RAMESH CHANDRA ACHARYAversusREGISTRAR, HIGH COURT OF ORISSA AND ANR.

A                        RAMESH CHANDRA ACHARYA
                                           II.

              REGISTRAR, HIGH COURT OF ORISSA AND ANR.

                                   JUNE 26, 2000

B                     [K.T. THOMAS AND M.B. SHAH, JJ.)


          Serivce Law:

          Compulsory retirement-Of Judicial officers of the State-Under Rules
C 7/(a) and (a-I) of the Orissa Service Code-Rule prescribing extended
    superannuation age would be given only to those who are found by High
    Court to have a potential for continued useful service-Other judicial officers
    to be superannuated on attaining the age of 58 years-Held, such rule is not
    inconsistent with the decision rendered in All India Judges Association*
D   case-In order to get the benefit of extended superannuation age, criteria
    explained-Orissa Service Code, Rules 7(a), 7(a-/)-Object and validity
    of-Judiciary.

          Petitioner was appointed as temporary Munsif by the High Court in 1981
    and was confirmed in 1985. Petitioner was then promoted as a Civil Judge
E   (Senior Division) in 1993. In 1998, High Court conducted review of the
    petitioner as per Rule 71(a) of the Orissa Service Code and allowed him to
    remain in service upto the age of 58 years. In January 2000, Petitioner
    received copy of a confidential letter from the Registrar (Administration),
    High Court addressed to the Secretary, Law Department, State Government
    conveying the decision of the High Court that as per Rule 7l(a-l) of the Orissa
F   Service Code, that the petitioner should be retired on attaining the age of 58
    years. Petitioner made a representation in April 2000 to the High Court
    seeking reconsideration of his case on the ground that Supreme Court has
    enhanced the age of superannuation of judicial officers to 60 years by pointing
    out the decision in Rajat Baran Roy** case.
G        There was no response. Thereafter, the petitioner received a notification
    dated 11.05.2000 from the Law Department of the Government notifying the
    Government's decision to retire him from the service on attaining the age of
    58 years. Hence this writ petition.

          It was contended by the petitioner that he had a clean record qua
H                                     456                                             ..
             R.C. ACHARY Av. REGISTRAR. HIGH COURT OF ORISSA                  457
integrity and efficiency; that there was no adverse entry or remark ever made        A
in his confidential report; and that Rule 71 (a-1) was against the decision
rendered in All India Judges Association •case.

      Dismissing the Petition, this Court

      HELD: I. There can be no right of an employee to continue in service           B
de-hors statutory or administrative rule pmcribing superannuation age and
continuation in service could be only subject to the conditions provided.

      2.1. Rule 71(a-1) of the Orissa Service Code is not only in conformity
with the decision of this Court in All India Judges Association case but also
in conformity with the requirement of service jurisprudence. The purpose of          C
increasing the superannuation age for the judicial officers. was with an
intention to raise the tone and morale of the judicial service to the society. A
judicial office is required to discharge much more greater responsibility to
the society. Hence, judicial officers must be fit in all respects for discharge
of such onerous duties.
                                                                                     D
      *All India Judges Association v. Union of India, 1199211 SCC 119 and
Al/ India Judges Association v. Union of India, 1199314 SCC 288, relied on.

      Professor Pannic: "Judges" referred to.
                                                                                     E
      2.2. Further Rule 71(a-1) does not straight-away extend the age of
superannuation at the age of 58 years but only enables the High Court to
retain in service a judicial officer belonging to the State Judicial Service up
to the age of 60 years, if it is of the opinion that such judicial officer has the
potential to continue in useful service. For finding out whether he has the
potential, assessment is to be made on the basis of past record of service,          F
character rolls, quality of the judgements and other relevant matters, which
may include overall assessment with regard to integrity, reputation and utility.

      **Rajat Baran Roy v. State of West Bengal, 119991 4 SCC 235,
distinguished.                                                                       G
      2.3. In the absence of a specific rule made by the State no judicial officer
has a right as such to continue beyond the age of 58 years. It is only when the
High Court, after reviewing all aspects of service including the past record
of the officer concerned, specifically orders that in the interest of the judicial
service of the State, it is necessary to retain the particular officer beyond the    H
    458                     SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2000] SUPP. I S.C.R.

A   age limit and allow him to superannuate at the age of 60 years.

        MS. Bindra v. Union of India, (1998) 7 SCC 310 and Madan Mohan
    Choudhary v. State of Bihar, (199913 SCC 396, distinguished.

          CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION : Writ Petition (C) No. 376 of2000.
B
          (Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India.)

          A.S. Nambiar and Ms. A. Subhashini for the Petitioner.

          The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
c          SHAH, J. Question involved in this petition is - Can, for any reason,
    it be held that Service Rule which provides that an officer who has no
    potential for continued useful service beyond a particular age, is invalid?
    'No' -will be the obvious answer for various reasons. Further, there can be no
    right of an employee to continue in service de hors statutory or administrative
D   rule prescribing superannuation age and continuation in service could be
    only subject to the conditions provided. The question which requires
    consideration by the authorities is - Have we not reached a stage where
    services of government or semi-government employees should be regulated
    in such a way that only such persons who can render useful service be
E   continued and not the indolent, infirm and those of doubtful integrity,
    reputation or utility? Periodical exercise of reviewing or evaluating the utility
    is required for better administration and for removal of dead wood or persons
    having doubtful integrity and reputation.

          Petitioner's case is that he was appointed on 14th January, 1981 by the
F   High Court of Orissa as a temporary Munsif and he was confirmed in the said
    post on 21st December, 1985; he was promoted as a Civil Judge (Senior
    Division) in 1993 and was in service since then. It is his further case that in
     1998 High Court of Orissa conducted review in respect of the petitioner as
    per Rule 71(a) of the Orissa Service Code and allowed him to remain in service
G   up to the date of completion of the age of 58 years. On 28th January, 2000,
    he received a copy of the confidential letter from the Registrar (Administration),
    High Court ofOrissa addressed to the Secretary, Law Department, Government
    of Orissa conveying the decision of the High Court of Orissa that as per Rule
    71(a-1) of the Orissa Service Code, petitioner should be retired from Government
    service on attaining the age of 58 years i.e. on 30th June, 2000. It is his say
H   that on receipt of the said confidential letter, he submitte<i a representation
        R.C. ACHARYA v. REGISTRAR, HIGH COURT OF ORISSA [SHAH, J.)          459
by letter dated 3.4.2000 to the High Court seeking reconsideration of his case      A
by pointing out that this Court has enhanced the age of superannuation of
judicial officers to 60 years and pointed out the decision of this Court in Rajat
Baran Roy and others v. State of WB and others, [ 1999] 4 SCC 235. But there
was no response. It is his contention that he has a clean record qua integrity
and efficiency and there is no adverse entry or remark ever made in his             B
confidential record. Thereafter, the petitioner received a notification dated
11.5.2000 from the Law Department of Government of Orissa notifying the
State Government's decision to retire him from the Government service on
attaining the age of 58 years. Hence, he has approached this Court by filing
writ petition under Article 32 of the Constitution.

       At the time of hearing this petition, Mr. A.S. Nambiar, learned senior
                                                                                    c
counsel submitted that the Rule 7l(a-I) is against the decision rendered by
this Court in All"fndia Judges' Association v. Union of India and others,
[ 1992] I SCC 119 and a subsequent clarification given by this Court in review
application in All India Judges' Association and others v. Union of India and
Ors., [1993] 4 sec 288.                                                             D
     For appreciating the contention raised by the learned senior counsel,
we would first refer to relevant part of Rule 7l(a) of the Orissa Service Code:

        "71.(a) Except as otherwise provided in the other clauses of this rule
        the date of compulsory retirement of a Government servant, except a         E
        ministerial servant who was in Government service on the 3 lst March,
        1939 and Class IV Government servant, is the date on which he or she
        attains the age of 58 years subject to the condition that a review shall
        be conducted in respect of the Government servant in the 55th year
        of age in order to determine whether he/she should be allowed to
        remain in service up to the date of completion of the age of 58 years       F
        or retired on completing the age of 55 years in public interest:

        Provided....

        (a-1). Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-rule (a) of rule 71,
        Judicial Officers belonging to State Judicial Services, who, in the         G
        opinion of the High Court of Orissa, have a- potential for continued
        useful service, shall be retained in service up to the age 9f 60 years.

        [Note-The potential for continued utility shall be assessed and
        evaluated by appropriate Committee of Judges of the High Court,
        constituted and headed by the Chief Justice and the valuatio!l shall        H
    460                       SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2000] SUPP. I S.C.R.

A           be made on the basis of the Officer's past record of service, character
            roll, quality of judgments and other relevant matters. The High Court
            should undertake and complete the exercise in case of an officer about
            to attain the age of 58 years well within time by following the procedure
            for compulsory retirement under the service rules applicable to him
            and give him the benefit of the extended superannuation age from 58
B           to 60 years only, if he is found fit and eligible to continue in service.
            In case he is not found fit and eligible, he shall be compulsorily retired
            on his attaining the age of 58 years. This exercise should be undertaken
            well in advance before an officer attains the age of 58 years.]

            (b) ....... .
c
            (c) ......... "

                                                                    •
           In our view, the aforesaid rule is not only in confonnity with the
     decision rendered by this Court in the aforesaid case but also in confonnity
D    with the requirement of service jurisprudence. The purpose of increasing the
     superannuation age for the judicial officers was with an intention to raise the
     tone and morale of the judicial services as a whole but not to continue the
    officers who have lost their utility in rendering service to the society. It needs
    no emphasis as it is accepted that the judicial officer is required to discharge
    much more greater responsibility to the society. As observed in All India
E   Judges' Association case (Review) [Para 7], "the judicial service is not service
    in the sense of 'employment'. The Judges are not employees. As members of
    the judiciary, they exercise the sovereign judicial power of the State." Hence,
    judicial officers must be fit in all respects for discharge of such onerous
    duties. In All India Judges' Association case, the Court quoted the following
    observation of Professor Pannick from his book entitled 'Judges': "Judges do
F   not have an easy job. They repeatedly do what the rest of us seek to avoid;
    make decisions." After detailed discussions, the Court finally observed [in
    Para 61] thus:

                "The conduct of every judicial officer should be above reproach.
            He should be conscientious, studious, thorough, courteous, patient,
G
            punctual, just, in1partial, fearless of public clamour, regardless of public
            praise, and indifferent to private, political or partisan influences; he
            should administer justice according to law, and deal with his
            appointment as a public trust; he should not allow other affairs or his
            private interests to interfere with the prompt and proper perfonnance
H           of his judicial duties, nor should he administer the office for the
       R.C. ACHARY Av. REGISTRAR, HIGH COURT OF ORISSA [SHAH, J.]             461
        purpose of advancing his personal ambitions or increasing his                A
        popularity."

      Hence, for deciding-whether the judicial officer has potential for
continued useful service, the authority (the High Court) has to take ii;ito
consideration all the aforesaid aspects and has to make overall evaluation.
                                                                                     B
        Th is Court in the aforesaid case emphasised that the benefit of the
increase of the retirement age to 60 years, shall not be available automatically
to all judicial officers irrespective of their past record of service and evidence
of their continued utility to the judicial system and, therefore, directed thus:

        "The benefit will be available to those who, in the opinion of the           C
        respective High Courts, have a potential for continued useful service.
        It is not intended as a windfall for the indolent, the infirm and those
        of doubtful integrity, reputation and utility. The potential for continued
        utility shall be assessed and evaluated by appropriate committees of
        Judges of the respective High Courts constituted and headed by the           D
        Chief Justices of the High Courts and the evaluation shall be made
        on the basis of the judicial officers' past record of service, character
        rolls, quality of judgments and other relevant matters."

       The Court thereafter clarified that the assessment at the age of 58 years
is for the purpose of finding out suitability of the concerned officers for the      E
entitlement of the benefit of the increased age of superannuation from 58
years to 60 years; it is in addition to the assessment to be undertaken for
compulsory retirement and the compulsory retirement at the earlier stage/s
under the respective service rules.

       It is apparent that aforesaid directions of this Court are faithfully         F
incorporated in the aforequoted rule. Therefore, the High Court was fully
justified in following the aforesaid rules in evaluating the record of the
petitioner for his continued utility in the judicial service.

      Further, the aforequoted rule does not straightway extend the age of           G
superannuation at the age of 58 years but it only enables the High Court to
retain in service a judicial officer belonging to the State Judicial Service up
to the age of 60 years, if it is in the opinion that such judicial officer has
potential to continue in useful service. For finding out whether he has potential
for continue in useful service, assessment is to be made on the basis of past
record of service, character rolls, quality of the judgments and other relevant      H
    462                       SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2000) SUPP. I S.C.R.

A matters, which may include overall assessment with regard to integrity,
    reputation and utility.

           However, the learned counsel for the petitioner referred to the decision
     rendered by this Court in Rajat Baran Roy and others v. State of WB. and
                     sec
     others, [ 1999] 4      235 and submitted that once the superannuation age is
B    extended to 60 years, there is no question of reviewing it at the age of 58
    years. In our view, this submission is without any substance because it is
    open to the competent authority to frame appropriate rules permitting it to
    assess the overall performance of the officer periodically to find out whether
    such officer has potential for continued utility in service. The aforesaid
C   judgment only deals with the rule where there was no such specific provision
    of review at the age of 58 years arid the Court referred to a Memo of
    Government of W.B. dated 15.5.1998 extending the superannuation age to 60
    years and held that officers have right to continue till the age of 60 years.
    Further, the Court found that powers vested under rule 75(aa) of the West
    Bengal Service Rules (Part I) were not exercised and in any case from the
D   record it appeared that there was non-application of mind to the material
    particulars which were mandatory for invoking the said rule. The Court,
    therefore, held that there was no question of referring to the decision in case
    of All India Judges' Association (Supra). In our view, the said decision in
    Rajat Baran Roy has no bearing in the present case because of specific Rule
E   7I(a).

           In this view of the matter, there is no substance in the contention that
    Rule 71 (a-I) is ultra-vires, invalid or against the judgment rendered by this
    Court in All India Judges' Association case. We reiterate that in the absence
    of specific rule made by the State no judicial officer has a right as such to
F   continue beyond the age of 58. It is only when the High Court, after reviewing
    all aspects of service including the past record of the officer concerned,
    specifically orders that in the interest of judicial service of the State it is
    necessary to retain the particular officer beyond that age limit and allow him
    to superannuate at the age of 60. In other words, continuation beyond 58
G   years is permissible only when the High Court makes a positive recommendation
    in favour of that officer for such continuation. Otherwise the judicial officer
    has to retire at the age of 58. This can be departed from only when the State
    makes specific rule otherwise.

          The learned counsel for the petitioner further referred to the decision
H   in M.S. Bindra v. Union of India and others, [1998] 7 sec 310 and Madan
        R.C. ACHARYAv. REGISTRAR, HIGH COURT OF ORISSA [SHAH, J.]        463

Mohan Choudharyv. State of Bihar and others, [1999]3 SCC 396. These two A
cases pertain to compulsory retirement of the officers on a pre-mature stage
and considering facts and circumstances of the case, this Court observed that
judicial scrutiny of any order imposing pre-mature compulsory retirement is
permissible if the order is either arbitrary or ma/a fide or it is based on no
evidence. However, in this writ petition under Article 32 it is not necessary B
for us to examine whether the recommendations made by the High Court on
the basis of Rule 7l(a-l) of the Orissa Service Code is in any way arbitrary
or ma/a fide as it is open to the petitioner to approach the High Court for
his grievances.

      Hence, this petition under Article 32 is not required to be entertained   C
and is dismissed.

R.KS.                                                     Petition dismissed.