SHIRISH GOVIND PRABHUDESAIversusSTATE OF MAHARASHTRA AND ORS.

                  SHIRISH GOVIND PRABHUDESAI                                   A
                               v.
                STATE OF MAHARASHTRA AND ORS.

                             OCTOBER 21, 1992

               [J.S.VERMA, YOGESHWAR DAYAL AND                                 B
                       N. VENKATACHALA, JJ.]

      Education-Professional Colleges:

       Migration/transfer of students from one Medical College to another- C
Condition of eligibility-Students of non-recognised Medical Colleges refused
transfer to recognised Medical Colleges-Validity of

       Constitution of India, 1950 :

      Art.14-Migration-transfer of students from one Medical College to D
 another-£.ligibility condition-Refusal of transfer to students of non-Recog-
 nised Medical Colleges-Whether arbitrary and unreasonable.

        The present Writ Petitions, Special Leave Petitions and Civil Ap-
  peals relate to the right of a student admitted in a medical college not
                                                                               E
  recognised by the Medical Council of India to claim migration/transfer to
  a Medical College recognised by the Medical Council of India after-pass-
  ing the first MBBS Examination. The condition of eligibility for migra-
  tion/transfer to a recognised medical college has been prescribed by the
  colleges on the basis of one of the recommendations on Graduate Medical
. Education adopted by the Medical Council of India. This condition re-        F
  lates to migration of students from one recognised medical college to
  another recognised medical college.

       It was contended on behalf of the aggrieved students that dilTeren-
 tiation between students of non-recognised medical colleges and recog-        G
 nised medical colleges for purposes of migration/transfer when the degree
 of MBBS awarded to students of both the categories of medical colleges
 stood recognised by the Universities to which the colleges were affiliated,
 was discriminatory and arbitrary.

       Disposing of the matters, this Court,                                   H
                                     101
    102                 SUPREME cou:n REPORTS (1992) SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A          HELD : I.I. Unless a recognised medical college offers to admit by
    migration/transfer some students from another medical college no student
    can claim as of right admission by migration/transfer to that medical
    college. A recognised medical college when it decides to admit by migra·
    thin/transfer some students after passing the first MBBS examination
    from another medical college, can restrict its choke only to students who
B   were admitted to and have passed the first MBBS examination from a
    recognised medical college only, excluding from consideration such stu·
    dents from non-recognised medical colleges. Undoubtedly, it is one of the
    recommendations on Graduate Medical Education adopted by the Medi·
    cal Council of India which is being acted upon by recognised medical
c   colleges while taking students by migration/transfer. [106-E, F, G)

          1.2. The re.;pmmendations on Graduate Medical Education are by
    an expert body of the Medical Council of India which. is entrusted with
    certain statutory functions relating to medical education by the Indian
D   Medical Council Act, 1956. The Medical Council of India having chosen
    to accept these recommendations, such a condition of eligibility for migra·
    lion/transfer from one medical college to another adopted by the recog·
    nised medical colleges cannot be termed unreasonable or arbitrary. The
    qualitative difference between the non-recognised medical colleges
    generally as compared to the medical colleges recognised by the Medical
E   Council of India, the recognition being based on certain objective stand·
    ards relating to medical education, and the competitive merit forming the
    basis for admission to a recognised medical college justify as reasonable
    such a restriction for grant of permission for migration/transfer from one
    medical college to another. One of the purposes served by such a restric·
F   tion is to permit this interacollege movement of students after passing the
    first MBBS examination only between students of recognised medical
    colleges and to prevent indirect entry into recognised medical colleges of
    students who had failed initially to secure entry into a recognised medical
    colleges. Movement of students between recognised medical colleges only
    is quite often to facilitate the students thereof in certain circumstances
G   without conferring on them any additional benefit after the initial entry to
    a medical college duly recognised. [106-H & 107-A, B, C & DJ

          1.3. There being no inherent right in student admitted to a non-recog·
    nised medical college to claim such migration/transfer, this restriction for
H   migration/transfer being imposed by the recognised medical colleges on the
    SHIRISH GOVIND 1·. STATE OF MAHARASHTRA [VERMA. J.]                 103

basis of the recommendations adopted by the Medical Council of India,          A
there is no foundation for the claim for such migration/transfer made by the
students of non-recognised medical colleges. (107-E]

      ORIGINAL JURISDICTION : Writ Petition (C) No. 351 of 1992

      (Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India)                          B
                                  WITH

      S.L.P. ( C) No. 4902/92 and C.A. Nos. 3 & 4 of 1991.

      H.N. Salve, V.A Bahde, V.N. Ganpule, Arun Jaitley, A.M. Khan-            C
wilkar, S.V. Deshpande, D.N. Mishra, A-5. Bhasme, Mrs. K. Hingorani,
Vikas Singh, L.R. Singh, Dhruv Mehta and S.K. Mehta (NP) for the
appearing parties.

      The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
                                                                               D
       VERMA, J. The common question involved for decision in these
matters is the right of a student admitted in a medical college not recog-
nised by the Medical Council of India to claim migration/transfer to a
medical college recognised by the Medical Council of India after passing
the first MBBS examination from the medical college to which the student
has been admitted. The students claiming the right to such migra- E
tion/transfer assert that no discrimination can be made for this purpose
between a student admitted initally to the MBBS course in a medical
college not recognised by the Medical Council of India and one who has
been admitted initially to a medical college recognised by the Medical
Council of India. In substance the contention is that both these categories F
of students belong to the same class being admitted to a medical college
where from they obtain the MBBS degree recognised by a university. This
question arises in the context of a condition for eligibility to such migra-
tion/transfer prescribed by medical colleges recognised by the Medical
Council of India for entertaining the application from a student for migra-
tion/transfer to the recognised medical college after passing the first MBBS G
examination only if the applicant had been initially admitted to and had
passed the first MBBS examination from a medical college recognised by
the Medical Council of India. Such a condition of eligibility for migra-
tion/transfer to a recognised medical college is prescribed by the recog-
nised medical colleges on the basis of one the recommendations on H
    104                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1992] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A Graduate Medical Education adopted by the Medical Council of India
    which is as under :

            "V.    Migration!fransfer of students from one Medical
                  College to another

B           (a) A student studying in a recognised medical college
               may be allowed to migrate/transfer to another recog-
               nised medical college under another/same university.

            (b) The migration/transfer can be allowed by the Univer-
                sity concerned within three months after passing the
c               1st professional examination, as a rule.

            (c) Migration/transfer of students during the course of
               their training for the clinical subjects should be
               avoided.
D           ( d) The number of students migrating/transferring from
                one medical college to another medical college during
                one year will be kept to the minimum so that the
                training of the regular students of that college is not
                adversely affected. The number 0f students migrat-
E               ing/transferring to/from any one medical college
                should not exceed the limit of 5% of its intake in any
                one medical college in one year.

            (e) Cases not covered under the above regulations are to
                be referred to the Council for consideration on in-
F               dividual merits.

            (I) An intimation about the admission of migrated/trans-
                ferred students into any medical college should be sent
                to the Council forthwith."
G         The material facts on which the above point is to be decided in these
    matters are only a few. In Writ Petition No. 351 of 1992, the petitioner
    Shirish Govind Prabhudesai was admitted initially to the MBBS course in
    Bhausaheb Hire Government Medical College, Dhule in September 1990.
    After passing the MBBS examination, the petitioner •pplied in January
H   1992 for his transfer from Bhausaheb Hire Government Medical College,
    SH!RISH GOVIND v. STATE Of MAHARASHTRA [VERMA, J.J                   105

Dhule to B.J. Medical College, Pune. By a letter 'Annexure D' of January        A
18, 1992, the Director, Medical Education & Research, Bombay refused to
permit such transfer stating that no transfer can be granted to a student
who had passed his first MBBS examination from a non-recognised Medi-
cal College, such transfer being permitted only from one recognised medi-
cal college to another recognised medical college. In view of several
matters pending in this Court involving for decision the same point, the
                                                                                B
petitioner filed this writ petition under Article 32 of the Constitution for
the substantial relief of grant of permission to him for transfer to B.J.
Medical College, Pune.


       Special Leave Petition No. 4902 of 1992 is against the order dated       c
March 18, 1992 passed by the High Court of Judicature at Bombay dis-
missing the Writ Petition No. 498 of 1992 wherein a similar prayer made
by the petitioner, Miss Gauri Gulati for transfer from N.K.P. Salve Institute
of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Nagpur, a non-recognised college
to a recognised medical college in Barnaby was refused on the same              D
ground. The Bombay High Court took the view that such a condition of
eligibility for migration/transfer prescribed by a recognised medical college
for admitting students by migration/transfer after passing the first MBBS
examination was not unreasonable or arbitrary to permit any interference
by the High Court. The petitioner has filed the special leave petition
aggrieved by this order.                                                        E


      Civil Appeal Nos. 3 and 4 of 1991 arise out of interim orders made by
the Bombay High Court in two Writ Petition Nos. 2101and2102of1989 filed
by respondent Nos. 1 and 2, namely, Rajendra S. Sankpal and Riaz Nemani F
for a similar relief on refusal of permission for transfer from a non-recog-
nised medical college to a recognised medical college. By the impugned
interim orders, the writ petitioners were permitted to pursue their studies on
transfer in Grant Medical College, Bombay to which they had sought transfer
after passing the first MBBS examination. In these appeals filed by special
leave by the Medical Council of India, this Court permitted both of them, G
namely, Rajendra S. Sankpal and Riaz Nemani to pursue their studies for the
MBBS course in Grant Medical College, Barnaby in the meantime. The
consequence is that both these persons, namely, Rajendra S. Sankpal and
Riaz Nomani have already passed the final MBBS examination in the mean-
time from Grant Medical College, Bombay.                                       H
                        Stll'RFMI; COURT Rl;l'ORTS      I 1'!921 SUPP. 2 S.C.R.
A         Having heard learned counsel, we have no hesitation in taking the
    view that the argument advanced to support the claim for such a right of
    migration/transfer is tenuous and cannot be accepted. Learned counsel




B
    appearing for the petitioners in Writ Petition No. 351 of 1992 and Special
    Leave Petition No. 4902 of 1992 and for respondent Nos. 1 and 2 in Civil
    Appeal Nos. 3 and 4 of 1991 were unable to show the foundation for such
    a claim on which the relief of migration/transfer was claimed. The only
                                                                                  .
    argument advanced was that differentiation between students of a non-
    recognised medical college and a recognised medical college for the pur-
    pose of migration/transfer when the degree of MBBS awarded to students
    of both the categories of medical college is recognised by the universities
c   to which they are affiliated, is discriminatory and arbitrary. It was urged
    that for this reason the above··quoted recommendation of the Medical
    Council of India which has been accepted and forms the basis of refusal
    of permission for migration/transfer of students of a non-recognised medi-
    cal college to a recognised medical college, is discriminatory.

D
         Learned counsel were unable to show that a right of migration/trans-
  fer of a student from one medical college to another inheres to a student
  de hors the conditions subject to which the migration/transfer is permitted.
  It is also not disputed that in case a recognised medical college chooses
  not to take any student by migration/transfer from another medical college,
E it cannot be compelled to do so. It follows that unless a recognised medical
  college offers to admit by migration/transfer some students from another
  medical college no student can claim as of right admission by migra-
  tion/transfer to that medical college. The limited question, therefore, is
  whether a recognised medical college when it decides to admit by migra-
F tion/transfer some students after passing the first MBBS examination from
  another medical college, it can restrict its choice only to students who were
  admitted to and have passed the first MBBS examination from a recognised
  medical college only, excluding from consideration such students from
  non-recognised medical colleges. Undoubtedly, it is one of the recommen-
  dations on Graduate Medical Education adopted by the Medical Council
G of India which is being acted upon by recognised medical colleges while
  taking students by migration/transfer.

        The recommendations on Graduate Medical Education are by an
  expert body of the Medical Council of India which is entrusted with certain
H statutory functiops relating to medical education by the Indian Medical
    SHIRISH GOV!ND r. STATE OF MA!!ARAS!ITRA \VERMA l.J                  I07

Council Act, 1956. The Medical Council of India having chosen to accept        A
these recommendations, such a condition of eligibility for migration/trans-
fer from one medical college to another adopted by the recognised medical
colleges cannot be termed unreasonable or arbitrary. The qualitative dif-
ference between the non-recognised medical colleges generally as com-
pared to the medical colleges recognised by the Medical Council of India,
the recognition being based on certain objective standards relating to
                                                                               B
medical education, and th.e competitive merit forming the basis for adrnis-
sion to a recognised medical college justify as reasonable such a restriction
for grant of permission for migration/transfer from one medical college to
another. One of the purposes served by such a restriction is to permit this
inter-college movement of students after passing the first MBBS examina-       c
tion only .between students of recognised medical colleges and to prevent
indirect entry into recognised medical colleges of students who had failed
initially to secure entry into a recognised medical college. Movement of
students between recognised medical colleges only is quite often to
facilitate the students thereof in certain circumstances without conferring D
on them any additional benefit after the initial entry to a medical college
duly recognised. Viewed in this manner, such a condition of eligibility for
migration/transfer to a recognised medical college permitting only students
of recognised medical colleges is neither arbitrary nor unreasonable. There
being no inherent right in a student admitted to a non-recognised medical
college to claim such migration/transfer, this restriction for migration/trans- E
fer imposed by the recognised medical colleges on the basis of the recom-
mendations adopted by the Medical Council of India, there is no
foundation for the claim for such migration/transfer made by the students
of non-recognised medical colleges.
                                                                               F
       Consequently, Writ Petition No. 351 of 1992 and Special Leave
Petition No. 4902 of 1992 are dismissed. However, in the peculiar facts and
circumstances of the two students involved in Civil Appeal Nos. 3 and 4 of
1991, a different order of the kind we have made in similar situations is
called for. These two students, namely, Rajendra S. Sankpal and Riaz
Nomani have both passed the final MBBS examination from the Grant              G
Medical College, Bombay to which they were transferred as a result of the
interim orders made by the High Court in their Writ Petition Nos. 2101
and 2102 of 1989 and then by this Court. In \iew of the fact that both of
them have already obtained the MBBS degree from the college to which
they \Vere transferred, setting aside their transfer would not benefit any H
    !08                 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1992] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A other student while it would deprive them of the benefit they have already
    gained as a result of the interim orders made by the High Court and this
    Court. In this situation, we consider it appropriate not to interfere with the
    impugned interim orders made by the High Court and direct the High
    Court to dispose of the pending writ petitions making the final order in
    terms of the interim order for these reasons, which shall not be treated as
B   a precedent. Civil Appeal Nos. 3 and 4 of 1991 are disposed of requiring
    the High Court to dispose of Writ Petition Nos. 2101 and 2102 of 1989
    pending in the High Court, accordingly. No costs in all these matters.

    G.N.                                                    Matters disposed of.