Supreme Court of India
RAJKAPOOR S/O PRITHVIRAJ KAPOORversusLAXMAN S/O KISHANLAL GAVAI
- Citation
- 1979 INSC 267
- Decided
- 14 December 1979
- Disposal
- Appeal(s) allowed
- Bench
- V R KRISHNA IYER
Holding
Section 79 IPC is exculpatory when read with Section 5A of the Cinematograph Act, so the prosecution under Section 292 IPC is unsustainable.
Summary
The producer of the film "Satyam Shivam Sundaram" was prosecuted under Section 292 of the Indian Penal Code for alleged obscenity after a complaint was filed. The film had been granted an "A" certificate for public exhibition by the Central Board of Film Censors under Section 5A of the Cinematograph Act, 1952. The producer challenged the prosecution as an abuse of process, invoking Section 79 of the IPC which exempts acts justified by law. The Supreme Court held that a certificate issued under the Cinematograph Act constitutes a legal justification, making Section 79 applicable and rendering the prosecution under Section 292 unsustainable. Consequently, the Court quashed the proceedings, allowing the appeal.
Issues considered
- Whether a film certified for public exhibition under Section 5A of the Cinematograph Act, 1952 provides a legal justification under Section 79 of the Indian Penal Code, thereby exempting the exhibitor from prosecution under Section 292 IPC for obscenity.
Legislation cited
- Cinematograph Act, 1952s. 5A(1A), s. 5B
- Indian Penal Code, 1860s. 292, s. 79
Subjects
obscenityfilm certificationsection 79 IPCsection 292 IPCCinematograph Actfreedom of expressionpublic moralitycriminal procedure
Judgment
•
512
A RAJKAPOOR S/O PRITHVIRAJ KAPOOR
v.
LAXMAN S/0 KISHANLAL GAVAI
December 14, 1979
B (V. R. KRISHNA }YER AND R. S. PATHAK, JJ.]
Ind;a11 Penal Code I 860 (45 of 1860), Ss. 79 and 292 Cinematograph l,
Act 1952-S. 5A(lA)-Cinen1a film granted censor certificate for public e:chi'..
bitiou-Complaint for posecution of producer that film is obscene, corrupts · -~ ~
public n1orals-Such prosecution whether sustainable.
c 79.
Word~ and phrases-'Justified'-Meaning of-Indian Penal Code 1860, S.
Section 79 I.P.C. provides that nothing is an offence which is done by any
person who is justified by law in doing it, or, who by reason of a mistake of
fact in good faith, believes himself to be· justified by law, in doing it.
The respondent-complainant alleged that the film Satyam Shivam Sundaram
D was by il~ fa,~cinating title misleadingly foul and beguiled the guidele~~ into
degeneracy and that obscenity, indecency and vice were writ large on the picture,
constituting an offence under s. 292 I.P.C. The Magistrate after t:Xal11.lntng
some 'vitnesses. took cognizance of the offence and issued notice to the appel-
lant-producer of the film. Thereupon the appellant moved the l:ligh Court
under section 482 Cr. P.C. on the score that the criminal proceeding was an
abuse of the judicial process and that no prosecution could be legally sustained
E as the film had been duly certified for public show by the Central Board of Film
'
Censors. The High Court, however dismissed the petition.
Jn the appeal to this Court it was contended on behalf of the appellant that
once a certificate· sanctioning public exhibition of a film had been granted by the
competent authority under the Cinematograph Act, 19 52, there was a justifica-
tion for its display thereafter, and by virtue of the antidotal provisions in section
F 79 J.P.C., the public exhibition, circulation or distribution of the film, even if
it be obscene, lascivious or tending to deprave or corrupt public morals, could
not be an offence, s. 292 I.P.C. notwithstanding.
Allowing the appeal,
HELD : 1. The prosecution is unsustainable because section 79 l.P.C. is
exculpatory when read with section 5·A of the Cinematograph Act, 1952 and
G the certificate issued thereunder, and is therefore quashed. [517 G] '
2. It j5 an antinomy to say that under section 5A(1A) of the Act, the Board
certifies a film as suitable for public exhibition and for section 292 T.P.C. to
punish such exhibition. unless the ground covered by the two laws be different.
[516 HJ
3. The Penal Code is general, the Cinematograph Act is special. The scheme
II of the latter is deliberately drawn up to meet the explosively expanding cinema
menace if it were not strictly policed. The cinema is a great instrument for
public good if geared to social ends and can be a public curse if directed to
RAJKAPOOR v. LAXMAN (Krishna Iyer, J.) 513
anti-social objectives. So the Act sets up a Board of Censors of high calibre A
and expertise, provides hearings, appeals and ultimate judicial review, the pre-
.ceni;orship and conditional exhibitions and other policing strategies to protect
state and society. [516D; G-HJ
4. Neither the Penal Code nor the Cinematograph Ac.t can go beyond the
n:strictions sanctioned tiy Part III of the Constitut"ion and cncc the special law
polices the area it is pro tanto out of bounds for the general law. Section 79
I.P.C. resolves the apparent contlict between secti0n 292 I.P.C. and part JI of
B
th~ Act relating to certification of tilms. If the Board blunders, the Act pro-
I
vides remedies. [517 B-C)
• 5. Jurisprudentially viewed, an act may be an offence, definitionally speak~
ing; but a forbidden act may not spell inevitable guilt if the law itself declares
that in certain special circumstances, it is 11ot to be regarded as an offence.
The chapter on General Exceptions oper01tes in this province. Section 79 c
makes an offence, a non-offence, only when the offending act is actually justified
by law or is bona fide believed by mistake of fact to be so justified. [517 E]
6. Once the Board of Censors, acting within their jurisdiction and on an
a-ppJication made and pursued in good faith, sanctions t_he public exhibition of
a film, the producer and connected agencies enter the statutory harbour and are
protected because s. 79 exonerates them in view of the bona fide belief that 'the D
-eertificate is justificatory. [517 F]
7. Freedom of_ expression is fundamental. The Censor is not the moral
1ailor setting his own fashions but a statutory gendarme policing films under
Article 19(2) front the angle of public order, decency or morality concepts
themselves dynamic, and Vihich cannot be whittled down to strille expression nor
Iioentiously enlarged to promote a riot of sexual display. [518 El E
K. A. Abbas v. The Union of India & Anr. [1971] 2 SCR 446; referred
Jo.
CRIMINAL APPEUA'fE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 773
of 1979.
Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgmeut and Order dated F
13-8-1979 of the Madhya Pradesh High Court in Misc. Criminal Case
No. 279/79_
Mrs. K. Hingorani for the Appellant.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
G
KRISHNA IYER, J.-Sublime titles of cinematograph films may en-
chant or entice and only after entry into the theatre the intrinsic worth of
the picture dawns on the viewer. 111e experience may transfonn because
·the picture is great or the audience may lose lucre and culture in the
bargain. Mere titles may not, therefore, attest the noxious or noble con-
.
• tent of the film. Sometimes the same film may produce contrary impacts
and what one regards as lecherous, another may consider elevating. Be
H
that as it may a well published film Satyam, Sivam. Sundaram became
514 SUPREME COUR'~ REPORTS [19:\U) 2 S.C.R.
A the subject matter of a prosecution presumably a pro bona publico pro-
ceeding, by the respondent against the petitioner and others who are the
producer, actor, photographer, exhibitor and distributor of that film. 'rne·
complaint alleged that the fascinating title was misleadingly foul and
beguiled the guileless into degeneracy.. If the gmvamen of this accusation
were true, obscenity, indecency and vice are writ large on the picture,
B constituting an offence under s. 292 I.P.C. The Magistrate, after examin-
ing some witnesses, took cognizance of the offence and issued notice to
the accused. Thereupon, the producer, namely, the present petitioner,
moved the High Court under s. 482 Cr. P.C. on the score that the crimi- ·~·
nal proceeding was an abuse of the judicial process and engineered by
ulterior considerations and that no prosecution could be legally sustained
c in the circumstances of the case, the film having been duly certified for
public show by the Board of Censors. The High Court, however, dis-
missed the petition, ignoring the contention that the film had been given
'A' certificate by the Central Board of Film Censors and finding in the·
prosecution nothing frivolous or vexatious nor any material to quash·
the .proceedings. The aggrieved film producer has arrived in this Court
D
hopefully, and pressed before us one principal objection founded on
s. 79 I.P.C. to neutralises. 292 I.P.C. We do not find this contention:
apparent in the High Court's judgment, but since the facts are admitted
and the question of law is of some moment, we have chosen to hear
the petitioner on the invalidatory plea that once a certificate sanctioning
E public exhibition of a film has been granted by the competent authority
under the Cinematograph Act, 19S2 (for short, the Act), there is a
justification for its• display thereafter, and by virtue of the antidotal
provisions in s. 79 of the Penal Code, the public exhibition, circulation
or distribution or the production of the film, even if it be obscene,
lascivious or tending to deprave or corrupt public morals, cannot be an
F offence, s. 292 I.P.C. notwithstanding. The absolution is based upon
the combined operation of s. SA of the Act and s. 79 of the Penal
Code.
The issue is of some importance since the cinema is one of the
major mass media wilh millions of viewers nnd many millions in: invest-
, G men!. The respondent-complainant, despite notice having been served
on him, did not enter appearance. We requested the Additional Soli-
citor General, Shri Banerjee, to help the court unravel the legal tangle
and he responded promptly and eruditely rendered industrious assis-
tance. We record our appreciation of the services of Shri Banerjee. •
II The sole point for decision is the legal effect of the combined opera-
tion of s. SA of the, Act and s. 79 I.P.C. But we will assume for pur-
poses of argument that the facts stated in the comp!aint prima facie
RAJKAPOOR v. LAXMAN (Krishna Iyer, ].) 515
• attract the offence under s. 292 LP .C. Supposing such film has been A.
certified by the Central Board of Film Censors, acting within their
jurisdiction under the Act, thereby sanctioning the public exhibition of
the film, does it furnish a justification in law in doing the act which, in
the absence of such certification, may constitute an offence under
s. 292 I.P.C.?
Section 79 I.P.C. runs thus :
79. Nothing is an offence which is done by any person
who is justified by law, or who by reason of a mistake of
fact and not by reason of a mistake of law in good faith,
believes himself to be justified by law, in doing it.
The argument is irresistible that if the performance of the act which
c
constitutes the otiencc is justified by law, i.e. by some other provision.
then s. 79 exonerates the doer because the act ceases to be an offence.
Likewise, if the act were done by one "who by reason of a mistake of
fact in good faith believes himself to be jusi;fied by law in doing it"
then also, the exception operates and the bona fide belief, although mis- D
taken, eliminates the culpability. The resolution of the problem
raised in this case thus becomes simplified. If the offender can irre-
futably estabfah that, he is actually justified by law in doing the act or.
2ltcrnativcly, that he entertained a mistake of fact and in good faith
believed that he was justified by law in committing the act, then, the
weapon of s. 79 demolishes the prosecution. E
Docs a certificate issued under s. SA(lA) of the Act amount to
,..::_ .r . justification in law for public exhibition of the film, be it obscene or
Mt. or, at any rate, does it generate a belief induced by a mistake of
fact, namely, the issuance of the certificate and its effect that the certi-
ficate-holder is justified by law in exhibiting the film? F
We arc thrown back upon a study of the anatomy of the Cinema-
togrnph Act and the cffcacy of a cerfficate under s. SA as a justifica-
tion within the meaning of s. 79 of I.P.C. "Justified" according to
Black's Legal Dictionary means :
Done on adequate reasons sufficiently supported by G
credible evidence. when weighed by unprejudiced mind,
guided by common sense' and by correct rules of law.
The Shorter Oxford Eng\;sh Dictionary assigns this meaning for
"justification".
The showing in conrt that one had sufficient reason for 0.'
doing that which i.e. is called to answer; the ground for ;uch
a plea.
•
516 SUPREME COU!lT REPORTS [1980] 2 S,C.lt.
·A Lexically, the sense is clear. An act is justified by law if it is warrant-
ed, validated and _made blameless by law. Is a legal sanction permit-
ting a thing a legal justification for doing it ? Maybe, there is a fine
semantic shade between mere legal sanction, which is passive, and
clear legal justification which is active. For the work-a-day world
of meanings, between 'permissive' and 'justificative' 'thin partition do
B their bounds divide'. It is an antinomy to say that under s. 5A(IA)
of the Act' the Board certifies a film as suitable for public exhibition
and for s. 292 I.P .C. to punish such exhibition unless the ground
covered by the two laws be different. Although it may be plausible
to say that what is merely certified as suitable for show by a law may
not go the length of holding that it is justified by Jaw. Such niceties
i
·c
need not deter us once we grasp the sweep of the Cinematograph Act.
Indeed, the Penal Code is general, the Cinematograph Act is special.
The scheme of the latter is deliberately drawn up to meet the explosi-
vely expanding cinema menace if it were not strictly policed. No
doubt, the cinema is a great instrument for public good if geared to
social ends and can be a public curse if directed to anti-soda! objec-
tives. The freedom of expression, the r:ght to be equally treated and
the guarantee of fair hearing before heavy investments in films are
destroyed belong to Indian citizens under the Constitution. But all
freedom is a promise, not a menace and, therefore, is subject to socially
necessary restraints permitted by the Constitution. Having regard to
the instant appeal of the motion picture, its versatility, realism, and its
coordination of the visual and aural senses. what with the art of the
cameraman with trick photography, vistavision and three dimensional
representation, the celluloid art has greater capabilities of stirring up
F emotions and making powerful mental impact so much so the treatment
of this form of art on a different footing with pre-censorship may well
be regarded as a valid classification, as was held in K. A. Abbas( 1),
Maybe, art cannot be imprisoned by the bureaucrat and aesthefos can
be robbed of the glory and grace and free expression of the human
spirit if governmental palate is to prescribe the permit for exh'bition
·G of artistic production in any department, more so in cinema pictures.
So it is that a special legislation viz. the Act of 1952, sets up a Board
of Censors of high calibre and expertise, provides hearings, appeals
and ultimate judicial review, pre-censorship and conditional exhibi-
tions and wealth of other policing strategies. In short, a speeial
machinery and proo::ssual justice and a host of wholesome restrictions
'H to protect State and society are woven into the fabric of the Act. After
(t) K. A. Abbas'" The Union of India & Anr. [ 1971] 2 S. C. R. 446.
•
•
RAJKAPOOR v. LAXMAN (Krishna Iyer, !.) 517
having elaborately enacted such a legislation can it be that a certificato A
granted under it by expert authority can be stultified by a simple prose-
cution or a shower of prosecutions for an offence under s. 292 1.P.C.,
driving the producer to satisfy a 'lay' magistrate that the certificate of
the Board of Censors notwithstanding, the film was offensive ? The
Board under s. 5B has to consider, before certification, all the pomts
s. 292 I.P.C. prescribes. Indeed, neither the Penal Code nor the B
Cinematograph Act can go beyond the restrictions sanctioned by Part
III of the Constitution and once the special law polices the area it is
I pro tanto out of bounds for the general law. At least as a matter of
interpretation, s. 79 I.P.C. resolves the apparent conflict betwee11
s. 292 I.P.C. and Part II of the Act relating to certification of films.
H the Board blunders, the Act provides remedies. We are sure the
c
public-spirited citizen may draw the attention of the 1gencies under
the Act to protect public interest.
The general issues of art and the role of the State have already
been referred to by us in an earlier appeal frpm the Delhi High Court
relating to the same film. There s. 79 I.P.C. was not considered by D.
us because the contention was not urged before 9s. The present deci-
,,ion will bind t!J.0 court that hears that case.
The position tlrnt emerges is this. Jurisprudentially viewed, an
act may be an offence, definitionally speaking but; a forbidden act
may not spell inevitable guilt if the law itself declares that in certai>t E
special circumstances it is not to be rngarded as an offence. The chapter
on General Exceptions operates in this province. Section 79
makes an offence a non-offence. When ? Only when the offending
act is actually justified by law or is bona fide believed by mista"!ce of
fact to be sc justified. If, as here, the Board of Censors, acting within
their jurisdiction and on an application made and pursued in good F
faith, sanctions the public exhibition, the producer and connected
agencies do enter the statutory harbour and are protected because s. 79
exonerates them at least in view of their bona fide belief that the certi-
ficate is justificatory. Thus the trial court when it hears the case may
be appropriately apprised of the certificate under the Act nnd, in the
light of our observations, it fills the bill under s. 79 it is right for the G
ce>urt to discharge the accused as the charge is groundless. In the pre-
sent case, the prosecution is unsustainable because s. 79 is exculpatory
when read with s. 5A of the Act and the certificate issued thereunder.
We quash the prosecution.
Two things deserve mention before we close. Prosecutions like H
• this one may well be symptomatic of public dissatisfaction with the
Board of Censors not screening vicious films. 1be ultimate censo-
518 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1980] 2 s.c.R.
A rious power over the censors bdongs to the people and by indifference,
laxity or abetment, pictures which pollute public morals are liberally
certificated, the legislation, meant by Parliament to protect people's
good morals, may be sabotaged by statutory enemies within. Corrup-
tion at that level must be stamped ont. And the Board, alive to its
public duty, shall not play to the gallery; nor shall it restrain aesthetic
B expression and progressive art through obsolete norms and grandma
inhibitions when the world is wheeling forward to glimpse the beauty
of Creation in its myriad manifestations and liberal horizons. A
happy balance is to
" .... consider, on the one hand, the number of readers they
c believe would tend to be depraved and corrupted by the
book, the strength of the tendency to deprave and corrupt,
and the nature of the depravity or corruption; on the other
hand, they should assess the strength of the literary, socio-
logical and ethical merit which they consider the book to
possess. They should then weigh up all these factors and
decide whether on balance the publication is proved kl be
justified as being.for the public good."(!)
Going to the basics, freedom of expression is fundamental. The
censor is not the moral tailor setting his own fashions but a statutory
gendarme policing filIDB under Art. 19(2) from the angle . of public
order, decency or morality. These concepts are themselves dynamic
:E
and cannot be whittled down to stifle expression nor licentiously
enlarged to promote a riot of sensual display.
Anyway, the appeal must succeed and we extinguish the prosecu-
tion by the order.
F N.V.K. Appeal allowed.
•
•
----
(!) calder and Boy:.rs Ltd., [1969] I OB 151et172.
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