Holding

The Sessions Judge’s intimidation of witnesses denied a fair trial, rendering the conviction unsafe and leading to its reversal.

Summary

Ram Chander was convicted of murder under Sections 302 and 34 of the IPC and sentenced to life imprisonment. On appeal, the High Court upheld his conviction while acquitting a co‑accused. The appellant argued that the Sessions Judge had violated the principle of a fair trial by rebuking and threatening key eyewitnesses with perjury prosecution, thereby coercing their testimony. The Supreme Court examined whether such judicial intimidation vitiated the conviction and also considered the admissibility of the witnesses' statements, rejecting the contention that the FIR could be used under Section 11 of the Evidence Act to corroborate them. Relying on Sections 165 of the Evidence Act and 172(2) of the CrPC, the Court held that the judge’s conduct amounted to denial of a fair trial and that Section 11 could not be invoked as suggested. Consequently, the conviction was set aside and the appellant was released.

Issues considered

The Sessions Judge’s intimidation of witnesses violated the right to a fair trial.
Whether the conviction is vitiated by the judge’s conduct.
Whether statements of witnesses can be admitted despite inconsistencies.
Whether Section 11 of the Evidence Act can be invoked to use the FIR for corroboration.

Legislation cited

Code of Criminal Procedures. 172(2)
Indian Evidence Act, 1872s. 11, s. 165, s. 31-39
Indian Penal Code, 1860s. 302, s. 34

Subjects

fair trialjudicial conductintimidation of witnessesEvidence ActSection 165Section 11criminal trialmurderlife imprisonmentappellate review

Judgment

12

A RAM CHANDER
·v.
:STATE OF HARYANA
February 25, 1981
. '.
(0. CHINNAPPA REDDY AND BAHARUL ISLAM, JJ.J ·
Role ofa Judge trying a criminal i;ase explained-Evidence Act, se~tio~ j65
read with section 172{2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, whethef a 'Judg~' in
a crimi11,al case.. 111ay put any quesfion. t() /~e wiflless and jf so,,,what are its
/imitations-Ev'illence Act, sectioi1 }!, ~;ope of. · · ·"' ·
= ' . ;,~ •
·~. ' ·L '·; • ·•,;'• ' 1

.,,:, · The appellant Ram Cha11der <ind. Mange were· tried by the, learitelf',.:Addi-
c tional Sessions Judge, .Jind, for the murder of Dunni. ·Both were convicted under
M
s~f<!.J01i 3q2 read with section Inpian Penal Code' a~d SCl)terycef! io in1pri~on
ment ror life. On appeal the High Court a9quitted ·Mange· but. cc/nfirmed . the
conviction' and sentence of·kiun ·Chander. 'In appeai hy '.i;pecial leave. it was
contended lhat the'· conviction alld sentence were· vitiated as the principle' of
fair . trial 'was ·abandoned by. the Sessions Judge 'who rebuked. the. Witnesses and
threatened them with prosecution for perjury . and· based his·. c;onviction on such
eiitmted evidence. ·." . ••.. . . -
D
. Allowing the ·appcl}l, the Court' · ' '·
. .·rq ·~- . . ] : .:_..,,.~ . ,; . •• . .
HELD : 1 : I. If a Gdminal Court is to be an effective instrument in
dispensing justice, the presidin.g judge must cease t~ be :a ~pectator and. ~ mere
recording. lll~chine. !He must become .a ,participant in .the triai by evincing
inteliigent acli~e)nforest by putting questions fo witnesses 'iii orcter tO a'scertain
E th~ truth. The Court has wide powers and nlust actively partiCipate: in th{ frial
fo elicit the fruth and·!O proteci the' weak and the innocent.' It is rthe dui:f.,;11wa
]tidge to discovec the.truth and for that purpose, he may :·"ask . any question; .in
any.form, at any time, of any witn1>ss, or of the parties, about any fact, .relevant
or irrelevant". But this he must. clo,· without unduJy. trespassing upon the
functions of the public prosecutor and the defence'counsel, without any hint· of
partisanship and without appearing to frighten, coerce, confuse, intimidate or
F bully wilnesse~. ·He must take the prosecution and the .defence with him. The
Coi1rt, the prosecution and the defence must work as a team whose goal isjustice,
a 0

team whose captain is !he 'judge. The judge, ''like the conductor· of a choir,
itmst, by force of personality, induce his team . to work in harmony; subdue the
raucous, encQwage the timid; conspire with the_young, flatter aryd"<>I,<!." (1411, F,
D; 15E-F] ~r

G ·;'',Sessions J11dg~, Neitore' v. Jntna Rainana Reddy ~nd .. Altl"., LLJC 1972 AP
-683, approved. "'
Jones v. N;tional C?al Board, [ 1957] 2 All E.R. 155, quoted with appro~al.

1 : 2; · In the instan't c'ase·, the questions put by the learned Sessions Judge,
particularly the threats held out to the witnesses that if they changed their
H statements th~y would involve themselves in prosecution for perjury were certainly
intimidating, coming as they did from the presiding judge. In an effort to compel
'•. . RAM CHANDER v. HARYANA (Chinnappa Reddy, J.) 13

the witnes.scs. to speak ."°·hat he thought must be truth, the learned Sessions Judge, A.
very:_ wrongly, firmly rebuked them and vifiually. threatened: them with-, prosecu~
tionS rOr pCrjWy: ~- HC left 'bis seat
a'.nd Cii'tCred th·e~·riilg.·' The 'Princii)1e' .of "fair
tnaI".Wa'sabandonCd. [19F-H] ··'- 1
" 'Jt:'> - ·'~ .;i.; -· . 1 -_.·;i·; " 1 '
;,,j·'.i..f·r.~"'.: -:-.-'.~ ;·, ,-. ' ·.-_.·!·.;. ·; :~ ;_.;1-. ;; ~;.::;·_•1;:·1 ;~,-'.~;-_;_<ii/;:~:.--·.·· ,,·1
., '; :: -2.,. ~lpe Evidence -Act conta_ins d~tailed provisions, dealing . whh. state_ments
of persons_who cannot. be. called as witne$ses. _and former 1statements. of _pe~ns
WhO ire called as·wi,tiiCsseS. Th~ PrOvislollS would ipf;ear_iO. becOil?.e ~c:.4uridant B
itthC 'eVidenee·or 3 whriCSs' i~ to be lesie"d iind 3.cCepted or iCiectCd with · rerCrence
tO -the 'foimer'Stitement Of arioiheC·wnneS~ on the iround. that such·; (ofinCr 'sta~
menittnders t1ie evidence highly'. probable -or: improbable.. Even :assd.olliig:· that
~nd:er . certain cirqimstanc~s it_ is permissible _t~- use, t_he·_ first_ inf9nnatio:n. Jeport
und1.'t' the first part of section 11 there is in the present case no question, of invok-
ing the first part Or section 11, which is inapplicable·· sinCc, thC ·nrst inf0rrD.3iiO.ti:
report.is now not ~ought t_o be used as b<:ing ·inconsisten~ ~wi_th. -the• prosecution
~#~'.~ ~Or"ca~ firsti~~~tiOll ~por"tJie u~'by,r~sO~ .. '.tq,.t!tC: -~~~n.d .. Dart of
c
section ll.1 120 H·2IA· 20 F~G] - i ·• :,__ " ' " _, ,) ' · _. ~ · .. r"" .. · 1 -- 1 ,.,!! ,1
··; !.•;!_'~ ~'.~.,~· •,..:: ~;,,,~~.:1, · i ·;~·;:·1·· ': ·.::.1: '·l :·:·r1<1 '";!,:'.~-:~; ·.:-;~!~
., ';,,,Ram.Kumar Pande ••The State of Madhya Pradesh, [l9J5} ~·,,S.C,!L. 519@
..
522,d.i~ssed
· .. ,,~.
.. -ti'J· ,... ~. • ·,.1••. 11
......
3 ,.,._·,.
....... ?:.i.
,_.,,. - ~--n•i'-.·
~
..-.-:: !."J;;.·J,·::; , ....
:'" cin11NAF APi>tU.,\'il: Juit1soicr10N:Crliri1i1.t1 Aiiperu·Nd; 390/75.
~i:'; :ai t<,:.!,';:,; ··:: '.~:.,, :iu ·'.i'f: )/i.' 1.r::rr~ :.·,'· _;!:... : J':i.1 ~:·; ;j D
...,,, Appeal :by 'special, leave<from .the' Judgment and.Order· dated
;Z.7.1975 .of! Punjab.& Haryana High Court;in Cr"A. No. l554/74•
. '•.,._.,.,.-!• -·(•, ·-· . . ~ .. _ , , ._, r 1 __ .•,t .., . .; , , ' · .. ·, 1
:,~;'.KaP,fl; Sibai~ subhqsh - .Skar"!,{/'. a?d, 1:Rav(~d~(]: 13!1,~a J?r the
i'PP~Ilant: ...,, .. •. ;'!, ,;,_c, ·" ., .,. , -,,, . , ,,,
,,.,
. ,
•. J(,G•• Bhagat ·and R..!f1. Poddar. for the,Respondent.
.
"''<'"'/; ~ E
: ,.;The.Ju.dgment;o,(the, C~urt,was de!ivered ,bY•, ,. ',;; ruilf
'f" ,,.; •·,•'1 Lp-· ·• ._._ • -'• _: · •.,·•r r-'- ! , ·":It'":. i;,:J?, t f.,.;_, _,.-.
· · ' CHINNAPPA REDDY, J: ,What f is the true role of a ·jud_ge trying a
·_., ,_ •' • ~ ' - "''"!-' ~-- ·- •- ,., • : .. , , ' - < • ' ' • ' .. '1 ' , '. : • ". ' •

ciiminal 'case ?; • Js he to ' assume the role of'a 'referee hi. 'a football
match lit ~rt: ,;inp;;;,"in a·:Ctickei'rnatch, occasionaily answering,' as
Pollock arid Maitl~nd(1 ) ''p6iilt 'oui, ''the question. 'How is-that'' oi, F
is heTo, iri the words
, ..... · ' " " ' - " J · - · } "'''·'' -·
o( Lora .
Kenning 'drop 'the mantle of a judge
'· ,.., . . • . , . '.··.· ~._...... - •• ~ .
a:nd '.assume the "role' of an advocate ?(') Is be to be a' . spectator
bra at
'participant' the trial? is(passivitY or actlvi!y·fo' his at- niark
titude?. Ii he desires to questio~ '·ahy of the whnesses;rfiow'far can
Ji.~. go? Can he put. on the glo!es a,n,d 'have a go', '\t.,th~ 1 witness who
he
-- .
suspects
. •·· •,
is- . lying
.
or is . he- to be.son
•· ' ,• '
and
-
suave 1,r.·These
'
are-. some G
of the ...questions .. which, we,. are compelled to ask ourselves 1n this
appeal on. account of the manner in. whi~h the judge who' tried the.
case
.
put
- .-
"questions - to'.
~orne of the' ·wiiness~s.
' ...... '

· · (i) Pollock 3ncfMa.itJand: The HiStory of English laW.
(2~ Jones v .. National _.C!oa~,Board, ._[1957] 2 All.E.R. 155. \
H
14 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1981] 3 S.C.R.

A The adversary system of trial being what it is, there is an unfor-
tunate tendancy for a judge presiding over a trial to assume the role
of a referee or an umpire and to allow the trial to develop into a
contest between the prosecution and the defence with the inevitable
distortions flowing from combative and competitive element entering
the trial procedure. If a criminal court is to be an effective instrument
B in dispensing justice, the presiding judge must cease to be a spectator
and a mere recording machine. He. must_ become a participant in
the trial by evincing intelligent active interest by putting questions
to witnesses in order to ascertain the truth.· As one of us had
occasion to say in the past.

c "Every criminal trial is a voyage of discovery . in which
truth is the quest. It is the duty of a presiding Judge fo explore
every avenue open to him in order to discover the fruth and to
advance the cause of justice. For that purpose he is expressly
invested by section 165 of the Evidence Act with the right to
put questions to witnesses. . Indeed_ the right givep. to. a Judge
D is so wide that he may 'ask any question he pleases, in any
form, at any time; of any witness, or of the parties about any
fact, relevant or irrelevant. · Section :172 (2) of the Code of
Criminal Procedure enables the Court to send for the police-
diarfos in a case and use them to aid It in the trial. The ·record
of the proceedings of the committing Magistrate may al~o be
E perused by the Sessions Judge to further aid him in the trial."(1)

With such wide powers, the Court must actively participate in
the trial to elicit the truth and to protect the weak and the innocent.
It must, of course, not assume the role of a prosecutor in putting
questions. The functions of the counsel, particularly those of the
Public Prosecutor, are not to be usurped by the judge, by descending
F
into the arena, as it were. Any questions put by the judge must be
so as not to frighten, coerce, confuse or intimidate_ the witnesses.
The danger inherent in a judge adopting a much too stern an attitude
towards witnesses has been. explained by Lord Justice Birkett :

"People accustomed to the procedure of the Court are
G likely to be over-awed or frightened, or co~fused; or distressed
when under the ordeal of prolonged questioning 'from the
presiding Judge. Moreover, when the questfoning takes on· a
sarcastic or ironic tone ·as it is apt to do, or when it takes on
a hostile note as is sometimes almost inevitable, the danger is
H
(I) Session Judge, Ne/lore v. /11t11a Ramana Reddy (ILR 1972 AP 683).
RAM CHANDER v. HARYANA (Chinnappa Reddy, J.) 15

not only that witnesses will be unable to present the evidence A
they may wish, but the parties may begin to think, quite wrongly
it may be, that the judge is not holding the scales of justice
quite eventualy"(1)

In Jones v. National Coal Board Lord [Justice Denning observed :
B
"The Judge's part in all this is to hearken to the evidence,
only himself asking questions of witnesses when it is necessary
to clear up any point that has been over looked or left obscure;
to see that the advoc~tes behave themselves seemly and
keep to the rules laid down by law; to exclude irrelevancies
and discourage repetition; to make sure by wise intervention c
that he follows the points that the advocates are making
and can assess their worth; and at the end to make up his
mind where the truth lies. If he goes beyond this, he· drops
the mantle of the judge and assumes the role of an advocate;
and the change does not become him well."
D
We may go further than Lord Denning and say that it is the
duty of a judge to discover the truth and for that purpose he may
"ask any question, in any form, at any time, of any witness, or of
the parties, about any fact, relevant orirrelevant" (Sec. 165 Evidence
Act). But this he must do, without unduly trespassing upon the
functions of the public prosecutor and the defence counsel, without
any hint of partisanship and without appearing to frighten or bully
witnesses. He must take the prosecution and the defence with him.
The Court, the' prosecution and the defence must work as a team
whose goal is justice, a team whose captain is the judge. The
judge, 'like the conductor of a choir, must, by force of per-
sonality, induce his team to work in harmony; subdue the raucous,
encourge the timid, conspire with the young, flatter and old'.

Let us now take a look at the facts of the case before us. Ram
Chander and, Mange were tried by the learned Additional Sessions
Judge, Jind, for the murder of Dunni. Both were convicted under
Sec. 302 read with Sec. 34 Indian Penal Code and sentenced to im- G
prisonment for life. On appeal the High Court acquitted Mange
but confirmed the conviction of Ram Chander. The prosecution
case was that on February 14, 1974, at about 11 a.m. Dunni was
proceeding from his field towards the village, Sucha Khera and was
(1) Extracted by Lord Denning in Jones v. National . Board [1957] H
2 All.E.R; 155.
16 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1981] 3 S.C.R.

passing near the field . of Ram Chander a1id Mange when he was
attacked 'by them with Jatus (wooden pegs fixed to a cart). They
inflicted several injuries on Dunni. Mewa (P.W.9) who· was work-
ing in his field tried to rescue Ram Chander. He was given a lathi
blow on his head'. On hearing the alarm raised by Dunni, Hari
Chand (P~W.8) and Jiwana (P.W.2) and others came there and
witnessed the occJii;rence. The assailants ran away. Jiwana the
. Lambardar proceeded to ti).e village to inform the relatives of Dunni .
. :d~ the way he met bh:~n Singh (P.W. 10), a~d told P,ini about the
· 9ccurrel1<;e~ Jiwana thereafter went to the Police Station at Narwana
and lodged the First Information'Report at' ab()ut s.is p.m. The
S~b Inspector of Polke went to the village. He held the inquest and
. . .. µ ·. . • - .. ·
. sent the . dead body f9r post mortem exammatiOn .. · He loo~ed for
Jvfewa and Hari _Chan'cl. Both . of them were not avilable in the
village, . A constable . \iras: sent to fetch thein from Sucha Khera.
Neither elf' them was brought that night. Ne~t morning he was able
. to examine Mewa but Hari Chand \Vas 1iott~ be found. Hari Chand
was finally examined on 16th. the Doctor who· conducted the
'D . autopsy found 01.irteen injuries on the body of Dunni. The~e were
fractures~of the left partial,. frontal .and occipital bones. Accmding
·to the D~ctor that was due t~· "co~1pression of brain with 1~uliiple
..fractures of skull'\ On February 'ts, 1974, at about 4 P.M .. the
.Oo~to; als~ ·ax~mined Mewa ~nd found on the right side of his
.h~ad ~n ab~a~i~n 1" xl/4''. · ·

In su~ppr~ of its case the prosecution examfoed P. Ws. 2, 8 ~nd "'(

.9 as eye wirne~ses to the occurrence. P.W. IO was examined to speak
to the information alleged to have been given to him by P.Ws. 2
at~d · 8 th~t the deceased had been beateri by the two accused
p~rsons. ~P.W. 2· did not support the prosecution case and was
F declared ;h~stile. P.Ws. 8 and 9, the remaining ey~ witnesses see-
mingly. supported the prosecution case in varying degrees· in the
, examination-in-cl)ief, but they made some damaging admissions in
cross-examinati()n. P.W. 9 even in examination-in-chief stated that
., Mange was not- armed with any weapon though he. was present
alongwith Ram Chander.. The learned Sessions Judge convicted both
. Ram Chander and Mange but having regard to the e':'idence of
P.W. 9 the High (:ourt acquitted Mange and.confirmed the convic-
. tion of.Ram -Chander.

It w~s' argued by Shri Kapil Sibal, learned Counsel for the
·H appellant that in view of the several statements made by P.Ws. ll and
9 in their cross examination, their evidence should not have been
RAM CHANDER v. HARYANA (Chinnappa Reddy, J.) 17

accepted by the Courts below. Shri Sibal also submitted that the A
accused did not have a fair trial as the learned Sessions Judge
y particularly assumed the role of a Prosecutor.

Hari Chand, P.W. 8 said in his examination-in-chief that when
he was working in his field he heard a noise from the· side of the
field of Mange. He and Jiwana (P.W. 2) went in that direction.
From a distance they saw Mange and Ram Chander giving blows to
Dunni with dandas. By the time they went near, Ram Chander and
Mange ran away. They saw Mange tying a piece of cloth round
the head. of Dunni. Dunni was bleeding and was hardly able to
breathe~ . They . .went to the village to inform the.people about the
occurrence. On the.way they met P.W. IO and told him about Dunni. c
having been beaten by the two accused. Later that day he went to
Sucha Khera for offa;ial work. The police examined him on
16.2.74. We have already referred to the circumstance that .he was
not available for examination by the Police on 14th and 15th. He
sought to ·explain his absence from the · village by stating that
he went to Sucha Khera in connection with· his 'Official work. In
D
cross-examination he admitted that he did not ·mention this fact
in the Roznamcha (daily .:-diary). ·.He also admitted that the
village Sucha Khera. was not within his jurisdiction. He further
admitted that the notice for serving which he went to Sucha Khera
was with regard to water shoot No. 14750 at Sucha Khera. In
answer to a question whether he· only saw the accused running away
E.
or doing something else, he categorically stated that he did not see
those persons causing injuries but only saw t)lem running away.
Thereupon the Sessions Judge told him that in his examination-in-
chief he had said that he had seen Mange and Ram Chander
causing injuries and that if he made inconsistent statements oii
F
---<' material points he could be prosecuted for perjury. The Sessions
Judge has made a note to this effect in the deposition itself. In
answer to a further question P.W. 8 stated that when they were
running away their backs were towards him. The Sessions fudge
once again repeated the warning which he had given earlier. ·The
Sessions note with regard to the. first warning is in the following
words:

"The witness has been explained right here his statement
which has gone on record and he has been told that in exami-
nation-in-chief he has said that he had seen Mange and Ram H
Chander causing injuries. He had also been informed that
18 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1981] 3 S.C.R,

A a person can be prosecuted for perjury if on material points in-
consistent statements are made."

The second warning which was given by the learned Sessions
Judge has been recorded by the learned Sessions Judge in the follow-
ing words:
B
"As was pointed out to you yesterday also, it is once more
pointed out to you that in examination-in-chief yesterday, you
clearly stated before the Court that you saw Ram Chander and
Mange causing injuries to Dunni. Later on in cross-examina-
tion by Shri Shamsher Singh you said that you saw the accused
c persons running away. You have already been warned about - --...<--
the consequences of inconsistent replies. Without fear or favour
tell the Court, which of the two statements is correct and
whether you saw Mange and Ram Chander causing injuries to
Dunni or not."
To this questiorn the answer of the witness was that when he
D
was at some distance _he saw them causing injuries but by the time
he went near they had run away. · P. W. 9 stated even in his chief
examination that when he saw Mange and Ram Chander, they were
running in the direction of Denuda. Ram Chander had a danda.
Mange was empty handed. They started beating a person who was
coming from Denuda side. He tried to rescue, the person. He was
E
given a blow on his head with a stick. He felt giddy and sat down.
He did not know what happened afterwards because he was feeling
faint. He came to·his senses when Lambardar andPatwari came there.
Then he went to his '!illage: He stated in cross-examination that
on 15th. he was .calkd by.the Police and taken to the field and from
F the field he was taken to Narwana where he was kept in: the Police
Station upto 16th. He was allowed to go away after his statement
was recorded by the Magistrate under S. 164_ Cr. Procedure Code.
Jiwana was also there at that time. When he was asked whether the
statement which .he made to the Magistrate was tutored his reply
was "Yes, the statement was told". Later again he said "I gave the I

G statement as told by the police." · He stated that he was not beaten
but only threatened. He further stated that the day before he gave
r
evidence in Court he was threatened by the Police that if he did not
give the statement he would himself be involved in a case. He also
said that he wanted to say whatever he actually saw but the police
H did not agree and said that he must give the entire statement as
mentioned by them. During the course of the cross-examination of
RAM CHANDER v. HARYANA (Chinnappa Reddy, J.) 19

the witness the learned Sessions Judge made two notes which may be A
extracted here. The first note runs :
"This time the witness says that the police said that the
police will make a case against him. Previously the witness was
not prepared to go to that extent. I wonder whether the
witness understands the difference between two things namely B
that the Police will make a case against him and between this
that if he changed his statement he will involve himself in a
case. The matter to be appreciated at appropriate stage.

The second note is as follows :
"I will examine the witness through Court questions as to c
which part of' the statement · he admits to be correct without
fear of the police. The learned defence counsel may proceed
further to build up his defence."

Thereafter the learned Sessibns Judge himself put some questions
to the witness. The witness said that he did not tell the Magistrate D
that he was making the statement under the pressure of the Police.
The learned Sessions Judge then put him ·the following question :
"You have said that even before me yoti · are· makihg a statement
under the pressure of the police. Please state whether you mean it.
and you were giving the statement under pressure of the police." The
answer was that "I am giving the statement freely." The learned E
Sessions Judge put him a few more questions one of which was
whether he was honestly stating that Mange was bare headed and
Ram Chander had a dunda. The witness answered that lie said so
honestly.

The questions put by the learned Sessions Judge, particularly the F
-< \
threats held out to the witnesses that if they changed their statements
' they would involve themselves in prosecutions for perjury were cer-
tainly intimidating, coming as they did from the presiding judge. The
learned Sessions Judge appeared to have become irate that the witnes-
I
ses were not sticking to the statements made by them under sections
161 and 164 and were probably giving false evidence before him. In
" an effort to compel them to speak what he thought must be the truth,
G
the learned Sessions Judge, very wrongly, in our opinion, firmly
rebuked them and virtually threatened them, with prosecutions for
perjury. He left his seat and entered the ring, we may say. The
principle of 'fair trial' was abandoned. We find it impossible to H
justify the attitude adopted by the Sessions Judge and we also find it
20 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (198 J] 3 S.C.R.

A impossible to accept any portion of the evidence of P. Ws 8 and 9,
the two alleged eye witnesses.

Shri Bhagat very ingeniously argued that the evidence of P.Ws
8 and 9 could yet be acted upon to the extent their evidence was
substantiated by the first information report given by P.W.2. When
B we pointed out that neither PW 8 nor PW9 was the author of the
first information report and, therefore, the report could not be used
to corroborate their evidence, Shri Bhagat suggested that we could
do so by invoking the provisions of Section 11 of the Evidence Act.
He relied upon the following observations of Beg J. in Ram Kumar
Pande v. The State of Madhya Pradesh :(1)
c "No doubt, an F.I.R. is a previous statement which can,
strictly speaking, be only used to corroborate or contradict the
maker of it. But, in this case, it had been made by the father
of the murdered boy to whom all the important facts of the
occurrence, so far as they were known up to 9.15 p.m. on
D 23-3-1970, were bound to have been communicated. If his
daughters had seen the appellant inflicting a blow of
Harbinder Singh, the father would certainly have mentioned it
in the F.I.R. We think that omissions of such important facts,
affecting the probabilitie> of the case, are relevant under Section
11 of the Evidence Act in judging the veracity of the prosecu-
E tion case".

Beg, J, apparently had the first part of Section 11 in mind and
thought that the presence of the daughters at the scene was incon-
sistent with the failure of the father to refer to their presence in the
first information report having regard to the circumstances under
F which the report must have been made. Even assuming that under
certain circumstances it .is permissible to use the first information
report under the first part of Section 11 (we say nothing about the
correctness of the view), there is in the present case no question of
invoking the first part of Section 11, which is inapplicable since the
first information report is now not sought to be used as being incon-
G sistent with the prosecution case. Nor do we think that the first
information report can b.e used by resort to the second part of
section 11. The Evidence Act contains detailed provisions dealing
with statements of persons who cannot be called as witnesses and
former statemenLS of persons who are called as ·witnesses. These
H
<ll [1975] 3 s.c.R. 519@ s22 .
RAM CHANDER v. HARYANA (Chinnappa Reddy, J.) 21

provisions would appear to become redundant if the evidence of a A
witness is to be tested and accepted or rejected with reference to the
former statement of another witness, on the ground that such for-
mer statement renders the evidence _highly probable or improbable.
We can do no better than to refer to Stephen, the framer of the
Section who said : "It may possibly be argued that the effect of the
second paragraph of Section 11 would be to admit proof of such B
facts as these (viz. statements as to facts by persons not called as
witness; transactions similar to but unconnected with the facts in
issue; opinions formed by persons as to facts in issue or relevant
facts). It may, for instance, be said: A (not called as a witness)
was heard to declare that he had seen B commit a crime. This
makes highly probable that B did commit that crime. Therefore A's c
declaration is a relevant fact under Section 11 this was not the inten-
+- tion of the section as is shown by the elaborate provision contained
in the following part of Chapter 11 (Sections 31 to 39) as the parti-
cular classes of statements, which are regarded as relevant facts
either because the circumstances under which they are made invest D
them with importance, or because no better evidence can be got. The
sort of facts which the section was intended to include are facts
which either exclude or imply more or less distinctly the existence of
the facts sought to be proved". We, therefore, do not think that
section 11 may be invoked in the present case, in the manner sugges-
ted by the learned counsel. In the result we acc)pt the appeal, set E
aside the conviction and sentence and direct the appellant to be set
y at liberty forthwith. - -
V.D.K. Appeal allowed.