SEWARAMversusSOBARAN SINGH

A                                  SEWARAM
                                         v.
                                SOBARAN SINGH

                              SEPTEMBER 15, 1992

B                (KULDIP SINGH AND N.M. KASLIWAL, JJ.)

         Representation of the People Ac~ 1951: Sections 9A-80, 84, 103 and         i;:,
    116-A.                                                                          ;ii
                                                                                    :~:-
        Election-Disqualificatioit-Subsistence of contract with Appropriate
c Government-Contract      awarded in individual capacity-Assignment of con-        .,
                                                                                     <>.-


  tract not permissible except with written approval of competent
  authority-Plea by elected candidate that contract was assigned to a firm-No
  evidence as to assignment of contract-Contract continued through the proxy
  of real brothe,-.ffeld there was subsisting contract with the Government on
D the date of nomination-Election held void.

          The appellant was elected for the Legislative Assembly or State or
    Madhya Pradesh from the Morena Constitnency. The respondent, one of
    the defeated candidates, filed an Election Petition challenging the
    appellant's election on the ground that on the date or filing the nomination
E
    paper on 1.2.1990 and declaration or the result of election on 28.2.1990, the
    appellant was having subsisting contracts with the Madhya Pradesh
    Government and therefore he was disqualified under Section 9-A of the
    Repmentation of the People Act, 1951.

F         The appellant admitted his contract with the Public Works Depart-         I~
    ment or the Government or Madhya Pradesh as well as with the M.P.
    Audyoglk Kendra Vlkas Nlgam (Gwalior) Ltd. (MPAKVN) but submitted
    that no contract with the Apropriate Govemmeut was subsisting on the
    date or filing the nomination papers and the date or scrutiny. His case was
    that he carried on his construction business in his individual capacity
G   upto 31.3.1988 and from 1.4.1988 by a partnership firm named as M/s
    Sewaram Gupta and the aforesaid contracts also were carried on by the
    said partnership. Since he intended to contest the elections, he retired
    from the partnership by duly' executing a deed or dissolution on 31.12.1989
    and accordingly gave up his interest In the contract. On the same day, a
H   fresh partnership was entered into between the remaining partners and
                                        512
                        SEWARAM v. SOBARAN                              513

one 'P' to continue the aforesaid contracts. The appellant also stated that    A
by bis letter dated 30.1.1990 addressed to Executive Engineer P.W.D. he
informed that he has completely severed his connection with the contracts.

       Rejecting the appellant's case, the High Court declared his election
void declaring him disqualified under Section 9·A holding that the aban·
donment of the contracts by appellant was not established and even after       B
his letter dated 30.1.1990 he continued to be associated with the contracts;
that M.P. Audyogik Kendra Vikas Nigam was "Appropriate Government'
under Section 9-A of the Act.

      In appeal to this Court on the question whether the contract taken       C
by the appellant with the P.W.D. of the Madhya Pradesh Government was
subsisting on the date of filing nominations, it was contended on behalf of
the appellant that (1) after the appellant's letter dated 30.1.1990 intimal·
Ing the Department the he bad withdrawn from the contract no contract
subsisted between him and the State Government; therefore there was no
question of any disqualification under Section 9-A or the Act; (2) after the   D
appellant's letter there was no evidence to show that he participated in
completing the contract.

       On behalf of the respondent it was contended that (1) the P.W.D.
awarded the contract to the appellant in bis individual capacity and not       E
to any Orm. Clause 25 of the contract, which prohibited transfer or
assignment of contract except with the prior written approval of the
competent authority, was not complied with; (2) the sequence of events
and documents makes it clear beyond doubt that it was the appellant
alone who was participating in the execution or contract mudt after the
filing of the nomination paper inasmuch as not only he participated in the     F
process of adjudiction of extension of time but also continued to sign all
bills and Measurement Books in respect of the contract in his own name;
and (3) the appellant's stand or severing his connection with contract by
the letter dated 30.1,1990 was untenable because the said letter though
addressed to Executive Engineer was not delivered In bis omce but was          G
delivered In the Omce or Sub· Divisional omcer.

      Dlsmlssln11 the appeal, this Court,
     HELD1 1. The question of subelstence of a contract with the Ap•
proprlate Government makln11 It o dlsquollncotlon under Section 9•A of H
    514                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS[1992J SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A the Act is a que•tion of fact depending on the facts and circumstances of
    each case. [525-FJ

           2. It is an admitted position that the appellant was awarded the
    contract by P.W.D. in bis individual capacity. The partnership firm Itself
    came into existence in 1988 and under Clause 25 or the Tender the
B   contract could not have been assigned or transferred in favour of the firm
    without the written consent or the Divisional Officer. There is nothing on
    record to show that at any time during the subsistence of this contract
    appellant had ever intimated the P.W.D. Department that the contract
    may be transferred or assigned in favour of the firm nor any correspon·
C   dence ever shows that the P.W.D. Department had accepted such transfer
    or assignment impliedly or expressly in favour or the partnership firm.
    Thus, it is established beyond any manner or doubt that till the date of
    filing the nomination paper, the contract with P.W.D. was continuing and
    dealt with by the appellant in his individual capacity and not by the
D   partnership firm. [528 A·D]

           3. It cannot be said that the contract came to an end. by breach by
    writing the letter dated 30.1.1990. The facts of the case show that the
    contract did not came to an end but was songht to be continued through
    'P', the appellant's real brother and member or Joint Hindu family with
E   appellant. Not only that, 'P' was also an attorney holder or appellant
    during the relevant period. The correspondence even after 30.1.1990 bas
    been made in the name of appellant though signned by 'P'. In these
    circumstances, it cannot be believed that appellant had put an end to the
    contract by breach. The conduct or appellant and bis brother even prior
F   to and after 30.1.1990 leads to an irresistible conclusion that the contract
    had not come to an end, and was subsisting, thereby incurring a dis·
    qualification under Section 9-A of the Act. [530 E-G]

         4. Though, the letter dated 30.1.1990 is addressed to the Executive
  Engineer, yet in fact, it was delivered not in bis Office but was delivered
G in the Office of the Sub-Divisional Officer. It cannot be believed that when
  all correspondence relating to the contract was dealt with the Office of the
  Executive Engineer, why such an important letter was submitted to a lower
  authority or the rank of Assistant Engineer. In case appellant wanted to
  put an end to the contract, in the normal course of behaviour and human
H conduct he sho'uld have gone personally to no less an authority than the
                 SEWARAM v. SOBARAN [KASLIWAL, J.]                      515

Executive Engineer and to have pnt and end to the contract mutually or A
in case the concerned officers were not agreabie to end the contract
mutually then he could have taken the step of ending the contract
unilaterally by breach taking the risk of damages. The facts therefore lead
to the conclusion that the appellant never intended nor in fact put an end
to the contract, but continued with the contract through the proxy of his
real brother. [529 D·F, 530 G·H, 531-A)
                                                                            B

        4.1. The finding recorded by the Higb Court that the contract with
the P.W.D. was subsisting on the date of filing the nomination and the
date of scrutiny of the nomination papers and the appellant thus incurred
a disqualification for contesting the election is affirmed. Steps as con·      C
templated under Section 103 of the Act shall be taken. [531 B·Dl

      Abdul Rahiman Khan v. Sadasiva Tripathi, [1969] 1 S.C;R. 351 and
Konappa Rudrappa Nadgouda v. Vishwanath Reddy & Anr., [1969) 1 S.C.R.
395, relied on.
                                                                               D
     S. Munishamappa v. B. Venkatarayappa and Ors., [1981) 3 S.C.C. 260
and Smt. Aslhing alias Lhingjanong v. L.S. John & Ors., [1984] 1 S.C.R. 863,
distinguished.

        CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 4390 of
1991.                                                                          E

      From the Order dated 28.10.1991 of the Madhya Pradesh High Court
in Election Petition No. 40 of 1990.

       U.R. Lalit, Rameshwar Bhargava, Yashpal Dhingra, Baldev Krishan
Satija and S.S. Khanduja for the Appeallant.
                                                                               F

     Dr. A.M. Singbvi, Bansal, Cicen Mukhopadhya, R. Sasiprabhu and
R.G. Bansal for the Respondent.

        The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
                                                                               G
       KASLIWAL, J. Election for the Morena Legislative Assembly Con-
stituency in State of Madhya Pradesh was held on 27.2.1990. Sewaram, the
appellant before us having secured 25,509 votes was declared elected.
Sobaran Singh, the respondent in this appeal being one of the defeated
candidates having secured 19,055 votes filed an Election Petition under H
    516                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS[l992] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A Sections 80 and 84 read with Section 100 of the Representation of the
    People Act of 1951 (hereinafter referred to as 'the Act') challenging the
    election of Sewaram. The ground for challenge was based on the allegation
    that on the date of filing the nomination paper on 1.2.1990 and declaration
    of the result of the election on 28.2.1990, Sewaram was having contracts
B   entered with the Madhya Pradesh Government subsisting and as such he
    was disqualified under Section 9-A of the Act. The details of the subsisting
    contracts with the Government were given as under in paragraph 4 of the
    Election Petition: -

            (a) A contract with M.P. Government through the Manag·
c           ing Director, M.P. Industrial Area Development Corpora-
            tion Ltd., Gwalior for contruction of W.B.M. Road in
            Industrial Estate, Malanpur, Distt. Bhind of M.P. The
            contract is for Rs. 51 lacs. The work order was issued on
            29.12.88 and the date of completion mentioned in the
            contract is 28.3.90. Under this contract, the 10th running
D           bill of Rs.1,63,805 is paid on 10.2.1990 and the construction
            work is still incomplete and being carried.

            (b) Another contract with M.P. Government through the
            same authority mentioned in the above clause No. (a) for
E           the construction of W .B.M. Road in Industrial Estate
            Malanpur Distt. Bhind of M.P. This contract is for Rs.55
            lacs. The work order was issued on 10.11.89. The work
            under this contract is still being carried on. The aforesaid
            Corporation mentioned in para 4(a) & (b) is a subsidiary
F           Coporation of the M.P. Industrial Development Corpora-
            tion Ltd., Bhopal and the said Managing Director, Gwalior
            is a permanent Government servant; The Industries
            Department of the M.P. Government is the real owner and
            controller of these Corporations. The total finances and
            assets of these Corporations belong to the Government of
G           M.P. In brief, these corporations are Government Cor-
            porations. Its functions are akin to the Public Works
            Department of M.P.

            (c) A tontractual ngreement with the Governor of M.P. for
H           development, Improvement and malntenanee of the Main
              SEWARAM v. SOBARAN [KASLIWAL, J.]                      517

       Road between Bus stand of village Rayroo and Gwalior in              A
       Distt. Gwalior (M.P.). This agreement No.2/87-88 is for Rs.
       37,96,500. The work order No.2477 was issued on 16.4.87
       by the Executive Engineer of P.W.D ..of M.P. The running
       bill for Rs.2,22,416/87 P. is paid in the month of March,
       1990 by a cheque issued by the Public Works Department
       of M.P. The work under this contract is still continuing.
                                                                            B
       The aforesaid work is undertaken and carried on by Mad-
       hya Pradesh Public Works Department under M.P. Words
       Department Manual of 1983 pubished in M.P. Government
       Gazette Extraordinary dated 20.1.84. The aforesaid por-
       tion of the road is part of the road named as National               c
       Highway No3 but it is under the jurisdiction of the Govern-
       ment of M.P. As per the provisions of the National Highway
       Act and related provisions of Law, the road is under the
       M.P. Government. The Central Public Works Department
       has nothing to do with the impugned contract."
                                                                            D
      Sewaram filed a reply to the Election Petition and denied that the
alleged contracts mentioned in para 4 (a) and (b) of the petition with the
M.P. Audyogik Kendra Vik as Nigam (Gwalior) Ltd., (In short 'MPAKVN')
are the contracts/works undertaken by the Madhya Pradesh Government.
It was submitted that the said Nigam is a Limited Company incorporated E
under the Companies Act, 1956 and as sucb is an independent and
sovereign body corporate with perpetual succession, seal and power to hold
and manage its own property. It was, therefore, denied that the Industries
Department of the Government of Madhya Pradesh was the real owner of
the said Company. As such, it was also denied that the contracts with the F
said Company can be termed as contracts with the appropriate Govern-
ment, in terms of Section 9-A of the Act.

      It was also submitted in the reply that he had been carrying on the
construction business by taking contracts.
                                                                            G
      This business was carried on in his individual capacity upto 31.3.1988.
On 1.4.1988, he intered into a partnership for his work contracts with the
Indian Railways at Kolaras by duly executing a deed of partnership. The
firm was named as "Mis Sewaram Gupta". It was also submitted in the reply
that on 1.4.1989 he put his work/contract with the M.P. PWD National H
    518                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS[l992] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A   Highways, Gwalior and the first contract with MPAKVN, in the aforesaid
    firm M/s Sewaram Gupta. The second contract with MPAKVN was also
    put in the aforesaid firm of M/s Sewaram Gupta on 24.10.1989. The
    work/business of the aforesaid three contracts was carried on by the said
    partnership firm thruugh him.

B         It was further submitted in the reply that on 31.12.1989, he made up
    his mind to contest the election of the Morena Assembly Constituency and
    as such opted for a ticket from the Bhartiya Janta Party. It was· admitted
    that on 31.12.1989, the following contracts with State Government and
    MPAKVN were subsisting:-
c
            (i) for construction of floodable reach in KM. 105 to 108
            of Agra Bombay Road with the M.P., P.W.D. National
            Highways, Gwalior.

            (ii) for the construction of WBM road at Malanpur agree-
D
            ment No.20 with the M.P. Audyogik Kendra Vikas Nigam
            (Gwalior) Ltd.

            (iii) for construction ofWBM road at Malanpur agreement
            No.28 with M.P. Audyogik Kendra Vikas Nigam (Gwalior)
E           Ltd.   1
                    '




          Shri Sewaram in his reply further submitted that since he intended
    to contest the election, he decided to severe for good his connection with
    the aforesaid contracts. He, therefore, decided to and retired from the
F   aforesaid (partnership) firm by executing necessary documents. But, since
    the aforesaid works/contracts were at advanced stages, he made alternate
    arrangements with one Shri Patiram Gupta, who was also a registered
    contractor with M.P. PWD and the said MPAKVN to undertake and
    complete the said works. An agreement to this effect was duly executed
    between him and Shri Patiram Gupta on 31.12.1989 and duly got noted by
G   a Notary Public. He also retired from the aforesaid partnership firm by
    duly executing a deed of dissolution on 31.12.1989. On such retirement
    from the aforesaid firm, a fresh partnership was entered into between the
    remaining partners and Shri Patiram Gupta on 31.12.1989 to continue the
    aforesaid works/contracts. The aforesaid deeds of dissolution and fresh
H   partnership were also duly got noted by a Notary Public on 31.12.1989.
               SEWARAM v. SOBARAN [KASLIWAL, J.]                         519

       Sewaram further submitted in the reply that on 29.1.1990 he was A
permitted by high command of the Bhartiya J anta Party to file nomination
papers for the Morena Vidhan Sabha Constituency. As such, he immedi-
ately informed the Executive Engineer, M.P. PWD, N.H. Gwalior and the
Managing Director of MPAKVN that since he was willing to contest the
election, he was unable to execute and complete the works/contracts and,
as such, he completely withdrew himself from the works/contracts. He also
                                                                                 B
wrote letters to the above effect to the Executive Engineer M.P. PWD,
N.H., Gwalior and the Managing Director of MPAKVN on 30.1.1990 and
enclosed a copy of his aforesaid agreement dated 31.12.1989 with Shri
Patiram Gupta with each of the aforesaid three letters. He also made a
request to transfer the works in the name of Shri Patiram Gupta. In each C
of these letters, he categorically made it clear that as far as he was
concerned, the works stood closed. It was further alleged that he complete-
ly severed his connection with and did not even touch the said works. Shri
Patiram Gupta started to execute them since then and has been executing
the said works/contracts to date. It was further alleged that he filed his first D
nomination form on 1.2.1990 and had completely and duly severed his
association with the aforesaid contracts. Thus, no contract with the ap-
propriate Government was subsisting on the date of filing the nomination
papers and the date of scrutiny. It was also submitted that the alleged
running bill as mentioned in para 4 (a) of the Election Petition was
prepared by the department and accepted by Shri Patiram Gupta and E
payment thereof was also received by Shri Patiram Gupt in terms of the
arrangement mentioned in the letter dated 30.1.1990, and he was not
concerned at all either with the said work/contract or the alleged running
bill or its payment. On the basis of the aforesaid pleadings of the parties,
the High Court framed the following issues:-
                                                                                F
         "(i) Whether M.P. Audyogik Kendra Vikas Nigam can be
         termed as an "appropriate Govt." within the meaning of
         Section 9- A of the Representation of Peoples Act, 1951?

         (2) Whether the contract No.20 as narrated in para 4(a) of            G
         the petition, entered between the respondent and the M.P.
         Audyogik Kendra Vikas Nigam was subsisting during the
         election i.e. between 1.2.90 to 27.2.90?

         (3) Whether the contract No.28 as detailed in para 4 (b)              H
    520                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS!1992j SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A            of the petition, entered between the respondent and the
             M.P. Audyogik Kendra Vikas Nigam was subsisting during
             the related Election?

             (4) Whether the contract No.2/87-88 for constructing the
             road, detailed in para 4(c) of the petition, entered between
B            the respondent and the Rajyapal of Madhya Pradesh was
             subsisting during the relat@d Election?

             (5) Whether the respondent, Sawaram Gupta, validly
             severed his connection on 31.12.89 with the contracts al-
             leged in paras 4(a), 4 (b) and 4(c) of the Election Petition
c            on or before the relevant date and was not disqualified to
             stand for Election?"

        The election petitioner examined 5 witnesses and Shri Sewaram
  Gupta examined 7 witnesses. Shri N.K Mandloi, Executive Engineer PWD,
D N.H. Division, Gwalior was examined as a court witness. The parties also
  produced documentary evidence. The High Court under issue No.l held
  that MPAKVN is a Government Company being a subsidiary of M.P.
  Audyodik Kendra Vikas Nigam Limited, and the State Government and
  MPAKVN are not separate legal entities, the latter being the machinery is
E a part of the State Government entrusted to carry out designated furnctions
  and activities. The High Court, thus concluded that MPAKVN is "ap-
  provpriate Government" within the meaning of the term used in Section
  9-A of the Act and accordingly decided issue No.1 in affirmative.

        The High Court then discussed the oral and documentary evidence
F in detail and under issue No.5 held that the plea of severance set up by
  Sewaram has not been established. The High Court also held that no effect
  was given to the purported severance contemplated in terms of respondent
  Sewaram's letter dated 30.1.1990. The Executive Engineer and Superin-
  tending Engineer continued to deal with Sewaram treating him as the
  contractor. Thus, issue No.5 was decided in negative. The High Court
G thereafter took issues Nos. 2, 3, and 4 jointly into consideration and held
  that the abandonment of works in respect of the three contracts, by
  respondent Sewaram, is not established. Whether those contracts were
  continued by Sewaram overtly or through his proxy Patiram covertly,
  matters little. Even after writing his letters dated 30.1.1990, Sewaram Gupta
H continued to be associated with those contracts with PWD and MPAKVN.
               SEWARAM 'v. SOBARAN [KASLIWAL, J.]                       521

The High Court as such decided these issues also in affirmative. As a result A
of the findings recorded above, the High Court held that Sewaram was
disqualified in terms of Section 9-A of the Act. The election of Sewaram
was declared void. It was directed that as contemplated under Section 103
of the Act, steps shall be taken by the Registry to intimate at once the
substance of the order to the Election Commission, New Delhi and the B
Speaker M.P. Legislative Assembly, Bhopal and in due course to send also
to the Election Commission an authenticated copy of the decision.

       Sewaram aggrieved against the aforesaid Judgment of the High Court
has filed the present appeal under Section 116-A of the Act.
                                                                                c
      We have heard learned counsel for the parties at length and have
thoroughly gol\e through the record. It may be mentioned at this stage that
in view of the fact that we are affirming the findings of the High Court as
regards the contract with the PWD of the Government of Madhya Pradesh
subsisting on the relevant dates, we. refrain from recording any finding
whether MPAKVN was an appropriate Government within the meaning of              D
Section 9·A of the Act. In view ofthis we also find it unnecessary to decide
the question whether any works/contracts taken by Sewaram with
MPAKVN were subsisting or not on the relevant dates. We are, thus,
determining the only question whether the work/contract taken by the
appellant Sewaram with the PWD of the Government of Madhya Pradesh              E
was subsisting or not on 1.2.1990 • the date of filiitg nominations.

       Learned counsel for the appellant submitted that the appellant had
clearly intimated to the department that be had withdrawn from the
contract and bis interest in the contract bad come to an end vide bis letter
dated 30.1.1990. Any conduct on the part of the department or on the part       F
of Patiram Gupta after the aforesaid date cannot be taken as a cir·
cumstance against the appellant. After 30.1.1990 Patiram had dealt with
the department and the department had also accepted the work to be done
by him ud this clearly goes to show that the contract with the petitioner
had come to an end. The department bad given two separate completion            G
certificates, one to Patiram and the other to the appellant and this clearly
shows that the department had treated the appellant as having terminated
bis part of the contract on 30.1.1)9(). It was submitted that the contents of
letter dated 30.1.1990 leave no 1nanner of doubt that the appellant .had
expressly intimated the Executive Engineer that the appellant had               H
    522                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS[1992) SUPP. 1 S.CR.

A   withdrawn from the contract. No contract can be held as subsisting be-
    tween the appellant and the Government after such notice sent bY. the
    appellant ".ide his letter dated 30.1.1990. It was submitted that an unequivo-
    cal clear intimation given by the appellant vide his letter dated 30.1.1990
    clearly shows a severance of the contract on 30.1.1990 and there was no
B   question of any disqualification of the appellant under Section 9-A of the
    Act. it was also contended that even if such intimation given by the
    appellant is treated as unilateral, there does not remain any disqualification
    on the basis of any subsisting contract with the appropriate Government
    under Section 9-A of the Act, Reliance in support of the above contention
    has been placed on S. Munishamappa v. B. Venkatarayappa and Others.
C   (1981) 3 SCC 260 and Smt. Aslihing alias Lihinyjanong v. L.S. John & Ors.,
    (1984) 1 SCR 863. lt was further contended·on behalf of the appellant that
    so far as the PWD contract is concerned, prior to 30.1.1990 Patiram had
    never participated in any work of this contract inspite of the fact that he
    was holding a general power of attorney from the appellant. All acticns
D   prior to 30.1.1990 were taken only by the appellant. After 30.1.1990, there
    is no evidence to show that the appellant participated in completing the
    work of the contract. Shri V.P. Srivastava, R.W.7, Sub Divisional Officer
    working on this contract has expressly stated in his evidence that after
    30.1.1990 the appellant did not come on the work site. After 30.1.1990 all
E   documents concerning the PWD contract show that Shri Patiram alone had
    participated in the work contract. In support of this contention reliance is
    placed on Exhibit P.60 dated 15.2.1990 by which extention for completing
    the contract was sought by Patiram. Exhibit R.23 dated 24.2.1990 by which
    Patiram Gupta communicated that he had completed the work. Exhibit R.
F   24 dated 16.3.1990 by which Patiram had asked for the payments. Exhibit
    P.71 dated 31.3.1990 shows that the running bill was paid to Patiram and
    this bill was counter signed by many officers including the Executive
    Engineer and ultimately to complete the formalities a new contract was
    made in favour of Patiram vide Exhibit R.2. A completion certificate was
G   given to Patiram vide Exhibit R.20 and a final bill was prepared in the name
    of Patiram and paid to him vide Exhibit R.25 dated 22.9.1990. It was also
    submitted that the letter Exhibit R.12 dated 30.1.1990 was accepted by the
    PWD department and a completion certificate as of 30.1.1990 was issued
    in the name of the appellant vide Exhibit R.19. The authenticity of the
H   aforesaid documents is affirmed in the evidence of Shri V .P. Srivastava. He
               SEWARAM v. SOBARAN [KASLIWAL, J.]                         523

was the person who was incharge and the evidence of Srivastave is further        A
corroborated by the subsequent act and the steps taken by other officials
of PWD at various stages.

       Learned counsel for the respondent on the other hand submitted that
admittedly the contract with PWD was applied for, tendered for and               B
awarded to Sewaram Gupta in his individual capacity and it remianed
unchanged at all relevant times. The Chief Engineer, PWD vide his com-
munication dated 3.4.1987 approved the contract in the name of Sewaram
Gupta himself and not to any firm. Clause 25 of the contract specifically
prohibited and interdicted the transfer or subletting or sub-contracting of
the work awarded to Sewaram Gupta except with the prior written ap-              C
proval of the Divisional Officer. Admittedly, this clause was never invoked
nor any wrtten approval for transfer of the contract in favour of the firm
Mis Sewaram Gupta has even been alleged much less proved. There is not
a single document or communication or any other piece of evidence to
suggest that the PWD ever dealt with Shri Sewaram Gupta as a firm or             D
that at any time it was dealing with anyone else except Shri Sewaram Gupta
in person. It was further argued that Shri Patiram Gupta was not a stranger,
but was the real brother of Sewaram Gupta as well as power of attorney
holder on behalf of Sewaram. It is not the case of Sewaram either set up
in the reply or in evidence that it was a case of complete secession or
stoppage of work on the part of Sewaram. On the contrary, it is an admitted      E
case by the appellant himself that the contract was continued and com-
pleted by no other person than Patiram who was not a stranger, but the
real brother, member of the joint family and a power of attorney holder of
Sewaram. It was submitted that not only upto January 1990, but even
thereafter at all relevant dates including in February, March and indeed         F
till the service of the summons of the election petition on 22.7.1990, the
 appellant himself acted in respect of the contract and to execute the
contract. It was also submitted that on 15.2.1990 a letter was sent in the
name of Sewaram Gupta seeking extention of time in the present contract
itself. At the end of the letter, the name of Mr. Sewaram Gupta is typed.        G
It has been contended that it has been sought to be explained on behalf of
the appellant that the word 'Sewaram Gupta' at the end of the letter means
 and should be read as Sewaram Gupta firm, but such plea is palpably
 dishonest and liable to be rejected. There is no ground or ji:stification for
reading the plain word Sewaram Gupta to be read as Sewaram Gupta firm.
On 31.3.1990 the Measurement Book (in short 'MB') relating to the present        H
    524                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS[1992) SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A contract itself has been signed at the end by Patiram Gupta, but with the
    name of Sewaram Gupta. The bill prepared on the basis of the aforesaid
    MB dated 31.3.1990 has been signed by Patiram Gupta for Sewaram Gupta.
    Communication dated 2.4.1990 from Executive Engineer to Superintending
    Engineer recommending further extension of time for completion of con-
B   tract makes a mention of Sewaram Gupta and it is addressed to Sewaram
    Gupta alone. On 2.5.1990 Superintending Engineer, PWD wrote to
    Sewaram Gupta informing him to attend hearing at which his request for
    extension of time will be adjudicated. On 25.6.1990, letter has been issued
    from Superintending Engineer to Executive Engineer, intimating him the
    decision of the Superintending Engineer granting extension of time after
C   hearing both the parties incl_uding the i;ontractor and a copy of this letter
    is marked to Mr. Sewaram Gupta in person. It bas been contended that
    the above sequence of events and documents makes it clear beyond any
    manner of doubt that it was Sewaram Gupta alone who was participating
    in the execution of the contract much after the filing of nomination paper
D   on 1~.1990. Sewaram Gupta, not only participated in the process of
    adjudication for extension of time, but also continued to sign all bill and
    MBs in respect ·of this very contract in his own name. The fact that Patiram
    Gupta was signing various letters, measurement books and bills is simply
    because he was acting at all relevant times as the agent of Sewaram. It was
    further contended that only communication by Patiram Gupta in his own
E   name occurs after 22.7.1990 which is admittedly the date on which notice
    of Election Petition had been served on the appellant Sewaram Gupta.
    There is no communication worth the name by Patiram in his own name
    as a contractor prior to 22nd July, 1990 and this totally falsifies the stand
    taken by the appellant that he had severed his connection with the contract
F   on 30.1.1990

           Learned counsel for the respondent further submitted that the con-
    tention of the appellant regarding the sending. of letter dated 30.1.1990 is
    itself wholly untenable and clearly reflects a desperate and afterthought
    attempt to set up a case of severance of contract in order to wriggle out
G   of the provisions of Section 9-A of the Act. It was submitted in this regard
    that this letter dated 30.1.1990 though addressed to the Executive Engineer,
    but has· supposedly been given to the Office of the Sub Divisional Officer
    Mr. Srivastava. It has been pointed out in this regard that all communica-
    tions in respect of the present contract with PWD have been sent to the
H   Office of the Executive Engineer, but such an important letter dated
               SEWARAM v. SOBARAN [KASLIWAL, J.]                        525

30.1.1990 on which the entire case hinges has not been delivered in the A
Office of the Executive Engineer, but to Sub Divisional Officer Mr. Srivas-
tava who has apparently come out to support the appellant. Mr. Mandloi,
Executive Engineer appearing as a court witness categorically states that
he had no knowledge whatsoeyer of the letter dated 30.1.1990 before
23.7.1990. Clause 28 of the contract also makes it clear that work is to be B
done under the direction of the Executive Engineer or Superintending
Engineer. It has also been argued that according to the statement of
Sewaram, he himself and his friend Rajesh Verma had gone to deliver the
letter dated 30.1.1990 and Rajesh Verma also supports the above statement
of Sewaram, but Mr. V.P. Srivastava categorically states that Sewaram
came along with Patiram and not with Rajesh Verma for delivering the C
letter dated 30.1.1990 to him. It was also submitted in this regard that there
is no explanation as to why this letter dated 30.1.1990 was not brought to
the notice of Shri Mandloi - the Executive Engineer till 23.7.1990 specially
when it was addressed to the Executive Engineer and was a very material
and important document in order to uphold the contention of the appellant D
of severing the contract which was coming in his way for contesting the
 election. Learned counsel for the respondent on several grounds also
 assailed the genuineness of the documents brought in existence by the
 appellant on 31.12.1989 purportedly to show that Sewaram had withdrawn
 from the partnership of the firm Mis Sewaram Gupta and Patiram Gupta
joined the said firm as one of the partners.                                   E

      We have given our thoughtful consideration to the arguments ad-
vanced by learned counsel for both the parties and also the case law cited
at the bar. The question of subsistence of a contract. with the appropriate
Government making it a disqualification under Section 9-A of the Act is a       F
question of fact depending on the facts and circumstances of each case. In
Abdul Rahiman Khan v. Sadasiva .-Tripath~ [1969) 1 SCR 351, the respon-
dent was declared elected to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa from the
Nowrangpur General Constituency. The appellant filed an election petition
before the High Court of Orissa for an order setting aside the election of      G
the respondent, on the ground that the appellant's nomination paper was
imporperly rejected and he was illegally deprived of his right to contest the
election. It WBI! a common ground that the appellant was carrying on the
business of a bulldlng contractor and that in pursuance of a notification
issued by the Government of Orlssa he had submitted tenders for construe·
tlon of bulldlngs of the Rental Housing Scheme at the rates specified           H
    526                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS[1992] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A therein. The tenders were accepted and the appellant had carried out a
    part of the construction work, but had thereafter stopped the work because
    he suffered serious injuries which necessitated his detention in a public
    hospital. The appellant claimed that at his request the contract was can-
    celled, and on that account at the date of filing of his nomination there
B   was, between him and the State of Orissa no subsisting contract for
    execution of works undertaken by him, and that in any event there was in
    law no contract between him and the State relating to the execution of
    works which disqualified him from standing at the election as a candidate
    for a seat in the State Legislative Assembly.

C          In the facts and circumstances of the above case, it was held that the
    appellant had commenced execution of the work, but had not completed
    it. Payment for the work done was not made to the appellant. The contract
    was not determined by mutual agreement nor was it abandoned (emphasis
    supplied).
D
          In Konappa Rudrappa Nadgouda v. Vishwanath Reddy & Anr., [1969]
    1 SCR 395, the appellant and the first respondent were candidates for
    election in February, 1967 from the Yadagiri constituency which was won
    by the first respondent. The appellant challenged his election by a petition
    on the ground that he was a partner in a firm which had two contracts with
E   the State Government, one for the construction of a road and the other for
    the construction of a dispensary building, which were subsisting on the day
    when nominations were filed; he was therefore disqualified from being a
    candidate under Section 9-A of the Representation of the People Act, 1951
    and his election was void. The High Court dismissed the election petition.
F   This Court allowed the appeal and held that the High Court was in error
    in holding that the contracts had been fully performed and Section 9-A did
    not apply. It was held that the law requires that a candidate should not
    have any interest in any contract with Government and therefore even a
    partner in a firm has an interest sufficient to attract the provisions of
    Section 9-A. The first respondent could not by a private dissolution of the
G   partnership escape his liability under the contract to the Government, and
    there was here no novation, because notice of the dissolution was not given
    to Government and the Government had not accepted the person to whom
    the business was transferred in place of the respondent's firm.

H         In S. Munishamappa v. B. Venkatarayappa and Others, [1981) 3 SCC
               SEWARAM v. SOBARAN [KASLIWAL, J.]                      527

260 (supra) on which reliance has been placed by the learned counsel for A
the appellant. In that case the letter written by the appellant to the
Executive Engineer clearly proceeded on the basis that at that point of time
there was no existing contract between him and the Government and he
was only asking for a settlement of his bills and for concellation of the
licence. The endorsements made on the said letter by the authorities also B
indicated that the said position was accepted by them and necessary
directions for finalisation of the bills were given. The further fact was that
the security deposit had been refunded to the appellant and no penal
action had been taken against him and the remaining works had been
allowed to be executed by other contractors, also established that the said
contract between the parties had come to an end before the appellant filed C
his nomination paper. In these circumstances this Court held that the
contract was not subsisting on the date the appellant filed his nomination
paper.


       In Smt. Aslhing alias Lhingjanong v. L.S. John & Ors., (1984) 1 SCR D
863 (supra), this Court held that the respondent was a party to a subsisting
contract with the Government for widening of a road words a letter to the
concerned Executive Engineer stating that he was closing the said contract.
The appellant contended that the contents of the letter did not have the
effect of putting an end to the contract. Dismissing the appeal this court E
held that after the letter, the contract came to an end by breach and was
no longer subsisting. Acceptance of the letter by the authorities was
unnecessary for putting an end to the contract although the breach may
give rise to an action for damages. In the facts of that case this court
accepted that a letter was written on 30.11.1979 to the concerned Executive
Engineer stating that he was closing the said contract. The last date for F
filing nomination was 10.12.1979. This court after going through the con-
tends of the letter held that it was absolutely clear that the contractor
unilaterally put an end to the contract and informed the department
concerned accordingly and also he had resigned from the contractors' list
of PWD Malanpur. It was held that after this letter, the contract came to G
an end by breach and the contract was no longer subsisting. Thus, the
question of subsistence of the contract at the relevant time has been
decided in all the above cases on the basis of the facts and circumstances
of each one of those cases. As already held above, such question is a
question of fact depending on the facts and circumstances of each case.      H
    528                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS[1992] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A        In order to decide the controversy, we shall now take into consider-
  tion the facts of the case in hand. It is an admitted position that Sewaram
  in his individual capacity had submitted a tender/application on 6.11.1986
  for-seeking the contract for raising of floodable reach in K.M. 105 to 108
  of A.B. Road on National Highway No.3 for an amount of Rs. 37,96,500.
  This tender for the above work was accepted in favour of Sewaram by the
B Executive Engineer, PWD, National Highway Division, Gwalior on behalf
  of the Governor, Madhya Pradesh on 16.4.1987. Clause 25 of the contract
  clearly provided that the contract shall not be assigned or sublet without
  the written approval of the Divisional Officer. Admittedly the firm Mis
  Sewaram Gupta itself came into existence in 1988 and the contract made
C originally in fovour of Sewaram in his individual capacity could not have
  been assigned or transferred in favour of the firm without the consent of
  the Divisional Officer. Even otherwise, there is nothing on record to show
  that at any time during the subsistence of this contract Sewaram had ever
  intimated the PWD department that the contract may be transferred or
  assigned in favour of the firm nor any correspondence ever shows that the
D PWD department had accepted such transfer or assignment impliedly or
  expressly in favour of the firm M/s Sewaram Gupta. Thus, it is established
  beyond any manner of doubt that till 1.2.1990 the date of filing the nomina-
  tion paper, the contract with PWD was continuing and dealt with Sewaram
  in his individual capacity and not with the firm Sewaram Gupta. The
E appellant has taken the stand that an agreement was executed between him
  and Patiram on 31.12.1989 by which he gave up his interest in the existing
  contract with PWD and MPAKVN and executed another document on the
  same day dissolving the partnership firm and a new partnership deed was
  executed on the same date between Patiram and other persons. There is a
F serious controversy raised in this regard on behalf of the respondent that
  all these documents as alleged to have been executed on the stamp paper
  supplied by one Narayan Swaroop Saxena, stamp vendor are forged and
  void. This Narayan Swaroop Saxena has appeared in the witness box and
  has deposed that he did not enter the sale of the stamps to the appellant
  Sewaram in his register and has further admitted that the stamp paper
G alleged to have been sold to appellant Sewaram bearing the serial number
  13429 had been sold to a third party stranger namely Budh Ram who had
  purchased the same on behalf of lady Radha Bal, It has also been argued
  on behalf of the respondent that the notary Shri Chhinga I.al Gupta was a
  relation of Sewaram and thou11h there were various notaries having juris-
H diction In Morena, the document was 11ot notari1ed frum Shrl Chhinga Lal
               SEWARAM      v. SOBARAN [KASLIWAL, J.]                   529

Gupta, a notary from Gwalior. Many other circumstances have been shown A
in order to establish that all the documents. brought into existence on
31.12.1989 were forged and manufactured, but we do not consider it
necessary to record a positive finding in this regard, in view of the fact that
nothing material turns out on these documents for deciding the main
controversy raised in the present case. Even if, for arguments sake it may
be admitted that Sewaram had dissolved the partnership firm Mis Sewaram B
Gupta and Patiram was introduced as a new partner in this firm on
31.12.1989, it is neither established in fact, nor it was permissible to transfer
or assign the contract in favour of the firm at any time without the approval
of the Divisional Officer as per terms of Clause 25 of the contract.
                                                                               c
       Now we shall consider the main plank of the contention on which
the entire edifice has been built by Sewaram that he had submitted a letter
dated 30.1.1990 whereby he had severed all his connections with the
contract in question and after this date there was no subsisting contract so
as to incur any disqualification under Section 9-A of the Act. Admittedly, D
this letter dated 30.1.1990 is addressed to the Executive Engineer, but in
fact, it was delivered not in the Office of Executive Engineer Mr. Mandloi,
but had been delivered in the Office of the Sub Divisional Officer Mr.
Srivastava. It is important to note that all correspondence in respect of the
contract in question has been done by Sewaram with the office of the
Executive Engineer except the letter dated 30.1.1990 in question which E
alone according to the appellant had been submitted to Shri V .P. Srivas-
tava, the Sub Divisional Officer sitting in a different office and far away
from the Office of the Executive Engineer. According to Sewaram, one
Rajesh Verma accompanied him while delivering this letter to Srivastava,
but according to Srivastava, Patiram had accompanied Sewaram and not F
Rajesh Verma. It cannot be believed that when all correspondence relating
to the contract was dealt with the Office of the Executive Engineer, why
such an important letter dated 30.1.1990 was not submitted in the Office
of the Executive Engineer and is alleged to have been submitted to a lower
authority of the rank of Assistant Engineer. We see force in the submission
of the learned counsel for the respondent in this regard that Shri Mandloi, G
the Executive Engineer was not willing to oblige the appellant by taking a
false stand and as such the appellant took a false plea that he had given
such letter dated 30.1.1990 to Mr. Srivastava. It is important to note that
Mr. Mandloi in his statement has clearly stated that he never saw nor had
 any knowledge of the letter dated 30.1.1990 prior to 23.7.1990. Even if, for H
    530                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS[1992] SUPP. l S.C.R.

A arguments sake it may be considered that the appellant had submitted the
    letter dated 30.1.1990 bonafidely for some reasons on the same day in the
    Office of the Assistant Engineer Mr. Srivastava, it was incumbent upon the
    appellant to see that the letter should have reached immediately in the
    Office of the Executive Engnieer who alone was competent to deal with
    such important matter. Admittedly, the letter was addressed to the Execu-
B
    tive Engineer and it came to his notice on 23.7.1990 after the service of the
    notice of the Election Petition on the appellant. The contract can come to
    an end by any of the following modes:-

          ( 1) By performance;
c         {2) By express agreement;

          {3) Under the doctrine of frustration; and

          (4) By breach.
D
           Mr. Lalit, learned senior counsel appearing on behalf of the appel-
    lant frankly and rightly submitted that in the present case by letter dated
    30.1.1990, the contract did not ocme to an end under the above mentioned
    three categories, but according to him, the case of the appellant falls under
    the fourth category of contract coming to an end by breach. We are not
E   satisfied that in the present case the contract came to an end by breach by
    writing the letter dated 30.1.1990 as sought to be submitted on behalf of
    the appellant. In the facts of the present case the contract had not come
    to an end but was sought to be c:Ontinued tbrough Patiram Gupta. It is an
    admitted fact that Patiram Gupta is the real brother and member of joint
F   Hindu family with Sewaram' appellant.. Nat only that, patiram was also an
    attorney, holder of Sewaram during the relevant period. The correspon-
    dence even after 30.1.1990 has been made in the name of Sewaram appel-
    lant though signed by Patiram. In these circumstances, it cannot be believed
    that Sewaram had put an end to the contract by breach and the conduct
    of Sewaram and Patiram even prior to and after 30.1.1990 leads to an
G   irresistible conclusion that the contract had not come to an end, and was
    subsisting, thereby incurring a disqualification under Section 9-A of the
    Act. In case Sewaram wanted to put an end to the contract, in the normal
    course of behaviour and human conduct he should have gone personally
    to no less an authority than the Executive Engineer and to have put an end
H   to the contract mutually or in case the concerned officers were not aggree-
               SEWARAM v. SOBARAN [KASLIWAL, J.]                        531

able to end the contract mutually then he could have taken the step of A
ending the contract unilaterally by breach taking the risk of damages. The
facts of the present case lead us to the conclusion that the appellant never
intended nor in fact put an end to the contract, but continued with the
contract through the proxy of his real brother Patiram.

       In the circumstances mentioned above, we are in agreement with          B
findings recorded by the High Court in this regard that the contract with
the PWD was subsisting on the date of filing the nomination and the date
of scrutiny of the nomination papers and the appellant thus incurred a
disqualification for contesting the election of Morena Assembly Con-
stituency in the State of Madhya Pradesh.                                      C
      As we are dismissing the appeal filed by the appellant on one
question alone, we are not expressing any opinion on any other question
decided by the High Court and leave all other questions open. In the result,
we· find no force in this appeal and it is accordingly dismissed with costs.
Future steps as contemplated under Section 103 of the Act shall now be         D
taken as directed by the High Court. In view of the appeal having been
dismissed, any interim orders passed during the pendency of this appeal
stand automatically vacated.

T.N.A.                                                   Appeal dismissed.