Holding

The accused did not intend to cause death and therefore should be convicted under Section 304 Part II read with Section 149 IPC, not under Section 302/149 IPC.

Summary

Ten persons, including eight appellants, were tried for murder (Sec. 302 read with Sec. 149 IPC) and other offences arising from an assault on the deceased Halke. The High Court convicted them of murder and sentenced them to life imprisonment, along with convictions under Sec. 323 and Sec. 325 IPC for causing hurt. On appeal, the Supreme Court examined the evidence, noting that the accused used lathis rather than deadly weapons, inflicted injuries on non‑vital parts, and did not intend to cause death. The Court held that the facts did not satisfy any clause of the definition of murder under Sec. 300 IPC, but the accused were liable for culpable homicide not amounting to murder under Sec. 304 Part II read with Sec. 149 IPC. Consequently, the murder convictions were set aside, substituted with Sec. 304 Part II convictions, and the appellants were sentenced to five years’ rigorous imprisonment and a fine of Rs. 1,000 each. The benefit of this judgment was also extended to an unappealed co‑accused whose case was identical.

Issues considered

The appropriate charge for the accused: murder under Sec. 302/149 IPC versus culpable homicide not amounting to murder under Sec. 304 Part II/149 IPC.
Whether the use of non‑deadly weapons and injuries to non‑vital parts negate the intention required for murder.
The relevance of the alleged delay in lodging the FIR to the prosecution case.
The correctness of the trial court’s acquittal and the High Court’s conviction for murder.
Appropriate sentencing for the offences under Sec. 304 Part II/149 IPC.

Legislation cited

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973s. 154
Indian Penal Code, 1860s. 147, s. 148, s. 149, s. 299, s. 300, s. 302, s. 304 Part II, s. 323, s. 325, s. 436
Supreme Court (Enlargement of Criminal Appellate Jurisdiction) Act, 1970s. 2

Subjects

murderculpable homicide not amounting to murderSection 302 IPCSection 304 Part II IPCSection 149 IPCFIR delayevidence appraisalsentencingcriminal appealSupreme Court

Judgment

.,

.\ RAJA RAM AND ORS.
v. t
STATE OF MADHYA PRADI~SH
,.
FEBRUARY 22, 1994

B (DR. A.S. ANAND AND FAIZAN UDDIN, JJ.]

I11dia11 Penal Code 1860-Sections302/149 and S.304 Part II/149-Dif-
~
fere11ce between-Accused ani,ed with deadly weapons-Not using the same
to cause injuries to deceased-lnjwies caused by lathi on non-vital parts of
c the body-No intention to cause de"th-Held: Offence falling u/s.304 Part II.

Criminal Trial-Conviction and se11tence-Be11efit to the accused not
prefening· appeaHfeld: could be extended if his case is identical to that of
the appellants who are granted reli~f by this Court.

D Appreciation of evidence-Courts to critically sift evidence-Not to lay
too much emphasis 011 minor discripmieies and contradictions.
·'',
Code of Criminal Procedure 1973-S.1541-FIR-Delay in filing
of-Anxiety of relatives of victims in arrangi;.g first aid-FIR filed after First
aid-Held: No delay.
E
The appellants alongwith two others were tried for offences u/s. 302
r/ws.149 IPC and Sections 148 and 147 IPC. Some of them were also tried
for offences under Sections 323, 3:25 and 436 IPC. All the accused were
acquitted by the trial Court. Howe•ver, on appeal the High Court set aside
the acquittal and convicted and s·entenced the accused. Some of the ac-
F cosed were convicted for offences utnder Sections 323 and 325 IPC as well. •
>
Aggrieved by the High Court's judgment, eight of the ten accused preferred
the present appeal.

Allowing the appeal in part, this Court
G HELD: I.A scrutiny of the evidence on record reveals that the
prosecution has successfully estalillished the guilt against the accused,
beyond reasonable doubt. The evidence of the eye witnesses is consistent
and nothing has been suggested from which any doubt may be cast on their
credibility. They have stood the test of cross-examination well. ·Two of the
H eye witnesses are stamped witnesses being themselv~s injured. Indeed, the
114
RAJARAM v. STATEOFM.P.

prosecution witnesses have tried to exaggerate to an extent the part played A
by the accused in the assult but on that ground alone the entire prosecu·
tion case cannot be thrown out. The trial court adoptetl the easy course of
throwing out the entire prosecution case without critically sifting the
evidence and laid too much emphasis on minor discrepancies and con·
trndictions. The findings of the trial court are conjectural and based on B
surmises. (117-F-H; 118·A)

2.1. The adverse inference drawn by the trial court from the so called
delay in the lodging of the FIR is not at all justified keeping in view the
fact that the house had been set on fire and all the inmates suffered
injuries. The anxiety of their relations was naturally to provide first aid to C
them, rather than to rush to the police station to lodge the report. That
apart, the lodging of the report at the Police Station at 3.30 P.M. in respect
of occurrence which took place at about 11 A.M. cannot be said to be
delayed lodging of the report. [118·B·CJ

3. From the analysis of the evidence and particularly the trustworthy D
statement s of PW 1 and PW 7, who were injured during the occurrence,
the conviction and the sentence recorded against the appellants by the
High Court for an offence under Section 325 in respect of injuries caused
to PW 1 as well as the one under Section 323 IPC for causing injuries to
PW 7 does not call for any interference. (118-C, DJ E
4.1. From the medical evidence it is found that no injury whatsoever
had been caused to the deceased either by ballam, pharse of even by an
axe. So far as the injuries allegedly caused by the country made pistol
below the knee near the left foot of the deceased are concerned, they also
go to show that the accused party did hOt intend to cause the murder of F
the deceased. [118-H, 119-AJ

4.2. Keeping in view the ocular testimony and the medical evidence,
it cannot be said that the appellants had intended to cause the injuries on
the deceased which were sufficient in the ordinary course of nature to G
cause his death. Therefore, the case of the appellants does not fall within
the ambit of any of the four clauses of the definition of murder contained
In Section 300 IPC. (119-C]

4.3. However, in causing the injuries the appellants must be at·
tributed the knowledge that by their acts, they were likely to cause the H
116 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1994] 2 S.C.R.

A death or the deceased, though without any intention to cause his death or
to cause such bodily Injury as Is likely to cause his death. The offence, in it·
such a case, would, therefore, be only culpable homicide not amounting to
murder as per the third clause or Section 299 IPC, punishable under
Section 304 Part II/ 149IPC. The conviction or the appellants for the
offence under Section 302/149 IPC is set aside and instead they are
B
convicted for the offence under S•ction 304 Part II read with Section 149
IPC. [119-F, G; 120-C]

S, It would meet the ends or justice if the appellants are sentenced .,.~
to suffer rigorous imprlsonmen1t ror five years each and to pay a line of
c Rs.1000 each. [120-CJ

6. or the two accused apart from the appellants, one died In jail and
the other has not tiled any ap1~eal against his conviction and sentence.
However,his case is Identical to the case or the appellants and there is no
distinguishing feature. Therefor-e, the benefit of this judgment should also
D be made available to him. His conviction is also altered from the one under
Section 302/149 IPC to one und1!r Section 304 Part II read with Section 149 (

IPC. He is also sentenced to li\•e years rigorous imprisonment and to pay
a fine or Rs. 1000. [120-D, El
'
E CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No.·
509of1992.
•
From the judgment and Order dated 21. 7.92 of the Madhya Pradesh !
High Court in Crl. A. No. 1326 of 1985.

F Rajinder Singh, and Ranjit Kumar for the Appellants. •
Randhir jain and Uma Nath Singh for the Respondent.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
G DR. A.'llAND, J. This 21ppeal under Section 2 of the Supreme Court
(Enlargement of Criminal Appellate Jurisdiction) Act 1970, is directed
against the judgment of the High Court of Madhya Pradesh in Criminal
Appeal No. 1326 of 1985, vide which the judgment of acquittal recorded .. /.
in favour of the appellants and two others by t~e Additional Sessions Judge
H was set aside.
RAJARAM v. STATEOFM.P.[DR.ANAND,J.] 117

Ten accused, including the eight appellants (Ram Sahai has not filed A
any appeal and Uma Shankar has since died in jail) were tried for offences
under Section 302 read with Section 149 !PC and Sections 148 and 147
!PC. Appellant Uma Shankar was also tried for an offence under Section
436 !PC. Appellants Raja Ram, Anandi, Ram Jank, Harivansh, Halke and
Uma Shankar along with Ram Narayan were also tried for offences under
Section 325/149 IPC for causing grievious hurt to Ram Lakhan, while
Anandi appellant was charged for an offence under Section 323 !PC for
causing simple hurt to Sahodara Bai .
.•
In brief, the prosecution case is that on 23.3.1983 at about 11 a.m. at
village Chhigamma Police Station Gunnore, the appellants along with Ram c
Sahai and Uma Shankar on account of previous enmity, attacked deceased
Halde who was sitting in the house of Khajju causing him several injuries
to which he succumbed later on. Injuries were also caused to Ram Lakhan
PW! and Sahodara Bai PW. First Information Report of the occurrence
was lodged at 3.30 p.m. at Police Station Gunnore on 23.2.1984 by Ram
D
Lakhan PWI. The accused party is related i11ter se and the eye-witnesses,
who beiong to the complainant party are also related inter se, except PW2
') Vishalya and PW6 Bajju, who in any case turned hostile at the trial.

We have been taken through the evidence recorded in the case by
..Shri Rajinder Singh, the learned Senior Counsel appearing for the appel- E
!ants.

From the evidence on record we are satisfied that the account of
attack given by the prosecution is substantially correct and the appreciation
of evidence by the High Court also does not sufer from any infirmity. Our F
..
., scrutiny of the evidence on the record reveals, that the prosecution has
successfully established the guilt against the appellants and Ram Sahai who
has not filed any appeal against his conviction and sentence, beyond a
reasonable doubt. The evidence of the eye witnesses PWl, PW3, PW4,
PW5, PW7 and PW8 is consistent and nothing has been brought to our
notice from which any doubt IlljY be cast on their credibility. They have G
stood the test of cross-examination well. Two of the eye witnesses are
stamped witnesses being themselves injured. Indeed, the prosecution wit-
nesses have tried to exaggerate to an extent the part played by the appel-
"'·· !ants in the asault but on that ground alone the entire prosecution case
cannot be thrown out. It appears to us that the trial court adopted the easy H
118 SUPREME COURT REPORT~; f1994] 2S.C.R.

~ course of throwing out the entire prosecution case withn,a «ritically sifting
the evidence and laid too much emphasis on minor cfocrcpancies and '
contradictions. We find ourselves unable to agree with the reasoning of the
trial court. The findings of the trial ':ourt are conjectural and based on
surmises and we have not been able to persuade ourselves to subscribe to
B those findings. The adverse inference drawn by the trial court from the so
called delay in the lodging of the FIR is not al all justified keeping in view
the fact that the house of l\.1ajju had been set on fire and besides Halkc,
Ram Lakhan and Sahodara Bai had all suffered injuries. The anxiety of
their relations was naturally to provide first aid to them, rather than to rush ~

to the police station to lodge the report. That apart, the lodging of the I

C report at the Police Station at 3.30 p.m. in respect of occurrence which
took place at about 11 AM. cannot be said to be delayed lodging of the
report. From the analysis of the evid(:nce and particularly the trustworthy
statements of PWl and PW?, who were injured during the occurrence, we
find that the conviction and the sentence recorded against the appellants
D by the High Court for an offence under Sectfon 325 in respect of injuries
caused to Ram Lakhan PW 1 as well as tlic one under Section 323 !PC for
causing injuries to Sahodara Bai PW7 does not call for any interference.
We therefore confirm the.conviction and sentence of the appel)ants for the
offences under Sections 325 and 323 !PC as recorded by the High Court.

E For causing the death of Halk1:, the High Court recorded the con-
viction of the appellants alongwith Ram Sahai and Uma Shankar under
Section 302/149 !PC and imposed th(: sentence of life imprisonment. Mr.
Rajinder Singh, learned senior cow1sel has drawn our attention to the
medical evidence as also the prosecution version regarding the weapons
with which the appellants ha<i gone armed to assualt the deceased. He
F
argued that whereas, Raja Ram appdlant was armed with a ballam, Rama
Shankar with a pharsa, Ram Sabi with an axe and. Raj l'ratap with a country
made postol, and others with lathis no deadly weapon was used and
therefore the conviction under Section 302/149 IPC, in the facts and
circumstances of the case, is not susitainable.
G
•
We find from the medi.cal evidence that no injury whatsoever had
been caused to the deceased either by .ballam, pharsa or even by an axe,
So far as the injuries allegedly caused by the country made pistol below the
knee near the lefi foot of the deceased are concerned; they also go to show
H that the accused party did not intend to cause the murder of Halke
RAJA RAM v. STATE OF M.P. [DR. ANAND, J.] 119

deceased. A

Dr. K.M. Ojha PW15 admitted that he could not say with certainty
whether the injuries below the knee had been caused by a country made
pistol because he did not find any bullet or pallet in the dead body of
Balke. It is, therefore, obvious that though the appellants were armed with
B
formidable weapon, including a country made pistol and an axe, they did

.. not use those deadly weapon to cause injuries to the deceased. The injuries
were caused to the deceased mainly by lathi blows. None of tho injuries
' was caused on any vital part of the body of the deceased either. Keeping
in view the ocular testimony and the medical evidence, we find it difficult
to hold that the appellants had intended to cause the injuries on the c
deceased which were sufficient in the O><li"4•Y course of nature to cause
his death. As a matter of fa.t, Dr. Ojha appearing as PW15, did not even
state in his evidence that the injuries found on the deceased were suficient
in the ordinary course of nature to cause death. On the other hand, he
stated that the injuries sustained by Balke could not result in his instant
D
death but that "death ·~as possible due to hoemmrahage within 6 to 18
'
·~
hours". Had the appellant. o'.1ared the commoU:intention to cause the death
of the deceased, nothing could have prevented them from using the deadly
weapon like axe, ballam, pistol etc. and attack the deceased on some vital
part of his body? AIL but one injury, found on the deceased were, accord-
ing to medical evidence, simple injuries. Our analysis of the material on E
record shows that the appellants and their two associates did not intend to
cause the death of the deceased. The facts proved by the prosecution and
the established circumstances on the record go to show that the case of the
appellants does not fall within the ambit of any of the four clauses of the
~
definition of murder contained in Section 300 IPC. However, in causing F
the injuries as have been been noticed in the post mortem report and
deposed to by Dr. Ojha PW15, the appellants must be attributed the
knowledge that by their acts, they were likely to cause the death of the
deceased, though without any intention to cause his death or to cause such
bodily injury as is likely to cause his death. The offence, in such a case,
would, therefore, be only culpable homicide not amounting to murder as G
per the third clause of Section 299 !PC, punishable under Section 304 Part
II/149 !PC, We, therefore, are of the opinion that the High Court was not
.'\
justified in convicting the appellants and two others for the offence under
Section 302/149 !PC. They could only be convicted for an offence punish-
able under Section 304 Part II read with Section 149 !PC. We therefore H
120 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1994] 2 S.C.R.

A set aside their conviction for the offence under Section 302/149 IPC and I-
instead convict them for the offence unde1r Scetion 304 part II read with
Section 149 IPC.

Coming now to the question of sentence. We have already upheld
the conviction and sentence recorded against the appellants by the High
B Court for the offences under Sections 325 and 323 IPC in respect of the
injuries to Ram Lakhan PWl and Sahodara Bai ?W 7. For the offence
under Section 304 Part II read with Section 149 IPC in our opinion. it i'1
>
would meet the ends of justice if the appellants are sentenced to suffer
rigorous imprisonment for five years and to pay a fine of Rs. 1000 each.
c In default of payment of fine, the appellants shall suffer further rigorous
imprisonment for one year each. Out of the fme, when realised, Rs.2000
would be paid to Ram Lakhan PWl and the balance of Rs.6000 to the
widow of Halke deceased.

Ram Sahai (accused No.4) has not filed any appeal against his
D conviction and ,sentence. However, we find that his case is identical to the
I
case of the appellants and there is no distinguishing feature' In our opinion >
it is therefore appropriate that the benefit of our judgment should also be
made available to Ram Sahai. His conviction is also altered from the one
under Section 302/149 IPC to one under Section 304 Part II read with
Section 149 IPC. He is also sentenced to five years rigorous imprisonment
E
and to pay a fine of Rs.1000. In default of payment of fine, he shall suffer
further rigorous imprisonment for one year. The fine when realised from
Ram Sahai shall be paid to PW7 Sahodara Bai.

With the above modification in the conviction and sentence, the
•'
appeal is partly allowed. f

G.N. Appeal allowed.

..