para 18
E
CJ VIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal Nos. 13047-
13048 of2017.
From the final Judgment and Order dated 18.01.2013 of the High
Court of Gujarat at Ahmedabad in Tax Appeal No.932/2012 and
F 935/2012 respe~tively
WITH
Civil Appeal Nos.13049, 13050 and 13051-13052 of2017.
K.K. Venugopal, AG, S. K. Bagaria, Sr. Adv., Preetesh Kapur,
G Ms. Hemantika Wahi, Ms. Jesal Wahi, Kabir Hathi, K. Ajit Singh,Advs.
for the Appellant.
Arvind Oatar, Sr. Adv., K.R. Sasiprabhu, Ms. Megha Jani, Amey
Nabar, Vishnu Sharma, Purvish Jitendra Malkan, Rashesh Parikh, Advs.
for the Respondent.
H
STATE OF GUJARAT v. RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. 31
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by A
A. K. SIKRI, J. !. In all these appeals, question of law that
needs to be decided is identical, which was the reason for clubbing these
appeals and bearing them analogously. However, for the sake of
convenience, we would be taking note of facts from Civil Appeal Nos.
13047-13048 of2017, as that would serve the purpose. B
2. The respondent (hereinafter referred to as the 'assessee') is
engaged in the business of manufacturing and selling polymers and
chemicals. These goods are manufactured by the respondent in its factory
situated in the State of Gujarat (hereinafter referred to as the 'appellant
State'). After the manufacture of these goods, same are transferred by C
the assessee to its various branches located in different parts of the
country from where those goods are sold. Obviously, in respect of goods
transferred to places outside the appellant State, the Value Added Tax
(VAT) is paid at the time of sale of those goods in those States, as per
the local laws of the said States. The goods are sold in the appellant
State as well and in respect of these goods VAT is paid as per the Gujarat D
Value Added Tax Act, 2003 (for short, the 'VAT Act'). For the purpose
of manufacturing the aforesaid goods, namely, polymers and chemicals,
the assessee purchases furnace oil, natural gas and light diesel oil
(bereinafterreferred to as the 'raw material or inputs') from its registered
dealers. These fuels are used for the aforesaid manufacturing activities.
E
On purchase of the raw material, VAT is paid at varying rates. On furnace
oil, 4% VAT is payable as per the VAT Act, whereas on natural gas and
light diesel oil rate of VAT prescribed and payable is 12.5%. Since these
inputs are used for manufacturing of the final products, there is a provision
in the VAT Act for giving credit on the VAT which is paid at the time of
purchase of these inputs. The manner in which this credit is to be given F
is prescribed under Section 11 of the VAT Act. Section 11 reads as
under:
"11. Tax Credit. :
(I) (a) A registered dealer who has purchased the taxable goods
(hereinafter referred to as the "purchasing dealer") shall be entitled G
to claim tax credit equal to the amount of, -
(i) tax collected from the dealer by a registered dealer from
who he has purchased such goods or the tax payable by
the purchasing dealer to a registered dealer who has sold
such goods to him during the tax period, or H
32 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 13 S.C.R.
A (ii) tax paid by him during the tax period under sub-section (I),
(2)( 5) or (6) of section 9 or;
(iii) Ta1' paid by the purchasing dealer underthe Gujarat Tax on
Ehtry of Specified Goods into Local Area Act, 2001 (Gun.
22of2001);
B (b) The (llx credit to be so claimed under this sub-section shall be
subject t<!> the provisions of sub-sections (2) to (12); and the tax
credit shall be calculated in such manner as may be prescribed.
(2) The registered dealer who intends to claim the tax credit shall
maintain' the register and the books of accounts in suc:h manner
c as may be prescribed.
(3) (a) Subject to the provisions of this section, tax credit to be
claimed under sub-section (I) shall be allowed to a purchasing
dealer on bis purchase of taxable goods which are intended for
the purpose of -
D
(i) Sale or re-sale by him in the State;
(ii) sale in the course of inter-State and commerce;
(iii) branch transfer ofconsignmcnt of taxable goods to other states
(subject to the provision of sub-clause (b) below);
E (iv) sales in the course of export out of the territory of India;
(v) sale$ to export oriented units or the units in Special Economic
Zones for sale in the course of export out of the territory of
India;
F (vi) use as raw material in the manufacture of taxable goods
intended for (i) to (v) above or in the packing of the goods so
manufactured:
(vii) us~ as capital goods meant for use in manufacture of taxable
goods intended for (i) to (vi) above subject to the condition
G that such capital goods are purchased after the appointed day;
Provid~d that if purchases are used partially for the purposes
specified in this sub-section, the tax credit shall be allowed
proportrimrnte to the extent they are used for the purposes specified
in this ~1•l>-scction. '
H
STATE OF GUJARAT v. RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. 33
[A. K. SIKRI, J.]
(b) Notwithstanding anything contained in this section, the amount A
of tax credit in respect of a dealer shall be reduced by the amount
of tax calculated at the rate of four per cent on the taxable turnover
of purchases within the State
(i) of taxable goods consigned or dispatched for batch transfer
or to his agent outside the State, or B
(ii) of taxable goods which are used as raw materials in the
manufacture, or in the packing of goods which are dispatched
outside the State in the course of branch transfer or
consignment or to his agent outside the State.
(iii) of fuels used for the manufacture of goods c
Provided that where the rate of tax of the taxable goods consigned
or dispatched by dealer for branch transfer or to his agent outside
the State is less than four per cent, then the amount of tax credit
in respect of such dealer shall be reduced by the amount of tax
calculated at the rate of tax set out in the Schedule on such goods D
on the taxable turnover of purchases within the State
(4) The tax credit shall not be claimed by the purchasing dealer
until the tax period in which he receives from a registered dealer
from whom he has purchased taxable goods, a tax invoice (in
original) containing particulars as may be prescribed under sub- E
section(!) of section 60 evidencing the amount of tax.
(5) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, tax credit shall
not be allowed for purchases -
(a) made from any person other than a registered dealer under
this Act; F
(b) made from a dealer who is not liable to pay tax under this
Act;
( c) made from a registered dealer who has been permitted
under section 14, 14A, 14B, 14C or 14D to pay lump sum G
amount of tax in lieu of tax;
(d) made prior to the relevant date of liability to pay tax as
provided in sub-section (3) of section 3;
(dd) made prior to the date of registration;
H
34 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2017] 13 S.C.R.
A (e) ma¢ in the course of inter-State trade and commerce;
(f) of the goods (not being taxable goods dispatched outside the
Stati: in the course of branch transfer or consignment) which
are disposed of otherwise than in sale, resale or manufacture;
(g) of tile goods specified in the Schedule I or the goods exempt
B from whole of tax by a notification under sub-section (2) of
sec11ion5;
(h) of the goods which are used in the manufacture of goods
spe¢ified in Schedule I, or the goods exempt from the whole
of the tax by a notification under sub-section (2) of section 5
c or in the packing of goods so manufactured;
(i) of capital goods used in the manufacture of goods specified
in S~hedule I or the goods exempt from the whole of the tax
by a notification under sub-section (2) of section 5 or in
generation of electrical energy including captive power
D
(j) of vehicles of any type and its equipment, accessories or
spate parts (except when purchasing dealer is engaged in
the business of sales of such goods)
(k) of tllte property or goods not connected with the business of
the dealer;
E
(I) oftfte goods which are used as fuel in generation of electrical
energy meant for captive use or otherwise;
(ll) of petrol, high speed diesel, crude oil and lignite unless such
pur~hase is intended for resale;
F (m) Of the goods which are used as fuel in motor vehicles;
(mm) of capital goods used in transfer of property in goods
(whether as goods or in some other form) involved in execution
of works contract;
G {mmm) of the goods for which right to use is transferred for any
purpose (whether or not for a specified period), for cash,
deferred payment or other valuable considerations;
(mmmnll) made from a dealer after the name of such dealer has
been published under sub-section (I I) of section 27 or section
97;
H
STATE OF GUJARAT v. RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. 35
[A. K. SIKRI, J.]
(n) of the goods which remain as unsold stock at the time of A
closure of business;
(nn) of the goods purchased during the period when the permission
granted under clause (a) of sub-section (1) of section 14 has
remained valid under clause (b) of that sub-section;
(o) Where original invoice does not contain the details of tax B
charged separately by the selling dealer from whom purchasing
dealer has purchased the goods;
(p) Where original tax invoice or duplicate thereof duly
authenticated in accordance with the rules made in this behalf
is not available with purchasing dealer or there is evidence c
that the same has not been issued by the selling dealer from
whom the goods are purported to have been purchased.
(i) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (a) or (b) in
this sub-section and subject to conditions as may be
prescribed, a registered dealer shall be allowed to claim D
tax credit in respect of purchase tax paid by him under
sub-section (I) or (2) of section 9.
(ii) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (d) or (dd) in
this sub-section and subject to such conditions and in such
manner as may be prescribed, a registered dealer shall be E
allowed to claim tax credit for the taxable goods held in
stock on the date of registration which are purchased after
l" April, 2008 and during the period of one year ending on
the date of registration.
(iii) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (nn) of this
sub-section and subject to such conditions and in such F
manner as may be prescribed, a registered dealer, whose
permission to pay lump sum tax under section 14,
(a) Is no longer valid on account of total turnover exceeding
rupees fifty lakhs, or
(b) Is cancelled on request by such dealer, G
And becomes liable to pay tax under section 7, shall be allowed to
claim tax credit for the taxable goods held in stock which are
purchased after 1''April, 2008 and during the period of one year
ending on the date of liability to pay tax under section 7."
H
36 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017) 13 S.C.R.
A ( 6) The State Government may, by notification in the Official
Gazett¢, specify any goods or the class of dealers that shall not be
entitled to whole or partial tax credit.
(7) Where a registered dealer without entering into a transaction
of sale, issues to another registered dealer tax invoice, retail invoice,
B bill or cash memorandum with the intention to defraud the
Govenµnent revenue or with the intention that the Government
may be defrauded of its revenue, the Commissioner may, after
making such inquiry as he thinks fit and giving a reasonable
opportµnity of being heard, deny the benefit of tax credit, in respect
of such transaction, to such registered dealers issuing or accepting
c such tax invoice, retail invoice, bill or cash memorandum either
prospectively or retrospectively from such date as the
Commissioner may, having regard to the circumstances of the
case, fix.
(8) (a) If the goods purchased were intended for the purposes
D specified under sub section (3) and are subsequently used fully or
partly for purposes other than those specified under the said sub-
section or are used fully or partly in the circumstances described
in sub+section (5), the tax credit, if availed of, shall be reduced on
account of such use, from the tax credit being claimed for the tax
E period during which such use has taken place; and such reduction
shall l:)e done in the manner as may be prescribed.
(b) Where the Capital goods referred to in sub-clause (vii) of
clause (a) of sub-section (3) are not used continuously for a full
perio<! of five years in the State, the amount of tax credit shall be
F reduced proportionately having regard to the period falling short
of the period of five years.
(9) Tile registered dealer may claim the amount of net tax credit,
which shall be determined in the manner as may be prescribed.
( 10) Where any purchaser, being a registered dealer, has been
G issuecj with a credit note or debit note in terms of section 61 or if
he returns or rejects goods purchased, as a consequence of which
the tax credit availed by him in any period in respect of which the
purc!iase of goods relates, becomes either short or excess, he
shall compensate such short of excess by adjusting the amount of
tax credit allowed to him in respect of the tax period in which the
H
STATE OF GUJARAT v. RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. 37
[A. K. SIKRI, J.]
credit note or debit note has been issued or goods are returned, A
subject to such conditions as may be prescribed.
( 11) A registered dealer shall apply fair and reasonable method to
determine, for the .Purpose of this section, the extent to which the
goods are sold, used, consumed or supplied, or intended to be
sold, used, consumed or supplied. The Commissioner may, after B
giving the dealer an opportunity of being heard and for the reasons
to be recorded in writing, reject the method adopted by the dealer
and calculate the amount of tax credit as he deems fit.
( 12) Subject to the exceptions as may be prescribed by the rules,
any dealer including the Commission agent shall not be permitted c
to transfer his tax credit to any other dealer or as the case may
be, the principal.
Explanation:- For the purpose of this section, the amount of tax
credit on any purchase of goods shall not exceed the amount of
tax actually paid or payable under this Act in respect of the same D
goods.;'
3. A bird's eye view of the relevant portion of the aforesaid
provision, which is the subject matter of these appeals, reveals that the
tax credit which is admissible to the purchasing dealer is subject to
provisions of sub-section (2) of Section 12. Sub-section (3)(b), with E
which we are primarily concerned, provides that if the goods are falling
in the categories mentioned in sub-clauses (i), (ii) and (iii), the tax credit
is to be reduced by the amount of tax calculated at the rate of 4% on the
taxable turnover of purchases within the State. As noted above, the raw
materiaV inputs used in the instant goods are fuels. Sub-clause (ii) includes
such goods in case the taxable goods are dispatched outside the State in F
the course of branch transfer. As already mentioned above, after the
final product is produced, the assessee transfers these goods to its various
branch offices, many of which are located outside the State and, therefore,
those goods which are so transferred would be covered by this sub-
clause and in respect of such goods which are transferred outside the G
State and are taxable under the VAT Act, the tax credit is to be reduced
by 4%. Since the raw material in the instant goods is in the nature of
fuels used for the manufacture of goods, it gets covered by sub-clause
(iii) as well. The issue that needs to be decided is as to whether the tax
credit is to be reduced at the rate of 4% under sub-clause (ii) and again
H
38 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 13 S.C.R.
A at the same rate under sub-clause (iii) as well or deduction pemtissible is
only once.
4. The Assessing Officer had held that in respect of such goods
tax credit is r<1quired to be reduced at the rate of 4% under sub-clause
(ii) and again at the rate of 4% under sub-clause (iii). This order was
B upheld by the Joint Commissioner of Commercial Taxes in appeal that
was preferred, by the assessee. However, in further appeal before the
Gujarat Value Added Tax Tribunal, the aforesaid view was upset as the
Tribunal held that the deduction can be at 4% only and there cannot be
double reduc1ion in tax credit admissible to the assessee. The High
Court has put its stamp of approval to the aforesaid view of the VAT
c Tribunal. That is the reason for the appellant State to approach this
Court as it is dbviously not satisfied with the decision of the High Court.
5. Reasons given by the High Court in taking the aforesaid view
can be capturqd from the following discussion contained in the impugned
judgment:
D
"It is not in dispute that in the present case, the taxable goods
purcha.sed by the respondent assessee satisfy the description of
sub-cl~se (ii) and (iii) of section 11 (3)(b ). Despite this, in our
view, tqe Tribunal came to a correct conclusion that denial of tax
credit by 4 per cent as provided in clause (b) would have to be
E done only once. We say so for several reasons. Firstly, clause
(b) of aection 11 (3) pertains to reduction of tax credit otherwise
available under section 11. Such reduction is to be applied if the
goods satisfy the descriptions contained in sub-clause (i) to (iii)
thereo(. After clause (i), the Legislature has used the word "or".
F We are conscious that at end ofclause (ii) and beginning of clause
(iii), the Legislature has not once again used the word "or", but
has also not added the expression "and". Plain reading of the
said provisions thus makes it clear that the reduction of tax credit
had to be applied to any case which satisfy the description
contained in sub-clauses (i) to (iii) not every time such description
G is satiafied. Further, reduction of amount of tax at the rate of 4
per ce1;1t is to be done for the taxable goods which fall in any of
the three categories contained in sub-clauses (i) to (iii) and not
every lime a particular class of goods specified fall in more than
one c11tegories."
H
STATE OF GUJARAT v. RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. 39
[A. K. SIKRI, J.]
6. In addition, the High Court has also observed that the legislative A
intent of Section 11 (3)(b) can be gathered from proviso thereto which
provides that where the rate of tax of taxable goods is less than 4%,
then the amount of tax credit in respect of such dealer shall be reduced
by the amount of tax calculated at the rate of tax set out in the Schedule
of such goods, meaning thereby, if the tax credit available to a dealer is
B
less than 4%, the reduction should be limited to such credit and no more.
From this, the High Court has observed that the Legislature envisaged
that in no case reduction of tax credit under Section l 1(3)(b) would
accede 4%.
7. Mr. K.K. Venugopal, learned Attorney General for India, and
Mr. S.K. Bagaria, learned senior counsel, argued the matter on behalf C
of the appellant State and response thereto was given by Mr. Arvind
Datar, learned senior advocate appearing for the respondent in Civil
Appeal Nos. 13047-13048 of 2017. Advocates appearing for the
respondents in other appeals supported Mr. Datar.
8. It. was argued by Mr. Venugopal and Mr. Bagaria that the D
approach of the High Court was clearly erroneous as liberal interpretation
of Section l 1(3)(b), when read in the context of the entire scheme of tax
credit and other provisions, would clearly show that it was intended to
reduce the amount of tax credit by 4% in an eventuality when case was
covered under sub-clause (ii) and again at the rate of 4% when the E
matter was covered by sub-clause (iii). It was argued that in tax matters,
where the language of the statute is plain and clear, effect thereto has to
be given and equity does not play any role in these cases. It was further
argued that as per the provisions of the VAT Act, VAT was payable on
the purchase of furnace oil, natural gas and light diesel oil as well.
However, the Legislature intended to give tax credit in respect of these F
items when such items are used as raw material/inputs for the purpose
of manufacturing other products. At the same time, it is the prerogative
of the law makers to decide how and under what circumstances such
tax credit would be admissible and to what extent. But for such a
provision, the assessee did not have any right to claim tax credit and thus G
the question of double deduction does not arise at all. It was also argued
that sub-clause (ii) as well as sub-clause (iii) are attracted in different
circumstances and, therefore, the reduction stipulated therein could not
be treated as double taxation. The learned counsel proceeded to argue
that insofar as sub-clause (ii) is concerned, it would be attracted on
H
40 SUP&EME COURT REPORTS [2017] 13 S.C.R.
A satisfying the twin conditions, namely: (a) when taxable goods are used
as raw material in the manufacture or in the packing of goods; and (b)
these goods ate dispatched outside the State in the course of branch
transfer or consignment or to the agent of the manufacturer outside the
State. On the ,other hand, sub-clause (iii) was attracted in those cases
where fuel is used for the manufacture of goods. It is possible, in a
B
given case, th11t both sub-clauses (ii) and (iii) become applicable (as it
has happened in the instant case). However, in such cases the Legislature
clearly intended that reduction at the rate of 4% has to be applied in
each of the circumstances. Number of judgments were cited on
inteipretation,oftax statutes as well as the manner in which punctuation
c marks are to li>e inteipreted.
9. Mr. Datar conceded to the extent that the Legislature was
empowered t@ frame a particular scheme of giving tax credit and when
such a scheme is provided statutorily, that had to be applied and it was
not open to the assessees to claim equities in such matters. He also
D conceded that such taxing statutes are to be given strict inteipretation.
However, he joined issues in the manner in which Section 11(3)(b) is to
be inteipreted. His submission was that the High Court has rightly
inteipreted the said provision. In this behalf, he argued that Section
I 1(3)(a) mai<tes a provision for giving the credit whereas clause (b)
reduces the ~aid credit to a certain extent in those eventualities which
E
are provided therein. Section 11 (5) totally disallows the tax credit in the
circumstances provided in clauses (a) to (p) thereof. He specifically
referred to cl~uses (h) and (1) of sub-section (5) to buttress his submission
that on those goods which are exempted from the whole of the tax by a
notification under sub-section (2) of Section 5 etc. no tax credit in that
F behalf is provided. Likewise, on the goods which are used as fuel in
generation of electrical energy meant for captive use or otherwise (sub-
clause (1)), 110 tax credit is allowed. According to him, if one keeps in
mind this scheme of giving tax credit, the intention is clear, namely, the
reduction rate cannot be more than the tax credit allowed. Pointing out
that in respect offurnace oil VAT is payable at 4% and if the contention
G of the appellant State is accepted, deduction there on will be at the rate
of 8% (4% under sub-clause (ii) and 4% under sub-clause (iii)) and it
would result in an anomalous position as tax credit earned on the said
furnace oil, when used as raw material in the production of polymers or
chemicals, would be earned atthe rate of 4% under clause (a), the State
H intended to reduce the same by 8% under clause (b ).
STATE OF GUJARAT v. RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. 41
[A.K. SII<RI, J.]
IO. We have examined the respective contentions minutely and A
carefully and are of the opinion that the view taken by the High Court in
the impugned judgment may not be entirely correct.
11. Let us take up the provision for interpretation in the first
instance.
12. Section 11 entails the provision pertaining to the scheme of B
tax credit, which is the caption of the said Section as well. Sub-section
(I) thewof mentions the contingencies when a registered dealer would
be entitled to claim tax credit which is equal to the amount of tax collected
from th; dealer by a registered dealer or tax paid by him during the tax
period or tax paid by the purchasing dealer under the Gujarat Tax On c
Entry of Specified Goods into Local Area Act, 2001. In nutshell, clause
(a) of sub-section (I) of Section 11 entitles the registered dealer to claim
tax credit of the amount of VAT or entry tax which was paid. However,
this tax credit is subject to sub-sections (2) to (12) of Section 11. In this
hue, we have to examine the provisions of sub-section (3) around which
the entin case hinges upon. D
13 Clause (a) of sub-section 3 lays down certain conditions which
have tote fulfilled in order to claim the tax credit. First condition is to
give the tax credit in those cases where taxable goods are purchased.
Thus, it is not admissible where the purchased goods are non-taxable
inasmuch as in those cases no tax was paid and thus the question of E
. giving credit would not arise. Second condition mentions that these goods
are intended for specific purposes which are stipulated in sub-clauses
(I) to (7) of clause (a). A perusal of these sub-clauses would indicate
that contingencies stipulated in sub-clauses (i) to (v) pertain to one
category, i e. where the goods are purchased as it is. On the other hand, F
sub-claus1 ; (vi) and (vii) would fall in other category. Sub-clause (vi)
deals wit!: a situation where the goods, after purchase, are used as raw
material in the manufacture of taxable goods or in the packing of goods
so manufactured. Sub-clause (vii) deals with those goods which are
used as capital goods m~ant for use in the manufacture of taxable goods.
Sub-clause (i) of clause (b) is relatable to sub-clause (iii) of clause (a) as G
these deal with branch transfer of the goods. Likewise, sub-clause (vi)
read with sub-clause (iii) of clause (a) is concerned with sub-clause (2)
of clause (b) as these deal with a situation where the goods so produced,
in respect of which tax credit is given, are used as raw material in the
manufacture or in the packing of goods and there is branch transfer of H
42 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2017] 13 S.C.R.
A these goods as well outside the State. In such eventualities, tax credit is
not fully given a$ it is reduced by 4%. It may also be pointed out at this
stage that the term 'raw materials' is defined in Section 2(19) of the
VAT Act and reads as under:
""raw mllterials" means goods used as ingredient in the
B manufacture of other goods and includes processing materials,
consumable stores and materials used in the packing of the goods
so manuflictured but does not include fuels for the purpose of
generation of electricity;"
14. It is clear that the material used even in the packing of goods
c is treated as raw material and, therefore, this definition is to be treated
as term of art. This definition also clarifies that fuels used in the
manufacture of goods would be treated as raw material with the only
exception of those fuels which are used for the purpose of generation of
electricity.
D 15. Keeping in mind the aforesaid aspects, we advert to Section
11(3)(b). It it a non-obstante clause as it starts with the word
'notwithstanding'. Another aspect which is to be necessarily kept in
mind is that it is the 'amount of tax credit' which a dealer would be
entitled to claim under clause (a) that is to be reduced at the rate of 4%
and this reduction is to be effected in three eventualities provided under
E sub-clauses (i), (ii) and (iii). Insofar as sub-clause (i) is concerned, it
pertains to tradip.g activity and there is no question of any overlap between
sub-clause (i) on the one hand and sub-clauses (ii) and (iii) on the other.
Further, insofar as sub-clauses (i) and (ii) are concerned, same are
disjunctive as the word 'or' is inserted between these two clauses.
F . However, when we come to clauses (ii) and (iii), where there is a
possibility of @verlap (as it has happened in the instant case as well),
there is no wol'.d 'or' used between clauses (ii) and (iii). Sub-clause (ii)
finishes with the punctuation mark full stop and then sub-clause (iii)
starts. This depicts the intention of the Legislature, namely, reduction is
not confined to one of the aforesaid two sub-clauses and it can occur
G under both these provisions. It is rightly pointed out by the appellant
State that these are event based sub-clauses and two events are totally
different. Sub-clause (ii) is attracted in those cases where taxable goods
are used as raw material (which may not necessarily be fuel but all raw
materials are included) and also the other condition which is to be fulfilled
H
STATE OF GUJARAT v. RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. 43
[A.K. SIKRI, J.]
is that these goods are dispatched outside the State in the course of A
branch transfer etc. Therefore, even if the taxable goods are used as
raw material in the manufacture or in the packing of goods but they are
consumed or sold within the State, sub-clause (ii) would not apply. On
the other hand, sub-clause (iii) is referable to only fuels which are used
for manufacture of goods. It is, thus, a totally separate category and the
B
moment fuel is used in the manufacture of goods, this sub-clause gets
attracted and it would be immaterial whether the goods are sold within
the State or outside the State.
16. The manner in which punctuations are to be interpreted is
provided by this Court in the case of Jamshed N. Guzdar v. State of C
Maharashtra & Ors. 1 i_n the following manner:
"68. A Full Bench of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in
Rajinder Singh v. Ku/tar Singh [AIR 1980 P&H 1: ILR (1979)
2 P&H 486 (FB)] touching the same topic stated thus: (AIR p. 1)
"So far as the High Courts are concerned, the topic of D
jurisdiction and powers in general is not separately mentioned
in any of the entries of List I, but 'administration of justice' as
a distinct topic finds a place in Entry 3 of List II (now Entry
11-A of List III).
The expression 'administration ofjustice' occurring in Entry 3 E
of List II of the VIIth Schedule has to be construed in its widest
sense so as to give power to the State Legislature to legislate
on all matters relating to administration ofjustice.
After the words 'administration ofjustice' in Entry 3 there is a
semicolon and this punctuation cannot be discarded as being
F
inappropriate. The punctuation has been put with a definite
object of making this topic as distinct and not having relation
only tu <he topic that follows thereafter. Under Entry 78 of List
I, the topic ofjurisdiction and powers of the High Courts is not
dealt with. Under Entry 3 of List II the State Legislature can
confer jurisdiction and powers or restrict or withdraw the G
jurisdiction and powers already conferred on any of the courts
except the Supreme Court, in respect of any statute. Therefore,
the State Legislature has the power to make a law with respect
to the jurisdiction and powers of the High Court."
1
(2005)2 sec 591 H
44 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 13 S.C.R.
A 69. In Aswini Kumar Ghosh v. Arabinda Bose [AIR 1952 SC
369], Mukherjea, J. in AIR para 57 has observed that: (SCR p.
41)
"Punctuation is after all a minor element in the construction of
a statute, and very little attention is paid to it by English courts .
B . .. When a statute is carefully punctuated and there is doubt
about its meaning, a weight should undoubtedly be given to the
punctuation."
70. In <l>ur view the Full Bench of the Punjab and Haryana High
Court was right in giving emphasis and meaning to semicolon in
Entry 3 of the list after the words "administration of justice" in
c Rajinder Singh. Semicolon after the words "administration of
justice" in Entry 11-A, in our view, has significance in dealing
with the topic whether "administration of justice" includes
confenling general jurisdiction on High Court in addition to the
subordinate courts within the State."
D 17. Moreover, there is no quarrel about the well-settled proposition
of law that taxing statutes are to be interpreted literally {See
Commissioner ofIncome Tax-III v. Calcutta Knitwears, Ludhiana',
State of Madflya Pradesh v. Rakesh Kohli & Anr. 3 and V.V.S. Sugars
v. Government of Andhra Pradesh & Ors. 4 }.
E
18. The aforesaid discussion leads us to the conclusion that it is a
mega tax cre~it scheme which is provided under the VAT Act meant for
all kinds of manufactured goods. The material in question, namely,
furnace oil, natural gas and light diesel oil are admittedly subject to VAT
under the V~T Act. The Legislature, however, has incorporated the
F provision, in the form of Section 11, to give tax credit in respect of such
goods which are used as inputs/ raw material for manufacturing other
goods. Ratiqnale behind the same is simple. When the finished product,
after manuf11cture, is sold, VAT would be again payable thereon. This
VAT is payable on the price at which such goods are sold, costing whereof
is done keeping in view the expenses involved in the manufacture of
G such goods plus the profits which the manufacturer intends to earn.
Insofar as costing is concerned, element of expenses incurred on raw
material wo11ld be included. In this manner, when the final product is
'(2014) 6 SCC444
'(2012)6SCC312
H '(1999) 4 sec 192
STATE OF GUJARAT v. RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. 45
[A.K. SIKRI, J.]
sold and the VAT paid, component of raw material would be included A
again. Keeping in view this objective, the Legislature has intended to
give tax credit to some extent. However, how much tax credit is to be ·
given and under what circumstances, is the domain of the Legislature
and the courts are not to tinker with the same. This proposition is
authoritatively determined by this Court in series ofjudgments. We may B
refer to the judgment in Godrej & Boyce Mfg. Co. Pvt. Ltd. & Ors. v..
Commissioner ofSales Tax and Others' and the relevant extract which
is relevant for our purposes is as follows: ·
"9. Sri Bobde appearing for the appellants reiterated the contentions
urged before the High Court. He submitted that the deduction of c
one per cent, in effect, amounts to taxing the raw material
purchased outside the State or to taxing the sale of finished goods
effected outside the State of Maharashtra. We cannot agree.
Indeed, the whole issue can be put in simpler terms. The appellant
(manufacturing dealer) purchases his raw material both within
the State of Maharashtra and outside the State, Insofar as the D
purchases made outside the State of Maharashtra are concerned;
the tax thereon is paid to other States. The State of Maharashtra
gets the tax only in respect of purchases made by the appellant
within the State. So far as the sales tax leviable ori the sale of the ..
goods manufactured by the appellant is concerned, the State of E
Maharashtra can levy and collect such tax only in respect of sales
effected within the State of Maharashtra. It cannot levy or collect
tax in respect of goods which are despatched by the appellant to
his branches and agents outside the State of Maharashtra and
sold there. In law (apart from Rules 41 and 41-A) the appellant
has no legal right to claim set-off of the purchase tax paid by him F
on his purchases within the State from out of the sales tax payable
by him on the sale of the goods manufactured by him. It is only by
virtue of the said Rules - which. as stated above. are conceived
mainly in the interest of public - that he is entitled to such set-
off. It is really a concession and an indulgence. More particularly. G
where the manufactured goods are not sold within the State of
Maharashtra but are despatched to out-State branches and agents
and sold there. no sales tax can be or is levied by the State of
'(1992) 3 sec 624
H
46 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 13 S.C.R.
A Maharashtra. The State of Maharashtra gets nothing in respect
of such §ales effected outside the State. In respect of such sales,
the rule-making authority could well have denied the benefit of
set-off But it chose to be generous and has extended the said
benefit 10 such out-State sales as well, subject, however to
deduction of one per cent of the sale price of such goods sent out
B
of the Slate and sold there. We fail to understand how a valid
grievanqe can be made in respect of such deduction when the
very extension of the benefit of set-off is itself a boon or a
concession. It was open to the rule-making authority to provide
for a small abridgement or curtailment while extending a
c concessjon. Viewed from this angle, the argument that providing
for such deduction amounts to levy of tax either on purchases of
raw material effected outside the State or on sale of manufactured
goods effected outside the State of Maharashtra appears to be
beside the point and is unacceptable. So is the argument about
apportioning the sale-price with reference to the proportion in
D
which raw material was purchased within and outside the State.
(emphasis added)"
To the same effect are the judgments in the case of Hotel Balaji
E & Ors. v. State ofAndhra Pradesh & Ors. 6 and Jayam and Company
v. Assistant Commissioner and Another'.
19. The upshot of the aforesaid discussion would be to hold that
reduction of 4% would be applied whenever a case gets covered by
sub-clause (ii) and again when sub-clause (iii) is attracted.
F
20. This, however, would be subject to one limitation. In those
cases where VAT paid on such raw material is 4%, as in the case of
furnace oil, reduction cannot be more than that. After all, Section 11
deals with giv1ing credit in respect of tax that is paid. Therefore, if some
reduction is t<1> be made from the said credit, it cannot be more than the
G credit given. Thus, so far as furnace oil is concerned, tax credit shall be
reduced by 4%. On the other hand, tax credit given in case of natural
gas and light diesel oil (other fuels), it shall be reduced by 4% under sub-
'(I 993) Supp 4 §cc 536
'(2015) 15 sec 12s
H
STATE OF GUJARAT v. RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. 47
[A.K. SIKRI, J.]
clause (ii) and 4% under sub-clause (iii) of clause (b) of sub-section (3) A
of Section 11.
21. The appeals are allowed in the aforesaid terms.
No costs.
B
Divya Pandey Appeals allowed.
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