S.S. CHHEENAversusVIJAY KUMAR MAHAJAN & ANOTHER

                   [2010] 9 S.C.R. 1111


                    · S.S. CHHEENA                            A
                             v.
         VIJAY KUMAR MAHAJAN & ANOTHER
           (Criminal Appeal No. 1503 of 2010)

                    AUGUST 12, 2010
                                                              B
     [DALVEER BHANDARI AND K.S. PANICKER
             RADHAKRISHNAN, JJ.]

     Penal Code, 1860 - s. 306 - Abetment of suicide -
Essential ingredients - Dispute between two students over C
theft of mobile - Suicide by complainant's son - Complaint
filed against Enquiry Officer of the university alleging
abetment of suicide - Trial court framing charge u/s. 306
against Enquiry Officer - Upheld by High Court - On appeal,
held: There should be a clear mens rea to commit the offence D
- It also requires an active act or a direct act which led the
deceased to commit suicide seeing no option and that act ·
must have been intended to push deceased into such a
position that he committed suicide - Statement of dec~ased
against Enquiry Officer in the suicide note, does not attract E
the ingredients of abetment - Conviction cannot be legally
made without any credible evidence or material on record
against Enquiry Officer - It would be travesty of justice to
compel Enquiry Officer to face criminal trial - Order of framing
charge uls. 306 against Enquiry Officer is palpably erroneous, F
unsustainable, and is quashed - Mens rea.

    Words and Phrases:

    'Suicide' - Connotation of.
                                                              G
     A dispute arose between the complainant's son and
'HS', a fellow student with regard to the theft of a mobile
phone. The appellant-Security Officer of the University
conducted an enquiry. Meanwhile, the complainant's son
                            1111                              H
     1112   SUPREME COURT REPORTS               [2010] 9 S.C.R.


 A committed suicide. A suicide note was recovered from his
   pocket. During ihvestigation of the State case involving
   'HS', the complainant filed a private complaint alleging
   that the Enquiry Officer was responsible for abetting the
   suicide of his son. The trial court clubbed both the cases.
 B Accordingly, a charge u/s. 306 IPC was framed against
   the appellant also. The High Court dismissed the
   appellant's revision petition. Therefore, the appellant filed
   the instant appeal.

         Allowing the appeal, the Court
 c
        HELD: 1. The word 'suicide' in itself is nowhere
    defined in the Penal Code; however, its meaning and
    import is well known and requires no explanation. 'Sui'
    means 'self' and 'cide' means 'killing', thus, implying an
 D act of self-killing. A person committing suicide must
    commit it by himself, irrespective of the means employed
  -.by him in achieving his object of killing himself. In India,
    while suicide in itself is not an offence, considering that
    the successful offender is beyond the reach of law,
 E attempt to suicide is an offence punishable u/s. 309 IPC.
    [Paras 17 and 20) [1119-E; 1120-8-C)

         Gangu/a Mohan Reddy v. State of Andhra Pradesh
     (2010) 1 sec 750 - relied on.  ·

 F       2.1 'Abetment' is defined u/s. 107 IPC. There should
    be an intention to provoke, incite or encourage the doing
    of an act by the latter. Each person has his own idea of
    self-esteem and self-respect. Therefore, it is impossible
    to lay down any strait-jacket formula in dealing with such
. G cases. Each case has to be decided on the basis of its
    own facts and circumstances. [Paras 21 and 27) [1120-
    C; 1122-G-H]

        2.2. Abetment involves a mental process of
 H insti~1ating a person or intentionally aiding a person in
S.S. CHHEENA v. VIJAY KUMAR MAHAJAN & ANR. 1113


doing of a thing. Without a positive act on the part of the     A
accused to instigate or aid in committing suicide,
conviction cannot be sustained. The intention of the
legislature and the ratio of the cases decided by this
Court is clear that in order to convict a person uls. 306
IPC there has to be a clear mens rea to commit the              B
offence. It also requires an active act or a direct act which
led the deceased to commit suicide seeing no option, and
that act must have been intended to push the deceased
into such a position that he committed suicide. [Para 28]
(1123-A-C]                                                      C

    Mahendra Singh v. State of M.P. 1995 Supp (3) SCC
731; Ramesh Kumar v. State of Chhattisgarh (2001) 9 SCC
618; State of West Bengal v. Ori/al Jaiswal (1994) 1 SCC 73;
Chitresh Kumar Chopra v. State (Govt. of NCT of Delhi)
(2009) 16 SCC 605 - referred to.                                D

     2.3 No conviction can be legally made without any
credible evidence or material on record against the
appellant. The order of framing a charge uls. 306 IPC
against the appellant is palpably erroneous and                 E
unsustainable. It would be travesty of justice to compel
the appellant to face a criminal trial without any credible
material whatsoever. Thus, 'Ile order of framing charge
uls. 306 IPC against the appellant is quashed and all
proceedings pending against him are also set aslde.             F
[Para 30] (1123-E-F]

                     Case Law Reference:
    (201 o) 1 sec 750           Relied on.          Para 15
    1995 Supp (3) sec 731       Referred to         Para 22     G

    (2001) ~ sec 618            Referred to         Para 24
    (1994) 1 sec 73             Referred to         Para 26
    (2009) 16 sec 605           Referred to         Para 27     H
    1114    SUPREME COURT REPORTS                [201 OJ 9 S.C.R.
                                                            /

A       CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal
    No. 1503 of 2010.

      From the Judgment & Order dated 17.02.2009 of the High
  Court of Punjab & Haryana at Chandigarh in Criminal Revision
B No. 1800 of 2008.

        Vikram Choudhary, Nikhil Jain, D. Mehesh Babu for the
    Appellant.

          Ranjit Kapoor, AAG, M. Shoeb Alam, Fauzia S. Alam,
c   Abhinav Mukerji, Sonia Kapoor, S.N. Mahrotra, Kuldip Singh
    for the Respondents.

        The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

        DALVEER BHANDARI, J. 1. Leave granted.
D
        2. This appeal is directed against the judgment of the High
    Court of Punjab & Haryana at Chandigarh in Criminal Revision ·
    No.1800 of 2008 dated 17.2.2009.

       3. The appellant S.S. Chheena was a Security Officer at
E Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar. This job was accepted
  by him after his retirement from the Indian Police SeNice (IPS).
  He is seriously aggrieved by the order of the Additional
  Sessions Judge, Amritsar by which he had framed a charge
  against the appellant under section 306 of the Indian Penal
F Code (for short, IPC).

        4. Brief facts necessary to dispose of this appeal are as
    under:-

G       On 13.10.2003, a dispute arose between the son of the
  complainant, namely, Saurav Mahajan, deceased who was a
  final year student of the Law Department and Harminder Singh,
  a fellow student of the same; class. The dispute was with regard
  to the theft of a mobile phone which came to the notice of M.D.
  Singh, the then Head of the Law Department on 13.10.2003,
H pursuant to which M.D. Singh asked both the students, i.e.,
S.S. CHHEENA v. VIJAY KUMAR MAHAJAN & ANR. 1115
          [DALVEER BHANDARI, J.]

Saurav Mahajan, deceased and Harminder Sif1gh alias Montu           A
to submit their versions of the incident in writing.

      5. The deceased and Harminder Singh gave their written
versions of the incident and thereafter M.D. Singh forwarded
their versions to the University authorities for taking necessary   B
action. Consequently, the enquiry was conducted on
13.10.2003 by the Security Officer of the University - the
appellant herein. During the course of the enquiry, on
17.10.2003, the son of the complainant committed suicide by
jumping in front of a train. Subsequently, during the search, a     C
suicide note was recovered from the pocket of the deceased
dated 16.10.2003. The suicide note is important for
adjudicating and deciding this appeal. The said suicide note
is reprotjuced as under:-

                        · "SUICIDE NOTE                             D

            I am Saurav Mahajan a final year student of
     Department of Law of GNDU. Montu had levelled a false
     allegation upon me. I am very annoyed because a false
     allegation has been levelled upon me. I have a faith that      E
     this allegation is false, accused Montu and his accomplices
     will be arrested and I will be declared as innocent. The
     reason of my annoyance is that I am falsely involved as I
     did not commit any theft. ..... dying person will not speak
     falsely. I have not committed this theft.
                                                                    F
         . According to me, the theft has been committed by
     Harminder Singh in connivance with his accomplices.
     Harminder Singh says that on the day when the Mobile
     was stolen, he was taking the test. I made request to Mr.
     Chhina to see as to whether he was engaged in the test         G
     or not? Or he had not completed the whole test, came out
     a little before the fixed time, and committed theft.
     Examination sheet of the said day of Harminder Singh be
     seen. Harminder Singh had admitted two things in the
     presence of M.D. Singh, HOD of the Law Department, i.e.        H
    1116     SUPREME COURT REPORTS                  [2010] 9 S.C.R.


A      (1) he had played a joke with me (2) Harminder Singh
       admitted that he had demanded money from me .

             .Chhina Sahib, M.D. Singh, while dying, I will not
       speak untrue. I have not committed any theft. Real thief is
       Montu. He has falsely involved my name. Harminder Singh
B
       cannot prove this at any cost because he is totally wrong.
       On the other hand, he has admitted that he had sold this
       Reliance set to his friends and has falsely leveled this
       allegation against me.

c              I request my uncle/aunt, mother/father to forgive me
       that I tried my best to fulfill their expected wishes but could
       not do the same because Harminder Singh has leveled
       false allegation against me. I want to say this thing again
       that I am innocent and request my mother/father that they
D      may not make any complaint regarding my suicide. I will
       also say to Chhina Sahib even if they give justice and leave
       me but the people will have a suspicion about· me. I am
       taking this step on account of my insult. Harminder Singh
       and his accomplices are responsible for my suicide or MD
E      Sir:igh who did not take into account my faith and without
       consulting me, has forwarded this case.

       Dated: 16.10.2003

                                                                 Sd/-
F
                                                    Saurav Mahajan

                         I have not committed any theft and I am not
                       involved with Montu and his accomplices are
           responsible of my this step. Till today, I have not spoken
G           badly to any one but, however, if any mistake had been
                         done by me to anybody, please forgive me.

                                                                 Sd/-

H                                                  Saurav Mahajan"
  S.S. CHHEENA v. VIJAY KUMAR MAHAJAN & ANR. 1117
            [DALVEER BHANDARI, J.]

       6. In the suicide note it is stated that he (Saurav Mahajan)   A
  did not commit the theft and he had committed suicide because
  he was falsely implicated in the theft case of a mobile phone.
  He further mentioned in the suicide note that Harminder Singh
  and his accomplices were responsible for this act. On the basis
  of the suicide note a FIR No.81 dated 17.10.2003 under              B
  section 306 of the IPC was registered at the Police Station,
  GRPS, Amritsar. In the said FIR, the suicide note of the
· deceased has been reproduced and on the basis of the same,
  Harminder Singh was implicated under section 306 IPC along
  with M.D. Singh. It is pertinent to mention that in the said FIR,   c
  the appellant, namely, S.S. Chheena, the Security Officer was
  not even named as an accused.

     7. The complainant had approached the Punjab State
 Human Rights Commission, Chandigarh, but, the Commission
 had also refused to interfere in the investigation conducted in      D
 FIR No.81 dated 17.10.2003.

     8. A report under section 173 of the Code of Criminal
 Procedure was submitted only against Harminder Singh.
 Pursuant to the presentation of the Challan, charges were            E
 framed against Harminder Singh @ Montu.

      9. The complainant, being father of the deceased filed a
 private complaint in the court of learned Additional Chief
 ~udicial Magistrate, Amritsar, in which it was alleged that the
 appellant S.S. Chheena and M.D. Singh were responsible for
                                                                      F
 abetting the suicide of his son and sought for their trial under
 section 306 IPC.

      10. During the course of the trial, an application was moved
 by the Public Prosecutor for summoning of the appellant and          G
 M.D. Singh, the then Head of the Department of Law of Guru
 Nanak Dev University, Amritsar under section 319 Cr.P.C. The
 learned Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate, Amritsar, on the
 basis of the said complaint, summoned the appellant as well
 as M.D. Singh to face trial under section 306 IPC. The trial court   H
    1118    SUPREME COURT REPORTS                   [2010] 9 S.C.R.


A dismissed the application under section 319 Cr.P.C. being not
  pressed as the appellant and his co-accused stood summoned
  in the complaint case. The trial court clubbed the complaint
  case with the State case and ordered for framing of the charge
  under section 306 IPC. Acc;:ordingly, a charge-sheet was filed
B against the appellant along with Harminder Singh @ Montu.

      11. The appellant, aggrieved by the framing of the charge
  moved the High Court in the Revision Petition which was
  dismissed on 17.2.2009. Against that order, the appellant has
C approached this court.

         12. The High Court observed that the material against the
    appellant was not just the suicide note but also includes threats,
    humiliating phrases etc. addressed to the deceased and his
    father over a period of few days.
D
       13. According to the appellant, it may be significant to
  mention that if the threat or the humiliating phrases etc. by the
  appellant had any impact on the deceased's mind or had led
  to the abetment to commit suicide then all these facts ought to
E have been mentioned in the suicide note. In the suicide note
  nothing had been mentioned against the appellant. According
  to the appellant in absence of any material against him, no
  charge could be framed against him under section 306 of IPC.

         14. The appellant submitted that the main question which
F  arises for adjudication is whether it would be just and fair to
   compel the appellant to face the rigmarole of a criminal trial in
   absence of any credible material against him? According to the
   appellant, a careful reading of the suicide note clearly leads to
   the conclusion that the appellant was not even remotely
G connected with the offence of abetment. When the appellant was
  ·in no manner connected with this case and there was no
   credible material to connect the appellant with the crime, in this
   view of the matter, according to the appellant, it would be a
   futile exercise to compel him to undergo the rigmarole of a
H criminal trial.
S.S. CHHEENA v. VIJAY KUMAR MAHAJAN & ANR. 1119
 .        [DALVEER BHANDARI, J.]

     15. Learned counsel for the appellant has placed reliance        A
on the judgment of this court in Gangu/a Mohan Reddy v. State
of Andhra Pradesh (2010) 1 SCC 750 (in which one of us,
Bhandari, J., was the author of the said judgment). The ratio of
the said judgment is fully applicable to this case and we deem
it proper to rely and reproduce some parts of the said                B
judgment.

     16. In order to properly comprehend the scope and ambit
of Section 306 IPC, it is important to carefully examine the basic
ingredients of Section 306 IPC. The said section is reproduced        C
as under:-

     "306. Abetment of suicide.-lf any person commits
     suicide, whoever abets the commission of such suicide,
     shall be punished with imprisonment of either description
     for a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also         D
     be liable to fine."

       17. The word "suicide" in itself is nowhere defined in the
Penal Code, however its meaning and import is well known and
requires no explanation. "Sui" means "self' and "cide" means          E
"killing", thus implying an act of self-killing. In short, a person
committing suicide must commit it by himself, irrespective of
the means employed by him in achieving his object of killing
himself.

     18. Suicide by itself is not an offence under either English     F
or Indian criminal law, though at one time it was a felony in
England. In England, the former law was of the nature of being
a deterrent to people as it provided penalties of two types:

             1     Degradation of corpse of the deceased by           G
                   burying it on the highway with a stake through
                   its chest.

             2     Forfeiture of property of the deceased by the
                   State.
                                                                      H
    1120     SUPREME COURT REPORTS                   [2010] 9 S.C.R.


A        19. This penalty was later distilled down to merely not
    providing a full Christian burial, unless the deceased could be
    proved to be of unsound mind. However, currently there is no
    punishment for suicide after the enactment of the Suicide Act,
    1961 which proclaims that the rule of law whereby it was a
8   crime for a person to commit suicide has been abrogated.

         20. In our country, while suicide in itself is not an offence,
    considering that the successful offender is beyond the reach
    of law, attempt to suicide is an offence under Section 309 IPC.

C       21. "Abetment" has been defined under Section 107 of the
    Code. We deem it appropriate to reproduce Section 107, which
    reads as under:

        "107. Abetment of a thing.-A person abets the doing
0       of a thing, who-

         First.-lnstigates any person to do that. thing; or

         Secondly.-Engages with one or more other person or
         persons in any conspiracy for the doing of that thing, if an
E        act or illegal omission takes place in pursuance of that
         conspiracy, and in order to the doing of that thing; or

          Thirdly.-lntentionally aids, by any act or illegal omission,
         the doing of that thing."

F        Explanation 2 which has been inserted along with Section
         107 reads as under:

        "Explanation 2.-Whoever, either prior to or at the time
        of the commission of an act, does anything in order to
G       facilitate the commission of that act, and thereby facilitates
        the commission thereof, is said to aid the doing of that act."

         22. The learned counsel for the appellant has placed
    reliance on a judgment of this Court in Mahendra Singh v. State

H
·S.S. CHHEENA v. VIJAY KUMAR MAHAJAN & ANR. 1121
           [DALVEER BHANDARI, J.]

of M.P. 1995 Supp (3) SCC 731. In Mahendra Singh, the                A
allegations levelled were as under: (SCC p. 731, para 1)

    "1 .... My mother-in-law and husband and sister-in-law
    (husband's elder brother's wife) harassed me. They beat
    me and abused me. My husband Mahendra wants to marry             B
    a second time. He has illicit connections with my sister-
    in-law. Because of these reasons and being harassed I
    want to die by burning."

    23. The Court on the aforementioned allegations came to
a definite conclusion that by no stretch the ingredients of          C
abetment are attracted on the statement of the deceased.
According to the appellant, the conviction of the appellant under
Section 306 IPC merely on the basis of the aforementioned
allegation of harassment of the deceased is unsustainable in
~                                                                    D
     24. The learned.counsel also placed reliance on another .
judgment of this Court in Ramesh Kumar v. State of
Chhattisgarh (2001) 9 sec 618. In this case, a three-Judge
Bench of this Court had an occasion to deal with a case of a E
similar nature. In a dispute between the husband and wife, the
appellant husband uttered "you are free to do whatever you wish
and go wherever you like;·. Thereafter, the wife of the appellant
Ramesh Kumar committed suicide. The Court in para 20 has
examined different shades of the meaning of "instigation". Para
20 reads as under: (SCC p.        629)
                                                                  F

    "20. Instigation is to goad, urge forward, provoke, incite or
     encourage to do 'an act'. To satisfy the requirement of
     instigation though it is not necessary that actual words must
     be used to that effect or what constitutes instigation must     G
     necessarily and specifically be suggestive of the
     consequence. Yet a reasonable certainty to incite the
     consequence must be capable of being spelt ouk The
     present one is not a case where the accused had by his
     acts or omission or by a continued course of conduct            H
    1122    SUPREME COURT REPORTS                  [2010] 9 S.C.R.


A       created such circumstances that the deceased was left
        with no other option except to commit suicide in which
        case an instigation may have been inferred. A word uttered
        in the fit of anger or emotion without intending the
        consequences to actually follow cannot be said to be
B       instigation."

       25. In this case, the court came to the conclusion that there
  is no evidence and material available on record wherefrom an
  inference of the appellant-accused having abetted commission
C of suicide by Seema may necessarily be drawn.

       26. In State of West Bengal v. Ori/a/ Jaiswa/ (1994) 1 SCC
  73, this Court has cautioned that the court should be extremely
  careful in assessing the facts and circumstances of each case
  and the evidence adduced in the trial for the purpose of finding
D whether the cruelty meted out to the victim had in fact induced
  her to end the life by committing suicide. If it appears to the
  court that a victim committing suicide was hypersensitive to
  ordinary petulance, discord and differences in domestic life
  quite common to the society to which the victim belonged and
E such petulance, discord and differences were not expected to
  induce a similarly circumstanced individual in a given society
  to commit suicide, the conscience of the court should not be
  satisfied for basing a finding that the accused charged of
  abetting the offence of suicide should be found guilty.
F
       27. This Court in Chitresh Kumar Chopra v. State (Govt.
  of NCT of Delhi) (2009) 16 sec 605 had an occasion to deal
  with this aspect of abetment. The Court dealt with the dictionary
  meaning of the words "instigation" and "goading". The Court
  opined that there should be intention to provoke, incite or
G encourage the doing of an act by the latter. Each person's
  suicidability pattern is different from the other. Each person has
  his own idea of self-esteem and self-respect. Therefore, it is
  impossible to lay down any straitjacket formula in dealing with
  such cases. Each case has to be decided on the basis of its
H own facts and circumstances.
 S.S. CHHEENA v. VIJAY KUMAR MAHAJAN & ANR. 1123
           [DALVEER BHANDARI, J.]

     28. Abetment involves a mental process of instigating a         A
person or intentionally aiding a person in doing of a thing.
Without a positive act on the part of the accused to instigate
or aid in committing suicide, conviction cannot be sustained.
The intention of the legislature and the ratio of the cases
decided by this Court is clear that in order to convict a person     B
under Section 306 IPC there has to be a clear mens rea to
commit the offence. It also requires an active act or direct act
which led the deceased to commit suicide seeing no option
and that act must have been intended to push the deceased
into such a position that he committed suicide.                      c
     29. In the instant case, the deceased was undoubtedly
hypersensitive to ordinary petulance, discord and differences
which happen in our day-to-day life. Human sensitivity of each
individual differs from the other. Different people behave
differently in the same situation.                                   D

     30. When we carefully scrutinize and critically examine the
facts of this case in the light of the. settled legal position the
conclusion becomes obvious that no conviction can be legally
sustained without any credible evidence or material on record        E
against the appellant. The order of framing a charge under
section 306 IPC against the appellant is palpably erroneous
and unsustainable. It would be travesty of justice to compel the
appellant to face a criminal trial without any credible material
whatsoever. Consequently, the order of framing charge under          F
section 306 IPC against the appellant is quashed and all
proceedings pending against him are also set aside.

    31. As a result, the appeal is allowed and the impugned
judgment of the High Court is set aside.
                                                                     G
N.J.                                            Appeal allowed.