Holding

The bar in Section 195(1)(b)(ii) of the CrPC is not applicable to forgery offences committed before the document is produced in court.

Summary

The appellants forged a certified copy of a Jamabandi (Rent Roll) and introduced it in a court of Executive Magistrate during proceedings under Section 145 of the CrPC. A complaint alleging forgery offences (IPC §§ 468, 469, 471) was filed before the Chief Judicial Magistrate, who forwarded it to police, leading to an FIR, charge‑sheet and cognizance. The appellants sought quashing of the prosecution under Section 482 CrPC, contending that Section 195(1)(b)(ii) of the CrPC bars any prosecution for forgery of a document once it is produced in court, irrespective of when the forgery occurred. The Supreme Court examined the scope of Section 195(1)(b)(ii) and its relationship with Section 340(1), emphasizing that the bar applies only when the offence is committed while the document is in the court’s custody and affects the administration of justice. Relying on a strict construction principle and earlier precedents, the Court held that the bar does not extend to forgery committed before the document’s production. Consequently, the appeal was dismissed and the prosecution allowed to proceed.

Issues considered

Whether Section 195(1)(b)(ii) of the Code of Criminal Procedure bars prosecution for forgery offences when the forged document was produced in court but the forgery was committed prior to its production.
Whether Section 340(1) CrPC imposes a prerequisite preliminary inquiry before a court can lodge a complaint under Section 195(1)(b)(ii).

Legislation cited

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973s. 195(1)(b)(ii), s. 340(1)
Indian Penal Code, 1860s. 463, s. 468, s. 469, s. 471, s. 475, s. 476

Subjects

forgerySection 195 CrPCSection 340 CrPCprosecution bardocument produced in courtcriminal procedureinterpretation of statutesadministration of justice

Judgment

A SACHIDA NAND SINGH AND ANR.
v. )- .
STATE OF BIHAR AND ANR.

FEBRUARY 3, 1998

B [M.M. PUNCHHI, CJ., K.T. THOMAS AND M. SRINIVASAN, JJ.]
-I

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973~Sections 195(J)(b) (ii) and
340(1)-Bar against prosecution in respect of offences of forgery under
section 463 or punishable under sections 471, 475 or 476 of Indian Penal
c Code committed in respect of a document produced or given in evidence in
a proceeding in a court-Forgery of documents committed before said
document was produced in court-Held, bar under section 195(1)(b) (ii) not
applicable--Indian Penal Code, 1872-Sections 463, 471, 475 and 476. ~.

Interpretation of Statutes·-Construction Provision curbing general
D jurisdiction of the Court should receive strict construction-Construction
capable of causing mischievou~ consequences should be averted

Second respondent filed a complaint against appellants in the Court of
Chief Judicial Magistrate, alleging offences under Section 468, 469 and 471
E of the Indian Penal Code, 1872. The appellants had forged a document (a
certified copy· of Jamabandi-Rent Roll) and produced it in the court of
Executive Magistrate which was then dealing with proceedings under Section
145 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The Chief Judicial Magistrate
forwarded the complaint to the police as provided in Section 156(3) of the
Code. Polici~ registered an FIR on the basis of the said complaint and after
F investigation laid a charge-sheet against appellants. The Chief Judicial
Magistrate took cognizance and i~sued process to the appellants. The
--<
appellants iiled a petition before the High Court under section 482 of the
Code for quaslling the prosecution on the ground that the magistrate could
not have taken cognizance of the offences in view of bar contained in section
195(1)(b)(ii) of taking cognizance ofoffence of forgery ifoffence is committed
G
in respect of a document produced or given in evidence in a proceeding in
a court.
...
In appeal to this Court, the appellants contended that if the offence
alleged is with respect to a document which reached the court then the
H aforesaid bar operates, no matter whether the offence was committed before
492
\

S.N. SINGH v. ST ATE 493
or after its production in court. The decision in Patel Laljibhai Somabhai 's A
.,' case is not relevant as the decision was rendered under the corresponding
provision of the old Code which has.a subtle difference from the new provision
in Section 195(l)(b)(ii) of the Code because of absence of the words "by a
party to any proceedings in any court" in the new code. The ratio laid down
in Gopalakrishna Manon's Case would hold the field since thl)t decision was
rendered under the new code. B
y
The first respondent argued that the slight change made in Section
' 195(1)(b)(ii) of the Code vis-a-vis the corresponding provision in the old Code
was not for deviating from the legal position settled by the court in Patel
Laljibhai Somabhai 's case. The only object for deletion of those words was
to advance the protection of section 195(l)(b)(ii) to other persons as well who
c
might not have been parties to the litigation.

Dismissing the appeal, this Court

HELD: I.I. The bar contained in Section 195 (l)(b)(ii) of the Code of
criminal Procedure is not applicable to a case where forgery of the document o'
. " was committed before the document was produced in a Court. [501-F]

1.2. Section 340(1) of the Code has an interlink with section 195(l)(b).
So no complaint can be made by a court regarding any offence falling within
the ambit of Section 195(l)(b) of Code without first adopting procedural
E
requirements of Section 340(1). The scope of the preliminary enquiry
envisaged in section 340(1) of the Code is to ascertain whether any offence
affecting administration of justice has been committed in respect ofa document
produced in Court or given in evidence in a proceeding in that Court. In

• other words, ttie offence should have been committed during the time when
the document was in custodia /egis. It would be a strained thinking that any
offence involving forgery of a document if committed far outside the precints
F
... of the Court and long before its production in the Court, could also be treated
as one affecting administration of justice merely because that document
~,

_J later reached the Court records. [497-G; 498-D-G[

Patel Laljibhai Somabhaiv. The State ofGujarat, AIR (1971) SC 1935, G
relied on.

Gopalakrishna Menon & Anr v. D. Raja Reddy & Anr.. [1983] 4 SCC
240, distinguished.

Mahadev Bapuji Mahajan and Anr. v. State of Maharashtra, AIR (1994) H
494 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1998] 1 S.C.R.

A SC 1549; Raghunath & Ors., v. State of U.P. & Ors., (1973) l SCC 564;
Mohan Lal & Ors. v. The State of Rajasthan & Ors., [1974) 3 SCC 628 and
Legal Remembracer of Govt. of West Bengal v. Haridas Mundra, [1976] 2
SCR 933, relied on.
Harbans Singh and others v. State of Punjab AIR, [1987) P & H 19;
B Govindaraju v. State of Karna/aka (1995) Cr. L.J. 1491 and Alka Bhagwant
jadhava v. State of Maharashtra ILF, (1986) Born. 64, approved.

2.1. Section 195 restricts general powers of the magistrate, and the
general right of a person to move the Court with a complaint is, to that
extent, curtailed. It is a well-recognised canon of interpretation that provision
C curbing the general jurisdiction of the Court must normally receive strict
interpretation unless the statute or the context requires otherwise.
[497-A-B[
Abdul Waheed Khan v. Bhawani, [1966) 3 SCR 617, relied on.

2.2 It is difficult to interpret Section 195 (l)(b)(ii) as containing a bar
D against initiation of prosecution proceedings merely because the document
concerned was produced in a court albeit the act of forgery was perpetrated ~
prior to its production in the court. Any such construction is likely to ensue
unsavoury consequences. It is settled proposition that if the language of a
legislation is capable of more than one interpretation, the one which is
E capable of causing mischievous consequences should be averted. [497-C-D)
Gill v. Donald Humberstone & Co. Ltd., [1963] l W.L.R. 929, referred
to.
Goswami v. High Court of MP., [1979) l SCC 373, referred to.

Interpretation of Statutes I 2th Edn. Page 105 by Maxwell, referred to.
F
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No.
2059 of 1996.
From the Judgment and Order dated 20.10.96 of the Patna High Court I
in Crl. Misc. No. 2920of1995.
G K.B. Sinha, J.D. Jain, Kawaljeet Kochar and S.K. Jain for the Appellants.

B.B. Singh for the Respondent No. I.

Rakesh K. Sharma for the Respondent No. 2.

H The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
S.N. SINGH v. STATE [THOMAS, J.] 495
THOMAS, J. Can prosecution be maintained in respect of a forged A
document produced in court unless complaint has been filed by the court
concerned in that behalf? fn other words, the question involved in this appeal
is, whether the prohibition contained in Section 195 (I )(b)(ii) of the Code of
Criminal Procedure, 1973 (for short 'the Code) would apply to such prosecution.
The aforesaid question, ticklish it may appear to some extent, seemed to have B
received a quietus from this Court with the pronouncement in Patel Laljibhai
y Somabhai v. The State ofGujarat, AIR (1971) SC 1935, while considering the
scope of its corresponding provision In the old Code of Criminal Procedure
1898. But a subsequent decision of this Court in Gopalakrishna Menon &
anr. v. D. Raja Reddy & anr., (1983] 4 SCC 240 which struck a different note
thereon seemed to have revived the issue and kept it buoying up in the legal C
stream. That question, in this appeal, has arisen from the following facts:
,
A complaint was filed by second respondent (Lal Narain Singh) in the
court of a Chief Judicial Magistrate, alleging offences, inter alia, under
Sections 468, 469 and 471 of the Indian Penal Code on the facts that appellants
had forged a document (certified copy of Jamabandi - Rent Roll) and produced D
.. it in a court of Executive Magistrate which was then dealing with proceedings
-.: under Section 145 of the Code. Chief Judicial Magistrate forwarded the
complaint to the police as provided in Section I 56f3) of the Code. Po.lice
registered an FIR on the basis of the said complaint and after investigation
laid ·a charge-sheet against appellants for those offences. The Chief Judicial
/
/ Magistrate took cognizance of those offences and issued process to the
E
accused. Appellants then moved Patna High Court under Section 482 of the
Code for quashing the prosecution on the main ground that the Magistrate
could not have taken cognizance of the said offences in view of the bar
contained in Section 195(1 )(b)(ii) of the Code.
F
Before the High Court, appellants sited the decision of this Court in
-. Gopala Krishna Menon (supra) but a single judge of the High Court dismissed
the said petition filed under Section 482 by relying on a later decision of this
Court in Mahadev Bapuji Mahajan and Anr. v. State of Maharashtra, AIR
(1994) SC 1549. Appellants therefore, filed this appeal by special leave.
G
Shri K.B. Sinha, learned senior counsel contended that though the

.~ .. decision in Patel Laljibhai Somabhai v. The State of Gujarat (supra) was
rendered by a three judge Bench of this Court it is no longer relevant as the
said decision was rendered under the corresponding provision of the old
Code which has a subtle difference from the new provision in Section
195(1)(b)(ii) of the Code and that difference makes all the change. According H

)

,JI.·
I
496 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1998] l S.C.R.

A to the learned senior counsel, the ratio laid down by this Court in Gopalakrishna
Menon would hold the field since that decision was rendered under the new
Code.

Shri B.B.Singh, learned counsel for the first respondent (State of
Bihar), on the other hand, argued that the slight change made in Section
B 195(l)(b)(ii) of the Code vis-a-vis the corresponding provision in the old Code
was not for deviating from the legal position settled by this Court in Patel Y
Laljibhai Somabhai (supra). Learned counsel has highlighted the
consequences of adopting a wider construction as to the scope of Section
195(l)(b)(ii) of the Code. For deciding the issue it is appropriate to extract here
C the material .portion of the said clause here:
No Court shall take cognizance-of any offence described in section
463, or punishable under section 471, section 475 or section 476, of
the said Code, when such offence is alleged to have been committed
in respect of a document produced or given in evidence in a proceeding
D in any Court, except on the complain"! in writing of that Court, or of
some other Court to which that Court is subordinate.

The contention of the appellants is that (if the offence alleged is with
respect to a document which reached the court then the aforesaid bar operates,
no matter whether the offence was committed before or after its production
E in court.) In other words, according to the appellants, the decisive event for
attracting the bar is the production of the document in the court.

A reading of the clause reveals two main postulates for operation of the
bar mentioned there. First is; there must be allegation that an offence (it
should be either an offence described in Section 463 or any other offence
F punishable under Sections 471, 475, 476 of the IPC) has been committed.
Second is that such offence should have been committed in respect of a
document produced or given in evidence in a proceeding in any court. There
is no dispute before us that if forgery has been committed while the document
was in the custody of a court, then prosecution can be launched only with
G a complaint made by that court. There is also no dispute that if forgery was
committed with a document which has not been produced in a court then the
prosecution would lie at the instance of any person. If so, will its production
in a court make all the difference?

Even if the clause is capable of two interpretation we are inclined to
H choose the narrower interpretation for obvious reasons. Section 190 of the
S.N. SINGHy. STATE (THOMAS, J.] 497
Code empowers "any magistrate of the first class" to take cognizance of "any A
offence" upon receiving a complaint, or police report or information or upon
his own knowledge. Section 195 restricts such general powers of the magistrate,
and the general right of a person to move the Court with a complaint is to
that extent curtailed. It is a well-recognised canon of interpretation that
provision curbing the general jurisdiction of the court must normally receive B
strict interpretation unless the statute or the context requires otherwise Abdul
Waheed Khan v. Bhawam~ (1966] 3 SCR 617.

That apart it is difficult to interpret Section 195(1)(b)(ii) as containing
a bar against initiation of prosecution proceedings merely because the
document concerned was produced in a court albeit the act of forgery was C
perpetrated prior to its production in the court. Any such construction is
likely to ensue unsavoury consequences. For instance, if rank forgery of a
valuable document is detected and the forgerer is sure that he would
imminently be embroiled in prosecution proceedings he can simply get that
document produced in any long drawn litigation which was either instituted
by himself or some body else who can be influenced by him and thereby pre- D
empt the prosecution for the entire long period of pendency of that litigation.
It is a settled proposition that if the language of a legislation is capable of
more than one interpretation, the one which is capable of causing mischievous
consequences should be averted. Quoting from Gill v. Donald Humberstone
& Co. Ltd, (1963- I-W.L.R.929) Maxwell has stated in his treaties (Interpretation E
of Statutes, 12th Edn. Page 105) that "if the language is capable of more than
one interpretation we ought to discard the more natural meaning if it leads
to unreasonable result and adopt that interpretation which leads to a
reasonably practicable result". The clause which we are now considering
contains enough indication to show that the more natural meaning is that
which leans in favour of a strict construction, and hence the aforesaid F
observation is eminently applicable here.

As Section 340(1) of the Code has an inter-link with Section 195(l)(b)
it is necessary to refer to that sub-section in the present context. The said
sub-section reads as follows:
G
"When upon an applicatioa made to it in this behalf or otherwise, any
Court is of opinion that it is expedient in the interest of justice that
an inquiry should be made into any offence referred to in clause (b)
of sub-section(!) of section 195, which appears to have been committed
in or in relation to a proceeding in that Court or, as the case may be, H
498 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1998] I S.C.R.

A in respect of a document produced or given in evidence in a
proceeding in that Court, such Court may, after such preliminary
inquiry, if any, as it thinks necessary:-

(a) record a finding to that effect;

B (b) make a complaint thereof in writing;

(c) send it to a Magistrate of the first class having jurisdiction; <f'

(d) take sufficient security for the appearance of the accused before
such Magistrate, or if the alleged offence is non-bailable and the
· Court thinks it necessary so to do, send the accused in custody to
c such Magistrate; and

(e) 1bind over any person to appear and give evidence before such
Magistrate."

The sub-section puts the condition that before the Court makes a
D complaint of"any offence referred to in clause (b) of Section 195(1)" the Court
has to follow the procedure laid down in Section 340. In other words, no
complaint can be made by a court regarding any offence falling within the
ambit of Section 195(1 )(b) of the Code without first adopting those procedural
requirements. It has to be noted that Section 340 falls within Chapter XXVI
E of the Code which contains a fasciculus of"Provisions as to offences affecting
the administration of justice" as the title of the Chapter appellates. So the
offences envisaged in Section 195(1 )(b) of the Code must involve acts which
would have affected the administration of justice.

The scope of the preliminary enquiry envisaged in Section 340(1) of the
Code is to ascertain whether any offence affecting administration of justice
F
has been committed in respect of a document produced in Court or given in
evidence in a proceeding in that Court. In other words, the offence should
have been committed during the time when the document was in custodia
legis.

G It would be a strained thinking that any offence involving forgery of
a document if committed far outside the precincts of the Court and long
before its production in the Court, could also be treated as one affecting
administration of justice merely because that document later reached the
Court records.

H The three Judges Bench of this Court in Patel ~aljibhai Somabhai 's
S.N. SINGH v. STA TE [THOMAS, J.] 499

case (supra) has interpreted the corresponding section in the old Code, A
"\ [Section 195(1} ©] in almost the same manner as indicated above. It is
advantageous in this context to extract clause© of Section 195(1) of the old
Code.

"No Court shall take cognizance-
B
of any offence described in section 463 or punishable under section
471, section 475 or section 476 of the same Code, when such offence
is alleged to have been committed by a party to any proceeding in
any Court in respect of a document produced or given in evidence
in such proceeding except on the complaint in writing of such Court,
or of some other Court to which such Court is subordinate." C
(underline supplied)

The issue involved in Patel Laljibhai Somabhai 's case related to the
applicability of that sub-section to a case where forged document was produced
in a suit by a party thereto, and subsequently a prosecution was launched
against him for offences under Section 467 and 471 of IPC through a private D
complaint. The ratio of the decision therein is the following:

"The offences about which the court alone, to the exclusion of the
aggrieved private parties, is clothed with the right to complain may,
therefore, be appropriately considered to be only those offences
committed by a party to a proceeding in that court, the commission E
of which has a reasonably close nexus with the proceedings in that
court so that it can, without embarking upon a completely independent
and fresh inquiry, satisfactorily consider by reference principally to
its records the expediency of prosecuting the delinquent party. It,
therefore, appears to us to be more appropriate to adopt the strict
construction of confining the prohibition contained in s. 195(1)(©) F
only to those cases in which the· offences specified therein were
committed by a party to the proceeding in the character as such
party."

After stating so their Lordships proceeded to observe that the legislature
could not have' intended to extend the prohibition in the sub-section to G
offences committed by a party to the proceedings prior to his becoming such
a party. According to their Lordships, any construction to the contrary would
unreasonably restrict the right of a person which was recognized in Section
190 of the Code.

The aforesaid legal position was followed by this Court in Raghunath H
500 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1998] l S.C.R.

A & Ors. v. State of U.P & Ors, [1973] l SCC 564. Mohan Lal & Ors. v. The
State of Rajas than & Ors., 1974] 3 SCC 628 and Legal Remembrance of Govt,
of West Bengal v. Haridas Mundra, [1976] 2 SCR 933.

But in Gopalakrishna Menon & Ors. v. Raja Reddy & Ors., (supra)
Desai. J. and R.N. Misra, J. (as he then was) have found that a prosecution
B initiated on the basis of a private complaint, in the absence of any complaint
from the appropriate civil court (before which the alleged forged receipt was
produced) was not sustainable. But the point considered and discussed in the
decision was whether offences under section 461 and 47 l of !PC are also
offences describecl in Section 463 of !PC falling within the ambit of Section
195(1 )(b )(ii) of the Code.
c
Of course in the end of that decision it was mentioned that prosecution
on the basis of a private complaint, in the absence of a complaint from
appropriate civil court, is not sustainable. Learned Judges made reference to
the decisions in Patel Laljibhai Somabhai (cited supra) and Goswami v. High
D Court of MP., [1979] l sec 373 and observed that the ratio in those decisions
support the view taken by them. The forgery alleged in Goswami 's case took
place during the period when the document in question was in the custody
of the court and in such a case the bar under Section 195(1 )(b )(ii) would
certainly apply. But, with great respect, we are unable to agree that the ratio
in Laljibhai Somabhai would support the conclusion reached in
E Gopalakrishna Menon 's case (supra).

Shri K.B. Sinha learned senior counsel contended that the position
which held the field pursuant to Patel Laljibhai Somabhai 's case decision has
since been changed with the enactment of the new Code because of absence
of the words ("by a party to any proceeding in any court") in Section
F 195(1 )(b)(ii) of the Code. On the other hand learned counsel for the respondents
contended that the only object for deletion of those words was to advance
the protection of the section to other persons as well who might not have
been parties to the litigation.

G A scrutiny of the sub clause in juxtaposition with the corresponding
provision in' old Code dissuades us from attaching any significance to the
deletion of the words ("by a party to any proceeding in any court") except,
to the extent that the deletion was intended to stretch the advantage to non-
parties to the proceedings as well.

H The Law Commission in its 4lst Report has observed in paragraph 15.93
S.N. SINGH v. STATE [THOMAS, J.] 501

as follows: A
"The purpose of the section is to bar private prosecutions where the
course of justice is sought to be perverted leaving to the court itself
to uphold its dignity and prestige. On principle there is no reason
why the safeguard in clause © should not apply to offences committed
by witnesses also. Witnesses need as much protection against B
vexatious prosecutions as parties and the court should have as much
control over the acts of witnesses that enter as a component of a
judicial proceeding, as over the acts of parties. If, therefore, the
provisions of clause © are extended to witnesses, the extension
would be in conformity with the broad principle which forms the basis C
ofS.195."

The above reasons of the Law Commission which eventually led to
the parliamentary exercise in deleting the words referred to earlier would
unmistakably point to the legislative object in doing so. ·
D
The same issue came UJY before a Full Bench of the Punjab and Haryana
High Court, particularly in the light ofch<1nge made in Section 195(1)(b)(ii) of
the Code vis-a-vis the corresponding provision in the old Code. In Harbans
Singh and others v. State of Punjab, AIR (1987) Punjab & Haryana 19, the
Full Bench observed that deletion ·of those wo~ds would not help to take a
wider view as the restrictive view is more in consonance with the scheme of E
the Code. We have noticed that Karnataka High Court in Govindaraju v. State
of Karnataka, (1995) Crl. L.J. 1491 and the Bombay High Court in Alka
Bhagwant Jadhav v. State of Ma,harashtra, !LR (1986) (Bombay) 64 have also
adopted the same view.
F
The sequitur of the above discussion is that the bar contained in
Section 195(1)(b)(ii) of the Code is not applicable to a case where forgery of
the document was committed before the document was produced in a Court.
Accordingly we dismiss this appeal.

N.J. Appeal dismissal. G