RAVJI @ RAM CHANDRAversusSTATE OF RAJASTHAN

.,.
                           RAVJI @ RAM CHANDRA                                       A
                                          v.
                            STATE OF RAJASTHAN

                                DECEMBER 5, 1995

                      (G.N. RAY AND G.T. NANAVATI, JJ.]                              B

            Indian Penal Code, 1860 : Sections 302 and 307.

            Death Penalty-Accused committing five murders including that of his
      pregnant wife and three minor children while the victims were sleeping-At-     C
      tempt to murder two persons-Commission of crime established beyond
      doubt-Relevancy of motive-Crime omitted in a cruel and brutal manner
      with a conscious state of mind-No sign of remorse-Award of death penal-
      ty-Held justified.

            The appellant was prosecuted for committing five murders and D
      attempt to murder two persons. The prosecution case was that he killed
      his wife, who was in advanced stage of pregnancy, and three minor children
      with an axe while they were sleeping. From the deposition of the appellant's
      mother, who later turned hostile, it transpired that at the time of commis·
      sion of crime the accused, the deceased wife, the minor children and the E
      appellant's mother were present at home and no other person was present.
      When the appellant's mother tried to prevent the appellant from commit·
      ting the crime he caused injuries to her in an attempt to kill her by the
      same axe. Thereafter he went to an adjacent house and attempted to
      murder his neighbour's wife Smt. 'G', who also was asleep, with the same
      axe. The appellant was then fleeing away but the father-in-law of Smt. 'G' F
      came on bis way and in an attempt to escape from the place, be mercilessly
      murdered the old man by giving him a number of axe blows. There were
      eye witnesses who had seen the accused attacking Smt. 'G' and also
      murdering her father-in-law and when the son of the latter tried to ap·
      prebend the accuse<\ he fled away from the scene of occurrence. After G
      appellant's ar~est recovery of blood stained vest of the accused and the axe
      was also made at his instance.

            Relying on the evidence of the witness including the injured witnesses
      the trial court held that the prosecution had established beyond
      rea.sonable doubt that the accused was guilty of the offences charged.         H
                                           195
    196                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995] SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A Further taking into account the fact that murders were committed in a
    brutal end barbaric manner, the trial court imposed death penalty on the
    appellant which was affirmed by the High Court.

          In appeal to this Court, counsel for the appellant, confining his
    submissions on the question of sentence contender! that (i) though the
B   evidence do not reveal that the appellant was insane at the time of
    commission of crime yet in the absence of any evidence suggesting har·
    bouring of hatred, grudge or ill feeling against his wife or neighbour's wife
    the sudden spree of murderous assault only suggests that he must have
    been seized of psychic disorder momentarily; this sudden inexplicable
C   psychic disorder is an important mitigating factor in awarding the extreme
    penalty of death; (ii) even if this Court accepts the concurrent finding of
    the courts below that appellant was guilty of the offences charged the
    absence of motive requires to be considered for sustaining the death
    penalty.

D        Justifying for the death sentence imposed on the appellant it was
  .contended for the State that (i) when by clear, clinching and reliable
   evidence the prosecution has established the guilt of the accused it is
   immaterial that the motive has not been proved; (ii) there is not an iota
   of evidence regarding sudden psychic disorder of the accused-appellant at
E the time of commission of the crime. Rather the evidence reveals that in a
   cool and calculated manner and without any provocation whatsoever the
   appellant committed murders one after the other and that too in a very
   brutal and ghastly manner; and (iii) the appellant was not remorseful even
   after the incident as he did not attend the funeral of his wife and minor
F children nor did he go to the hospital to see her ailing mother.

          Dismissing the Appeal, this Court

          HELD : 1. The commission of crimes by the appellant has been
  clearly established beyond reasonable doubt. The evidences adduced in
G this case are so clear that the courts below had no difficulty in holding
  that the appellant was guilty of murdering his wife and three minor
  children and injuring his own mother in an attempt to kill her. Such
  finding has been made on the basis of the reliable and clinching evidence
  adduced in the case and there is no reason to take a contrary view.
H                                                                     [280-B-C]
                             RAVJI v. STATE                               197

      Denyabhai Chhaganbhai Thakkar v. State of Gujarat, [1964] 7 S.C.R. A
361, referred to.

      2. The prosecution case that the appellant attempted to kill Smt. 'G'
and had also murdered her father-in-law, has also been established by
unimpeachable, convincing and reliable evidences. Smt 'G' who herself was
                                                                                 B
injured has deposed and the wife of old man who has seen the commission
of murder of her husband has also deposed in the case. Therefore, the
finding that the appellant is guilty of the offence of attempting to kill Smt.
'G' and of murdering 'Gs' father-in-law is wholly justified and no inter-
ference is called for with such finding. [208-D-EJ
                                                                                 c
      3. There is no evidence that there was any alteration between the
husband and wife either immediately or shortly before the commission of
murder of wife and three innocent minor children of the appellant. The
appellant in a cool and calculated manner wanted to kill the wife and the
three minor children while they were asleep and had no occasion to give          D,
any resistance whatsoever. He was fully determined to commit the crime
of murder and was conscious of the nature of the crime being committed
by him. Precisely for the said reason, when his mother wanted to prevent
him from committing such heinous crime he injured her with the axe in
an attempt to kill her also. There is no evidence that he was found in a
confused state of mind. Rather he silently went to the neighbour's house         E
and attempted to kill Smt. 'G' who was also asleep. Being conscious of the
enormity of the crime committed by him, he wanted to Dee away from the
place of occurrence and when the poor old man came on his way he
immediately hacked him to death in an extremely brutal manner and
thereafter fled away from the place of occnrrence and tried to hide himself.     F
Such facts clearly indicate that he committed all the said heinous crimes
in a conscious state of mind and in a calcnlated manner. Hence, case of
temporary psychic disorder cannot be accepted. [209-D-H]

       4. It is the nature and gravity of the crime but not the criminal, which G
are germane for consideration of appropriate pnnishment in a criminal
trial. The Court will be failing in its duty if appropriate punishment is not
awarded for a crime which has been committed not only against the
individnal victim but also against the society to which the criminal and
victim belong. The pnnishment to be awarded for a crime most not be
irrelevant bnt it shonld conform to and be consistent with the atrocity and H
    198                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995] SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A   brutality with which the crime has been perpetrated, the enormity of the
    crime warranting public abhorence aud it should respond to the society's
    cry for justice against the criminal. [211-D-E)

         Shankar@ Gawi Shankar and 01>-. v. State of Tamil Nadu, [1994) 4
    SCC 478; Tashubha Bharatsingh Go/ti/ and Ors. v. State of Gujarat, [1994)
B   4 SCC 353 and Dhananjoy Chatte1jee @ Dhanna v. State of West Bengal,
    [1994] 2 S.C.C. 220, referred to.

        Tarseem Kumar v. Delhi Administration, [1994) Supp. 3 SCC 367;
  Ja1w1a and Ors. v. State of U.P., [1994) Supp 1SCC185 andKuriakose and
C Anr. v. State of Kera/a, [1994) Suppl. 1 SCC 602, cited.
           5. The brutality and cruelty with which the crimes have been per-
    petrated cannot but shock the conscience of the society. All the said
    heinous crimes were committed without any provocation. The appellant
    was not even remorseful after the said incident of successive five murders.
D   If for such heinous crimes the most deterrent punishment for wanton and
    brutal murders is not given, the case of deterrent punishment will lose its
    relevance. Therefore, there is no justification to commute the death penalty
    to imprisonment for life. [211-A, C, FJ

E        CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No.
    1595 of 1995.

         From the Judgment and Order dated 22.3.95 of the Rajastan High
    Court in D.B. Cr!. Murder Reference No. 3 of 1994.

          N. Natarajan, AC. and Vimal Dave for the Appellant.
F
         K.S. Bhati, H.G.R. Khatter, M.K. Singh and Ms. Kusum Sharma for
    the Respondent.

          The Judgment of the Court was delivered By
G          G.N. RAY, J. Leave granted.

         This appeal is directed against judgment dated March 22, 1995
    passed by the Division Bench, Rajasthan High Court (Jodhpur Bench). By
    the impugoed judgment, the High Court affirmed the death sentence
H   passed by the learned Additional Sessions Judge, Banswara, in Sessions
                      RAVJI v. STATE [G.N. RAY, J.)                      199

Case No. 122/93 against the appellant in D.B. Criminal Murder Reference         A
No. 3/94 and dismissed D.B. Criminal (Jail) Appeal No. 602/94 referred by
the appellant before the High Court against the conviction under Section
302 l.P.C. and sentence of death awarded against him by the learned
Additional Sessions Judge in the said Sessions Case No. 122/93.
                                                                                B
        The appellant sent a special leave petition from !he Jail where he is
lodge. Initially a learned counsel of this Court was appointed as Amicus
Curiae to represent the case of the appellant. Later on, the appellant wrote
a letter to the Registry of this Court expressing his intention that one of
the three advocates mentioned by him in his letter may be engaged to
represent his case before this Court. Pursuant to such request, Mr.             C
Natarajan, a senior advocate of this Court agreed to appear as amicus
curiae in deference to the desire of the appellant. We appreciate such
gesture on the part of Mr. Natarajan, for accepting the case of the appel-
lant ri.s amicus curiae.
                                                                                D
      The appellant was committed to a Sessions Trial in Sessions Case
No; 122/93 before the learned Additional Sessions Judge, Banswara, on the
charge of committing murder of five persons including the wife and three
minor sons of the appellant and attempting to murder his own mother and
the wife of a neighbour. The trial court after relying on the evidences of
witnesses including injured eye-witnesses inter alia came to the finding that E
the prosecution had established by leading cogent evidence that the appel-
lant was guilty of murdering five persons and he was also guilty for
attempting to murder his mother Smt. Mangi (PW 12) and a neighbour's
wife Smt. Gala! (PW 4). Considering the fact that the commission of the
said murders was committed in a brutal and barbaric manner, the trial F
court after convicting the appellant under Sections 302 !PC sentenced him
to death penalty. Such sentence of death was referred to the Rajasthan
High Court for confirmation. The reference for confirmation of death
sentence was numbered as D.B. Criminal Murder Reference No. 3/94. The
appellant also preferred an appeal against his conviction and sentence
passed by learned Additional Sessions Judge in Sessions Case No. 122/93. G
Such appeal was numbered as D.B. Criminal (Jail) Appeal No. 602/94.
Both the said Murder Reference No. 3/94 and Jail Appeal No. 602/94 were
disposed of by the High Court by a common judgment dated March 22,
1995, dismissing the Criminal Appeal No 602/94 and confirming the death
sentence by allowing Murder Reference No. 3/94.                               H
    200                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995] SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A         Mr. Natarajan, the learned senior counsel appearing as amicus curiae
    for the appellant, has submitted that in the instant case there is no direct
    evidence regarding the allegation of murdering four persons by the appel-
    lant namely his wife and three minor children. Admittedly, besides the said
    dead persons, only mother of the appellant was present in the house at the
    time of murdering wife and mi.nor children of the appellant. The mother
B of the appellant herself was injured by the assailant who had murdered
    appellant's wife and three minor children. But the mother who was ex-
    amined as PW 12 did not support the prosecution case. She has deposed
    that some unknown person murdered her daughter-in-law and three grand
    children and also injured her. She was declared hostile by the prosecution.
c   Hence, there is no direct evidence that the appellant had murdered his
    wife and three minor sons. The prosecution case has been sought to be
    proved by circumstantial evidence. But motive for murdering wife and
    three minor sons is totally absent. In a case of circumstantial evidence,
    motive assumes considerable significance. Mr. Natarajan has submitted
D that even if this court accepts the concurrent finding of the courts below
    that appellant is guilty of murdering his wife and three minor children
    besides murdering another man Gulabji the absence of motive requires to
    be considered for sustaining the death penalty. Mr. Natarajan has snb-
    mitted that there are eye-witnesses to prove the prosecntion case of mur-
    dering Gulabji and attempting to Murder Smt. Gala!. The wife of Gulabji
E before whose eyes Gulabji was murdered and Smt. Gala! herself has
     deposed in support of the prosecution case. The finding by the Courts
    below that the appellant has murdered Gulabji cannot be said to be without
     any basis and he fairly concedes that an attempt to assail such finding may
  · be an exercise in futility. Mr. N atarajan has, therefore, submitted that in
F the facts of the case, it will be only appropriate for him to confine his
     submission on the question of sentence to be passed against the appellant.

           Mr. Natarajan has submitted that unfortunately in this case, the
     prosecution has failed to lead any evidence as to why the appellant sud-
     denly killed his wife who was in advanced stage of pregnancy and three
G    minor children when his wife and his three minor children were asleep in
     his house. Mr. Natarajan has also submitted that the prosecution has also
     failed to lead any evidence to indicate or even to suggest as to what was
     or could be the motive that impelled the appellant immediately after
     murdering his wife and three minor children and injuring his own mother
H    when she tried to prevent him from committing such crime, to rush to his
                      RAVJI v. STATE(G.N.RAY,J.)                          201

neighbour's house and to attempt to kill the wife of the neighbour Smt.          A
Gala! (PW 4) who was admittedly then sleeping with her daughter in. their
house. He has also submitted that unfortunately, there is also no evidence
from which any motive can even remotely be inferred as to why the
appellant thereafter killed another neighbour, an elderly man with whom
appellant had no enmity, when the said old man Gulabji was coming
                                                                                 B
towards the house of Smt. Gala! after hearing her shrieks on being injured
by the appellant.

       Mr. Natarajan has submitted that there is no evidence to suggest that
the appellant had ever suspected the fidelity of the wife or any extra marital
relationship of his wife with anybody or with the neighbour, namely the          c
husband of Smt. Gala!. There is not even any whisper by the prosecution
witnesses that Smt. Gala! had in any manner caused annoyance to the
appellant and had ever attempted to disturb the conjugal life of the
appellant so that there might be an occasion for the appellant to entertai~
some wrath or hatred against PW 4 Smt. Gala!.
                                                                                 D
       Mr. Natarajan has submitted that commission of crime is perpetrated
for some reason which may be even ill founded or ill-conceived. Sudden
fit of passion, anger etc. actuated by various considerations like hatred,
wrath, a sense of revenge etc. often induce an accused to commit murder.
                                                                                 E
      Mr. Natarajan has submitted that motive constituting mens rea is a
very relevant factor in the process of delicate balancing between the gravity
of the .crime and consequential sentence to be passed against an accused
on consideration of mitigating factors.

      Mr. Natarajan has further submitted that there is no material on F
record to justify a finding that the appellant was insane at the time of
commissipn of crime and he failed to understand the implication of his
misdeeds. The appellant has also not taken any such plea. Even then,
sudden impluse, without any plausible motive to kill bis wife in advanced
stage of pregnancy and three minor children with whom love was not lost G
and attempt to kill innocent old mother who only tried to prevent the
commission of crime of murder of his own wife and children and above all
taking a made rush to a neighbour's house and attempting to kill the
neighbour's wife while she was asleep and thereafter killing another old
neighbour Gulabji on the way, remains absolutely inexplicable. Snch wild
behaviour of the appellant having a fair standard of education and upbring- H
    202                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995] SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A ing and exposure to teachers training, only suggests that he was temporarily
    seized of a gigantic psychic disorder. Why and how this wretched transfor-
    mation had happened remains a mystery. The investigating officer, unfor-
    tunately, did not make any sincere effort to cause enquiries in this regard.
    Mr. Naratajan has submitted that this inexplicable sudden psychic disorder
    as an important mitigating factor on the question of awarding the extreme
B   penalty of death has been last sight of both by the learned Additional
    Sessions Judge and by the High Court.

           Mr. Natarajan has referred to a decision of this Court in Danyabhai
    Chhaganbhai Thakkar v. State of Gujarat, [1964] 7 SCR 361 for the purpose
c   of contending that it is a fundamental principle of criminal jurisprudence
    that an accused is presumed to be innocent and therefore the burden lies
    on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused beyond reasonable
    doubt. The prosecution, therefore, in a case of homicide should prove
    beyond reasonable doubt that the accused death with the requisite inten-
D   tion described in Section 299 of the Indian Penal Code. This general
    burden never shifts and always rests on the prosecution. Mr. Natarajan has
    submitted that it has been indicated in the said decision that although
    primarily an accused has a burden to satisfy the existence of circumstances
    to satisfy the test of a 'prudent man' that at the time of commission of
    offence, by reason of unsoundness of mind, the accused was incapable of
E   understanding the nature of his act. but if the materials placed before the
    Court raise a reasonable doubt in the mind of a Judge whether the accused
    had requisite intention as laid down in Section 299 I.P .C., he has to acquit
    the accused because in that event, the prosecution will have failed to prove
    conclusively the guilt of the accused. There is on conflict between general
    burden which is always on the prosecution and which never shifts and the
F
    special burden that rests on the accused to make out a defence of insanity.

           Mr. Natarajan has submitted that although no plea of unsoundness
    of mind at the time of commission of offence has been taken by the accused
    and no material in support of such plea has been placed by the accused,
G   but even then if on the materials placed by the prosecution, a lurking doubt
    is reasonably raised in the mind of the Judge about the temporary psychic
    disorder of the accused thereby making him incapable to understand the
    effect of his act, the accused is entitled to the benefit of ab,ence of mens
    rea under Section 299 I.P.C. Mr. Natarajan has submittcJ that even if the
H   materials on record may not justify inference of such. complete incapacity
                         RAVJI v. STATE[G.N.RAY,J.]                       203

    of the accused to understand the implication of his action bnt if the A
    materials at least justify probability of existence of some degree of psychic
    imbalance at the time of commission of offence, the Court must address to
    itself the probability of existence of such factor in awarding the extreme
    penalty of death. Mr. Natarajan has submitted that in the absence of any
    material which might have thrown light on the mysterious behaviour of the B
    accused in perpetrating the crime alleged against him, the court may
    reasonably hold that for the inexplicable reason, not attempted to be
    unearthed, the accused had been suffering from a psychic disorder for
    which the extreme penalty of death for knowingly perpetrating a brutal and
    ghastly crime, shocking the conscience of the society, is not warranted.
                                                                                c
           Mr. Bhati, learned counsel appearing for the State of Rajasthan has
    refuted the contentions of Mr. Natarajan and has submitted that the charge
    of murder perpetrated on the appellant's pregnant wife and three minor
    children and also attempt to murder his own mother by the accused when
    she tried to prevent the appellant from committing the said heinous crime, D
    has been establlshed beyond reasonable doubt. Unfortunately, the mother
    of the appellant (PW.12) who herself was injured, did not support the
    prosecution case for which she was declared hostile. There are very strong
•   reliable and clinching evidence which clearly indicates that it is the appel-
    lant and none else who was guilty of murdering the wife and three m.inor
    children and injuring his mother. From the deposition of the mother of the E
    appellant though .declared hostile, it transpires that accused and the
    deceased wife and minor children and the mother were present at home
    at the time of commission of the murder and no other person was present
    at home at that time. Both the mother and the deceased wife and the minor
    children suffered injuries caused by an axe and immediately after the said F
    incident, the accused also attempted to murder the neighbour's wife Smt.
    Gala! (PW 4) by an axe and also murdered Gulabji, father-in-law of Smt.
    Gala! by the axe. There are eye-witnesses who had seen the accused
    attempting to kill Smt. Gala! and also murdering Gulabji by the axe. There
    is clear evidence by the eye-witnesses that when the son of Gulabji tried to G
    apprehend the accused he fled away from the scene of occurrence. Al-
    though murder of the wife and minor children and attempt to murder his
    mother, further attempt to murder Smt. Gala! and the murder of Gulabji
    had happened at three different places, all the said incidents had happened
    in a quick succession and entire chain of incidents really constitute one
    continuous course of action.                                                  H
    204                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1995] SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A         The learned Additional Sessions Judge has found the evidences in
    support of the prosecution case as convincing and reliable and by giving
    cogent reasons, has clearly came to the finding that the entire prosecution
    case had been established beyond reasonable doubt. Mr. Bhati has sub-
    mitted that the motive for the crime is undoubtedly an important factor for
    appreciating the correctness of testimony vis-a-vis complicity of the ac-
B
    cused with the crime alleged against him. But human mind is so complex
    that at time it is not always possible to precisely comprehend as to why and
    how a man has reacted in a particular manner for committing a crime. The
    learned counsel has submitted that law is well-settled that if there is clear,
    clinching and reliable evidence establishing the guilt of the accused, it is
C   immaterial that the motive for the commission of crime has not been
    established.

          Mr. Bhati has also submitted that the facts and circumstances
    revealed from the depositions of the witnesses, do not support the conten-
D   tion that the appellant has been suffering from any psychic disorder for
    which he momentarily failed to appreciate as to what he had been doing
    at the time of committing the heinous crimes one after the other. The
    learned counsel has submitted that it is true that evidence has not been led
    as to what was or could be the probable motive for committing the crime.
    But it has been clearly established that the appellant in a cool and calcu-
E   lated manner killed his wife who was in advanced stage of pregnancy and
    being asleep could not offer any resistance. The appellant similarly killed
    the three minor children while they were sleeping in their house. The only
    other person present at that time in the house was his mother. The mother
    has not indicated that there was any quarrel or altercation between the
F   husband and the wife immediately or shortly before the murders has taken
    place. The facts revealed from the evidences adduced only indicate that
    there was no occasion for any sudden provocation or a fit of impulse which
    had impelled or could impel the appellant to commit the said ghastly
    murder of his helpless wife and there minor children. On the contrary, the
    evidences point out that such heinous crime had been perpetrated in a cool
G   and calculated manner. When the poor mother tried to prevent th~ appel-
    lant from committing such barbaric act, the appellant even did not spare
    his own mother and also caused injuries on her person in an attempt to
    kill her by the same axe with which the wife and the thr~e minor children
    had been murdered. The learned counsel for the State has further sub-
H   milted that the appellant thereafter went to the house of his neighbour and
                      RAVJI v. STATE[G.N.RAY,J.]                         205

attempted to kill the neighbour's wife Gala! who also asleep in her house.      A
There is no evidence on record to suggest that there was any occasion for
the appellant to harbour any ill feeling, hatred or wrath against Smt. Gala!
which might have promoted him to murder her. The learned counsel for
the State has further submitted that the appellant was quite keep in fleeing
away the place of commission of crime and only when the father-in-law of        B
Smt. Gala!, namely, Shri Gulabji came on his way and enquired of him as
to what had happened, the appellan~ in an attempt to escape from the
place, mercilessly murdered the old 'llan by giving a number of axe blows
on his person. The son of Gulabji and others on hearing the shouts came
to the place where Gulabji was murdered and tried to apprenend the
appellant but could not do so because the appellant succeeded in escaping       C
from the place and went to the next village.

        Mr. Bhati has therefore, submitted that the appellant was quite
conscious as to what he had been doing and he was neither confused nor
stupified for what he had done but being fully conscious of the gravity of D
the offence committed by him, wanted to flee away from the place of
occurrence. Mr. Bhati has also submitted that the appellant was not
remorseful even after the incident. He did not attend the funeral of his wife
and minor children who had been brutally murdered by him. The appellant
did not go to the hospital to see her ailing mother. There is recovery at the
instance of the accused, of the blood stained vest of the accused and the E
axe with which the murders had been committed. There are eye-witnesses
in support of the prosecution case of attempting to murder Sm!. Gala! and
murdering Gulabji. In the aforesaid circumstances, both the learned Addi-
tional Sessions Judge and the High Court had no hesitation in finding that
the appellant had committed the murder of five persons and attempted to F
!:ill two others in a brutal and cruel manner.


       Mr. Bhati has submitted that the evidences adduced in the case
clearly establish that the appellant had murdered his helpless wife and
three minor children without any provocation whatsoever in a very cruel         G
manner. The said helpless wife and the minor children had been murdered
by a person who had a duty to protect them. Such dastardly crime per-
petrated in a brutal manner cannot but shock the conscience of the society.
Mr. Bhati has also submitted that it is an act of gravest unkindness that the
appellant even attempted to kill his own mother who only tried to prevent
him from committing the said heinous crime. Mr. Bhati has submitted that        H
    206                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1995] SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A the appellant even then did not become remorseful but attempted to kill
    the neighbour's wife while she was sleeping and also killed another elderly
    neighbour, Gulabji without any provocation whatsoever. Gulabji was hack-
    ed to death by the appellant by giving successive blows with the axe thereby
    killing him on the spot, before the eyes of his wife. Mr. Bhati has submitted
    that both the learned Additional Sessions Judge and the High Court very
B
    carefully considered the question of sentence after being fully alive to
    mitigating circumstance if any in favour of the appellant. As in the instant
    case, the appellant without any provocation committed murder of five
    persons in a very cruel and barbaric manner in a cool and calculated
    manner and also attempted to kill two others including his own mother,
c   the enormity and brutality of the crime had been taken note of by the courts
    below and in the absence of any mitigating factor the extreme penalty of
    death has been awarded against him. In this connection Mr. Bhati has
    referred to a decision of this Court in Shankar @ Gauri Shankar and others
    v. State of Tamil Nadu, [1994] 4 SCC 478. After referring to a number of
D   decisions of this Court on the question of sentence and in particular the
    death sentence to be awarded in a case of murder, it has been indicated
    in the said decision that :

            "the choice as to which one of the two punishments provided for
            murder is the proper one in a given case will depend upon the
E           particular circumstances Of that case and the Court has to exercise
            its discretion Judicially and on well recognised principles after
            balancing all the mitigating and aggravating circumstances of the
            crime. The Court also should see whether there is something
            uncommon about the crime which renders sentence of imprison-
            ment of life inadequate and calls for death sentence. The nature
F
            of the crime and the circumstances of the offender should be so
            revealing that the criminal is a menace to the society and the
            sentence of imprisonment of life would be inadequate. The sen-
            tence of death should be reserved for the rarest of rare cases after
            a due consideration of both mitigating and aggravating circumstan-
G           ces. What circumstances bring a particular case under the category
            of rarest of rare cases vary from case to case depending upon the
            nature of the crime, weapons used and the manner in which it is
            perpetrated etc."

H         Mr. Bhati has also referred to another decision of this Court m
                            RAVJI v. STATE [G.N. RAY,J.]                        207

      Jashubha Bharatsingh Gohil and Others v. State of Gujarat, (1994) 4 SCC          A
      353. It has been indicated in the said decision that the protection of society
      and deterring the criminal is the avowed object of law and that is required
      to be achieved by imposing appropriate sentence.· The change in the
      legislative intendment relating to award of capital punishment not-
      withstanding the opposition by the protagonist of abolition of capital
                                                                                       B
      sentence, shows that it is expected of the Courts to so operate the sentenc-
      ing system as to impose such sentence which reflects the social conscience
      of the society. The sentencing :>rocess has to be stern where it should be.

            Mr. Bhati has also submitted that although the motive of the heinous
      crime committed by the appellant has not been established but snch motive C
      loose its importance when the prosecution case is totally proved beyond
      reasonable doubt. When there is a direct evidence, it is not necessary to
      find out the motive for the offence. For the said contention Mr. Bhati has
      referred to the decisions of this Court in Tarseem Kumar v. Delhi Ad-
      ministration, [1994) Suppl. 3 SCC 367, Jamna and Others v. State of U.P., D
      [1994) Suppl. i SCC 185 and Kuriakose and Another v. State of Kera/a,
      (1994] Suppl. 1 SCC 602. Mr. Bhati has submitted that although Mr.
      Natarajan, the learned counsel appearing for the appellant, has very strong-
      ly contended that it was quite likely that the appellant was suffering from
      psychic disorder otherwise such acts, without any motivation could not have
      been perpetrated and likelihood of sudden psychic disorder ought to be E
      considered as a mitigating factor in awarding the extreme penalty of death,
      there is not an iota of evidence regarding sudden psychic disorder of the
      accused appellant at the time of conuiiission of the said crime. The
      evidences on the contrary reveal that in a cool and calculated manner, and
      without any provocation whatsoever, he committed one after the other the F
...   said dastardly crime in a very brutal and ghastly manner. Mr. Bhati has
      submitted that the number of murders in one continued course of action
      and attempt to kill two others including the mother of the appellant cannot
      but shock the conscience of the society. The offence committed by the
      appellant is one of the rarest and there is no mitigating circumstances
      which warrant punishment of life imprisonment instead of capital punish- G
      ment. He has, therefore, submitted that the order of death sentence is
      wholly justified in the facts of the case and no interference is called for.

            After giving our anxious consideration to the facts and circumstances
      of the case and the evidence on record through which we have been taken H
    208                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995] SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A   and after considering the judgments passed by the courts below, it appears
    to us that the commission of crimes by the appellant, namely, murdering
    five persons including the wife and three minor children of the appellant
    and attempt to murder two others has been clearly established beyond
    reasonable doubt. Although the mother of the appellant who herself was
    injured while attempting to prevent her son from committing the murder
B   of wife and three minor children, has not supported the prosecution case
    has been declared as a hostile witness, the evidences adduced in this case
    are so clear that the courts below had no difficulty in holding that the
    appellant was guilty of murdering his wife and three minor children and
    injuring his own mother in an attempt to kill her. In out view, such finding
C   has been made on the basis of the reliable and clinching evidence adduced
    in the case and find no reason to take a contrary view. The prosecution
    case that the appellant had murdered Gulabji and also attempted to kill
    Smt. Gala! has also been established by unimpeachable, convincing and
    reliable evidences. Smt. Gala! who herself was injured has deposed and the
D   wife of Shri Gulabji who has seen the commission of murder of Gulabji has
    also deposed in the case. Therefore, the finding that the appellant is guilty
    of the offence of attempting to kill Smt. Gala! and he is also guilty of
    murdering Gulabji is wholly justified and no interference is called for with
    such finding.

E         Mr. Natarajan, the learned counsel appearing as amicus curiae for
    the appellant has ingeneously contended that no evidence has been led in
    the case which may suggest that there was some occasion for the appellant
    to bear suspicion, hatred or grudge against his wife or Smt. Gala! or her
    husband which might have induced the appellant to commit the offences.
    Mr. Natarajan has submitted that normally for every crime there is come
F
    motive and even though conviction can be based if there is reliable
    evidence about the commission of crime without establishing any motive
    for such crime, such motive, according to Mr. Natarajan, assumes sig-
    nificance in awarding the sentence particularly in a murder case.

G         Mr. Natarajan has contended that the appellant appears to have
    suddenly lost the equillibrium of his mind and behaved in a strange manner
    thereby committing murder of his wife and three minor children apparently
    without any provocation and even attempting to kill his own mother when
    she tried to restrain him. Mr. Natarajan has submitted that in the absence
H   of any evidence suggesting harbouring of hatred, grudge or ill feeling
                     RAVJI v. STATE[G.N.RAY,J.]                        209

against the wife or Smt. Gala!, the sudden spree of murderous unusual to A
the social and educational background of the· appellant, becomes inex-
plicable and such strange behaviour only suggests that he must have been
seized of psychic disorder momentarily. Mr. Natarajan has also submitted
that the evidences do not reveal that the appellant was insane at the time
of commission of the crime and such plea of insanity also not been taken B
by the appellant. Hence, the appellant may not claim the benefit of absence
of mens rea. But the possibility of temporary psychic disorder requires to
be co.isidered in awarding the extreme penalty of death. Such contention
of Mr. Natarajan though ingeneous does not appeal to us.

       It has been clearly revealed form the evidences adduced in the case C
that the appellant was in his house with his wife, mother and three minor
children. There is no evidence that there was any altercation between tbe
husband and wife either immediately or shortly before the commission of
murder of wife and three innocent minor children of the appellant. From
the evidence it clearly transpires that the appellant in a cool and calculated D
manner wanted to kill the wife and the three minor children while they
were asleep and had no occasions to give any resistance whatsoever. It is
also revealed from the evidence that he was fully determined to commit
the crime of murder and was conscious of the nature of the crime being
committed by him. Precisely for the said reason, when his mother wanted
to prevent him from committing such heinous crime he even did not spare E
his mother and also injured her with the axe in an attempt to kill her also.
There is no evidertce that the appellant was found in a confused state of
mind. On the contrary, it transpires from the evidence that he silently went
to the neighbour's house and att~mpted to kill Smt. Gala! who was also
asleep. It appears to us that in a cool and calculated manner the appellant F
wanted to kill Smt. Gala! who being asleep was not capable of giving any
resistance. It is also quite apparent that the appellant being conscious of
the enormity of the crime committed by him, wanted to flee away from the
place of of occurrence and when the poor old man Gulabji came on his
way and enquired as to what had happened, he immediately hacked Gulabji G
to death in an extremely brutal manner and thereafter fled away the place
of occurrence and tried to hide himself. Such facts, in our view, clearly
indicate that the appellant committed all the said heinous crimes in a
conscious state of mind and in a calculated manner. Hence, case of
temporary psychic disorder as sought to be canvassed by Mr. Natarajan
cannot be accepted in the facts and circumstances of the case.                 H
    210                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995] SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A        In Dhananjoy Chatterjee @ Dhana v. State of West Bengal, [1994] 2,
    SCC 220 it has been indicated by this Court that :
            11
             some criminals get very harsh sentences while many receive gross-
            ly different sentence for an essentially equivalent crime and a
            shockingly large number even go unpunished thereby encourage
B           the criminal and in the ultimate making, justice suffer by weakening
            the system's credibility."

            It has also been indicated that :

            "In imposing sentences in the absence of specific legislation, Judges
c           must consider variety of factors and after considering all those
            factors and taking an overall view of the situation, impose sentence
            which they consider to be an appropriate one. Aggravating factors
            cannot be ignored and similarly mitigating circumstances have also
            to be taken into consideration. The measure of punishment in a
D           given case mnst depend upon the atrocity of the crime; the conduct
            of the criminal and the defenceless and unprotected .state of the
            victim. Imposition of appropriate punishment is the manner in
            which the courts respond to the society's cry for justice against the
            criminal. Justice demands that courts should impose punishment
            befitting the crime so that the courts reflect public abhorrence of
E
            the crime. The courts must not only keep in view the rights of the
            criminal but also the rights of the victim of crime and the society
            at large while considering imposition of appropriate punishment."


F          In our view, in the facts of the case, it has been very clearly
    established that the appellant has committed one of the most heinous
    crimes by killing his poor wife who was in advanced stage of pregnancy
    and three minor children for no fault on their part. The appellant had a
    solemn duty to protect them and to maintain them but he has betrayed the
    trust reposed on him in a very cruel and calculated manner without any
G   provocation whatsoever. The appellant did not even spare his mother who
    very rightly tried to prevent him from committing such unpardonable
    crime. The appellant also attacked his mother with the axe which he had
    used to kill his wife and minor children and caused injuries on her person
    with an intention to kill her. The brutality and cruelty with which the crimes
H   have been perpetrated cannot but shock the conscience of the society.
                     RAVJI v. STATE [G.N. RAY,J.]                       211

After killing the wife and thr.ee minor children and injuring the mother he A
did not become remorseful and desist\ from committing any further crime.
But like a blood thirsty demon, in a cool and calculated manner he went
to one of the neighbour's house and attempted lo kill the wife of the
neighbour while she was asleep and as such utterly helpless lo give any
resistance. When in his attempt to flee away from the place of occurrence,
                                                                                B
the poor old Gulabji came on his way, the appellant di<l not hesitate to kill
him in extremely brutal manner be.fore the eyes of his wife. All the said
heinous crimes were committed without any provocation. The appellant
was not even remorseful after the said inci<lent of successive·five murders
and attempt to kill two others including the appellant's mother. The
appellant did not go to see the ailing mother injured by him and did not      c
also attend the funeral or his wife and even his three innocent minor
children. The crimes had been committed with utmost cruelty and brutality
without any provocation, in a calculated manner. It is the nature and gravity
of the crime out not the criminal, which are germane for consideration of
appropriate punishment in a criminal trial. The Court will be failing in its D
duty if appropriate punishment is nol awarded for a crime which has been
committed not only against the individual victim but also against the
society to which the criminal and victim belong. The punishment to be
awarded for a crime must not be irrelevant but it should conform to and
be consistent with the atrocity and brutality with which the crime has been
perpetrated, the enormity of the crime warranting public abhorrence and E
it should respond to the society's cry for justice against the criminal. In our
view, if for such heinous crime the most deterrent punishment for wanton
and brutal murders is not given, the case of deterrent punishment will lose
its relevance. we, therefore, do not find any justification lo commute the
death penalty to imprisonment for life. The appeal therefore must fail and p
is dismissed.

T.N.A.                                                   Appeal dismissed.