Holding

A witness’s familial relationship to the victim does not per se affect credibility; the evidence of the wife and son was admissible and credible, and the conviction stands.

Summary

Ram Singh and an accomplice were convicted of murder, house‑trespass and intimidation under Sections 302, 452 and 504 of the IPC after the deceased’s wife and son testified that the accused stabbed the victim inside his house. The appellants challenged the conviction on the ground that the eyewitnesses were close relatives of the deceased and therefore partisan, and that the prosecution had not examined other local residents. The Supreme Court held that a witness’s relationship to the victim does not, by itself, render the testimony unreliable; the court must examine the credibility of the evidence on its facts. The testimony of the wife and son was found specific, corroborated by medical evidence, and not disproved on cross‑examination. The Court also observed that the prosecution is not obliged to call every possible neighbour as a witness. Consequently, the conviction was upheld and the appeal dismissed.

Issues considered

Whether the testimony of close relatives of the deceased can be disregarded as partisan and thus inadmissible.
Whether the failure to examine other local residents as prosecution witnesses defeats the conviction.
Whether the circumstantial and medical evidence sufficiently supports the conviction under Sections 302, 452 and 504 IPC.

Legislation cited

Indian Penal Code, 1860s. 302, s. 452, s. 504

Subjects

murderwitness credibilityrelative witnesscircumstantial evidenceIndian Penal CodeSection 302Section 452Section 504criminal appealevidentiary law

Judgment

. '

[2008] 14 S.C.R. 358

-:{:_
A RAM SINGH.
'
v.
STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH
·(Criminal Appeal No. 1599 of 2008)
OCTOBER 13, 2008
B
[DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT AN.D J.M. PANCHAL, JJ.]
.,?- ~

Criminal trial:
...
Penal Code, 1860; Ss. 302, 452 and 504:·
c
Murder - Trial Court found accused persons guilty of ·
committing offence of murder relying on testimony of relative
eye-witnesses and convicted them - Affirmed by High Court -
Correctness of - Held: Relationship is not a factor to affect·
credibility of a witness - In the instant case, the ground that
D
the witness being close relative, thus, partisan witness and
should not be relied upon, has no substance - Presence of
PWs 2 and 3, wife and son of the deceased, at the spot is .
quite natural as occurrence took place inside the house ofthe
deceased - Moreover, except some minor discrepancies,
E
nothing substantial has been brought out in the cross-.exami-
nation to discard their evidence - Medical evidence clearly
show~ existence of injuries on the body of the deceased as
indicated by PW2 - Hence, no interference with the impugned
order called for - Evidence - Circumstantial evidence ""'.'" Tes-
F timony of relative witnesses - Reliance upon.
rt"
According to the prosecution, appellant and another
person gave several blows with knife on the person of
the deceased in the presence of his wife (PW2) and son
(PW3). The deceased succumbed to the injuries. An F.1.R.
G
was lodged in the Police Station. The Police, after investi-
gating the case, submitted the charge-sheet against the ~-
accused persons. The Trial Court found the evidence of
the eyewitnesses credible and cogent and held both the

H 358
RAM SINGH v. STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH 359

-~·
accused persons guilty of committing the offences pun- A
ishable under Sections 302, 452 and 504 IPC. Appeal filed
thereagainst by the accused-appellant was dismissed.
Hence the present appeal.
Appellant contended that the presence of PWs 2 and ·
3 on the spot of occurrence is highly suspicious and they B
-L being relatives of the deceased, have falsely implicated
the accused persons.
Dismissing the appeal, the Court
HELD: 1.1 Relationship is not a factor to affect cred- c
ibility of a witness. It is more often than not that a relation
would not conceal actual culprit and make allegations
against an innocent person. Foundation has to be laid if
plea of false implication is made. In such cases, the court
has to adopt a careful approach and analyse evidence to D
find out whether it is cogent and credible. (Para - 8) [363-
B]
Dalip Singh and Ors. v. The State of Punjab AIR (1953)
SC 364; Guli Chand and Ors. v. State of Rajasthan (197 4) 3
SCC 698 and Vadivelu Thevar v. State of Madras AIR (1957) E
SC 614 - relied on.
1.2 The ground that the witness being a close rela-
tive and consequently being a partisan witness, should
not be relied upon, has no substance. (Para - 11) [364-A] F
Dalip Singh and Ors. v. The State of Punjab AIR (1953)
SC 364; Masalti and Ors. v. State of UP AIR (1965) SC 202
and State of Rajasthan v. Teja Ram and Ors. AIR (1999) SC
1776 - referred to.
G
1.3 Merely on surmises the Court should not casti-
..;.
gate a prosecution for not examining other persons of
the locality as prosecution witnesses. Prosecution can
be expected to examine only those who have witnessed
the events and not those who have not seen it though
H
360 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2008] 14 S.C.R.

A the neighbourhood may be replete with other residents
-f:-.
also. (Para - 13) [365-C]
Sucha Singh and Anr. v. State of Punjab (2003) 7 SCC
· 643; Hari Ram v. State of U.P (2004) 8 SCC 146 and Ponnam
Chandraiah v. State ofA.P (2008) AIR SCW 5429 - relied
B on.

1.4 The presence of PWs 2 and 3 at the spot is quite /---f-

natural because the occurrence took place inside the
house of the deceased. Additionally; PWs 1 and 7 are im-
c mediate post-occurrence witnesses who have stated that
when they reached the house of the deceased on hear-
ing the cries for. help of PWs 2 and 3, PW-2 told them that
her husband has been assaulted by the present appel-
lant. It is to _be noted that except some minor discrepan-
cies, nothing substantial has been brought in the cross
D
examination of PWs 2 and 3 to discard their evidence. PW-
2's evidence is specific and clear to the extent that the J+
present appellant gave first blow in the abdomen of the
deceased and then near the naval and, thereafter, on the
chest and in the neck. The medical evidence clearly
E shows the existence of the injuries at the places indicated
by PW-2. (Para - 14) [365 E-G]
CASE LAW REFERENCE
'
AIR (1953) SC 364 Relied on Para - 9
,. A
F
(1974) 3 sec 698 Relied on Para -10 rt
AIR (1957) SC 614 Relied on Para - 10
AIR (1953) SC 364 Referred to Para - 9
AIR (1965) SC 202 Referred to Para -12
G
AIR (1999) SC 1776 Referred to Para - 13 \..
-t
(2003) 1 sec 643 Relied on Para - 13
(2004) a sec 146 Relied on Para -13

H (2008) AIR sew 5429 Relied on Para -13
RAM SINGH v. STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH 361

.~er
CRIMINALAPPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal A
No. 1599 of 2008
From the final Judgment and Order dated 6.12.2006 of
the High Court of Madhya Pradesh at Jabalpur in Criminal Ap-
peal No. 287 of 1999
B
Sha keel Ahmed and Arna Das for the Appellant.
--'"'-- Vibha Datta Makhija for the Respondent.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J. 1. Leave granted. c
2. Challenge in this appeal is to the judgment of a Division
Bench of the Madhya Pradesh High Court dismissing the ap-
peal filed by the appellant and upholding his conviction for of-
fences punishable under Sections 302, 452 and 504 of the In-
D
dian Penal Code, 1.860 (in short 'the IPC') and sentence of im-
prisonment for life, rigorous imprisonment for three years and
one year respectively with fine and default stipulations.
3. Appellant faced trial along with one Sukku alias Sikku,
who was convicted for offence punishable under Section 302 E
read with Section 34 IPC and the other offences, as in the case
of present appellant.

4. Both the accused persons had preferred appeals be-
fore the High Court questioning correctness of the judgment
recorded by learned 6th Additional Sessions Judge, Jabalpur, F
\ in Sessions Trial No.19 of 1997.
5. In brief the prosecution is that Ganesh Prasad, who is the
author of the FIR heard hue and cry of Shakunbai at about8-'9
PM as a result of which he came out from his house and saw G
appellant Ram Singh carrying knife in his hand was coming out
from the house of Laddu alias Baisakhu (hereinafter referred to
....:?'-
as 'the deceased') and was running away. Behind him co-ac-
cused Sukku was also running away. Thereafter, this person came
to the house of the deceased and asked Shakunbai, who is wife
H
362 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2008] 14 S.C.R.

A of the deceased, that how the incident had occurred, on which
she replied that Sukku caught hold of the hands of the deceased
. and thereafter appellant Ramsingh dealt several blows of knife
.. on thE! person of the deceased as a result of which he died .
. . Tnereafter, Ganesh Parsad wen.t to lodge the First lnfor:-
. B · mation-Report and ori lodging the· FIR, law was set in motion.
-The investigating agency, in order to investigat~ the case, ar-
rived ·atthe spot, prepared necessary panchnama, seized the
. dead. body and .sent it for post-"mortem; seized ordinary and
blood stained earth; recorded the ·statement of the witnesses
c and arrested the accused persons and at the :instance of ap-
. pellant Ramslngh ·seized a knife which was used as a weapon
·· in the commission of.the offence. ·· · · · · · ·..

After th~ investigatkmwas over, a charge-sheet was sub-
.mitt~d which, on its tum, committed the.case to the Court of
D . Session from whereitwas/eceived by the trial court for its trial..
. .

Since the accused persons abjured their guilt, trial was
held. Nine Witnesses were examined to further the prosecution
·version. Of them, Shakunbai (PW-2) was the widow of the de-.
·ceased and Dhani Ram (PW-3) is his son, who claimed to be
E eye'witnesses. Two witnesses were examined by the accused
persons in support of their plea of innocence. The Trial Court
found the evidence of the eye witnesses credible and cogent
and, therefore, held both the accused persons guilty. It did not
. find any substance in the plea of the accused persons that the
F evidence of eye witnesses should be discarded as they are
related to the deceased. ·
The stand ofinnocence and the plea to discard the evi-
. dence of PWs 2 and 3 on the ground that they are related to the .
deceased were reiterated before the High Court. By the im-
G pugned judgment, the appeals were dismissed. ·
6. Learned counsel for the appellant submitted that the pres-
ence of PWs 2 and 3 on the spot of occurrence is highly suspi-
.· cious and they being relatives of the deceased, have falsely im-
plicated the accused persons for reasons best known to them.
H
RAM SINGH v. STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH 363
[DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.]

7. Learned counsel for the State supported the judgments A
--i'J
ofthe courts below. '
It
. 8. We shall first deal with the contention regarding
interestedness of the witnesses for furthering prosecution ver-
sion. Relationship is not a factor to affect credibility of a wit-
ness: It is more often than not that a relation would not conceal B
actual culprit and make allegations against an innocent pe·rson.
~ · Foundation has to be laid if plea of false implication is made. In
such cases, the court has to adopt a careful approach and
analyse evidence to find out whether it is cogent and credible.
c
9 .. In Dalip. Singh and Ors. v. The State of Punjab (AIR
1.953 SC 364) it has been laid down as under:-
"A witness is normally to be considered independent unless
... he or she springs from sources which are likely to be
tainted and that usually means unless the witness has D
cause, such as enmity against the accused, to wish to
·~ implicate him falsely. Ordinarily a close relation would be
the last to screen the real culprit and falsely implicate an
innocent person. It is true, when feelings run high and there
is personal cause for enmity, that there is a tendency to E
drag in an innocent person against whom a witness has.
a grudge along with the guilty, but foundation must be laid
for such a .criticism and the mere fact of relationship far
from being a foundation is often a sure guarantee of truth.
However, we are not attempting any sweeping F
. ·"-I generalization. Each case must be judged on its own facts.
'\ Our observations are only made to combat what is so
often put forward in cases before us as a general rule of
prudence. There is no such general rule. Each case must
be limited to and be governed by its own facts."
G
10. The above decision has since been followed in Guli
~-r ·r:
Chand and Ors. v. State of Rajasthan (1974 (3) SCC 698) in
which Vadivelu Thevar v. State of Madras (AIR 1957 SC 614) ·
was also relied upon.
H
$64 SUPREME COURT REPORTS . · [2008] 14 S.C.R.

·.A 11. We may also observe that the ground that the witness
being a close relative and consequently being. a partisan wit-
-1--
\

ness, should not be relied upon, has no substance. This theory ~

. was repelled by this Court as e13rly as in Dalip Singh's case
(supra) in which surprise was expressed -over the impression
.H which prevailed in the minds of.the Members of the .Bar that ~

·relatives were not independent wit~esses. Speaking through ·
Vivian Bose, J. it was observed:
~
"We are unable to agree with the learned Judges of the
High Court that the testimony of the two eyewitnesses
c requires corroboration. If the foundation for such an
observation is based on the fact that the witnesses are
women and that the fate of seven men hangs on their
testimony, we know of no such rule. If it is grounded on the
reason that they are closely related to the deceased we
D are unable to concur. This. is a fallacy common to many
criminal cases and one which another Bench of this Court
endeavoured to dispel in # 'Rameshwar v. State of y""
. Rajasthan' (AIR 1952 SC 54 at p.59). We find, however,
that it unfortunately still persists, if not in the judgments of
E the Courts, at any rate in the arguments of counsel."
12. Again in
Masalti and Ors. v. State of U.P (AIR 1965
SC 202) this Court observed:. (p, 209-210 para 14):
"Butit.would, we think, be unreasonable to contend that
.··.f evidence given by witnesses should be discarded only on
the ground that it is evidence of partisan or interested , ,A.

witnesses;.'. .... The mechanical rejection of such evidence .( +
on the sole ground that it is partisan would invariably lead
to failure of justice. No hard and fast rule can be laid down
as to how much evidence should be appreciated. Judicial
G
approach has to be cautious in dealing with such evidence;
but the plea that such evidence should be rejected. be,cau.se
it is partisan cannot be accepted as correct." >i--l: .

13. As observed by this Court in State of Rajasthan v. Teja
H Ram and Ors. (AIR 1999 SC 1776) the over-insistence on wit-
RAM SINGH v. STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH 365
[DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.]

nesses having no relation with the victims often results in crimi- A
-1 nal justice going away. When any incident happens in a dwell-
ing house or nearby the most natural witnesses would be the
inmates of that house. It would be unpragmatic to ignore such
natural witnesses and insist on outsiders who would not have
even seen any thing. If the Court has discerned from the evi- B
dence or even from the investigation records that some other
independent person has witnessed any event connecting the

- -+; incident in question then there is justification for making adverse
comments against non-examination of such person as pros-
ecution witness. Otherwise, merely on surmises the Court should
not castigate a prosecution for not examining other persons of
c
the locality as prosecution witnesses. Prosecution can be ex-
pected to examine only those who have witnessed the events
and not those who have not seen it though the neighbourhood
may be replete with other residents also. [See Sucha Singh
and Anr v. State of Punjab (2003 (7) SCC 643), Harl Ram v. D
State of U. P (2004 (8) SCC 146) ·and Ponnam Chandraiah v.
State of A.P (2008 AIR sew 5429)].
~
14. The presence of PWs 2 and 3 at the spot is quite natu-
ral because the occurrence took place inside the house of the
E
deceased. Additionally, PWs 1 and 7 are immediate post oc-
currence witnesses who have stated that when they reached
the house of the deceased on hearing the cries for help of PWs
2 and 3, PW-2 told them that her husband has been assaulted
by the present appellant. It is to be noted that except some mi-
nor discrepancies, nothing substantial has been brought in the F
--;

.....
'\ cross examination of PWs 2 an 3 to discard their evidence.
PW-2's evidence is specific and clear to the extent that the
present appellant gave first blow in the abdomen of the de-
ceased and then near the naval and, thereafter, on the chest
and in the neck. The medical evidence clearly shows the exist- G
ence of the injuries at the places indicated by PW-2.

t-""
15. Above being the position, there is no merit in this ap-
peal, which is, accordingly, dismissed.

S.K.S. Appeal dismissed. H