Holding

The deceased's statement is admissible under Section 32(1) (and also Section 6) of the Evidence Act, and the FIR omission is inconsequential, so the conviction stands.

Summary

The appellant, a former army man, was convicted of murdering Kanta Devi, who was shot in her courtyard at night. The deceased, moments before being shot, shouted that the appellant was standing with a gun. The gun was later found near the body. The appellant appealed, arguing that the omission in the FIR regarding the wresting of the gun rendered the prosecution’s case unreliable. The Supreme Court held that the deceased’s statement is admissible under Section 32(1) of the Evidence Act, even if not made under an expectation of death, and also falls within Section 6 as part of the same transaction. The Court further ruled that omissions in the FIR do not invalidate the evidence when corroborated by other material, and that the statement can be acted upon without corroboration. Consequently, the conviction under Section 302 IPC was upheld and the appeal dismissed.

Issues considered

The admissibility of the deceased's statement under Section 32(1) of the Evidence Act versus the requirement of a dying declaration.
Whether the statement also qualifies as res gestae under Section 6 of the Evidence Act.
The effect of omissions in the First Information Report on the reliability of the prosecution's case.
The relevance and utility of the accused's answers under Section 313 of the CrPC.

Legislation cited

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973s. 154, s. 313
Indian Evidence Act, 1872s. 32(1), s. 6
Indian Penal Code, 1860s. 302

Subjects

dying declarationSection 32 Evidence Actres gestaeFIR omissionmurder convictionidentificationSection 313 examinationcriminal evidence

Judgment

A RATTAN SINGH
v.
STATE OF HIMACHAL PRADESH

DECEMBER 11, 1996

B [DR. A.S. ANAND AND K.T. THOMAS, JJ.)

Cn'minal Law :

Evidence Act, 1872 : Section 32( 1).

C Admissibility of statement made by a person who was dead-Condi-
tions to be satisfied-Accused intruded into courtyard of house of deceased
during dead of night-Deceased cried out that accused stood with gun--Im-
mediately thereafter deceased was fired at-Held: Statement need not be
made under expectation of death-There need not necessarily be direct nexus
D between "circumstances" and death-Even distant circumstances could be-
come admissible if it had nexus with the transaction which resulted in
death-Even apart from S.32( 1) such statement of deceased admissible under
S.6 due to its proximity of time and space to the act of murder-Distinction
between English and Indian laws pointed out.

E Section 6-Res gestae-Accused intruded into courtyard of house of
deceased during dead of night-Accused recognised by deceased-Deceased
cried out that accused stood with gun-Immediately thereafter deceased was
fired at-Held: such a statement of deceased admissible under S.6 due to its
proximity of time and space to the act of murder.
F Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 : Section 154.

FIR-Omissions in-Fact regarding wresting of gun from accused
omitted in FIR-However, gun found lying near dead body-Held: FIR need
not contain all details of occu"ence-Whether facts omitted never happened
G at all had to be considered along with other evidence-Gmission regarding
w"sting of gun inconsequential especially when there was overwhelming
evidence that gun was lying near deadbody.

Section 3I3-Examination of accused-Held: not a mere for-
mality-Answers given by accused had practical utility for criminal courts in
H appreciating entire evidence.
938
RATTAN SINGH v. STATE 939
Words and Phrases : A
"Circumstances of the transaction which resulted in his death"-Mean-
ing of-in the context of S.32(1) of Evidence Act, 1872.

The appellant was convicted under Section 302 of the Indian Penal
Code, 1860 and sentenced to undergo imprisonment for life, Hence this B
appeal.

According to the prosecution, on the night of the incident all the
inmates of the deceased's house were sleeping in the courtyard of the
house. At about 11.00 p.m. the deceased's mother-in-law woke up sensing C
that somebody had intruded into their privacy and asked others whether
anyone was there. Suddenly, the deceased cried out that the appellant-ac-
cused, who was known to her, was standing there with a gun. This was
followed by the sound of a gunshot and pellets had delved into her body.
The sister-in-Jaw of the deceased wrested the gun from the accused bot the
accused made good his escape. A First Information Report was lodged and D
during investigation the gun was found near the deadbody.

In the appeal before this Court on behalf of the appellant-accused it
was contended that there was omission in the FIR regarding wresting of
the gun from the accused and this omission was enough to conclude that
the said part of the story was later improvement. E

Dismissing the appeal, this Court

HELD: 1.1. If the statement of the deceased that the appellant was
standing nearby with a gun had been made when the deceased was under
expectation of death it becomes dying declaration in evidence after her F
death. Nonetheless, even if she was nowhere near expectation of death, still
the statement would become admissible under Section 32(1) of the Evidence
Act, 1872, though not as dying declaration as such, provided it satisfies one
of two conditions set forth in the sub-section. This is probably the one
distinction between English Law and the Law in India on dying declaration. G
In English Law, unless the declarant is under expectation of death his
statement cannot acquire the passport of admissibility. [945-B-D]

. Sharad Birdhichand Sarda v. State of Maharashtra, AIR (1984) SC
1622 and Teha/ Singh & Ors. v. State of Punjab, AIR (1979) SC 1347, relied
on. H
940 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1996) SUPP. 9 S.C.R.

A 1.2. Section 32(1) of the Evidence Act renders a statement relevant
which was made by a person who is dead in cases in which cause of his death
comes into question, but admissibility depends upon one of the two condi-
ti~ns; Either such statement should relate to the cause of his death or it
should relate to any of the circumstances of transaction which resulted in
his death. (945-EJ
B
1.3. When the deceased made the statement that the appellant was
standing with a gun she might or might not have been under the expectation
of death. But that does not matter. The fact spoken by the deceased has
subsequently turned out to be a circumstance which intimately related to the
C transaction which resulted in her death. The collocation of the words in Section
32(1) "circumstances of the transaction which resulted in his death" is ap-
parently of wider amplitude than saying "circumstances which caused bis
death." There need not necessarily be a direct nexus between "circnmstances"
and death. It is enough if the words spoken by the deceased have reference to
any circumstance which has connection with any of the transactions which
D ended up in the death of the deceased. Such statement would also fall within
the purview of Section 32(1) of the Evidence Act. It is not necessary that such
circumstance should be proximate, for, even distant circumstances can also
become admissible under the sub-section, provided it has nexus with the
transaction which resulted in the death. (945-H; 946-A-C]
E
1.4. Even apart from Section 32(1) of the Evidence Act, the aforesaid
statement of the deceased can be admitted under Section 6 of the Evidence
Act on account of its proximity of time to the act of murder. Here the act
of the assailant intruding into the courtyard during dead of the night,
victim's identification of the assailant, her pronouncement that appellant
F was standing with a gun and his firing the gun at her, are all circumstan-
ces so intertwined with each other by proximity of time and space that the
statement of the deceased became part of the same transaction. Hence it
is admissible under Section 6 of the Evidence Act. (946-F-H; 947-A-B)

G 1.5 In either case, whether it is admissible under Section 32(1) or
under Section 6 of the Evidence Act, it is substantive evidence which can
be acted upon with or without corroboration in finding guilt of the accused.
(947-B]

2. Criminal Courts should not be fastidious with mere omissions in
H First Information Statement, since such statements cannot be expected to
RATTAN SINGH v. STATE (THOMAS,J.] 941

-".
.
be a chronicle of every detail of what happened, nor to contain an exbaus-
tive catalogue of the events which took place. The person who furnishes
first information to authorities might be fresh with the facts but he need
not necessarily have the skill or ability to reproduce details of the entire
A

story without anything missing therefrom. Some may miss even important
details in a narration. Quite often the Police Officer, who takes down the B
first information, would record what the informant conveys to him without
resorting to any elicitatory exercise. It is the voluntary narrative of the
informant without interrogation which usually goes into such statement.
So any omission therein has to be considered along with the other evidence
to ·determine whether the fact so omitted never happened at all. In the
instant case there is overwhelming evidence that the gun was lying near C
the deadbody. Hence, omission in the First Information Statement regard-
ing wresting of the gun from the accused is of no consequence. [944-C-F]

Podda Narayana & Ors. v. State of Andhra Pradesh, AIR (1975) SC
U52; Sone Lal & Ors. v. State of tf.P., AIR (1978) SC 1142 and Gumam D
Kaur v. Bakshish Singh & Ors., AIR (1981) SC 631, relied on.

3. Examination of the accused under Section 313 of the Criminal
Procedure Code, 1973 is not a mere formality. Answers given by the
accused to the questions put to him during such examination have a
practical utility for criminal courts. Apart from affording an opportunity E
to the delinquent to explain incriminating circumstances against him,
they would help the court in appreciating the entire evidence adduced in
the court during trial. [947-H; 948-A-B]

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No.
Dill~. F
From the Judgment and Order dated 10.10.90 of the Himachal
Pradesh High Court in Crl.A. No. 88 of 1983.

Suman Kapoor and Pankaj Kalra for the Appellant.
G
Avatar Singh Rawat, T. Sridharan and T.A. Khan for the Respon-

; - dent.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

THOMAS, J. A young housewife (Kanta Devi) enceinte by four H
942 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996] SUPP. 9 S.C.R.
A months, was shot at with a double barrel gun by an assailant who gate
crashed into her courtyard during the odd hours of the night when she was •-.,....,
sleeping. The shoal of pellets spewed out of the mouth of the gun had
pierced into her lungs and heart and she died instantaneously. Appellant
- an ex-armyman - was challaned by the police for the said murder. Sessions
B Court acquitted him but a Division Bench of the High Court of Himachal
Pradesh, on appeal by the State, convicted him under Section 302, l.P.C.
and sentenced him to imprisonment for life. He has filed this appeal under
section 2 of the Supreme Court (Enlargement of Criminal Appellate
Jurisdiction) Act 1970 and also under section 379 of the Code of Criminal
Procedure.
c
The following is the story which prosecution has unfurled in the Trial
Court:

Kanta Devi (aged 21) was married to Puran Chand and she was living
D with her in-laws in her husband's house at Bhali village. Her husband was
working in the Public Works Department and most-often he was living
away from his family. Her sister-in-law Sheela Devi (PWlO) though mar-
ried was also residing in the same house. Appellant, after superannuation
from military service has settled down in his home village. He obtained a
licence for possession of Ex. Pl - gun. Appellant, in course of time
E developed some infatuation for Kanta Devi and he started doting on her
with libidinous designs, but she was not willing to reciprocate his oglings.
This negative response had burgeoneJ the seed of rancour in his mind
towards Kanta Devi and thenceforth he started harassing her. When she
found him incorrigible she complained to the police about his lewd con-
F duct. This led to initiation of security proceedings against him during which
his gun was seized by the authorities, but he secured it back by making an
application through advocate Prahalad Chand Sharma (PW2). Nonetheless
his bitterness towards her, instead of abating, was only brimming up. He
made some unsuccessful attempts to retaliate though in one such attempts
he could shoot down one of the pet dogs of her household.
G
. On the night of 6.7.1982, all the inmates of Kanta Devi's house were
sleeping on the courtyard of the house. Her husband was, as usual absent ~~
from the house. At about 11.00 p.m. Kanta Devi's mother-in-law woke up
sensing that somebody would have intruded into their privacy and asked
H others whether anyone was there. Suddenly, deceased Kanta Devi cried out
RATTAN SINGH v. STATE [THOMAS,J.] 943

that appellant was standing there with a gun. This was followed by the A
,. sound of a gun shot and pellets have delved into her body. Kanta Devi's
~-
brother-in-law Prakram Chand (PW3) and his sister Sheela Devi (PWlO)
pounced upon the deceased and in a bout Sheela Devi succeeded in
wresting the gun from him but the assailant made his escape good leaving
his torch-light and chappals at the place of incident. Kanta Devi slumped
B
down to the cot and slouched her head.

Prakram Chand (PW3) accompanied by two neighbours. PW-4 Piar
Singh and PW-5 Sahib Singh (who rushed to the scene on hearing the hue
and cry from the place of occurrence) proceeded to the police station, but
on the way they came across the police party to whom Prakram Chand c
gave First Information Statement (Ex. PD). Sub-Inspector of Police (PW-
23) visited the scene on the morning and held the inquest, seized the gun
and other articles. Appellant was later arrested and after completion of the
investigation charge-sheeted him for the murder of Kanta Devi.

Appellant has denied his involvement in the incident which led to the D
death of Kanta Devi. However, he owned the gun produced in this case
(Ex. Pl) but he said that police had seized that gun from his house. He
denied the allegation that he was ogling on Kanta Devi and later developed
acerbity towards her.
E
Sessions Court made a scathing criticism on the investigating officer
for his failure to trace out finger impression on the torchlight. Learned
Sessions Judge took a serious view of the omission in the First Information
Statement that Sheela Devi (PWlO) snatched the gun from the appellant.
On that score learned Sessions Judge disbelieved the entire testimony of
Sheela Devi (PWlO) as well as Prakram Chand (PW3). He sidestepped all F
the incriminating circumstances against appellant and gave him a clean chit
and permitted him to be armed with the gun again.

The Division Bench of the High Court has totally differed from the
Sessions Court and relied on the testimony of Sheela Devi (PWlO) as well
as her brother Prakram Chand (PW3). The High Court did not take the G
omission in the First Information Statement (regarding wresting the gun)
-. ~ seriously as it did not cause any dent on the otherwise sturdy prosecution
nutshell. The High Court treated the reasoning of the Sessions Judge for
sidelining the evidence of two important witnesses as exceedingly un-
reasonable. H
944 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996] SUPP. 9 S.C.R.

A Learned counsel for the appellant did not dispute the fact that Kanta
Devi was shot dead on the night of 6.7.1982 at her house. So the only
question is whether it was the appellant who did it.

Learned counsel for the appellant made an endeavour to persuade
B us to concur with the Sessions Judge's view that the omission (in the First
Information Statement) regarding wresting of the gun from appellant is
enough to conclude that the said part of the story is a later improvement.
Omission of the said detail is there in the First Information Statement, no
doubt. But criminal courts should not be fastidious with mere omissions in
First Information Statement, since such statements cannot be expected to
C be a chronicle of every detail of what happened, nor to contain an exhaus-
tive catalogue of the events which took place. The person who furnishes
first information to authorities might be fresh with the facts but he need
not necessarily have the skill or ability to reproduce details of the entire
story without anything missing therefrom. Some may miss even important
D details in a narration. Quite often the Police Officer, who takes down the
first information, would record what the informant conveys to him without
resorting to any elicitatory exercise. It is voluntary narrative of the .inform-
ant without interrogation which usually goes into such statement. So any
omission therein has to be considered along with the other evidence to
E determine whether the fact so omitted never happened at all. (Vide Podda
Narayana & Ors. v. State of Andhra Pradesh AIR 1975 SC 1252; Sane Lal
& Ors. v. The State of Uttar Prarl.esh, AIR (1978) SC 1142 and Gumam Kaur
v. Bakshish Singh & Others, AIR (1981) SC 631.

In this case, there is overwhelming evidence that the gun was lying
F near the deadbody, even apart from the evidence of P.W. 3 and P.W. 5.
The two neighbours who reached the spot on hearing the cry were Piar
Singh (PW4) and Sahib Singh (PW5). Both of them said that when they
reached the place they saw Kanta Devi lying dead and a gun, a torchlight
arid a pair of slippers were lying on the same site. Nothing has been elicited
G from these witnesses during cross-examination to doubt the truth of their
testimony. That apart, PW6, PW7 and PWS who were present when the
Sub- Inspector (PW23) prepared the inquest have unequivocally said that
the gun was lying on the courtyard where the dead body of Kanta Devi
remained. We have, therefore, no difficulty in believing that the gun would
H have been wrested from assailant at the spot itself.
RATIANSINGH v. STATE [THOMAS,J.) 945

One of the most important items of evidence in this case is what the A
deceased had uttered immediately before she was fired at. When her
mother-in-law sensed that somebody had intruded in the courtyard during
the odd hours, the deceased (near whom the intruder was standing then)
spoke out that appellant was standing nearby with a gun. In a split second
the sound of firearm shot was heard and in a trice the life of Kanta devi B
was snuffed off.

If the said statement had been made when the deceased was under
expectation of death it becomes dying declaration in evidence after her
death. Nonetheless, even if she was nowhere near expectation of death, still
the statement would become admissible under Section 32( 1) of the C
Evidence Act, though not as dying declaration as such, provided it satisfies
one of the two conditions set forth in the sub-section. This is probably the
one distinction between English law and the law in India on dying decla-
ration. In English law, unless the declarant is under expectation of death
his statement cannot acquire the passport of admissibility, (Sharad D
Birdhichand Sar v. State of Maharashtra, AIR (1984) SC 1622 and Tehal
Singh and Ors. v. State of Punjab, AIR (1979) SC 1347.

Section 32(1) of the Evidence Act renders a statement relevant which
was made by a person who is dead in cases in which cause of his death
comes into question, but its admissibility depends upon one of the two E
conditions : Either such statement should relate to the cause of this death
or it should relate to any of the circumstances of transaction which resulted
in his death.

Three aspects have to be considered pertaining to the above item
of evidence. First is whether the said statement of the deceased would fall F
within Section 32(1) of the Evidence Act so as to become admissible in
evidence. Second is whether what the witnesses have testified in Court
regarding the utterance of the deceased can be believed to be true. If the
above two aspects are found in the affirmative, the third aspect to be
considered is whether the deceased would have correctly identified the G
assailant?

When Kanta Devi (deceased) made the statement that appellant was
standing with a gun she might or might not have been under the expectation
of death. But that does not matter. The fact spoken by the deceased has
subsequently turned out to be a circumstance which intimately related to" - H
946 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996] SUPP. 9 S.C.R.
A the transaction which resulted in her death. The collocation of the words
in Section 32(1) "circumstances of the transaction which resulted in his
.. -·
~'

death" is apparently of wider amplitude than saying "circumstances which
cause his death". There need not necessarily be a direct nexus between
"circumstances" and death. It is enough if the words spoken by the
B deceased have reference to any circumstance which has connection with
any of the transactions which ended up in the death of the deceased. Such
statement would also fall within the purview of Section 32(1) of the
Evidence Act. In other words, it is not necessary that such circumstance
should be proximate, for, even distant circumstances can also become
admissible under the sub-section, provided it has nexus with the transaction
C which resulted in the death. In Sharad Birdhi Chand Sarda's case (cited
supra) this Court has stated the above principle in the following words :

"The test of proximity ·cannot be too literally construed and prac-
tically reduced to a cut and dried formula of universal application
so as to be confined in a strait-jacket. Distance of time would
D depend or vary with the circumstances of each case. For instance,
where death is a logical culmination of a continuous drama long
in process and is, as it were, a finale of the story, the statement
regarding each step directly connected with the end of the drama
would be admissible because the entire statement would have to
E be read as an organic whole and not torn from the context.
Sometimes statements relevant to or furnishing an immediate mo-
tive may also be admissible as being a part of the transaction of
death."

Even apart from section 32(1) of the Evidence Act, the aforesaid
F statement of Kanta Devi can be admitted under section 6 of the Evidence
Act on account of its proximity of time to the act of murder. Illustration
'A' to section 6 makes it clear. It reads thus :-

"A is accused of the murder of B by beating him. Whatever was
said or done by A or B or the by-standers at the beating or so
G
shortly before or after it as to form part of the transaction is a
relevant fact."

(emphasis supplied)
....
H Here the act of the assailant intruding into the courtyard during dead of
RAITANSINGH v. STATE [THOMAS,J.] 947
the night, victim's identification of the assailant, her pronouncement that A
appellant was standing with a gun and his firing the gun at her, are all
circumstances so intertwined with each other by proximity of time and
space that the statement of the deceased became part of the same trans-
action. Hence it is admissible under Section 6 of the Evidence Act.

In either case, whether it is admissible under Section 32(1) or under B
Section 6 of the Evidence Act, it is substantive evidence which can be acted
upon with or without corroboration in finding guilt of the accused.

But then the court must be assured of the remaining two aspects i.e.
reliability of the evidence and accuracy of the contents of the pronounce- C
men!. We have no difficulty in believing that Kanta Devi would have said
so. Both PW3 and PWlO have spoken about this in their evidence. Further
PW3 has mentioned about it even at the earliest opportunity when he gave
First Information Statement. As to the question whether Kanta Devi would
have correctly identified appellant, it was contended that it was then dark
and there was shadow of a mango tree and hence she could not have D
identified him correctly. The evidence shows that it was a moonlit night
and it happened on the open courtyard. The gunning down was followed
by a bout between the assailant on the one side and PW3 and PWlO on
the other during which these witnesses also had occasion to identify the
assailant at very close range. Further again, Ex. Pl gun which PWlO Sheela E
Devi succeeded in wresting from the appellant is admittedly the gun of
the appellant.

From the above circumstances we can unhesitatingly come to the
conclusion that Kanta Devi had correctly identified the appellant when she
said that it was the appellant who was standing with a gun. F
Learned counsel for the appellant tried to make out much from the
fact that no finger impression of Sheela Devi was found on the gun. We
do not find any consequence on account of it in this case. In fact, appellant
did not seriously dispute when the trial judge put the question to him G
regarding that circumstance during his examination under Section 313 of
the Code of Criminal Procedure (question no. 25 related to the evidence
that gun was produced by Sheela Devi and was taken into possession by
the police. The answer given by the appellant to that question was "I do
not know"). Examination of the accused under Section 313 of the Code is
not a mere formality. Answers given by the accused to the questions put H
948 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1996] SUPP. 9 S.C.R.

A to him during such examination have a practical utility for criminal courts.
Apart from affording an opportunity to the delinquent to explain in·
criminating circumstances against him, they would help the court in ap·
...
predating the entire evidence adduced in the court during trial. Ex. Pl ·
gun • admittedly belongs to the assailant. Therefore, when PWlO said in
court that she succeeded in snatching it from the assailant and she sur-
B rendered it to the police, we see no reason to disbelieve her, particularly
in view of the evasive answer given by the appellant to the question
concerned.

We have no doubt that the Division Bench of the High Court has
C salvaged criminal justice in this case by interferring with the unmerittcd
acquittal emerged from a perverse approach made by the Sessions Court.
We, therefore, confirm the conviction and sentence passed on the appellant
and dismiss the appeal.

v.s.s. Appeal dismissed.