PREM PRAKASHversusSANTOSH KUMAR JAIN & SONS (HUF) AND ANOTHER

                             [2017] 9 S.C.R. 408


A                             PREM PRAKASH
                                         v.
       SANTOSH KUMAR JAIN & SONS (HUF) AND ANOTHER
                       (CivilAppealNo. 11106of2017)
B                             AUGUST 30, 2017
            [R. K. AGRAWAL AND ASHOK BHUSHAN, JJ.)
         Delhi Rent Control Act. 1958 - s. 4(J)(a), (b) - Eviction petition
  filed by the owner-respondent no. I against the tenant-appeflant on
C the ground that the premises in question was sub-let by the appellant
  to his sub-tenant-respondent no. 2 - Eviction petition dismissed by
  the Rent Controller - Appeal by respondent no.1 before the Rent
  Control Tribunal. dismissed - Petition filed by the respondent no. 1
  challenging the said order allowed by High Court - On appeal,
  held: In the present facts and circumstances of the case, the
D respondent no. J has proved beyond doubt that the property was in
  exclusive possession of respondent no. 2 while the appellant was
  not able to deny sub-tenancy in favour of respondent no. 2 - The
  burden to discharge the onus was on appellant, however, it failed
  to discharge the said burden - There could be no presumption other
E than that appellant sub-let the suit premises and parted with
  possession to respondent no. 2 - High Court was right in setting
   aside the orders passed by the lower courts - No interference in the
  order passed by High Court.
        Rent Control and Eviction - Sub-tenancy - Burden ofproof -
F Held: The initial burden to prove that the sub-tenant is in exclusive
  possession of the property is 011 the ow11e1; however such burden is
  that of preponderance of probability only and if he succeeds then
  the burden to rebut the same lies on the tenant.
         Words & Phrases - 'Sub-tenancy '/'sub-letting· - Meaning of
    - Explained.
G
          Dismissing the appeal, the Court
          HELD: 't.. Respondent No. 1-the original owner has placed
    on record two bu.sine~s cards which do not contain the name of
    the appellant-tenant at all, showing the same address as that of
H
                                   408
PREM PRAKASH v. SANTOSH KUMAR JAIN & SONS (HUF)                           409
                 AND ANOTHER

the property in question in order to prove that Respondent No. 2 A
was doing independent business of diamond jewellery, gold and
stones. A bare perusal of the visiting card having the name of
Respondent No. 2 clearly proves that the sub-tenant wns neither
an employee nor was looking after the customers of the appellant
In. his absence but he was carrying on his personal business.
There is no point in denying the fact that why a tenant will B
allow a person, who is working under him, to print visiting cards
in his (sub-tenant) name for the property in question. [Paras 11,
12)(414-G-H; 415-C-D]
      2.1 The initial burden to prove that the sub-tenant is in
exclusive possession of the property is on the owner, however,            C
the onus to prove the exclusive possession of the sub tenant is
that of preponderance of probability only and he has to prove the
same prima /acie only and if he succeeds then the burden to rebut
the same lies on the tenant. [Para 14][415-H; 416-A]
     · 2.2 Sub-tenancy or sub-letting comes into existence when           D
the tenant gives up possession of the tenanted accommodation,
wholly or in part, and puts another person in exclusive possession
thereof. This arrangement comes about obviously under a mutual
agreement or understanding between the tenant and the person
to whom the possession is so delivered. In this process, the              E
landlord is kept out of the scene. Rather, the scene is enacted
behind the back or the landlord, concealing the overt acts and
transferring possession clandestinely to a person who is an utter
stranger to the landlord, in the sense that the landlord had not
let out the premises to that person nor had he allowed or
consented to his entering into possession of that person, instead         F
of'the tenant, which ultimately reveals to the landlord_ that the_
tenant to whom the property was let out has put some other person
in possession of that property. In such a situation, it would be
difficult for the landlord to prove, by direct evidence, the contract 0


or agreement or understanding between the .tenant and the sub-            G
tenant. It would also be difficult for the landlord to prove, by direct
evidence, that the person to whom the property had been sub-let
had paid monetary consideration to the tenant. Payment of rent,
 undoubteclly, is an essential element of lease or sub-lease. It may
 be paid in cash or.in- kind or may have been paid or promised to
                                                                          H
410           SUPREME COURT REPORTS                    [2017) 9 S.C.R.


A be paid. It may have been paid in lump sum in advance covering
  the period for which the premises is let out or sub-let or it may
  have been paid or promised to be paid periodically. Since payment
  of rent or monetary consideration may have been made secretly,
  the law does not require such payment to be proved by affirmative
B evidence and the court is permitted to draw its own inference
  upon the facts of.the ~ase. [Para 18)(416-G-H; 417-A-D]
        3. In the present facts and circumstances of the case, the
  original owner-respondent No. 1 has proved beyond doubt that
  the property was in exclusive possession of the sub-tenant and
C the appellant had not been able to deny the claim of sub-tenancy
  in favour of Respondent No. 2. The absence of evidence and
  failure to discharge the onus lay heavy on appellant and there
  could be no presumption other than that the suit premises had
  been sublet and parted with possession by the appellant to the
  Respondent No. 2.[Para 1911417-E-FJ
D          Associated Hotels of India Ltd., Delhi v. S.B. Sardar
           Ranjit Singh AIR 1968 SC 933 : (1968] SCR 548; Kala
           and Anr. v. Madho Parshad Vaidya (1998) 6 SCC 573 :
           (1998] 1 Suppl. SCR 149; Vaishakhi Ram & Ors. v. ·
           Sanjeev Kumar Bhatiani (2008) 14 SCC 356 : (2008]
 E         3 SCR 377 - relied on.
                           Case Law Reference
      (1968) SCR 548               relied on             Para 15
      (1998] 1 Suppl. SCR 149      relied on              Para 16
 F    (2008) 3 SCR 377             relied on             Para 17
           CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 11106
      of2017.
         From the impugned final Judgment and Order dated 07.11.2014
   passed by the High Court of Delhi at New Delhi in C.M. (M) No.478 of
 G 2014.
            Braj K. Mishra, Vijay Kumar, Ms. Aparna Jha, Advs. for the
      Appellant.
         Ms. Bharti Tyagi, Adv. and Santosh Kumar Jain (In-Person) for
 H the Respondents.
  PREM PRAKASH v. SANTOSH KUMAR JAIN & SONS (HUF)                            4l l
     .        .     AND ANOTHER

        The Judgment of the Court was delivered by                          .A
        R. K. AGRAWAL, J. I. Leave granted.
        2. This appeal is directed against the final judgment and order
 dated 07.11.2014 passed by the High Court of Delhi at New Delhi in
 C.M. (M) No. 478 of2014 whereby learned single Judge of the High
 Court allowed the eviction petition filed by the original owner-Respondent B
 No. I herein while setting aside the judgments and orders dated 08.09.2011
 and 24.03.2014 passed by the Court ofAdditional Rent Controller, North
 Delhi and the Rent Control Tribunal, Delhi, respectively.
        3. Brief facts:
         (a) Shri Santosh Kumar Jain- Respondent No. I herein filed an C
  application for increase of standard rent and eviction of tenant being
· Eviction Petition No. 956 of2007 before the Rent Controller, Delhi under
  Section 14(l)(a) and (b) of the Delhi Rent Control Act, 1958 (in short
  'the DRC Act') on the ground that the premises in question, i.e., Shop
  No. 16 (Private No. 15), Gali Kunjas, Ward No. IV, Dariba Kalan, Delhi
  110 006 has been sub-let, assigned and otherwise parted with possession 0
  illegally by the original tenant-the appellant herein to his sub-tenant-
  Respondent No. 2 herein, who is in the unauthorized occupation of the
  same and is carrying on his own independent business and also that the
  original tenant-the appellant herein is in arrears of rent from 01.01.2002.
         (b) Learned Additional Rent Controller, North Delhi, vide judgment E
· and order dated 08.09.2011 in E.No. 02/2009 dismissed the claim of
  eviction while directing the.appellant herein to deposit the rent as agreed
  for preceding 3 (three) years from the date offiling of the eviction petition.
       (c) Being aggrieved by the order dated 08.09.2011, Respondent
 No. I went in appeal before the Rent Control Tribunal, Delhi. The Rent       F
 Control Tribunal, vide judgment and order dated 24.03.2014 in RCT-
 203/2013/2011, dism.issed the appeal.
        (d) The owner-Respondent No. I herein, aggrieved by the
 judgments and orders dated 08 .09.2011 and 24.03.2014, filed a petition
 being C.M. (M) No. 478 of 2014 before the High Court. Learned G
 single Judge of the High Court, vide judgment and order dated 07.11.2014,
 allowed the petition filed by the owner-Respondent No. I herein.
         (e) Aggrieved by the judgment and order dated 07.11.2014, the
  appellant has preferred this appeal by way of special leave before this
  Court.                                                                  H
412             SUPREME COURT REPORTS                           [2017] 9 S.C.R.


A           4. Heard Mr. Braj K. Mishra, learned counsel for the appellant-
      tenant and Ms. Bharati Tyagi, learned counsel for Respondent No.2 and
      Mr. Satish Kumar Jain - the original owner, Respondent No. 1 herein.
      argued in person.
      Point for consideration:
B           5. The only point for consideration before this Court is ~hether in
      the present facts and circumstances of the case the order of eviction
      passed by the High Court was just and proper?
      Rival Submission.s:
c            6. Learned.counsel for the appellant-the tenant contended before
      this Com1 that Respondent No. 2 herein was looking after the entire
      small business affairs of the appellant herein and is using and occupying
      the suit premises in the capacity of an employee. Learned counsel further
      contencled that the appellant herein was paying commission by way of
      cash/cheque or as per the convenience and outcome of the business to
D     Respondent No. 2 in lieu of his services. It is further contended that
      Respondent No. 2 herein got the business cards printed for the promotion
      of the business of the appellant herein. The appellant herein is the lawful
      tenant and has never parted with the possession or sub let the suit property
      either to Respondent No. 2 or to any other person and no notice of
E     demand as alleged has been served upon him. Learned counsel further
      contended that Respondent No. 2 is only a friend of the appellant herein
      and for this reason only he was employed and allowed to sit in the suit
      premises and no business was being carried out in the name ofM/s R.R.
      Jewellers from the suit premises by Respondent No. 2 who is alleged to
      have changed the firm's name as "M/s Ashima Jewellery" later on. It
F     was further contended that even if the original owner was having
      knowledge of sub-tenancy of the suit premises in December, 200 I, no
      action was initiated by him to vacate the same from the sub-tenant.and
      hence he failed to prove that Respondent No. 2 is in exclusive possession
      of the suit premises and the appellant herein has divested himself from
G     the physical and legal possession of the same. Learned counsel for the
      appellant herein finally contended that the present petition is not
      maintainable and the High Court has committed a grave illegality in
      allowing the eviction petition.
        7. Shri Santosh Kumar Jain-the original owner, Respondent No. I
H herein argued in-person and submitted that the appellant herein had sub-
PREM PRAKASH v. SANTOSH KUMAR JAIN & SONS (HUF)                           413
        AND ANOTHER [R. K. AGRAWAL, J.]

let, assigned and parted with the possession of the suit premises in favour A
of Respondent No. 2 herein, who is in illegal and unauthorized possession
ofthe same. Respondent No. 1 further submitted that though the appellant
herein has claimed that the Respondent No. 2 was his employee and
was being paid commission for the job booked by him, no document has
been produced on record to show that Respondent No. 2 was being paid
                                                                            8
any salary or commission by the appellant. Respondent No. 1·further
stressed upon the point that the sub-tenant has admitted to have fixed a
bill board under the name and style of "Mis R.R. Jewellers" in the suit
premises. Further, the sub-tenant of the appellant herein got printed
visiting cards in his name with the address of the suit premises and the
very same fact has· been admitted in the statement given by him. C
Respondent No. 1 further submitted that, undoubtedly, the onus of proving
the presence of other person in the suit premises is on the owner and
once it is proved, it shifts to the tenant to disapprove the same.
Respondent No. I finally submitted that High Court was right in allowing
the eviction petition while setting aside the judgments and orders passed D
by the Cou1t of Additional Rent Controller and Rent Control Tribunal
holding that the suit premises was sub-let and the appellant herein had
parted with the possession and prayed that no interference is sought for
 by this Court in the case.
Discussion:
                                                                           E
      8. It would be appropriate to reproduce Section 14 of the DRC
Act in order to arrive at a conclusion in the case which is as under:-
      " 14. (I)) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in
      any other law or contract, no order or decree for the recovery of
      possession of any premises shall be made by any court or Controller F
      in favour of the landlord against a tenant:
      Provided that the Controller may, on an application made to him in
      the prescribed manner, make an order for the recovery of
      possession of the premises on one or more of the following grounds
      only, namely:- .·                                                  G
      (a)that the tenant has neither paid nor tendered the (whole of the
      arrears of the rent legally recoverable from him within two months
      of the date on which a notice of demand for the arrears of rent
      has been served on him by the landlord in the manner provided in
      Section 106 of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882.
                                                                           H
        414           SUPREME COURT REPORTS                         [2017] 9 S.C.R.


        A (b) That the tenant has, on or after the 9th day of June, 1952, sublet,
          assigned or otherwise parted with the possession of the whole or any
          part of the premises without obtaining the consent in writing of the
          landlord: ..... "
                   9. Respondent No. l herein-the original owner, filed an eviction
        B   petition on the ground that the property in question has been sub-let by
            the original tenant-appellant herein to the sub-tenant i.e., Respondent
            No. 2. The tenant denied the assertion that the property has been
          · assigned to the sub-tenant stating that Respondent No. 2 is his friend
            and is an employee who attends his customers in his absence. It was
            further explained that Respondent No. 2 was working on commission
        c basis in order to Send customers to the appellant herein who was having
            a shop in an interior location from where he does polishing and cleaning
    ,       work of silver items and for that purpose only he was allowed to sit in
I
            the suit premises.
                  I0. During examination, it has been admitted by the owner that
        D the first and only rent was received on 26.02.2002 for the period
          01.02.200 I to 31.12.200 I from the tenant. It is evident from the record
          that a legal notice dated I0.05.2002 was served upon the appellant herein
          that he is in arrears of rent from 01.01.2002. Though the appellant herein-
          the original tenant has admitted the relationship of landlord and tenant
        E between the parties but has denied any sub-letting to any other person.
          The tenant has his small workshop nearby the suit shop where he
          personally does the work in addition to attending the customers in the
          premises in question. It is the case of the appellant that Respondent No.
          2 looks after the customers of the appellant herein in his absence but the
          fact of being paid by way of commission or salary has not been proved
        F as no evidence have been brought to substantiate this claim. It is
          Respondent No. 2 whose duty is to open and close the shop in his absence
          and to hand over the keys to the appellant herein who was residing along
          with his family on the first floor of the aforesaid prope11y at the relevant
          time.
        G         11. Respondent No. I-the original owner has placed on record
          two business cards which do not contain the name of the appellant herein
          at all, showing the same address as that of the prope11y in question in
          order to prove that Respondent No. 2 was doing independent business
          of diamond jewellery, gold and stones. Out of two cards, one card is in
        H the name of Respondent No. 2 with the printing "Ashima Jewellery.
PREM PRAKASHv. SANTOSH KUMAR JAIN & SONS (HUF)                          4l5
        ANDANOTHER [R. K. AGRAWAL, J.]

Diamond Jewellery, Gold & Stones". Respondent No. 2 has admitted A
by way of filing an affidavit that he was doing the business of
manufacturing of diamond jewellery, silver articles and also silver fancy
articles. He has also.admitted the printing of the cards placed on record
for the purpose of placing orders at the said address. He admitted to
have doing business in the name and style of Mis Ashima Jewellary but B
denied the claim that earlier he was doing the business in the name and
style of Mis R.R. Jewellers. It was further admitted that when he started
to sit in the suit property, a bill board in the name of Mis R.R. Jewellers
was fixed in the suit pt~operty in the year 1996.
       12. A bare perusal of the visiting card of Mis Ashima Jew~llety . C
having the name of Respondent No. 2 clearly proves that the sub-tenant
was neither an employee nor was looking after the customers of the
appellant herein in his absence but he was canying on his personal
business under Stich name: There is no point in denying the fact that
why a tenant will allow a person, who is working under him, to print
visiting cards in his (sub-tenant) name for the property in question.    D
          13. Further, the other visiting card is having the name of "Mis
R.R. Jewellers". The alleged sub-tenant has denied the claim in the
affidavit filed before the cou11s below that earlier he was doing the
business in the name and style of Mis R.R. Jewellers. The respondent-
owner has brought on record the.list of subscribers issued by the Delhi E
Sanchaar Sewa (Pvt.) Ltd. wherein for R.R. Jewellers, the address
mentioned is that of the suit property and the phone number is exactly
the same as mentioned on the business card ofMlsAashima Jewellery"
i.e.,..:.3901361 '. Respondent No. 2 has admitted the fact of doing business
in the name of Mis Aashima Jewellery" which is also evident from the
business card used by him having the address of the suit property and F
the telephone number '3901361' whereas he denied to have worked
under the name and style of Mis R.R. Jewellers but the very fact is
falsified by the evidence in the form of subscribers list of Delhi Sanchaar
Sewa wherein the same telephone number, i.e .. '3901361' has been
given. Meaning thereby, Respondent No. 2 was doing business in the G
suit premises independently of the appellant herein.
        14. Undoubtedly, the initial burden to prove that the sub-tenant is
 in exclusive possession of the property is on the owner, however, the
 onus to prove the exclusive possession of the sub tenant is that of
 preponderance of probability only and he has to prove the same prima H
416             SUPREME COURT REPORTS                           (2017] 9 S.C.R.


A facie only and if be succeeds then the burden to rebut the same lies on
  the tenant.
          15. In this regard, it is appropriate to quote a decision of this Court
  in Associated Hotels ofIndiaLtd., De/Iii vs. S.B. St1rtltrr R1mjit Singh
  AIR 1968 SC 933 wherein it was held that when eviction is sought on
B the ground of sub-letting, the onus to prove sub-letting is on the landlord.
  If the 1andlordpri111a:fi1cie shows thatthe occupant who was in exclusive
  possession of the premises let out for valuable consideration, it would
  then be for the tenant to rebut the evidence.
             16. Again, in Kala and Anr. vs. Madho Parslwd Vaitlya, ( 1998)
c     6 SCC 573, this Court reiterated the very same principle. It was observed
      that the burden of proof of sub-letting is on the landlord but once he
      establishes parting of possession by the tenant to third paity, the onus
      would shift on the tenant to explain his possession. If he is unable to
      discharge that onus, it is permissible for the court to raise an inference
      that such possess!oi1 was for monetary consideration.
D
            17. In Vais/wk Iii Ram & Ors. vs. Stmjeev Kumar B/u1tit111i
      (2008) 14 sec 356, it was held as under:-
            "21. It is well settled that the burden of proving sub-letting is on
            the landlord but if the landlord proves that the sub-tenant is in
E           exclusive possession of the suit premises, then the onus is shifted
            to the tenant to prove that it was not a case of sub-letting. Reliance
            can be placed on the decision of this Cou1t in Joginder Singh
            Sodhi v. Amar Kaur. Therefore, we are in full agreement with
            the High Comt as well as the comts below that since Appellants
            2 to 4 had been in exclusive possession of the suit shop and
F           Appellant I could not prove that it was not a case of sub-letting,
            the suit shop had been sub-let by Appellant I in favour ofAppellants
            2 to 4. Therefore, no interference can be made with the findings
          • arrived at by the High Court as well as the courts below on the
            question of sub-le.tting."
G            18. Sub-tenancy or sub-letting comes into existence when the
      tenant gives up possession of the tenanted accommodation, wholly or in
      part, and puts another person in exclusive possession thereof. This
      arrangement comes about obviously under a mutual agreement or
      understanding between the tenant and the person to whom the possession
      is so delivered. In this process, the landlord is kept out of the ·scene.
H
  PREM PRAKASH v. SANTOSH KUMAR JAIN & SONS (HUF)                               417
          . AND ANOTHER [R. K. AGRAWAL, J.]

 Rather, the scene is enacted behind the back of the landlord, concealing A
 the overt acts and transferring possession clandestinely to a person who
 is an utter stranger to the landlord, in the sense that the landlord had not
 let out the premises to that person nor had he allowed or consented to
 his entering into possession of that person, instead of the tenant, which
 ultimately reveals to the landlord that the tenant to whom the property
                                                                               B
 was let out has put some other person in possession of that property. In
 such a situati.on, it would be difficult for the landlord to prove, by dire~t
 evidence, the contract or agreement"or understanding between the tenant
 a_nd the sub-tenant. It would also be difficult forthe landlord to prove, by
 direct evidence, that the person tO whom the property had been sub-let
 had paid monetary consideration to the tenant. Payment of rent, c.
 undoubtedly, is an essential element of lease or sub-lease. It may.be paid
 in cash or in kind or may have been paid or promised tO be paid. It may
 have been paid in lump sum in advance covering the period for which .
 the premises is let out or sub~Iet or it may have been paid or promised to
 be paid periodically. Since payment of rent or monetary consideration D
 may have been made secretly, the law does not require such payment to
 be proved by affirmati~e evidence and the court is permitted to draw its
 own inference upon the facts of the case.
         19. In the present facts and circumstances ·of the case, we are of
. the opinion that the original owner-respondent No. l herein has proved
  beyond doubt that the property is in exclusive possession of the sub- E
  tenant and the appellant herein has not been able to deny the claim of
  sub-tenancy in favour of Respondent No. 2.- The absence of evidence
  and failure to discharge the onus lay heavy on appellant and there could
  be no presumption other than that the suit premises had been sublet and
  parted with possession by the appellant herein to the Respondent No. 2. F
 Conclusion:-
       20. In view of the foregoing discussion, we are of the considered
 opinion that the High Court was right in setting aside the orders passed
 by the lower courts. We do not intend to interfere in the order passed
 by the learned singleJudge of the High Court. There is no merit in this G
 appeal and the appeal is, therefore, dismissed with no order as to costs.


 Divya Pandey                                               Appeal dismissed.