PREM SINGH AND ORS. ETC. ETC.versusHARYANA STATE ELECTRICITY BOARD AND ORS. ETC. ETC.

                 PREM SINGH AND ORS. ETC. ETC.                                 A
                                     v.
HARYANA STATE ELECTRICITY BOARD AND ORS. ETC. ETC.

                               MAY 7, 1996

             [S.C. AGRAWAL AND G.T. NANAVAT!, JJ.]
                                                                               B

      Service Law :

       Selection-Junior Engineers-Electricity Board advertised for 62
posts-Selection List of 212 candidates preparei}-Board deciding to appoint     C
147 candidates-Whether violative of right to equality and equality of oppor-
tunity-Constitution of India, 1950 Articles 14, 16.

      Adve1tisement stating that candidates with higher qualification to be
given preference-Non selection of all candidates with higher qualification
fim-Non specifying of marks awarded for higher qualification-Validity of       D
appoil1tn1ents.

       Held: Not indicating in advance the nianner in which 1narks are to be
awarded for higher qualifications-Did not contravene the provisions of Ar-
ticles 14, 16 of the Constitution of India.                                    E

       Haryana Election Board decided to fill up 62 vacant posts of Junior
Engineers by direct recruitment. An advertisement was published inviting
applications from eligible candidates. The advertisement also stated that
prefence would be given to candidates having higher qualifications. After
screening the applications and interviewing the candidates, the selection      F
committee selected 212 candidates and recommended their names. The Board
atler considering the latest vacancy position decided to fill up 147 posts.

       Some of the non selected candidates and one person who became
eligible after the last date for receiving applications filed writ petitions in G
the High Court contending that selecting 212 candidates and appointing
147 when the posts advertised were 62 was violative of Articles 14 and 16;
that no real benefit was given to candidates possessing higher qualifica-
tions evqi though it \Vas so specified in the advertisement and that alloca-
tion of 50 marks for viva voce and the fact that each candidate was
interviewed for a very short tin1e during which the worth was not properly H
                                    401
    402                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A   assessed vitiated the entire selection process.

           The High Court found that each ca.1dida!e had been interviewed for
    8 to 9 minutes and declared it to be ade11uate for assessment. The challenge
    on the ground of allocation of 50 marks for viva voce was also rejected
    relying on the decision of the Supreme Court in Anzar Ahmed v. State of
B   Bihar & Ors., [1994] 1 SCC 150. Tiie decision of the High Court on these
    points was not challenged. The High Court upheld the first contention and
    held that the decision to take into consideration 85 more posts which
    became available after the date of the advertisement was violative of the
    equality clause in Articles 14 and 16. It also upheld the contention that the
C   Board had decided to give preference to candidates possessing higher
    11ualilication and nun-specifying the marks fixed for minimum c1ualilica-
    tion and higher qualification resulted in denying the benefit of the higher
    c1ualilication to persons. The High Court rejected the contention that
    preference to higher qualification meant that at the first instance persons
D with higher qualification should be considered and only if they are found
    unsuitable could other candidates be considered. The High Court quashed
    the selection and appointments made by the Board. The present appeals
    have been filed by the selected candidates and the Haryana Electricity
    Board.

E         The appellants contended that the High Court wrongly held that the
    Board had either overlooked or deviated from the condition that
    preference would be given tu those candidates who possessed higher
    qualifications, that the selection committee had beforehand decided the
    norm as regard~ the manner in which preference \vaS to be given for higher
    qualifications, that selection of candidates in excess of the number of posts
F
    advertised does not per se offend the equality guaranteed by Articles 14
    and 16 of the Constitution, that in view of delay which was likely to take
    place in the selection and appointn1ents it \\-'';\S permissible for the Board
    to take into account anticipated vacancies and make provisions for the
    same, and that if the Board had not filled up those posts then its work
G   would have suffered adversely.

          The respondents contended that in view of the representation made
    in the advertisement what was required to be done by the Board was to
    consider fir.st those candidates \\'ho had higher qualifications and the
H   candidates with lesser qualifications could have been considered only
                      PREM SINGH v. H.S.E. BOARD                            403

thereafter and that the decision of the Board to take into consideration 85        A
more posts which became available after the date of advertisement was
violative of the equality clause in Articles 14 and 16.

      Allowing the Appeals, this Court

       HELD : 1.1. It was not necessary to indicate in advance to the can-         B
di dates the manner in which the benefit of higher qualification was to be given
to them. Once it was found that the selection committee had fixed the norm
in this behalf in advance and that norm was applied to all the candidates it
";u have to be declared that it acted in a fair manner and did not contravene
the provisions of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution. [408-F]                  C

      Anzar Ahmed v. State of Bihar and 010-., [1994] 1 SCC 150, referred
to.

      1.2. Giving preference for higher qualifications would imply that
other things being equal the candidates with higher qualifications would           D
be preferred. The representation made . in the advertisement did not imply
or convey that the selection was to be n1ade in two stages, that is, firstly,
the candidates having higher qualifications were to be considered and only
thereafter the candidates with minin1um qualifications ll'ere to be con~
sidered and that too if adequate number of candidates possessing higher
qualifications were not available. [408-H, 409-A]                                  E
       2. The selection process by way of requisition and advertisement can
be started for clear vacancies and also for anticipated vacancies but not
for future vacancies. If the requisition and advertisement are for certain
number of posts only, the State cannot make n1ore appointments than the
                                                                                   F
number of posts advertised, even though it might have prepared a select
list of more candidates. The State can deviate from the advertisement and
make appointments on posts falling vacant thereafter in exceptional cir-
cuuistances only or in au e111ergent situation and that too Uy taking a policy
decision in that behalf. [415-H, 416-A]
                                                                                   G
       Subhash Chander Shanna v. State of Hwyana, (1984) 1 SLR 165,
aflir1ned.

      Madan Lal and Others v. State of J & K, [1995] 3 SCC 486, relied on.

      A. V. Bhogeslnvantdu v. Andhra Pradesh Public Se1vice Con1111ission,         H
    404                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A J.T. ( 1989) 4 SC 130; Nee/ima Shangla v. State of Haryana, [1986] 3 SCR
    785 and Shankarsan Dash v. Union of India, [1991] 2 SCR 567, held
    inapplicable.

           As/wk Kumar Yadav and Otlzei:' v. State of Hmyana, [1985] Supp. l
    SCR 657; Hashim· Singh v. State of Hmyana, [1993] 4 Suppl. SCC 377; State
B   of Bihar v. Secretmiat Assistant Successful Examinees Union 1986 and
    Othm; [1994] l SCC 126; Gujarat State Dy. Executive Engineers' Association
    v. State of Gujarat, [1994] Supp. 2 SCC 591 and State of Bihar v. Madan
    Mohan Singh, [1994] Supp. 3 SCC 308, referred to.

       3.1. In the instant case, strictly speaking, the Board was not justified
c in n1aking  more than 62 appoinhnents pursuant to the adve11isement
    published on 2.11.1991 and the selection process which followed thereafter.
                                                                       [416-DJ
          3.2. After the selection process had started 13 posts had become
D   vacant because of retirement and 12 because of deaths. The vacancies which
    were likely to arise as a result of r~tirement could have been reasonably
    anticipated by the Board. The Board through oversight had not taken them
    into consideration while requisition was made for filling up 62 posts. Even
    \\'ith respect to the appointments made against vacancies which arose be-
    cause of deaths, a lenient vie\\'' can be taken and on consideration and equity
E they need not be quashed. Therefore, in view of the special facts and cir-
    cumstances of the case, it would not be proper to invalidate the appoint-
    ments made on the additional 25 posts. Rut the appointments made by the
    Board on posts beyond 87 are declared invalid. [416-F-G]

          CIVIL APPELLATE .JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal '.'lo. 3423 of
F    1996 Etc.

          From the Judgment and Order dated 4.9.95 of the Punjab and
     Haryana High Court in C.W.P. No. 4012 of 1993.

           P.P. Rao, D.D. Thakur, B.R. Naik, R.K. .Jain, Ms. S. Janani, KC.
G Mittal, Dharmendra Arya, M.P . .Iha, Nandan K. .Iha, Anil Kumar Chopra,
     Ms. lndu Malhotra, Ms. Mukti Sinha, Pradeep Gupta, K.K. Mohan for the
     appearing parties.

          Ms. lndu Malhotra for Respondent No. 2 and intervenor in SLR (C)
H    No. 24555/95, R.C. Verma, NP.
             PREM SINGH v. H.S.E. BOAJl.D [NANAVATI,J.)                405

      The Judgment of the Court was delivered by                              A

     NANAVAT!, J. Leave ganted in the two SLPs. Heard learned counsel
appearing in all the three appeals.

       These appeals arise out of the judgment and order passed by the
                                                                              B
High Court of Punjab and Haryana in Civil Writ Petition No. 4012 of 1993.
Along with that writ petition the High Court also disposed of Civil Writ
Petition Nos. 4716, 4885, 5301, 5987, 6024, 6427, 7310, 7884, 8068 of 1993
and 15534 of 1994. The High Court allowed all the writ petitions and
declared the selection/appointments of Respondents 2 to 214 in those writ
petitions as illegal and quashed the same. About 125 selected candidates      c
have filed Civil Appeal No. 3423 of 1996 and Civil Appeal arising out of
SLP (C) No. 24555 or 1995. The Civil Appeal arising out of SLP (C) No.
25996 of 1995 has been filed by the Haryana State Electricity Board
(hereinafter referred to as the 'Board') which appointed them.
                                                                              D
      Two questions \vhich arise for consideration in these appeals are :
(1) Where it was open lo the Board lo prepare a list of as many as 212
candidates and appoint as many as 137 out of that list \Vhen the number of
posts advertised was only 62 ? (2) Whether the High Court was justified
in quashing the selection of all the 212 candidates and appointments of       E
137?

      In October 1993 the Board decided to fill up 62 vacant posts of
Junior Engineers by direct recruitment. By an advertisement published on
2.11.1991 applications were invited from eligible candidates. 15 posts were
reserved for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes candidates, 6 for back-    F
ward classes and 9 for ex-servicemen. The last date for receiving applica-
tions was 4.J 2.1991. The advertisement mentioned qualifications necessary
for those posts and it was further stated therein that preference will be
given to the candidates having higher qualification. Large number of
applications \Vere received and after screening 5955 applicants were found
eligible. 893 candidates appeared for interview in July 1992. The selection G
committee selected 212 and recommended their names in April 1993. The
Board after considering the latest vacancy position as on 11.2.1993 decided
on 2.4.1993 to fill up 147 posts. Following the instructions of the State
Governn1ent relating to reservation of posts, the Board distributed vacant
posts as under:                                                               H
        406                     SUPREME COURT REPORTS 11996] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

    A            1.   General               74

                2.    SC                    29

                3.    B. Cs.                b


    B           4.    ESM                   25

                5.    PH                     4

                      Total                147


    c as thereIt also decided to reduce the share of general category by 24 posts
                  was a backlog of that many posts reserved for scheduled castes.
        Accordingly, the Chief Engineer of the Board who was the appointing
        authority was directed to fill up the vacant posts in different categories as
        under :

    D            ].   General                       50

                2.    Scheduled Castes              53

                3.    Backward Classes              15

                4.    Ex-Servicemen                 25
    E
                5.    Physical Handicapped           4

                      Total                         147

              The Chief Engineer was able to appoint 138 candidates shortly
    F   thereafter.

               Some of the candidates who were not selected/appointed and one
        person who became eligible soon after the last date for receiving applica-
        tions challenged the selection/appointments by filing the aforesaid writ
    G   petitions in the High Court.

               The following four contentions were raised before the High Court.
        (1) The Board acted in violation of Articles 14 and 16 of lhe Constitution
        in selecting as many as 212 candidates and appointing 147 even though the
        posts advertised were only 62. (2) No real benefit was given to the can-
1   H   didatcs possessing higher qualifications even though it was represented in
                 PREM SINGH v. H.S.E. BOARD [NANAVATI,J.]                  407

    the advertisement that preference would be given to the candidates pos-       A
    sessing higher qualifications. (3) About 150 candidates were inten1ewed
    every day by each of the three selection committees. Each candidate was
    interviewed for a very short time. Thus the worth of the candidate was not

-   properly assessed and this defect vitiated the entire proces; of selection.
    (4) As many as 50 marks were earmarked for viva voce lest and that defect
    also vitiated the entire selection.
                                                                                  B


           With respect to the third contention it was stated by the Board in its
    counter affidavit that each selection committee had in fact interviewed
    about 69 candidates only on each day and on an average each candidate
    was interviewed for about 8 to 9 minutes. As this contention was thus found C
    to be factually incorrect the High Court rejected the same. The High Court
    also rejected the fourth contention relying upon the decision of this Court
    in Anzar Ahmad v. Stale of Bihar and Others, [1994] .1 SCC 150. The
    decision of the High Court on these two points is not challenged before us
    and, therefore, they need no further consideration. The High Court upheld D
    the first contention as it was .of the opinion that the Board committed a
    breach of .the equality clause contained in Articles 14 and 16 of the
    Constitution because it was not fair and open to the Board to take into
    consideration 85 more posts which became available after the date of the
    advertisement while preparing the select list and making appointments. As
    regards the second contention the High Court did not find any substance E
    in the submission that the Board should have, in the first instance, selected
    only those candidates who possessed higher qualifications and that it could
    have considered others only if persons possessing higher qualifications
    were not found otherwise suitable. But it upheld the contention that as the
    Board had decided to give preference to the candidates possessing higher F
    qualifications it could not have made the selection "without specifying any
    advantage to the candidates". In absence of any explanation given by the
    Board at the time of hearing of the writ petitions "as to how many marks
    were fJXed for those having the minimum qualifications and how many
    marks were fJXed for those having the higher qualifications" the High Court G
    held that the Board did not "at all keep. in mind the contents of the
    advertisement while laying down the criteria \or award of marks". This
    omission and deviation from the condition menti~ned in the advertisement,
    according to the High Court, resulted in denying benefit of higher
    qualifications to the petitioners and other similarly situated persons. The
    High Court, therefore, allowed the petitions and quashed the selection and H
    408                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996J SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A   appointments made by the Board.

          It was contended hy Mr. P.P. Rao, learned senior counsel appearing
    for the appellants in Civil Appeal No. 3423 of 1996 and the learned counsel
    appearing for the other appellants that the High Court wrongly held that
    the Board had either overlooked or deviated from the condition that
B
    preference would be given to those candidates who possessed higher
    qualifications. It was submitted that though in the counter aflidavit filed hy
    the Board the correct position in this behalf was not properly explained,
    the record produced before the court clearly disclosed that the selection
    committee had before hand decided the norm as regards the manner in
c   which preference was lo be given fur higher qualifications. It has been
    stated in SLP (CJ No. 24555 of 1995 and it is not denied by the respondents
    that the selection committee had adopted the norm of giving more n1arks
    for higher qualifications. It had given 2 marks lo the candidates possessing
  diploma qualification and had obtained upto 75% marks. 3 marks were
D given to those candidates who possessed diploma and had obtained more
  than 75% marks and also to them who had obtained B.E. or B. Tech.
  degrees. Tho~c \vho posses!:ied AMIE degree were given 4 1narks. 5 marks
  were given to those candidates who possessed M.E. or M. Tech. degrees.
  On the basis of this material it can be said that weightage was in fact given
  for higher qualifications. The high Court was, therefore, not right in
E holding that the benefit of higher qualifications was denied to those can-
  didates who possessed them. We are also of the opinion that it was not
  nece~sary to indici.1te in advance to the candidates the manner in which
  benefit of higher qualifications was to be given to them. Once we find that
  the selection committee had fJXed the norm in this behalf in advance and
F that norm was applied uniformly to all the candidates it will have to be
  held that it acted in a fair manner and did not contravene the provisions
  of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution. The learned counsel for the
  respondents, ho\vever, tried to support the finding of the High Court on
  this point by contending that in view of the representation made in the
   advertisement what was required to be done by the Board was to consider
G first those candidates who had higher qualifications and the candidates
  with lesser qualifications could have been considered only thereafter. This
   contention was rejected by the High Court, and in our opinion rightly.
   Ordinarily, giving of preference for higher qualifications would imply that
   other things being equal the candidates with higher qualifications will be
H preferred. The representation made in the advertisement did not imply or
                  PREM SINGH v. H.S.E. BOARD jNANAVATl,l.J                     409

     convey that the Selection was lo be made in two stages, that is, firstly, the A
     candidates having higher qualifications were to be considered and only
     thereafter the candidates \vith 1nini1num qualifications \Vere to be con-
     sidered and that tool if adequate number of candidates possessing higher
     qualifications did not become available. Therefore, the contention raised
     on behalf of the respondents has to be rejected.                              B

            It was next contended by the learned counsel for the appellants that
     selection of candidates in excess of the number of posts advertised does
     not per se offend the equality guaranteed by Articles 14 and 16 of the
     Constitution. It was submitted that in view of delay which was likely to take
     place in the process of selection and appointments it was permissible to         C
     the Board to take into consideration anticipated vacancies and n1ake
     provisions for the same also. They further submitted that the High Court
     should not have quashed the selection and set aside the appointments at
     the instance of original writ petitioners as in any case they were not
     selected by the selection committee and, therefore, were not likely to get       D
     any benefit by getting the selection and appointments invalidated. The
     learned counsel also questioned the locus standi of the writ petitioners as
     all of them except one had taken part in the process of selection without
     any objection. They also pointed out that Petitioner No. 3 in Writ Petition
     No. 4012 of 1993 \~as not even eligible to be considered for the post on the
     last date for receiving applications.                                            E

            Jn our opinion, there is no substance in the objection raised with
     respect to locus standi of the original writ petitioners. The candidates could
     not have anticipated when they appeared for the interview that the Selec-
     tion Committee would recommend candidates and the Board would make               F
     appointments far in excess of the advertised posts. The petitioner who was
     not eligible had a just grievance that due to appointments of candidates in
     excess of the posts advertised he was deprived of the right of consideration
     for appointment against the posts which would have become vacant after
     he acquired eligibility.
                                                                                      G
           The factual position in this case, as disclosed by the record, is that
     on 15.10.90 the Board decided to fill up 62 vacant posts of Junior Engineers
     by direct recruitment. On 2.11.90 the Board advertised those 62 vacant
     posi~ and invited applications by 4.12.90. In the notification of. vacancies ·
     required lo be issued under the Employment Exchange Act and the Rules H



..
•
    410                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS I1996] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A   also the vacancies notified w~r~ 62. After the posts \Vere advertist;d and
    published but before appointments could be made 13 more posts became
    vacant because of retirement and 12 because of deaths. Meanwhile, the
    Board also created 60 new posts of Junior Engineers. The stand taken by
    the respondent-Board before the High Court was that by April 1993, 85
    more posts had become vacant. Even when 62 posts were advertised there
B
    was a backlog of 62 posts of Junior Engineers and that was through
    oversight nut taken into consideration. OUl of the said backlog uf 62 posts
    36 posts were of direct recruitment quota and this had come lo the notice
    of the Board in December 1991. There was a backlog of 24 posts belonging
    lo reserved category. It was for these reasons that on 2.4.1993 the Secretary
c   of the Board had written to the Chief Engineer who was the appointing
    authority that as the list of 212 candidates selected by the selection com-
    mittee was received and as 147 posts were vacant as un ll.2.93 he should
    !ill up all those vacant posts as directed therein. Out of the said list the
    Board was able to appoint 138 candidates.
D
           It was submitted by the learned counsel for the appellants that the
    selection process which had started on 2.11.91 was completed in April 1993
    \Vhcn the .selection comn1ittcc for\V<trded the Ii.st of selected candidates to
    the Secretary of the Board. In view of this long lapse of time and large
    number of post~ remaining vacant it was permissib]c to the Board to make
E appointments in excess of the number of posts advertised. If the Board had
    not filled up those posts then its work would have suffered adversely. It
    was submitted that bearing in mind these realities the High Court should
    have adopted a pragmatic approach and refrained from quashing the
    selection and appointments made by the Board. Jn support of these con-
    tentions the learned counsel relied upon one decision of th·e Punjab and
F
    Haryana High Court and some decisions of this Court.

          in Subhash Chander Shanna and Othm· v. State of Hmyana, (1984)
      SLR 165, the facts were that as against 60 advertised posts the Public
    Service Commission had recommended almost double the number and
G   more than 60 candidates were appointed on the basis of that selection.
    Relying upon the earlier decision of the same High Court in Sachida Nand
    Shanna and Others v. Subordinate Services Selection Board, Ha1yana,
    decided on l.6.83 it was contended that all appointments beyond 60 should
    be invalidated. The High Court distinguished its earlier decision in Sacliida
H   Nand Shanna's case (supra) and held that if the State adopted a pragmatic
             PREM SINGH v. H.S.E. BOARD [NANAVATl,J.]                  411

approach by taking into consideration the existing vacancies in relation to   A
the process of selection which sometimes take a couple of years and made
appointments in excess of the posts advertised then such an action can~ot
be regarded as unconstitutional.

       lnAshok Kumar Yadav and Others v. State of Hwyana, (1985] Suppl.
                                                                            B
1 SCR 657, what had happened was that Haryana Public Service Commis-
sion had invited appiications for recruitment to 61 posts in Haryana Civil
Service and other allied Services. The number of vacancies rose during the
time taken up in the written examination and the viva voce test and thus
in all 119 posts became available for being filled. The Haryana Public
Service Commission, therefore, selected and recommended 119 candidates c
to the Government. Writ Petitions were filed in the High Court of Punjab
and Haryana challenging the validity of the selections on various grounds.
The High Court set aside the selection as it was of the view that the
selection process was vitiated for more than one reason. On appeal, this._
Court also found substance in the contention that the Haryana Public D
Service Commission was not justified in calling for interview candidates
representing more than 20 times the number of available vacancies and that
the percentage of marks allocated for the viva voce test was unduly
excessive. Yet this Court did not think it just and proper to set aside the
selections made by the Haryana Public Service Commission as by that time
two years had passed and the candidates selected were already appointed E
lo various posts and were working on those posts since about two years.

       In A. V. Bhogeshwarndu v. Andhra Pradesh Public Service Commis-
sion, J.T. (1989) 4 SC 130, the process of selection had started in 1983 and
was completed in 1987. The vacancies that arose in between were also F
sought to be accommodated from the recruitment list prepared by the State
Public Service Commission. The point which arose for consideration was
if out of the names recommended for appointments some candidates did
not join, whether the vacancies remaining unfilled can be filled from out
of the remaining successful candidates. This Court held that there was no
justification in insisting that instead of filling up the vacancies by recom- G
mended candidates a fresh selection list should be made. This decision is,
therefore, not relevant for the purpose of this appeal. So also, the cases of
Neelimd Shangla v. State of Haryana, (1986] 3 SCR 785 and Shankarsan
Dash v. Union of India, (1991] 2 SCR 567 cited by the learned counsel for
the appellants ate of no help as the point involved in those cases was H
    412                     SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A   altogether different.

           Jn Hashim· Singh v. State of Hmyana, [1993] 4 Suppl. SCC 377, a
    requisition was sent to select candidates for appointment on 6 posts of
    Impectors of Police hy advertisement dated January 22, 1988. Applications
    were invited for the said G posts. Subsequent to the written examination
B   but prior to the physical test ,and interview a revised request for 8 more
    posts was sent. The Board recommended 19 names out of which 18 persons
    were given appointments. Those appointments were challenged before the
    Punjab and Haryana High Court and it was held that appointments beyond
    8 posts were illegal. On appeal this Court held that since requisition was
c   for 8 posts, the Board was required to send its recommendation for 8 posts
    only. This Court further observed : ''The appointment on the additional
    posts on the basis of such selection and recommendation would deprive
    candidates who were not eligible for appointment to the posts on the last
    date for submission of applications mentioned in the advertisement and
D   who became eligible for appointment thereafter, of the opportunity of
    being considered for appointment on the additional posts because if the
    said additional posts are advertised subsequently those who become
    eligible for appointment would be entitled to apply for the same. The High
    Court was, therefore, right in holding that the selection of 19 persons by
    the Board even though the requisition was for 8 posts only, was not legally
E   sustainahle. 11

          In the case of State of Bi/tar v. Secretaliat Assistant Successful Ex-
    aminees Union 1986 and Others, [1994] 1 SCC 126, the Bihar State Subor-
    dinate Services Selection Board had issued· an advertisement in the year
F   1985 inviting applications for the posts of Assistants falling vacant upto the
    year 1985-86. The number of vacancies as then existing was announced on
    August 25, 1987, the examination was held in November 1987 and the result
    was published only in July 1990. Immediately thereafter out of successful
    candidates. 309 candidates were given appointments and the rest em-
    panelled and made to wait for release of further vacancies. Since the
G   vacancies available uptil December 31, 1988 were not disclosed or com-
    municated to the Board no further appointment could be made. The
    empanelled candidates, after making an unsuccessful representation to the
    State Government approached the Patna High Court which directed them
    to be appointed in vacancies available on the date of publication of the
H   result as well as the vacancies which had arisen upto 1991. The State
                 PREM SINGH v. H.S.E. BOARD [NANAVATJ,J.]                      413

    appealed against that decision and this Court held that the direction given A
    by the High Court for appo_intmcnt of empanelled candidates according to
    the merit list against the vacancies till 1991 was not proper and cannot be
    rnstained. This Court further observed that since no examination was held
    since 1987 persons who became eligible to compete for appointments were
    denied the opportunity to take the examination and the direction of the
                                                                                  B
    Hi_gh Court would prejudicially affect them for not fault of theirs. However,
    keeping in view the fact situation of the case this Court upheld the
    appointments made on the posts falling vacant upto 1988 and quashed the
    judgment of the High Court which directed the filling up of the vacancies
    of 1989, 1990 and 1991 from out of the list of the candidates who had
    appeared in the examination held in 1987.                                         c
          In the case of Gujarat State Dy. Executive Enginee!J' Association v.


-   State of Gujarat, [1994] Supp. 2 SCC 591, the following question arose for
    consideration : "~hat is a waiting list?; can it be treated as a source of
    recruitment from which candidates may be drawn as and when necessary";
    and "lastly how long can it operate ?" Though this question was examined
                                                                                      D

    in the context of Executive Engineers (Civil) Gujarat Service of Engineers
    Class I Recruitment Rules, 1979 the following observations made by this
    Court are of general application. Therein this Court has observed :

                                                                                      E
                  "How a waiting list should operate and what is 'its nature may
              be governed by the rules. Usually it is linked with the selection or
              examination for which it is prepared. For instance, if an examina-
              tion is held say for selecting 10 candidates for 1990 and the
              competent authority prepares a waiting.list then it is in respect of    F
              those 10 seats only for which selection or competition was held.
              Such lists are prepared either under the rules or even otherwise
              mainly to ensure that the working in the office does not suffer if
              the selected candidates do not join for one or the other reason or
              the next selection or examination is not held soon. Therefore, once
              the selected candidates join and no vacancy arises due to rcsigna-      G
              lion etc. or for any other reason within the period the list is to
              operate under the rules or within reasonable period where no
         .· , specific: period is provided then candidate from the waiting list has
              no right to claim appointment to any future vacancy which may
              arise unless the selection was held for it".                            H
    414                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996J SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A         The following observations made therein are also relevant :

                "Appointment in future vacancies from waiting list prepared by
            the Commission should be an exception rather than the rule. It has
            many ramifications ........ There was no contingency uor the Stale
            Government had taken any decision to fill the vacancies from the
B           waiting list· as it was not possible for it to hold the examination nor
            any emergent situation had arisen except the claim of some of the
            candidates from the waiting list that they should be given appoint-
            ment for vacancies which arose betv1een 1980 and 1983 and be-
            tween 1983 and 1993. The direction of the High Court, therefore,
c           lo appoint the candidates from the waiting list in the vacancies
            which, according lo its calculation, arose between the years 1980
            to 1983 and between 1983 to 1993 cannot be upheld."

    However, on equitable considerations this Court did not set aside appoint-
    ments of those candidates who were appointed in pursuance of the decision
D   of the High Court but gave appropriate directions for securing ends of
    justice.

          In State of Bihar v. Madan Mohan Singh, [1994] Supp. 3 SCC 308,
    this Court held that the advertisement and the whole selection process
    were meant only for 32 vacancies. The process came to an end as soon as
E
    these vacancies were filled up. If the same list has to be kept alive for the
    purpose of filling up of other vacancies, it would amount to deprivation of
    rights of other candidates who would have become eligible subsequent to
    said advertisement and the selection process.

F         In State of Bihar v. Madan Mohan Singh and Others, [1994] Supp. 3
    SCC 308, this Court has in terms held that if the advertisement and the
    consequent selection process were meant only to fill up certain number of
    vacancies then the merit list will hold good for the purpose of filling up
    those notified vacancies and no further. In that case 32 vacancies were
    advertiseu but a select list of 129 candidates was prepared. A question
G   arose whether more candidates could be appointed on the basis of the said
    select list. This Court held that once the 32 vacancies were filled up the
    process of selection for those 32 vacancies got exhausted and came to an
    end. It was further held that if the same list has to be kept subsisting for
    the purpose of filling up other vacancies also that would naturally amount
H   to deprivation of rights of other candidates who would have become
             PREMSINGH v.H.S.E.BOARD[NANAVATl,J.)                         415

eligible subsequent to the said advertisement and selection process.             A

       One of the questions which fell for consideration in Madan Lal and
Ot1ze1, v. State of J & K, (1995] 3 SCC 486, was whether preparation of
merit list of 20 candidates was bad as the .vacancies for which the adver-
tisement was issued by the Commission were only 11 and the requisition
that was sent by the Government for selection was also for those 11
                                                                                 B
vacancies. This Court held that the said action of the Commission by itself
was not bad but at the time of giving actual appointments the merit list
had to be so operated that only 11 vacancies were filled up. The reason
given by this Court was that" as the requisition was for 11 vacancies the
consequent advertisement and recruitment could also be for 11 vacancies          c
and no more. This Court further observed : "It is easy to visualise that if
requisition is for 11 vacancies and that results in the initiation of recruit-
ment process by way of advertisement, whether the advertisement mentions
filling up of 11 vacancies or not, the prospective candidates can easily find
out from the Office of the Commission that the requisition for the               D
proposed recruitment is for filling up 11 vacancies. In such a case a given
candidate may not like to compete for diverse reasons but if requisition is
for larger nun1ber of vacancies for which recruitment is initiated, he may
like to compete. Consequently the actual appointments to the posts have
to be confined to the posts for recruitment to which requisition is sent by
the Government. In such an eventuality, candidates in excess of 11 who are       E
lower in merit list of candidates can only be treated as wait-listed can-
didates in order of merit to fill only the 11 vacancies for which recruitment
has been made, in the event of any higher candidate not being available to
fill the 11 vacancies, for any reason. Once the 11 vacancies are filled by
candidat"5 taken in order of merit from the select list that list will get       F
exhausted, having served its purpose". It may also be stated that while
making the aforesaid observations this Court agreed with the contention
that while sending a requisition for recruitment to posts the Government
can keep in vie\v not only actual vacancies than existing but also anticipated
vacancies.
                                                                                 G
      From the above discussion of the case law it become clear that the
selection process by \Vay of requisition and advertisen1ent can be started
for clear vacancies and also for anticipated vacancies but not fot' future
vacancies. lf the requisition and advertisement are for certain number of
posts only the State cannot make more appointments then the number of H
    416                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1996] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A posts advertised, even though it might have prepared a select list of more
    candidates. The State can deviate from the advertisement and make ap-
    pointments on posts falling vacant thereafter in exceptional circumstances
    only or in an emergent situation and that too by taking a policy decision in
    that behalf. Even when filling up of more posts than advertised is chal-
    lenged the Court may not, while exercising its extra-ordinary jurisdiction,
B
    invalidate the excess appointments and may mould the relief in such .a
    manner as to strike a just balance between the interest of the State and the
    interest of persons seeking public employment. What relief should be
    granted in such cases would depend upon the facts and circumstances of
    each case.
c
         In the present case, as against the 62 advertised posts the Board
    made appointments on 138 posts. The selection process was started for 62
    clear vacancies and at that time anticipated vacancies \Vere not taken into
    account. Therefore, strictly speaking, the Board was not justified in making
    more than 62 appointments pursuant to the advertisement published on
D   2.11.1991 and the selection process which followed thereafter. But as the
    Board could have taken into account not only the actual vacancies but also
    vacancies which were likely to arise because of retirement etc. by the time
    the selection process was completed it would not be just and equitable to
    invalidate all the appointments made on posts in excess of 62. However,
E   the appointments which were made against future vacancies - in this case
    on posts which were newly created - must be regarded as invalid. As stated
    earlier, after the selection process had started 13 posts had become vacant
    because of retirement and 12 because of deaths. The vacancies which were
    likely to arise as a result of retirement could have been reasonably an-
    ticipated by the Board. The Board through oversight had not taken them
F   into consideration while a requisition was made for filling up 62 posts. Even
    \vith respect to the appointments made against vacancies which arose
    because of deaths, a lenient view can be taken and on consideration of
    expediency and equity they need not be quashed. Therefore, in view of the
    special facts and circumstances of this case we do not think it proper to
    invalidate the appointments made on those 25 additional posts. But the
G   appointments made by the Board on posts beyond 87 are held invalid.
    Though the High Court was right in the view it has taken, we modify its
     order to the aforesaid extent. These appeals are allowed accordingly. No
     order as to costs.

     R.S.                                                      Appeals allowed.