R. RATHINAMversusSTATE BY DSP, DISTRICT CRIME BRANCH, MADURAI DISTRICT, MADURAI AND ANR.

A                                R. RATHINAM
                                         v.
               STATE BY DSP, DISTRKI CRIME BRANCH,
               MADURAI DISTRICT, MADURAI AND ANR.

                               FEBRUARY 8, 2000
B
                (K.T. THOMAS AND D.P. MOHAPATRA, JJ.]

         Criminal Procedure Code, 1973/Constitution of India: Section 439/Ar-
  ticle 136--Baif-Single Judge of High Court granted bail to certain accused
C persons-Petition moved by a group of practising Advocates before Chief Jus-
  tice of the High Court seeking initiation of suo motu proceedingl· for cancel-
  lation of baif-Also prayed for posting of the petitions before a Division Bench
  of the High Court-Matter placed before the Division Bench-Division Bench
  refused to exercise suo motu power on the ground of non-maintainability of
D the petitions presented by the Advocatel--On appeal, Held: Neither any prac-
  tising Advocate who had nothing to do with the particular case nor any other
  person can challenge the order of the Single Judge by moving the same High
  Court subsequently--Only remedy available was to move the Supreme Court
  under Article 136.

E         Power of cancellation of bail under Section 439 (2) can also be
    exercised by High Court suo motu--Petition before the High Court seeking
    exercise of suo motu powers in a particular case can be presented by any
    member of the public-Division Bench med in refusing to exercise suo motu
    powers on the ground of non- maintainability.

F         Prerogative vf Chief Justice-Distribution of Business in the High
    Court-CJ1ief Justice empowered to allot cases to Single Judge or a Division
    Benclr--All matters which can be heard and decided by Single Judge can also
    be heard and decided by Division Bench but not vice versa.

        In 1997, a massacre took place wherein six persons of a Scheduled
G Caste community were killed. Police arrested 34 persons in this connection
  who were, initially, not released on bail. After abou't 9-10 months, upto 30
  persons ilmong them were released on bail. The brother of one of the
  deceased, alongwith some other persons, requested the Chief Minister to
  take steps to move the High Court for cancellation of bail of the said
H accused persons. The Government not responding, the appellant, a prac-
                                         718
     R. RATHINAM v. STATE BY DSP, DI~TI. CRIME BRA'\JCH MADL RAJ      719

tising Advocate alongwith his other colleagues filed petitions before the    A
Chief Justice of the Madras High Court for cancellation of bail granted to
the said persons and placing of the said matter before a Division Bench
of the High Court for consideration. On the Chief Justice's direction the
matter was placed before a Division Bench of the High Court. The Division
Bench held that the petitions moved before the Chief Justice were not
maintainable as the statutory remedy, by way of application for cancella·
                                                                             B
tion of bail before the High Court, was available to the aggrieved party.
Hence the present appeal.

      Allowing the appeal, this Court
                                                                             c
       HELD 1.1. The frame of sub-section (2) of Section 439 Cr.P.C.
indicates that it is a power conferred on the Sessions Courts and the High
Courts. Exercise of that power is not banned on the premise that bail was
earlier granted by the High Court on judicial consideration. In fact the
power can be exercised only in respect of a person who was released un D
bail by an order already passed. There is nothing tu indicate that the said
power can be exercised only if the State or investigating agency ur even a
public prosecutor moves for it by a petition. The power so vested in the
High Court can be invoked by the State or by any aggrieved party. The
said power can be exercised suo motu by the High Court. If so, any member
of the public, whether he belongs to any particular profession or otherwise, E
who has concern in the matter can move the High Court to remind it of
the need to invoke the said power suo motu. There is no barrier either in
Section 439 Cr.P.C. or in any other law which inhibits a person from
moving the High Court to have such powers exercisedsuo motu. If the High
Court considers that there is no need to cancel the bail for the reasons
                                                                              F
stated in such petition, after making such considerations it is open for the
High Court to dismiss the petition. If that is the position, it is also open
to the High Court to cancel the bail if the High Court feels that the reasons
stated in the petition are sufficient enough for doing so. It is, therefore,
improper to refuse to look into the matter on the premise that such a
petition is not maintainable in law. [722-D-G; 723-A-B]                       G

      2.1. The Division Bench of the High Court has gone wrong in holding
that the petition submitted by the concerned Advocates was not main·
tainable at all. In fact, it is the prerogative of the Chief Justice of a High
Court to allot cases to different judges of the High Court for disposal, H
    720                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS                 [2CC0] 1 S.C.R.
A subject to such statutory provisions. Every matter to be decided by a High
    Court is normally decided by a two- Judge Bench of the High Court. For
    achieving expediency in disposal of cases, statutes have provided that
    certain categories 11f cases can be heard and disposed of by single judges
    of the High Court. But it must be pointed out that all matters which can
B   be heard and decided by a single judge can as well be heard and decided
    by Division Bench but not vice- versa, subjiXt to statutory restrictfons
    passed by the legislature. (723-C-D]

          State of Rajasthan v. Prakash Chand, (1998] 1 SCC 1, relied on.

C         CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No.
    152 of 2000.

         From the Judgment and Order dated 24.9.98 of the Madras High
    Court in Crl. M.P. No. 3151of1998.

D        R. Venkataramani, C.A. Brijesh, R. Ayyam Perumal and T. Lajapathi
    Roy for the Appdlant.

         R. Mohan, A.T.M. Sampath, V. Balaji, G.N. Reddy and V.G.
    Pragasam for the Respondents.
E
          The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

        THOMAS, J. Seventy five advocates, practising in various courts
  situated in Tamil Nadu, presented two petitions addressed to the Chief
F Justice of Madras High Court for cancellation of the bail granted to certain
  persons. It was further prayed therein that the Chief Justice might place
  the matter before a Division Bench of the High Court for its consideration.
  On 4.5.1998, the Chief Justice of Madras High Court directed the petitions
  to be placed before a Division Bench. Finally the matters came before the
  Division Bench consisting of T. Jayarama Chouta and V. Bakthavatsalu JJ.
G Learned Judges held that those petitions, presented before the Chief
  Justice, are not maintainable and hence no proceedings could be initiated
  thereon. Accordingly, the Division Bench "closed the suo motu proceed-
  ings" by an order passed on 24.9.1998. The first among those advocates has
  moved the petition for special leave in this Court against the said order.
H Leave granted.
   RRATHINAM v. STATE BY DSP, DISTT. CRIMEBRANCH~ADURA![THOMAS, J.I        721

       The back ground for presenting the said petitions is a carnage which       A
took place on 30.6.1997 at a vi!lage in Madurai District. In the gory episode
six person belonging to a Schedult:d Caste community were done to death.
One of the slaughten:d persons was described as President of the local
Panehayat Committee. The police arrested 34 persons in connection with
tht: ;aid massacrt:. Though initially they were not reli::asi::d on bail, sub-
sequi::ntly by orders passed by Madras High Court in the months of March
                                                                                  B
and April 1998, many of them weri:: released on bail and that number
reached 30. A brother of one of thi:: dceeasi::d, in association with some
other persons, submitted a representation to the Chief Minister of Tamil
Nadu on 16.4.1998, pressing him to adopt steps for moving the High Court
to cancel the bail granted those accused for reasons which have been              c
elaborated in the representation. But the Government did not favourably
respond to it. It was in such a situation that appellant and his colleagui::s
at the Bar filed the petitions before the Chief Justice of the High Court.

      Learned Judges of the Division Bench formulated the following               D
question:

         "When theri:: is a statutory remedy to the aggrii::ved party by filing
         applications/petitions for cancellation of the bail granted by tht:
         learned Judges of this court, whether a representation made by
         some Advocates who havt: nothing to do with the said case could          E
         be entertained by the High Court and dispose of it on merits as a
         suu mutu procet:dings."

      While answering tht: said qm:stion thi:: Division Bench pointed out
that neither the State nor any aggrieved persons on the side of the victims
                                                                                  F
of the crimes moved the High Court for cancellation of the bail granted to
various accused earlier. At the same time learned Judgi::s expressed that
the competency of the Chief Justice to place those petitions before the
Division Bench is undisputed and hence unquestionable. However, the
Division Bench doubted the sustainability of petitions filed by some advo-
cates in respect of a matter when remedy in a proper forum was otherwise          G
available. While refusing to act on the said petitions the Division Bench
gave its reasoning in the following lines:

        ;'The petitioners by filing these memorandum before the
        Honourable Chief Justice seeking to initiate suo motu proceedings         H
    722                  SUPRE'v!E COURT REPORTS                 12coo11 s.c.R.
A           by posting it bt:fun: a Division Bench cannot bye-pass the statutory
            provisions. If such representations are entertained, then there will
            be nu end dnd the High Court will be flooded with such petitions
            and the genuine prayers and the rdief therein will be ddaycd and
            further, th<- judicial system itself will fall".

B        We agree with the learned Judges that m:ither those 75 advocates
  nor any other pt:rson can challenge the correctm:~s of the ord.:r passed by
  the Single Judge of the Madras Hic;h Court by moving the same High Court
  subst:quently. If they had any grievance against the orders passt:d by the
  Singlt: Judge, the only remedy open was to move this Court st:tking special
C leave under Artick 136 of the Constitution. They have not done so.

          Be that as it may, the next question is whether the same High Court
    can cancel the bail for other reasons. The answer is explicit in Section
    439(2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure. It reads thus :

D           "A High Court or Court of Session may direct that any person who
            has been released on bail under this Chapter be arrested and
            commit him to custody".

          The frame of the sub-section indicates that it is a power conferred
E   on the said courts. Exercise of that power is not banned on the premist:
    that bail was earlit:r granted by tht: High Court 011 judicial consideration.
    In fact the powt:r can be exercised only in n:spcct of a person who was
    released on bail by an order alr~.ady passed. There is nothing to indicate
    that the said power can be t:xercised only if the State or investigating
    agency or ewn a public prosecutor moves fur it by a pt:titiun.
F
          It is not disputed before us that the power so vested in tht: High
    Court can be invokt:d either by the State or by any aggrieved party. Nor is
    it disputed that tht: said power can be ~xl:n:ist:d suo motu by tht: High
    Court. If so, any member of the public, wht:ther he belongs to any par-
G   ticular profession or otherwise, who has a concern in the matter can move
    the High Court to remind it of the need to invoke the said power suo motu.
    There is no barrit:r either in Section 439 of the Code or in any utht:r law
    which inhibits a pt:rson from moving the High Court to have such powers
    extrcised suo motu. If the High Court considers that thert: is no need to
H   cancel the bail for the reasons stated in such petition, after making such
        R MTIIINAM" SfATE BY DSP. D!SIT. CRIME BRA"'CH ~Dl!RAI [THOMAS. J.]    723


-·   considerations it is open for the High Court to dismiss the petition. If that
     is the position, it is also open to the High Court to cancel the bail if the
                                                                                      A

     High Court focls that the reasons stated in the petition are sufficient
     enough for doing so. It is, therefore, improper to refuse to look into th.:
     matter on the premise that such a petition is not maintainable in law.
                                                                                      B
            Every matter to be decided by a High Court is normally decided by
     a two Judge Bench of the High Court. For achieving expediency in disposal
     of cases, statutes have provided that certain categories of cases can be
     heard and disposed of by Single Judges of the High Court. But it must be
     pointed out that all matters which can be heard and decided by a Single
     Judge, can as well be heard and decided by a Division Bench but not
                                                                                      c
     vice-versa, subject to statutory restrictions passed by the legislature. It is
     the prerogative of the Chief Justice of a High Court to allot cases to
     different judges of the High Court for disposal, subject to such statutory
     provisions.
                                                                                      D
            In State of Rajasthan v. Prakash Chand, (1998] 1 SCC 1, a three Judge
     Bench of this Court has held that the Chief Justice of the High Court has
     a prerogative to distribute business of the High Court, both judicial and
     administrative. "The Chief Justice is the master of the roster. He alone has
     the right and the power to decide hnw the Benches of the High Court are          E
     to be constituted: which Judg.:: io to sit alont• aud which cases he can and
     is required to hear and also as to which Judges shall constitute a Division
     Bench and what work those Benches shall do.''

            Though the aforesaid position has not been deviated from by the           F
     Division Bench of the Madras High Court it is necessary to remind all
     concerned of the legal principles involving the prerogative of a Chief
     Justice. The Division Bench has gone wrong in holding that the petition
     submitted by the concerned advocates was not maintainable at all. Refusing
     to exercise the suo motu powers contemplated in Section 439(2) cannot be         G
     on such a fallacious premise. The Division Bench ought to have considered
     the petitions on merits.

           We therefore, allow this appeal and set aside the order under chal-
     lenge. A Division Bench of the Madras High Court will now hear the               H
    724                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS                 [2000] 1 S.C.R.
A petitions afresh and dispose them of in accordance with law and in the light
    of the observations made above. It is open to the Chief Justice of the
    Madras High Court to allot this matter bt:fore Bench of that High Court.

    R.C.K.                                                   Appeal allowed.

B