Holding

The Supreme Court held that the welfare of the child is paramount and the High Court’s order for immediate repatriation was erroneous; the child shall remain in the father’s custody pending a proper determination of custody.

Summary

Prateek Gupta (father) appealed a Delhi High Court order that directed him to hand over his five‑year‑old son Aadvik, a U.S. citizen, to his wife Shilpi Gupta (mother) after she filed a writ of habeas corpus. The father had taken the child to India in 2015 without the mother’s consent, and the mother obtained custody orders from a U.S. court. The Supreme Court examined whether the writ was maintainable, the relevance of the principles of comity of courts, "intimate contact" and "closest concern", and whether a summary or elaborate enquiry was appropriate. Emphasising that the child’s welfare is the paramount consideration, the Court held that the High Court erred in ordering immediate repatriation and that the child should remain with the father until a competent court decides the custody matter. The appeal was allowed and the High Court judgment set aside.

Issues considered

The maintainability of a writ of habeas corpus to enforce a foreign custody order.
The applicability and weight of the principles of comity of courts, "intimate contact" and "closest concern" in child‑custody disputes involving removal of a child from its native country.
Whether a summary enquiry or an elaborate enquiry should be undertaken in determining the child’s repatriation.
The primacy of the child’s welfare over the foreign court’s order.

Legislation cited

Subjects

child custodyhabeas corpuscomity of courtsintimate contactclosest concernwelfare of the childrepatriationforeign court ordersummary enquiryelaborate enquiryGuardian and Wards Act

Judgment

(2017] 13 S.C.R. 230

A PRATEEK GUPTA
v.
SHILPY GUPTA & ORS.
(Criminal Appeal No. 968 of2017)
B DECEMBER 06, 2017
[DIPAK MISRA, CJI AND AMITAVA ROY, J.]
Child and Family Welfare: Custody of child - Principles of
"comity of courts". "intimate contact"' and "'closest concern"' -
Invocation of - Held: Invocation of these principles/doctrines has
c to he judged on the touchstone of myriad attendant facts and
circumstances of each case, the paramount concern being the
welfare of the child - These doctrines are of persuasive relevance
only when the child is uprooted from its native country and taken to
a place to encounter alien environment. language. custom etc. with
D the portent of mutilative hearing on the process of its overall growth
and grooming - It is thus imperative that unless. the continuance of
child in the country to which it has been removed. is unquestionably
harmful. when judged on the touchstone of overall perspectives. it
ought not to be dislodged and extricated from the environment
and setting to which it had got adjusted for its we/I-being -
E
Doctrines/Principles.
Child and Family Welfare: Writ of habeas corpus - Writ
petition file(i by respondent-mother seeking custody of child from
appellant-father - The parties were residing in US with two sons -
In view of irreconcilable marital issues. parties started living
F
separately since 2014 - The children were US citizens by birth -
The case of re,pondent-mother before the High Court was that the
child. who is the subject matter of the /is and custody. was barely
20 years old when appellant took him to India and had been staying
in India since then -- The child is a little over 5 years old now -
G High Court directing appellant-father to hand over custody of child
to respondtmt-mother - Challenge against - Held: The child has
spent half of his life at this age, in India - His infant yem. · of stay
in US was too little for his required integration with the social,
physical, psychological, cultural and academic environmelll of US
tu get totally upturned by his transition to India. so much so that
H
230
PRATEEK GUPTA v. SHILPI GUPTA & ORS. 231

unless he is immediately repatriated, his inherent potentials and A
faculties would suffer an immeasurable set back - The respondent-
mother is also disinclined to restore her matrimonial home - The
younger son is with her - There is no convincing material on record
that the continuation of the child in the company and custody of the
appellant in India would be irreparably prejudicial to him - The
B
e-mails exchanged by the parties suggested that they had been in
touch since the child was brought to India - In the e-mails, they
have fondly and keenly referred to both the sons staying in each
others company, expressing concern about their illness and general
well-being as well - As has been claimed by the appellant, the child
is growing in a congenial environment in the loving company of his c
grand-parents and contrary to the nuclear family environment in
US, he is exposed to a natural process ofgrooming in the association
of his elders, friends, peers and playmates, which is irrefutably
indispensable for comprehensive development of his mental and
physical faculties - Immediate restoration of the child is called for
D
only on an unmistakable discernment of the possibility of immediate
and irremediable harm to it and not otherwise - High Court did
not at all apply itself to examine the facts and circumstances and
the other materials bearing on the issue of welfare of the child which
are unmistakably of paramount significance and instead seemed to
have been impelled by the principle of comity of courts and the E
doctrines of "intimate contact" and "closest concern" de hors
thereto - The appellant being the biological father, his custody of
the child can by no means in law be construed as illegal or unlawful
drawing the invocation of a superior Courts jurisdiction to issue a
writ in the nature of habeas corpus.
F
Allowing the appeal, the Court
HELD: 1. The gravamen of the judicial enunciation on the
issue of repatriation of a child removed from its native country is
clearly founded on the predominant imperative of its overall well-
being, the principle of comity of courts, and the doctrines of G
"intimate contact and clo.sest concern" notwithstanding. Though
the principle of comity of courts and the aforementioned doctrines
qua a foreign court from the territory of which a child is removed
are factors which deserve notice in deciding the issue of custody
and repatriation of the child, it is no longer res integra that the
H
232 SUPRltME COURT REPORTS [2017] 13 S.C.R.

A ever overriding determinant would be the welfare and interest of
the child. In other words, the invocation of these principles/
doctrines has to be judged on the touchstone of myriad attendant
facts and circumstances of each case, the ultimate live concern
being the welfare of the child, other factors being
acknowledgeably subservient thereto. Though in the process of
B
adjudication of the issue ofrepatriation, a court can elect to adopt
a summary enquiry and order immediate restoration of the child
to its native country, if the applicant/parent is prompt and alert in
his/her initiative and the existing circumstances ex facie justify
such course again in the overwhelming exigency of the welfare
c of the child, such a course could be approvable in law, if an
effortless discernment of the relevant factors testify irreversible,
adverse and prejudicial impact on its physical, mental,
psychological, social, cultural existence, thus exposing it to
visible, continuing and irreparable detrimental and nihilistic
attentuations. On the other hand, if the applicant/parent is slack
D
and there is a considerable time lag between the removal of the
child from the native country and the steps taken for its
repatriation thereto, the court would prefer an elaborate enquiry
into all relevant aspects bearing on the child, as meanwhile with
the passage of time, it expectedly had grown roots in the country
E and its characteristic milieu, thus casting its influence on the
process of it~ grooming in its fold. [Para 32] [264-E-H;
[265-A-B)
2. The doctrines of "intimate contact" and "closest
concern" are of persuasive relevance, only when the child is
F uprooted from its native country and taken to a place to encounter
alien environment, language, custom etc., with the portent of
mutilative bearing on the process of its overall growth and
grooming. [Para 33] [265-C)
3. The parties are living separately since 2014 with one
child each in their company and charge. The children are US
G
citizens by birth. Noticeably, the child Aadvik, who is the subject
matter of the lis and custody was barely 2% years old when he
came over to India and had stayed here since then. Today, he is
a little over 5 years old. In other words, he has spent half of his
life at this age, in India. His infant years of stay in US is too little
H for the required integration of his with the social, physical,
PRATEEK Q{Jy lA v. SHILPl vu!' !A & ORS. 233

psychological, cultural and academic environment of US to get A
totally upturned by his transition to this country, so much so that
unless he is immediately repatriated, his inherent potentials and
faculties would suffer an immeasurable set back. The respondent-
mother also is not favourably disposed to return to India, she
being a working lady in US and is also disinclined to restore her B
matrimonial home. The e-mails exchanged by the parties as have
been placed on records do suggest that they had been in touch
since the child was brought to India and even after the first order
dated 28.05.1015 was passed by the court in US. In the said
e-mails, they have fondly and keenly referred to both the sons
staying in each other's company, expressing concern about their C
illness and general well-being as well. As has been claime.d by
the appellant, the child is growing in a congenial environment in
the loving company of his grand-parents and other relatives. He
has been admitted to a reputed school and contrary to the nuclear
family environment in US, he is exposed to a natural process of D
grooming in the association of his elders, friends, peers and
playmates, which is irrefutably indispensable for comprehensive
and conducive development of his mental and physical faculties.
The issue with regard to the repatriation of a child, as the
precedential explications would authenticate has to be addressed
not on a consideration of legal rights of the parties but on the E
sole and preponderant criterion of the welfare of the minor.
Immediate restoration of the child is called for only on an
unmistakable discernment of the possibility of immediate and
irremediable harm to it and not otherwise. As it is, a child of
tender years, with malleable and impressionable mind and delicate
and vulnerable physique would suffer serious set-back if subjected F
to frequent and unnecessary translocation in its formative years.
It is thus imperative that unless, the continuance of the child In
the country to which it has been removed, is unquestionably
harmful, when judged on the touchstone of overall perspectives,
perceptions and practicabilities, it ought not to be dislodged and G
extricated from the environment and setting to which it had got
adjusted for its well-being. [Para 35] [265-E-H; 266-A-E]
4. In view of order dated 03.05.2016 of this Court, the child
has remained in the custody of the appellant-father. No matedal
. ~ 'Jt
234 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 13 S.C.R.

A was brought on record to take a view that immediate restoration
of the custody of the child to the respondent-mother in the native
country is obligatorily called for in its interest and welfare. The
High Court did not at all apply itself to examine the facts and
circumstances and the other materials on record bearing on the
issue of welfare of the child which are unmistakably of paramount
B
significance and instead seems to have been impelled by the
principle of comity of courts and the doctrines of "intimate
contact" and "closest concern" de hors thereto. The appellant
being the biological father, his custody of the child can by no means
in law be construed as illegal or unlawful drawing the invocation
c of a superior Court's jurisdiction to issue a writ in the nature of
habeas corpus. The dislodgment of the child as directed by the
impugned decision would be harmful to it. Having regard to the
nature of the proceedings before the US Court, the intervening
developments thereafter and most importantly the prevailing
state of affairs, the child, till he attains majority, ought to continue
0
in the custody, charge and care of the appellant, subject to any
order to the contrary, if passed by a court of competent jurisdiction
in an appropriate proceeding deciding the issue of its custody in
accordance with law. The parties are however directed to
participate in the pending proceedings relating to the custody of
E the child, if the same is pursued. [Paras 38, 39] [267-B-E, F-G]

Nithya Anand Raghavan v. State (NCT of Delhi) and
another (2017) 8 sec 454 - relied on.

Surya Vadanan v. State of Tamil Nadu & Ors.
F (2015) 5 SCC 450 : [2015] 4 SCR 903 ; Dhanwanti
Joshi v. Madhav Unde (1998) 1 SCC 112 : [1997) 5
Suppl. SCR 30 ; Sarita Sharma v. Sushi/ Sharma
(2000) 3 sec 14 : [20001 1 SCR 915 ; Shi/pa
Aggarwal v. Aviral Mittal and another (2010) 1 SCC
G 591 : [2009] 16 SCR 287 ; V Ravi Chandran (Dr.) v.
Union of India and others (2010) 1 SCC 174 : [2009]
15 SCR 960 ; Elizabeth Dinshaw v. Arvand M.
Dinshaw & Anr (1987) 1 SCC 42 : [1987] 1 SCR
175 ; Syed Saleemuddin v. Dr. Rukhsana & Ors. (2001)

H
PRATEEK GUPTA v. SHILPI GUPTA & ORS. 235

5 SCC 247 ; Arathi Randi v. Randi Jagadrakshaka Rao A
and others (2013) 15 SCC 790 ; Ruchi M(Jjoo v. Sanjeev
Majoo (2011) 6 SCC 479 : [ 2011] 7 SCR 674 -
referred to.

Mark T. Mckee v. Evelyn Mckee (1951) AC 352
(PC) ; L (minors) (Wardship: Jurisdiction). In. re B
(1974) 1 WLR 250 (CA) - referred to.

Case Law Reference

[2015] 4 SCR 903 referred to Para 14
c
[1997] 5 Suppl. SCR 30 referred to Para 16

[2000] l SCR 915 referred to Para 16

(2017) 8 sec 454 relied on Para 19 D
[2009] 16 SCR 287 referred to Para 20

[2009] 15 SCR 960 referred to Para 20

[1987] l SCR 175 referred to Para 20 E
(2001) 5 sec 247 referred to Para 22

(2013) 15 sec 790 referred to Para 25

[2011] 7 SCR 674 referred to Para 31 F
CRIMIN >\L APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal
No. 968 of2017.

From the Judgment and Order dated 29.04.2016 of the High Court
of Delhi at New Delhi in W.P. (Crl.) No.1003 of2016. G

Ms. Binu Tamta, Dhruv Tamta, Advs. for the Appellant.

N. S. Dalal, D. P. Singh, R. C. Kaushik, Advs. for the Respondents.

H
236 SUPRE~ COURT REPORTS [2017] 13 S.C.R.

A The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
AMITAVA ROY, J. 1. By the impugned judgment and order
dated29.04.2016 rendered by the High Court of Delhi, in a writ petition
filed by the respondent No. I seeking a writ in the nature of habeas
corpus, the appellant-father has been directed to hand over the custody
B of the child, Master Aadvik, aged about 5 years to respondent No. I -
mother. The appellant-father is in assailment of this determination and
seeks the remedial intervention of this Court. By order dated 03.05.2016,
the operation of the impugned verdict was stayed and as the said
arrangement was continued thereafter from time to time, the custody of
the child as on date has remained with the appellant. The orders passed
c by this Court though attest its earnest endeavour to secure a reconciliation
through interactions with the parents and the child, the efforts having
failed, the appeal is being disposed of on merits.
2. We have heard Ms. Binu Tamta, learned counsel for the appellant
and Mr. N.S. Dalal, learned counsel for the respondent No. 1 (hereafter
D to be referred to as "respondent").
3. A skeletal outline of the factual backdrop is essential. The
appellant and the respondent who married on 20.01.2010 in accordance
with the Hindu rites at New Delhi had shifted to the United States of
America (for short, hereafter referred to as 'U.S.'), as the appellant
E was already residing and gainfully employed there prior to the nuptial
alliance. In due course, the couple was blessed with two sons, the elder
being Aadvik born on 28.09.2012 and the younger, Samath born on
10 .09.2014. As adverted to hereinabove, the present !is is with regard to
the custody of Master Aadvik, stemming from an application under Article
F 226 of the Constitution oflndia filed by the respondent alleging illegal
'artd unlawful keeping of him by the appellant and that too in violation of
the orders passed by the Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court of Fairfax
County, passed on 28.05.2015 and 20.10.2015 directing him to return the
child to the Commonwealth ofVirginia and to the custody and control of
the respondent.
G
4. The pleaded facts reveal that the child resided with the parents
from his birth till 07.11.2014 and thereafter from07.1 l.2014 till 06.03.2015
with the respondent-mother in the United States. This is so, as in view of
irreconcilable marital issues, as alleged by the respondent, particularly
due to the volatile temperament and regular angry outbursts of the
H appellant often in front of the child, the parties separated on or about
PRATEEK GUPTA v. SHILPI GUPTA & ORS. 237
[AMITAVA ROY, J.)

15.11.2014. Prior thereto, the appellant had on 08.11.2014 left for India A
leaving behind the respondent and her children in U.S. He returned on
18.01.2015 to the U.S., but the parties continued to live separately, the
respondent with her children. The appellant however, made short time
visits in between and on one such occasion i.e. on 24.01.2015, he took
along with himAadvik, representing that he would take him for a short B
while to the Dulles Mall. According to the respondent, she did not suspect
any foul play and pennitted the child to accompany his father, but to her
dismay though assured, the appellant did not return with the child in spite
of fervent insistences and implorations of the mother. As alleged by the
respondent, the appellant thus separated the child from her from
24.01.2015 to 07.03.2015 in a pretentious and cruel move, seemingly C
acting on a nefarious strategy which surfaced when on 07.03.2015, the
appellant left U.S. with the child to India without any prior infonnation
or pennission or consent of hers.
5. Situated thus, the respondent approached Juvenile and Domestic
Relations Court Fairfax County, for its intervention and for that, on D
15.05.2015, she filed "Emergency Motion For Return of Minor Child
and Established Temporary Custody''.
6. On the next date fixed i.e. 19.05.2015, after the service of the
process on the appellant, his counsel made a "special appearance" to
contest the service. On the date thereafter i.e. 28.05.2015, he however E
informed the court that he was not contesting the service upon the
appellant, whereupon hearing the counsel for the parties at length and
also noticing the plea on behalf of the appellant that he intended to return
with the child in U.S. and that the delay was because of his mother's
illness, the U.S. Court passed the following order:
F
"IN THE JUVENILE & DOMESTIC RELATIONS DISTRICT
COURT FOR FAIRFAX COUNTRY

SHILPI GUPTA IN re: Aadvik Gupta
D.O.B. September 28, 2012
G
Petitioner
Case No. JJ 431468-01-00 ·
Vs.

Prateek Gupta
Respondent H
238 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2017) 13 S.C.R.

A ORDER

This cause came before this Court on the 19" May, 2015, upon
the petitioner Shilpi Gupta's verified motion for return of minor
child and to establish temporary custody;
B
It appearing to the Court that this Court has proper jurisdiction
over the parties to this action pursuant to the Uniform Child Custody
Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act, more specifically 20-146.24
and 20-146.32 of the Code of Virginia, 1950, as amended.
c It further awearing to the Court that it is in the best interest of the
child, Aadvik Gupta, (hereinafter "Aadvik"l born on September
28, 2012, that he be immediately returned to the custody of the
petitioner and to the Commonwealth ofVrrginia pending any further
order of this Court and that good cause exists with which to require
that the petitioner take immediate possession of the child by all
D means necessary. It is therefore adjourned and ordered as follows:
I. Custody: The petitioner Shilpi Gupta, is hereby granted sole
legal and physi~al custody ofthe minor child,Aadvik Gupta, pending
further order qf this Court.
2. Return of the Child: That the respondent, Prateek Gupta, is
E
hereby ordered to inunediately returnAadvik to the Commonwealth
of Virginia, and to the custody and control of the petitioner or her
agents. Thereafter, the respondent shall not remove the child
from the Commonwealth of Virginia under any circumstances
without further order of the Court.
F
3. Enforcement: That the all law enforcement agencies and
related agencies (including but not limited to Police Department(s),
Sheriff's Deparnnent(s), U.S. State Department, Federal Bureau
of Investigations) are hereby directed to assist and/or facilitate
the transfer of Aadvik to the petitioner, if necessary, including
G taking the child into custody from anyone who has possession of
him and placing him in the physical custody of the petitioner.
4. Passport: That once the child has been returned to Virginia,
any and all ofAadvik 's passports must be immediately surrendered
to the petitioner where it will be held until further order of this
H Court.
PRATEEK GUPTA v. SHILPI GUPTA & ORS. 239
[AMITAVA ROY, J.]

5. Removal from the Commonwealth ofVirginia: That all relevant A
and/or local law enforcement agencies shall do whatever possible
to prevent the removal of Aadvik Gupta, from the Commonwealth
ofVirginia except at the direction of the petitioner, Shilpi Gupta.
And this cause is continued.
Entered this 28 day ofMay, 2015. B
Sci/-
Judge"
7. Thereby, the Court in U.S. being satisfied that it had the proper
jurisdiction over the parties to the action before it and also being of the
opinion that it was in the best interest of the child, that he be returned to C
the custody of the respondent and to the Commonwealth of Virginia
pending further orders, and that being convinced that good cause existed
to require that the respondent-mother take_immediate possession of the
child by all means necessary, granted sole legal and physical custody of
the child to the respondent pending further orders of the Court. The D
appellant was directed to immediately return the child to the
Commonwealth of Virginia and to the custody and control of the
respondent or her agents with a further restraint on him not to remove
the child from the Commonwealth of Virginia under any circumstance
without the furtherorderofthe Court. Thereby, all law enforcement and
related agencies as mentioned in the order were directed to assist and/ E
or facilitate the transfer of the child to the respondent, if necessary by
taking the child into custody from anyone who had his possession and by
placing him in the physical custody of the respondent.
8. As the records laid before this Court would divulge, the appellant
meanwhile on 26.05.2015 filed a petition for restitution of conjugal rights F
under Section 9 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1956 (as amended) and also
a petition under Section 7(b) of the Guardian and Wards Act, 1890 in the
court of the Principal Judge, Family Court, Rohini, Delhi seeking a decree
for restitution of conjugal rights between the parties and for a declaration
that he was the sole and permanent guardian of the child, respectively. G
Subsequent thereto on 26.08.2015 he also instituted a suit in the High
Court of Delhi at New Delhi praying for a decree inter alia to adjudge
the proceedings initiated by the respondent in the court in U.S. to be
false, malicious, vexatious, oppressive and nullis juris, being without
jurisdiction and also to declare the order dated 28.05.2015 with regard to
H
240 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 13 S.C.R.

A the return of the child to the custody of the respondent-mother to be also
null and void and not binding on him. A decree for permanent injunction
against the respondent, her agents etc. from pursuing her proceedings
before the court in U.S. was also sought for. The orders, if any, passed
in these proceedings instituted by the appellant having a bearing on those
pursued by the respondent before the court in U.S. are however not on
B
record and we therefore refrain from making any comment thereon.
Suffice is to state that the lodging of the proceedings by the appellant in
courts in India demonstrates in unambiguous terms, his knowledge about
the /is in the Co\lfl in U.S. and the order dated 28.08.2015, interim though,
directing him to return the custody of the child immediately to the
c respondent-mother and to the Commonwealth ofVtrginia, pending further
orders.
9. Be that as it may, the court in U.S. on 20.10.2015 noticing
inter alia that the appellant had refused to return the child to the U.S.
and to the custody of the respondent in direct violation ofits earlier order
D dated 28.05.2015, ordered that the respondent be granted sole, legal
and physical custody of the child and also declared that no visitation be
granted to the appellant. It was further directed that if either party
intended to relocate his or her residence, he/she would have to give 30
days' advance written notice of any such intended relocation and of any
intended change in address to the other party and the court. The
E proceedings concluded with the observation "This cause is final". For
immediate reference the proceedings of 20.l 0.2015 is also extracted
hereinbelow:
"IN THE JUVENILE & DOMESTIC RELATIONS
DISTRICT COURT FOR FAIRFAX COUNTY
F
Shilpi Gupta In re: Aadvik Gupta
D.O.B. September 28, 2012

Petitioner

G Case No. JJ431468-0l-00/02-00
Vs.
Prateek Gupta
Respondent
H
PRATEEK GUPTA v. SHILPI GUPTA & ORS. 241
[AMITAVA ROY, J.]

CUSTODY AND VISITATION ORDER A
This cause came before this Court on the 20th day of October,
2015, upon the petitioner Shilpi Gupta's petitions for custody and
visitation ofAadvik Gupta.
It appearing to the Court that it has jurisdiction over the parties
and the subject matter of the above-stvled matter; B

It further appearing to the Court that the respondent, Prateek
Gupta. unilaterally removed Aadvik Gupta to India without notice
to or consent of the petitioner, and has further refused to return
said child to the United States and into the custody of the petitioner
in direct violation of this Court's order entered on May 28. 2015. C
Having considered all of the factors of20-124.3 of the Code of
Virginia, 1950, as amended, it is hereby:
Adjudged and ordered that petitioner is granted sole legal and
physical custody of Aadvik Gupta: it is further.
D
Adjudged and ordered that no visitation is granted to the
respondent at this time: and it is further:
Adjudged and ordered that pursuant to 20-124.5 of the Code of
Virginia, 1950 as amended, either party who intends to relocate
his or her residence shall give thirty-days advance written notice E
of any such intended relocation and of any intended change of
address, said notice being given to both the other party and to this
Court.
This cause is final
Entered this 20'" day of October, 2015." F

10. Mentionably, before the order dated 20.10.2015 was passed,
the respondent in the face of deliberate non-compliance of the order
dated28.05.2015 of the court in U.S. had filed a contempt petition before
it and the copy thereof was served on the appellant asking him to show
cause. It is also a matter ofrecord that the order dated 28.05.2015 of G
the court in U.S. had been published in the daily "The Washington Times"
on 03.09.2015, whereafter the order dated 20.10.2015 was passed in
the presence of the counsel for the appellant after affording the
respondent due hearing, whereupon the counsel of the appellant signed
H
242 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 13 S.C.R.

A the order with the following endorsement "objected to for returning the
child to mother sole legal and physical custody". The proceedings of the
order dated 20.10.2015 would also testify that he failed to appear even
after personal service. That the notice of the proceedings in U.S. Court
at both the stages had been served on the appellant is a minuted fact. It
was in this eventful backdrop, that the respondent invoked the writ
8
jurisdiction of the High Court of Delhi seeking a writ of habeas corpus
against the appellant for the custody of the child alleging its illegal and
unlawful charge by him.
11. In reinforcement of her imputations, the respondent elaborated
that the child was an American citizen by birth, Virginia being his home
c State and that in spite ofthe order(s) of a court of competent jurisdiction,
the appellant had illegally detained him. Various correspondences made
by her with different authorities seeking their intervention and assistance
as the last resort before approaching the Writ Court were highlighted.
12. In refutation, it was pleaded on behalf of the appellant that the
D petition for a writ in the nature of habeas corpus was misconceived in
absence of any imminent danger of the life or physical or moral well-
being of the child. Referring to, amongst others the proceedings initiated
by him under the Guardian and Wards Act, 1890 which was pending
adjudication, it was asserted on his behalf that as the same assured
E effective and efficacious remedy in law, the prayer in the writ petition
ought to be declined. It was insisted as well that as the issue of the
custody of the child was involved, a summary adjudication thereof was
unmerited and that a proper trial was the imperative. Apart from referring
to the reasons for the acrimonious orientation of the parties, the initiatives
and efforts made by him and his family members to fruitlessly effect a
F resolution of the differences, were underlined. It was maintained on his
behalf that the parties however, as an interim arrangement made on
24.01.20 l 5 had agreed to live separately with each parent keeping one
child in his/her custody and that in terms thereof Aadvik, the minor whose
custody is in dispute, was given in charge of the appellant. Institution
G and pendency of the other proceedings before the Indian Courts were
also cited to oppose the relief of the writ of habeas corpus. It was
contended as well that the respondent being a single working woman,
she would not, in any view of the matter, be capable of appropriately
looking after both the children.

H
PRATEEK GUPTA v. SHILPI GUPTA & ORS. 243
[AMITAVA ROY, J.]

13. In rejoinder, it was asserted on behalf of the respondent that A
the proceedings instituted by the appellant were all subsequent to the
one commenced by her in the court in U.S. on 15.05.2015 and in the
face of the final order(s) passed, directing return of custody of the child
to her and the Commonwealth of Virginia, the continuance of the child
with the appellant was apparently illegal and unauthorized, warranting
B
the grant of writ of habeas corpus.
14. The High Court, as the impugned judgment would evince, after
traversing the recorded facts, amongst others took note of the disinclination
of the respondent-wife to join the company of her husband in India
because of his alleged past conduct and the trauma and torture suffered
by her, a plea duly endorsed by her father present in court, granted the c
writ as prayed for. While rejecting the contention of the appellant that no
orders ought to be passed in the writ petition in view of the pendency of
the three proceedings initiated by him in India, the High Court seemed to
place a decisive reliance on the decision of this Court in Surya Vadanan
vs. State of Tamil Nadu & Ors., 1 and after subscribing to the principle D
of "comity of courts" and the doctrines of "most intimate contact" and
"closest concern" returned the finding, in the prevailing factual setting,
that the domestic court had much less concern with the child as against
the foreign court which had passed the order prior in time. It observed
further that no special or compelling reason had been urged to ignore the
principle of comity of courts which predicated due deference to the E
orders passed by the U.S. Court, more particularly when the appellant
was represented before it through his counsel and had submitted to its
jurisdiction. It was held that as the child remained in the U.S. since birth
upto March, 2015, it could be safely construed that he was accustomed
to and had adapted himself to the social and cultural milieu different
F
from that of India. It was observed that no plea had been raised on
behalf of the appellant that the foreign court was either incompetent or
incapable of exercising its jurisdiction or had not rendered a reasonable
or fair decision in the best interest of child and his best welfare. In the
textual facts, the conclusion of the High Court was that the most intimate
contact with the parties and their children was of the court in U.S. which G
did have the closest concern for their well-being.
15. Having determined thus, the High Court directed the appellant
to produce the child in court on the date fixed for consequential handing
over of his custody to the respondent.
'(2015) 5 sec 450 H
244 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 13 S.C.R.

A 16. In the process of impeachment of the impugned ruling of the
High Court, the learned counsel for the appellant at the threshold has
assiduously questioned the maintainability of the writ proceeding for
habeas corpus. According to the learned counsel, in the attendant facts
and ci:rcumstances, the custody of the child of the appellant who is the
bioloi,>ical fatber can by no means be construed as illegal or unlawful and
B
thus the writ proceeding is mi<conceived. Further the appellant being in-
charge of the child on the basis of an agreement between the parties,
which also stands corroborated by various SMS and e-mails exchanged
between them during the period from January, 2015 to 07.03.2015, the
departure of the appellant with the child from the U.S. to India and its
c custody with him is authorized and approved in law. The learned counsel
argued as well that during the interregnum, after the appellant had returned
to India with the child, the couple had been in touch with each other with
interactions about the well-being of the child and thus in law and on
facts, there is no cause of action whatsoever for the writ of habeas
corpus as prayed for. That in passing the impugned order, the High Court
D
had visibly omitted to analyze the perspectives pertinent for evaluating
the interest or welfare of the child has been underlined to urge that on
that ground alone, the assailed ruling is liable to be interfered with. The
learned counsel dismissed any binding effect of the order of the U.S.
Court on the ground that the same had been obtained by the respondent
E by resorting lo fraud in withholding the relevant facts from it and
deliberately projecting wrongly that the safety of the child was in danger
in the custody of the appellant. The order of the court in U.S. having
thus been obtained by resorting to fraud, it is non est in law, she urged.
Even otherwise, India being not a signatory to the Hague Convention of
"The Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction", the order of the
F U.S. Court was not per se enforceable qua the appellant and as in any
view of the matter, the principle of comity of courts was subject to the
paramount interest and welfare of the child, the High Court had fallen in
error in relying on the rendition of this Court in Surya Vardanan 1 which
in any event, was of no avail to the respondent in the singular facts of
G the case. According to the learned counsel, the parties arc Indian nationals
and citizens having Indian passports and they are only residents ofU. S.
on temporary work visa. It has been argued that the respondent is all
alone in U.S. with the younger child on a temporary work visa which
would expire in 2017 and her parents and other family members are all
in India. It has been pleaded as well that when the child was brought to
H
PRATEEK GUPTA v. SHILPI GUPTA & ORS. 245
[AMITAVA ROY, J.]

India by the appellant, he was aged 2\1, years, by which age he could not A
be considered to have been accustomed and adapted to the lifestyle in
U.S. for the application of the doctrines of"intimate contact" and "closest
concern" by a court of that country. According to the learned counsel,
the child after his return to India, has been admitted to a reputed school
and has accustomed himself to a desired congenial family environment,
B
informed with love and affection, amongst others of his grand-parents
for which it would be extremely harsh to extricate him herefrom and
lodge him in an alien setting, thus adversely impacting upon the process
of his overall grooming. That the removal of the child by the appellant to
India had not been in defiance of any order of the court in U.S. and that
the issue, more particularly with regard to his custody as per the Indian c
law is presently pending in a validly instituted proceeding here has also
been highlighted in endorsement ofthe challenge to the impugned judgment
and order. The decisions of this Court in Dhanwanti Joshi vs. Madhav
Unde1, Sarita Sharma vs. Sushi/ Sharma' and Surya Vadanan 1 have
been adverted to in·consolidation of the above arguments.
D
17. In his contrasting response, the learned counsel for the
respondent, while edifying the sanctified status of a mother and her
revered role qua her child in its all round development, urged with
reference to the factual background in which the child had been removed
from his native country, that his continuing custody with the appellant is
patendy illegal and unauthorized besides being ruthless and inconsiderate E
vis-a-vis the respondent-mother and his youni;er sibling. Heavily relying
on the determination ofthis Court in Surya Vadanan 1, the learned counsel
has insisted that the High Court had rightfy invoked the principle of comity
of courts and the doctrines of"intimate contact" and "closest concern"
and therefore, no interference is called for in the ultimate interest and F
well-being of the child. It was urged that the orders passed by the court
in U.S. directing the return of the child to the custody of the respondent
and the Commonwealth of Virginia is perfectly legal and valid, the same
having b,een rendered after affording due opportunity to the appellant -
and also on an adequate appreciation of the aspects bearing on the welfare
of the child. The orders thus being binding on the appellant, the defiance G
thereof is inexcusable in law and only displays a conduct unbecoming of
a father to justify retention of the custody of the child in disobedience of
the process oflaw. The High Court as well on a due consideration of the

"1998) 1sec112
'(2000) 3 sec 14 H
246 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 13 S.C.R.

A facts and the law involved had issued its writ for return of the custody of
the child to the respondent after affording a full-fledged bearing to both
the parties for which no interference is warranted, he urged. The learned
counsel however denied that there was ever any agreement or
understanding between the couple, under which they agreed that each
parent would have the custody of one child as represented by the
B
appellant. In the case in hand as a final order has been passed by the
court in U.S. with regard to the custody of the child in favour of the
respondent after discussing all relevant aspects, the impugned order of
the High Court being in conformance with the letter and spirit thereof,
no interference is merited, he urged. While placing heavy reliance on
c the decision of this Court in Surya Vadanan 1 , it was also insisted that
the return of the elder child to the custody of the mother was indispensably
essential also for the proper growth and grooming of the younger child in
his company and association, sharing the common bond oflove, affection
and concern.
D 18. The recorded facts and the contentious assertions have received
our due attention. A bricfrccapitulation of the state oflaw on the issue
at the outset is the desideratum.
19. A three Judge Bench of this Court in Nithya Anand Raghavan
vs. State (NCT of Delhi) and another' did have the occasion to
exhaustively nevisit the legal postulations qua the repatriation of a minor
E child removed by one of the parents from the custody of the other parent
from a foreign country to India and its retention in the face of an order
of a competent foreign court directing its return to the place of abode
from which it bad been displaced. The appeal before this Court arose
from a decision of the High Court in a Writ Petition filed by the father
F alleging that the minor daughter of the parties had been illegally removed
from his custody in United Kingdom (for short, hereafter referred to as
"UK"), thus seeking a writ of habeas corpus for her production. By the
verdict impugned, the High Court directed the appellant-mother therein
to produce the minor child and to comply with an earlier order passed by
the High Court of Justice, Family Division, Principal Registry, United
G Kingdom within three weeks or in the alternative to handover the custody
of the daughter to the respondent-father therein within that time. The
proceeding in which the Court in the UK had passed the order dated
08.01.2016 had been initiated by the respondent/father after the appellant/
mother had returned to India with the minor.
H '(2017) s sec 454
PRATEEK GUPTA v. SHILPI GUPTA & ORS. 247
[AMITAVA ROY, J.]

20. A brief outline of the factual details, would assist better the A
comprehension of the issues addressed therein. The parties to start with,
were Indian citizens and were married as per the Hindu rites and customs
on 30.11.2006 which was registered before the SOM Court, Chennai,
whereafter on the completion of the traditional formalities, they shifted
to U .K. in early 2007 and set up their matrimonial home in Watford B
(U.K.). Differences surfaced between them so much so that as alleged
by the wife, she was subjected to physical and mental abuse. She having
conceived in and around December, 2008, left U.K. for Delhi in June,
2009 to be with her parents and eventually was blessed with a girl child,
Nethra in Delhi. The husband soon joined the mother and the child in
Delhi whereafter, they together left for U.K. in March, 2010. Skipping C
over the intervening developments, suffice it to state that the mother
with the child who had meanwhile been back on a visit to India, returned
to London in December, 2011, whereafter the minor was admitted in a
Nursery School in U.K. in January, 2012. In December, 2012, the
daughter was granted citizenship of U.K. and subsequent thereto, the
0
husband also acquired the same. Meanwhile from late 2014 till early
2015, the daughter was taken ill and was diagnosed to be suffering from
cardiac disorder for which she was required to undergo periodical medical
reviews. As imputed by the wife, the father however, dis-played total
indifference to the daughter's health condition. Finally on 02.07.2015,
the appellant-mother returned to India along with the daughter because E
ofalleged violent behavior of the respondent and also informed the school
that the ward would not be returning to U.K. for her well-being and
safety.
The appellant thereafter filed a complaint on 16.12.2015 against
the respondent with the Crime Against Women Cell, New Delhi, which F
issued notice to the respondent and his parents to appear before it.
According to the appellant, neither the respondent nor his parents did
respond to the said notice and instead as a counter-blast, he filed a custody/
wardship petition on 08.01.2006 before the High Court of Justice, Family
Division, U.K. praying for the restoration of his daughter to the jurisdiction
of that Court. The Court in U.K. on 08.01.2016 passed an ex-parte G
order inter alia directing the appellant to return the daughter to U.K.
and to attend the hearing of the proceedings. Within a fortnight therefrom,
the respondent also filed a writ petition before the High Court of Delhi
against the appellant-wife seeking a writ of habeas corpus for production
H
248 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 13 S.C.R.

A of the minor before the Court. By the impugned Judgment and Order,
the High Court directed the appellant to produce the daughter and comply
with the orders passed by the U.K. Court or hand over the minor to the
respondent-father within three weeks therefrom.
Assailing this determination, it was urged on behalf of the appellant
B inter alia that the High Court had wrongly assigned emphasis on the
principle of comi1Y of courts in complete disregard of the paramount
interest and welfa¢ of the child, more particularly in view ofthe vicious
environment at het matrimonial home in U.K. in which she (appellant)
had been subjected to physical and verbal abuse and had even placed
the child at risk with his behaviour. The fact that India not being a
c signatory to the Hague Convention intended to prevent parents from
abducting children across the borders, the principle of comity of courts
did not merit precedence over the welfare of the child, an aspect
overlooked by the High Court, was underlined. It was asserted that the
impugned order did also disregard the parens patriae jurisdiction of the
D Indian court within whose jurisdiction the child was located as well as
the welfare of the child in question in mechanically applying the principle
of comity of courts: That though the welfare of the child in situations of
the like as well, is· of paramount consideration, this Court in Shilpa
Aggarwal vs. Aviral Mittal and another' and in Surya Vadanan' had
deviated from this governing precept and had directed the child and
E mother to return to the jurisdiction of the foreign court by mis-interpreting
the concept of 'intimate contact' ofthe child with the place of repatriation,
was highlighted for reconsideration of the views expressed therein. It
was urged that the decision in Surya Vadanan' had a chilling effect of
assigning dominance to the principle of comity of courts over the welfare
F of a child, which mentionably undermined the perspective of the child,
thus encouraging multiplicity of proceedings
It was insistingly canvassed that the view adopted in Surya
Vadanan' was in direct conflict with an earlier binding decision in V.
Ravi Chandran (Dr. I vs. Union ofIndia and others' in which a three-
J11rl~'.::' G:·:-;._·:. ;,;.~ t.,1;,-.~v:-!'.::iJ1y held that under no circullliitance can the
:•n"c1ple of wdfare of the child be eroded and that a child can seek
refuge under the parens patriae jurisdiction of the Court. While
dismissing the initiative of the respondent before the UK Court to be one
'<201oi 1sec591
6
H (2010) 1sec174
PRATEEK GUPTA v. SHILPI GUPTA & ORS. 249
[AMITAVA ROY, J.]

in retaliation of the appellant's allegation of abuse and violence and A
noticeably after she had filed a complaint with the Crime Against Women
Cell (CAWC), New Delhi, it was also urged that the U.K. Court had
passed ex parte order without affording any opportunity to her to present
her case. It was canvassed further that the writ petition filed by the
respondent seeking a writ of habeas corpus which is envisaged for urgent B
and immediate relief was also a designed stratagem of his bordering on
the abuse of the process of the court and thus ought to have been
discouraged by the High Court. It was underlined as well that the High
Court in passing the impugned direction had also overlooked that the
respondent had defaulted in the discharge of his parental duty towards
the child, who was suffering from serious health problems, thus C
compromising in all respects the supervening consideration of overall
well-being of the child.
In refutation, it was maintained on behalf of the respondent that
the child was a British citizen and brought up in U .K. and as he had
acquired its citizenship and the appellant was also a permanent resident D
ofU.K., they had the abiding intention to permanently settle there along
with the child and thus the U .K. Court had the closest concern and
intimate contact with the child as regards her welfare and custody and
thus indubitably had the jurisdiction in the matter. It was urged on behalf
of the respondent by referring amongst others to the rendering in Surya
Vadanan' that the child had clearly adapted to the social and cultural E
milieu of U.K. and thus it was in its best interest to be rehabilitated
there. That there was no material to suggest that the return of the child
to U .K. would result in psychological, physical or cultural harm to her or
that the U .K. Court was incompetent to take a decision in the interest
and welfare of the child, was underlined. It was insisted as well that F
there was no compelling reason for the High Court to ignore the principle
of comity of court.; ;::Jd that as acknowledged by the High Court, better
medical facilities were available in U.K. to treat the child. The steps
taken by the respondent towards the child's boarding and travelling
expenses together with the expenditure incurrable for the school and
other incidental aspects and his undertaKing not to pursue any criminal G
proceeding against the appellant for kidnapping the child with the avowed
desire of reinstating his home was highlighted to demonstrate his bona
tides. That there was no delay on the part of the respondent in filing the
writ petition, which he did immediately after coming to learn that the
H
250 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 13 S.C.R.

A appellant was disipclined to return the child to U.K., was stressed upon
as well.
In this disputatious orientation, this Court premised its adjudication
on the necessity to comply with the direction issued by the foreign court
against the appellant to produce the minor child before the U.K. Court
B where the issue regarding wardship was pending for consideration and
also to ascertain as to which Court could adjudicate the same.
While recalling that the concept of forum convenience has no
place is wardship jurisdiction, this Court at the outset dwelt upon the
efficacy of the principle of comity of courts as applicable to India in
c respect of child custody matters and for that purpose, exhaustively
traversed the relevant decisions on the issue. It referred to the verdict
in Dhanwanti Joshi1, which recorded the enunciation of the Privy
Council in Mark T. Mckee vs. Evelyn Mckee', which in essence
underlined the paramountcy of the consideration of welfare and happiness
of the infant to be of decisive bearing in the matter of deciding its custody
D with the observation that comity of courts demanded not its enforcement
but its grave consideration. In that case, a decree of divorce was passed
in USA and custody of the child was given to the father and later varied
in favour of the mother. At that stage, the father took away the child to
Canada, whereafter in the habeas corpus proceedings by the mother,
E though initially the decisions of the lower courts went against her, the
Supreme Court of Canada gave her custody and the said Court held that
the father could not have the question of custody retried in Canada once
the question was adjudicated in favour of the mother in the U.S.A. earlier.
The above observation was made by the Privy Council on appeal to it
which held that in the proceedings relating to the custody before the
F Canadian Court, the welfare and happiness of the infant was of paramount
consideration and the order of a foreign court in USA as to the custody
can be given due weight in the circumstances of the case but such an
order of a foreign court was only one of the factors which must be taken
into consideration. The duty of the Canadian Court to form any
G independent judgment on tbe merits of the matter with regard to the
welfare of the child was emphasized. It recorded as well that this view
was sustained in L (minors) (Wardship: Jurisdiction), In. re•, which
reiterated that the limited question which arose in the latter decisions

"I95l)AC 352 (PC)
H '(1974) I WLR 250 iCA)
PRATEEK GUPTA v. SHILPI GUPTA & ORS. 251
[AMITAVA ROY, J.]

was whether the court in the country in which the child was removed A
could conduct (a) summary enquiry or (b) an elaborate enquiry in the
question of custody. It was explicated that in case of (a) a summary
enquiry, the court would return custody to the country from which the
child was removed unless such return could be shown to be hannful to
the child and in case of (b) an elaborate enquiry, the court could go into
B
the merits to determine as to where the permanent welfare lay and
ignore the order of the Foreign Court or treat the fact of removal of the
child from another country as only one of the circumstances and the
crucial question as to whether the court (in the country to which the
child is removed) would exercise the summary or elaborate procedure is
to be determined according to the child's welfare. It was indicated that c
the summary jurisdiction to return the child is invoked, for example, if
the child had been removed from its native land to another country where,
may be, his native language is not spoken, or the child gets divorced
from the social customs and contacts to which he has been accustomed,
or its education in his native land is interrupted and the child is being
D
subjected to a foreign system of education, for these are all acts which
could psychologically disturb the child. It was mentioned as well that
the summary jurisdiction is exercised only if the court to which the child
has been removed is moved promptly and quickly, for in that event, the
Judge may he well persuaded that it will be hetterforthe child that those
facets be investigated in the court in his native country on the expectation E
that an early decision in the native country could be in the interest of the
child before it would develop roots in the country to which he had been
removed. It was expounded in the alternative, that the Court might as
well think of conducting an elaborate enquiry on merits and have regard
to the other facts of the case and the time that has elapsed after the
F
removal of the child and consider, if it would be in the interest of the
child not to have it returned from the country to which it had been
removed, so much so that in such an eventuality, the unauthorized removal
of the child from the native country would not come in the way of the
court in the country to which the child has been removed, to ignore the
removal and independently consider whether the sending back of the G
child to its native country would be in the paramount interest of the child.
This Court recalled its mandate in Elizabeth Dinshaw vs. Arvand
M. Dinshaw &Anr. 9, directing the father of the child therein, who had

'(1987) 1 sec 42 H
252 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 13 S.C.R.

A removed it from USA contrary to the custody orders of U.S. Court, to
repatriate it to USA to the mother not only because of the principle of
comity but also b~cause on facts, which on independent consideration
merited such restoration of the child to its native State, in its interest.
The following observations in Dhanwanti Joshi' qua the state oflaw
vis-a-vis the countries who are not the signatories of the Hague
B
Convention are of formidable significance and as noticed in NithyaAnand
Raghavan', are eictracted hereinbelow:
"33. So far as non-Convention countries are concerned. or where
the removal related to a period before adopting the Convention,
the law is that the court in the countrv to which the child is removed
c will consider the question on merits bearing the welfare of the
child as of paramount importance and consider the order of the
foreign court as only a factor to be taken into consideration as
stated in McKee v. McKee unless the Court thinks it fit to exercise
summarv jurisdiction in the interests of the child and its prompt
D return is for its welfare, as explained in Re [L. (Minors) (Wardship
: Jurisdiction). As recently as 1996-1997, it has been held in P. (A
minor) (Child Abduction: Non-Convention Country), Re: by Ward
, L.J. [1996 Current Law Year Book, pp. 165-166] that in deciding
whether to order the return of a child who has been abducted
from his or her country of habitual residence--which was not a
E party to the Hague Convention, 1980-the courts' overriding
consideration must be the child's welfare. There is no need for
the Judge to attempt to apply the provisions of Article 13 of the
Convention by ordering the child's return unles~ a grave risk of
harm was established. See also A. (A Minor) (Abduction: Non-
F Convention Country) [Re, The Times, 3-7-1997 by Ward, L.J.
(CA) (quoted in Current Law, August 1997, p. 13]. This answers
the contention relating to removal of the child from USA."
Here again the court in the country to which the child is removed
was required to consider the question on merits bearing on its welfare as
G of paramount significance and take note of the order ofthe foreign court
as only a factor to be taken into consideration as propounded in Mckee',
unless the court thought itfit to exercise the summary jurisdiction of the
child and its prompt return to its native country for its welfare. In
elaboration of the above exposition, this Court in Nithya Anand
Raghavan' propounded thus:
H
PRATEEK GUPTA v. SHILPI GUPTA & ORS. 253
[AMITAVA ROY, J.]

· "40. The Court has noted that India is not yet a signatory to the A
Hague Convention of 1980 on "Civil Aspects oflntemational Child
Abduction". As regards the non-Convention countries. the law is
that the court in the countrv to which the child has been removed
must consider the question on merits bearing the welfare of the
child as of paramount importance and reckon the order of the
B
foreign court as only a factor to be taken into consideration. unless
the court thinks it fit to exercise summary jurisdiction in the interests
of the child and its prompt return is for its welfare. In exercise of
summary jurisdiction. the court must be satisfied and of the opinion
that the proceeding instituted before it was in close proximitv and
filed promptly after the child was removed from his/her native C
state and brought within its territorial jurisdiction, the child has not
gained roots here and further that it will be in the child's welfare
to return to his native state because of the difference in language
spoken or social customs and contacts to which he/she has been
accustomed or such other tangible reasons. In such a case the
D
court need not resort to an elaborate inquiry into the merits of the
paramount welfare of the child but leave that inquiry to the foreign
court by directing return of the child. Be it noted that in exceptional
cases the court can still refuse to issue direction to return the
child to the native state and more particularly in spite of a pre-
existing order of the foreign court in that behalf, if it is satisfied E
that the child's return may expose him to a grave risk of harm.
This means that the courts in India, within whose jurisdiction the
minor has been brought must "ordinarily" consider the question
on merits. bearing in mind the welfare of the child as of paramount
importance whilst reckoning the pre-existing order of the foreign
F
court ifany as only one of the factors and not get fixated therewith.
In either situation-be it a summary inquiry or an elaborate
inquiry-the welfare of the child is of paramount consideration.
Thus, while examining the issue the courts in India are free to
decline the reliefof return of the child brought within its jurisdiction,
ifit is satisfied that the child is now settled in its new environment G
or ifit would expose the child to physical or psychological harm or
otherwise place the child in an intolerable position or ifthe child is
quite mature and objects to its return. We are in respectful
agreement with the aforementioned exposition."

H
254 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 13 S.C.R.

A The above excerpt would in no uncertain terms underscore the
predication that the courts in India, within whose jurisdiction the minor
has been brought "ordinarily" while examining the question on merits,
would bear in mind the welfare of the child as of paramount and
predominant importance while noting the preexisting order of the foreign
court, if any, as omly one of the factors and not get fixated therewith and
B
that in either situation, be it a summary enquiry or elaborate enquiry, the
welfare of the child is of preeminent and preponderant consideration, so
much so that in undertaking this exercise, the courts in India are free to
decline the relief of repatriation of the child brought within its jurisdiction,
if it is satisfied that it had settled in its new environment or that it would
c be exposed thereby to physical harm or otherwise, if it is placed in an
intolerable or unbearable situation or environment or if the child in a
given case, if matured, objects to its return.
Sustenance of this view was sought to be drawn from the verdict
of another three.Judge Bench of this Court in V. Ravichandran 6, as
D expressed in paragraphs 27 to 30 in the following terms:
"27 .... However, in view of the fact that the child had lived with
his mother in India for nearly twelve years, this Court held that it
would not exercise a summary jurisdiction to return the child to
the United States of America on the ground that its removal from
E USA in 1984 was contrary to the orders of US courts. It was also
held that whenever a question arises before a court pertaining to
the custody of a minor child, the matter is to be decided not on
considerations of the legal rights of the parties but on the sole and
predominant criterion of what would best serve the interest of the
minor."
F
(emphasis supplied)
Again in paras 29 and 30, the three-Judge Bench observed thus:
(SCC pp. 195-96)
"29. While dealing with a case of custody ofa child removed by a
G parent from one country to another in contravention of the orders
of the court where the parties had set up their matrimonial home,
the court in the country to which the child has been removed must
first consider the question whether the court could conduct an
elaborate enquiry on the question of custody or by dealing with
the matter summarily order a parent to return custody of the child
H
PRATEEK GUPTA v. SHILPI GUPTA & ORS. 255
[AMITAVA ROY, J.]

to the country from which the child was removed and all aspects A
relating to the child's welfare be investigated in a court in his own
country. Should the court take a view that an elaborate enquiry is
necessary, obviously the court is bound to consider the welfare
and happiness of the child as the paramount consideration and go
into all relevant aspects of welfare of the child including stabilitv
B
and securitv, loving and understanding care and guidance and full
development of the child's character, personality and talents. While
doing so, the order of a foreign court as to his custody may be
given due weight; the weight and persuasive effect of a foreign
judgment must depend on the circumstances of each case.
30. However, in a case where the court decides to exercise its c
jurisdiction summarily to return the child to his own country,
keeping in view the jurisdiction of the court in the native country
which has the closest concern and the most intimate contact with
the issues arising in the case, the court may leave the aspects
relating to the welfare of the child to be investigated by the court D
in his own native country as that could be in the best interests of
the child. The indication given in McKee v. McKee that there
may be cases in which it is proper for a court in one jurisdiction to
make an order directing that a child be returned to a foreign
jurisdiction without investigating the merits of the dispute relating
to the care of the child on the ground that such an order is in the E
best interests of the child has been explained in L. (Minors), In
re [L. (Minors) (Wardship : Jurisdiction), (1974) I WLR 250
(CA)} and the said view has been approved by this Court in
Dhanwanti Joshi [Dhanwanti Joshi. Similar view taken by
the Court of Appeal in H. (Infants) (1966) 1 WLR 381 has F
been approved by this Court in Elizabeth Dinshaw."
(emphasis supplied)
The quintessence of the legal exposition on the issue was succinctly
synopsised in the following terms:
G
"42. The consistent view of this Court is that ifthe child has been
brought within India, the courts in India may conduct: (a) summary
inquiry; or (b) an elaborate inquiry on the question of custody. In
the case of a summary inquiry, the court !llay deem it fit to order
return of the child to the country from where he/she was removed
H
256 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 13 S.C.R.

A unless such return is shown to·be harmful to the child. In other
words, even in the matter of a summary inquiry, it is open to the
court to decline the reliefofreturn of the child to the country from
where he/she was removed irrespective of a pre-existing order
of return of the child by a foreign court. In an elaborate inquir),
the court is obliged to examine the merits as to where the paramount
B
interests and welfare of the child lay and reckon the fact of a pre-
existing order of the foreign court for return of the child as only
one of the circumstances. In either case, the crucial question to
be considered by the court (in the country to which the child is
removed) is to answer the issue according to the child's welfare.
c That has to be done bearing in mind the totality of facts and
circumstances of each case independently. Even on close scrutiny
of the several decisions pressed before us, we do not find any
contra view in this behalf. To put it differently, the principle of
comity of courts cannot be given primacy or more weightage for
deciding the matter of custody or for return of the child to the
D
native State."
21. Thus the state of law as approved in Nithya Anand
Raghavan' is that if a child is brought from a foreign country, being its
native country to India, the court in India may conduct (a) summary
enquiry, or (b) an elaborate enquiry on the question of custody, if called
E
for. ln the case of a summary enquiry, the court may deem it fit to order
the return of the child to the country from where he/she has been removed
unless such return is shown to be harmful to the child. Axiomatically
thus, even in case of a summary enquiry, it is open to the court to decline
the relief of return of the child to the country from where he/she has
F been removed hTespective of a pre-existing order of return of a child by
a foreign court, in case it transpires that its repatriation would be harmful
to it. On the other hand, in an elaborate enquiry, the court is obligated to
examine the merits as to where the paramount interest and welfare of
the child lay and take note of the pre-existing order of the foreign court
for the return of the child as only one of the circumstances. As a
G corollary, in both the eventualities whether the enquiry is summary or
elaborate, the court would be guided by the pre-dominant consideration
of welfare of the child assuredly on an overall consideration on all
attendant facts and circumstances. In other words, the principle of comity
of courts is not to be accorded a yielding primacy or dominance over the
H
PRATEEK GUPTA v. SHILPI GUPTA & ORS. 257
[AMITAVA ROY, J.]

welfare and well-being of the child which unmistakeably is of paramount A
and decisive bearing.
22. This Court in Nithya Anand Raghavan4 also had to examine
as to whether a writ of habeas corpus was available to the father qua
the child which wa5 in the custody of the mother, more particularly in the
face of ex-parte order of the court in U.K. against her and directing her B
for its return to its native country by declaring it to remain as a ward of
that court during its minority or until further orders. This Court noted
that this order had remained not only unchallenged by the appellant mother
but also no application had been made by her before the foreign court
for its modification. This Court however was firstly of the view that this
order per se did not declare the custody of the minor with the appellant C
mother to be unlawful or that till it returned to England, its custody with
the mother had become or would be treated as unlawful inter alia for
the purposes of considering a petition for issuance of writ of Hebeas
Corpus. In this regard, the decision of this Court, amongst others in
Syed Saleemuddin vs. Dr. Rukhsana & Ors.'°, was adverted to, D
wherein it had been proclaimed that the principal duty of the court moved
for the issuance of writ of habeas corpus in relation to the custody of a
minor child is to ascertain whether such custody is unlawful or illegal
and whether the welfare of the child requires, that his present custody
should be changed and the child ought to be handed over to the care and
custody of any person. It was once again emphasized that while doing E
so, the paramount consideration must be, the welfare of the child.
The observation in Elizabeth Dinshaw' that in such matters,
the custody must be decided not by reference to the legal rights of the
parties but on the sole and predominant criterion as to what would best
serve the interest and welfare of the minor and thaf to that extent, the F
High Court would exercise its parens patriae jurisdiction, as the minor
is within its jurisdiction was reminisced. In the facts of the case also,
noting the supervening fact that the appellant was the biological mother
and natural guardian of the minor child, the remedy of writ of habeas
corpus invoked for enforcement of the directions of the foreign court G
was declined, however leaving the respondent/father to take recourse
to such other remedy as would be available in law for the enforcement
of the order passed by the foreign court for securing the custody of the
child. It was held that the appellant being the biological mother and natural
10
(2001) s sec 241 H
258 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017) 13 S.C.R.

A guardian of the child, it could be presumed that its custody with her was
lawful.

23. This Court in Nithya Anand Raghavan' next turned to the
contextual facts to record that the parents of the child were of Indian
origin and that the minor was an Indian citizen by birth as she was born
B in Delhi and that she had not given up her Indian citizenship though she
was granted UK citizenship subsequent thereto. That the child was
admitted to a prlmary school in UK in September 2013 and that she had
studied there in July 2015 was noted. It was mentioned as well that till
she accompanied her mother on 02.07.2015 to India, no proceeding of
any kind had been filed in the UK Court, either in relation to any
c matrimonial dispute between the parents or for her custody. In India, the
child had been living with her grand-parents and other family members
and relations unlike in U .K., where she lived in a nuclear family of three
with no other relatives. That she had been studying in India for last over
one year and had spent equal time in both the countries up to the first six
D years of her life was taken note of as well. This Court also expressed
that the child would be more comfortable and secured to live with her
mother here in India, who can provide her with motherly love, care,
guidance and the required upbringing for her desired grooming of
personality, character and faculties. That being a girl child, the custody,
company and guardianship of the mother was of utmost significance
E
was felt. It was also recorded that being a girl child of the age of about
seven years, she ought to be ideally in the company of her mother in
absence of circumstances that such association would be harmful to
her. That there was no restraint order passed by any court or aulh01ity
in U.K. before the child had travelled with her mother to India was
F accounted for as well. This Court noticed most importantly, that the
child was suffering from cardiac disorder, which warranted periodical
medical reviews and appropriate care and attention, which it felt could
be provided only by the mother as the respondent/father being employed
would not be in a position to extend complete and full attention to his
G daughter. That the appellant/mother had neither any intention to return
to UK nor according to her ifthe child returns to UK, she would be able
to secure the desired access to her to the child to provide care and
attention was noted in express terms. On an evaluation of the overall
facts and circumstances, this Court thus was of the unhesitant opinion
that it would be in the interest of the child to remain in the custody of her
H
PRATEEK GUPTA v. SHILPI GUPTA & ORS. 259
[AMITAVA ROY, J.]

mother and that her return to UK would prove harmful to her. While A
concluding thus, it was stated that this arrangement notwithstanding the
appellant/mother ought to participate in the proceedings before the UK ·
Court so long as it had the jurisdiction to adjudicate the matter before it.
It was observed as well that, as the scrutiny involved with regard to the
custody had arisen from a writ petition filed by the respondent/father for B
issuance of writ of a habeas corpus and not to decide the issue of grant
or otherwise of the custody of the minor, all relevant aspects would have
to be considered on their own merit in case a substantive proceeding for
custody is made before any court of competent jurisdiction, including in
India, independent of any observation made in the judgment.
c
To complete the narrative, the analysis of the other relevant
pronouncements rendered on the issue would be adverted to in seriatim.
In V. Ravi Chandra11 6 , a writ of habeas corpus for production of minor
son from the custody of his mother was sought for by his father. The
child was born in US and was an American citizen and was about eight
years of age when he was removed by the mother from U.S., in spite of D
her consent order on the issue of custody and guardianship of the minor
passed by the competent U.S. Court. The minor was given in the joint
custody to the parents and a restraint order was operating against the
mother when it was removed from USA to India. Prior to his removal,
the minor had spent few years in U.S .. All these factors weighed against E
the mother as is discernible from the decision, whereupon this Court
elected to exercise the summary jurisdiction in the interest of the child,
whereupon the mother was directed to return the child to USA within a
stipulated time.

24. In Shi/pa Aggarwal', the minor girl child involved was born F
in England having British citizenship and was only 3\1, years of age at
the relevant time. The parents had also acquired the status of permanent
residents ofU.K. In the facts and circumstances of the case, this Court
expressed its satisfaction that in the interest of the minor child, it would
be proper to return her to U.K. by applying the principle of comity of G
courts. The Court was also ofthe opinion thatthe issue regarding custody
of the child should be decided by the foreign court from whose jurisdiction
the child was removed and brought to India. A summary enquiry was
resorted to in the facts of the case.

H
260 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 13 S.C.R.

A 25. In Arathi Randi vs. Randi Jagadrakshaka Rao and
others 11 the minor involved was a male child who was born in USA and
had acquired the citizenship of that country by birth. The child was
removed from USA by the mother in spite of a restraint order and a red
corner notice operating against her had been issued by a court of
competent jurisdiction in USA. This Court therefore held that the facts
B
involved were identical to those in V. Ravi Chandran' and further noticed
that the mother of the child also had expressed her intention to return to
USA and live with her husband though the latter was not prepared to
cohabit with her.
26. In Surya Vadanan 1, the two minor girls aged IO years 6 years
c respectively were British citizens by birth. Following intense matrimonial
discords, the mother had left UK and had come to India with her two
daughters. She also instituted a proceeding in the Family Court at
Coimbatore seeking dissolution of marriage. The husband, finding the
wife to be unrelenting and disinclined to return to U.K. with her daughters.
D petitioned the High Court of Justice in U.K. for making the children as
the wards of the Court, which passed an order granting the prayer and
required the mother to return the children to its jurisdiction. This order
was passed even before any formal order could be passed on the petition
filed by the wife seeking divorce. This order was followed by another
orderofthe U.K. Court giving peremptory direction to the wife to produce
E the two daughters before the U.K. Court and was supplemented by a
penal notice to her. It was thereafter that the husband moved the Madras
High Court for a writ of habeas corpus on the ground that the wife had
illegal custody of the two daughters. On the following considerations as
extracted hereinbelow, relief as prayed for by the husband was granted:
F "56. However. ifthere is a pre-existing order ofa foreign court of
competent jurisdiction and the domestic court decides to conduct
an elaborate inquiry (as against a summary inquiry), it must have
special reasons to do so. An elaborate inquiry should not be ordered
as a matter of course. While deciding whether a summary or an
G elaborate inquiry should be conducted, the domestic court must
take into consideration:
(a) The nature and effect of the interim or interlocutory order
passed by the foreign court.

H 11
(20131 is sec 190
PRATEEK GUPTA v. SHILPI GUPTA & ORS. 261
[AMITAVA ROY, J.]

(b) The existence of special reasons for repatriating or not A·
repatriating the child to the jurisdiction of the foreign court.
( c) The repatriation of the child does not cause any moral or
physical or social or cultural or psychological harm to the child,
nor should it cause any legal harm to the parent with whom the
child is in India. There are instances where the order of the B
foreign court may result in the arrest of the parent on his or
her return to the foreign country. In such cases, the domestic
court is also obliged to ensure the physical safety of the parent.
(d) The alacrity with which the parent moves the foreign court
concerned or the domestic court concerned, is also relevant. C
If the time gap is unusually large and is not reasonably
explainable and the child has developed firm roots in India, the
domestic court may be well advised to conduct an elaborate
inquiry."
27. Vis-a-visthe renditions in V. Ravi Chandran 6, Shi/pa D
Aggarwal' and Arathi Bandi11 , this Court in Nithya Anand Raghavan 4
distinguished the facts involved therein from the one under its scrutiny.
While underlining that the considerations which impelled the court to
adopt its summary approach/jurisdiction in directing the return of the
child to its native country, did not in any way discount or undermine the
predominant criterion of welfare and interest ofthe child even to outweigh E
neuter or offset the principle of comity of courts, it disapproved the
primacy sought to be accorded to the order of the foreign court on the
issue of custQdy of minor in Surya Vadanan' though negated earlier in
Dhanwanti Joshi2 and reiterated that whether it was a case of summary
enquiry or an elaborate enquiry, the paramount consideration was the F
interest and welfare of the child so much so that the preexisting order of
a foreign court could be taken note of only as one of the factors. The
alacrity or the expedition with which the applicant/parent moves the
foreign court or the domestic court concerned, for custody as a relevant
factor was also not accepted to be of any definitive bearing. This notion
of "first strike principle" was not subscribed to and further the G
extrapolation of that principle to the courts in India as predicated in Surya
Vadanan 1 was also held to be in-apposite by adverting inter alia to
Section 14 of the Guardians and Wards Act, 1890 and Section 10 of the
Civil Procedure Code.
H
262 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2017] 13 S.C.R.

A 28. The following passage from Nithya Anand Raghavan4
discarding the invocation of"first strike" principle as a definitive factor
in furtherance of the applicability of the principle of comity of courts is
quoted as hereunder:
"66. The invocation of first strike principle as a decisive factor. in
B our opinion. would undermine and whittle down the wholesome
principle of the dutv of the court having jurisdiction to consider
the best interests and welfare of the child, which is ofoaramount
importance. If the Court is convinced in that regard, the fact that
there is already an order passed by a foreign court in existence
may not be so significant as it must yield to the welfare of the
c child. That is only one of the factors to be taken into consideration.
The interests and welfare of the child are of paramount
consideration. The principle of comity of courts as observed in
Dhanwanti Joshi case in relation to non-Convention countries is
that the court in the country to which the child is removed will
D consider the question on merits bearing the welfare of the child as
of paramount importance and consider the order of the foreign
court as only a factor to be taken into consideration. While
considering that aspect, the court may reckon the fact that the
child was abducted from his or her country of habitual residence
but the court's overriding consideration must be the child's
E welfare."

In conclusion, qua the decisions relied upon by the respondent-
father, the facts contained therein were held to be distinguishable and it
was observed that though the factual backdrop as obtained therein
necessitated the court to issue direction to return the child to the native
F
State, it did not follow that in deserving cases, the Courts in India were
denuded of their powers to decline the relief to relocate the child to the
native State merely because of a pre-existing order of foreign court of
competent jurisdiction. The law laid down in Dhanwanti Joshi' and
approved by a three Judge Bench of this Court in V. Ravi Chandran•
G was enounced to be the good law, thus reiterating that so far as non-
convention countries are concerned, the court in the country in which
the child is removed while examining the issue of its repatriation to its
native country, would essentially bear in mind that the welfare of the
child was of paramount importance and that the existing order of foreign
court was only a factor to be taken note of. It was reiterated that the
H
PRATEEK GUPTA v. SHILPI GUPTA & ORS. 263
[AMlTAVA ROY, J.]

summary jurisdiction to return the child could be exercised in cases where A
the child had been removed from his native land to another country
where his native language is not spoken or the child gets divorced from
social customs and contacts to which he is accustomed or if his education
in his native land is interrupted and the child is subjected to foreign system
of education, thus adversely impacting upon his psychological state and
B
overall process of growth. Though a prompt and expeditious move on
the part of the applicant parent for the repatriation of the child in a court
in the country to which it had been removed may be a relevant factor,
the overwhelming and determinative consideration unfailingly has to be
in the interest and welfare of the child. It was observed that in the facts
of the case, the minor child after attaining majority would be free to C
exercise her choice to go to U.K and stay with her father but till that
eventuality, she should stay in the custody of mother unless the court of
competent jurisdiction trying the issue ofcustody of the child did order to
the contrary. Visitation right to the respondent-father however was
granted and directions were issued so as to facilitate the participation of D
the appellant- mother in the pending proceedings before the U .K. Court,
inter alia by requiring the respondent-husband to bear the necessary
costs to meet the expenditure towards all relevant aspects related thereto.
The impugned judgment of the High Court issuing the writ of habeas
corpus in favour of the respondent-husband was thus set aside.
E
29. The dialectics and determinations in Nithya Anand
Raghavan4 have been alluded to in pervasive details as the adjudication
therein by a Bench of larger coram has forensically analyzed all the
comprehensible facets of the issue, to which we deferentially subscribe.

30. The decisions cited at the Bar and heretofore, traversed present F
fact situations with fringe variations, the common and core issue being
the justifiability or otherwise factually and/or legally, of the relocation of
a child removed from its native country to India on the basis of the
principle of comity of courts and doctrines of "intimate contact" and
''closest conce1n". G
31. The following observations in Ruchi Majoo vs. Sanjeev
Majoo 11 bearing on the parens patriae jurisdiction of Indian courts in
cases involving custody of minor children are apt as well:
"(2011) 6 sec 479
H
264 SUPREME COURT KEPORTS [2017) 13 S.C.R.

A "Recognition of decrees and orders passed by foreign courts
remains an eternal dilemma inasmuch as whenever called upon
to do so, courts in this country are bound to determine the validity
of such decrees and orders keeping in view the provisions of
Section 13 of the Code ofCivil Procedure, 1908, as amended by
the Amendment Acts of 1999 and 2002. The dutv of a court
B
exercising its parens patriae jurisdiction as in cases involving
custody of minor children is all the more onerous. Welfare of the
minor in such cases being the paramount consideration: the court
has to approach the issue regarding the validity and enforcement
of a foreign decree or order carefully. Simply because a foreign
c court has taken a particular view on any aspect concerning the
welfare of the minor is not enough forthe courts in this country to
shut out an independent consideration of the matter. Objectivitv
and not abject surrender is the mantra in such cases. That does
not, however, mean that the order passed by a foreign court is
not even a factory to be kept in view. But it is one thing to
D
consider the foreign judgment to be conclusive and another to
treat it as a factor or consideration that would go into the making
of a final decision."
32. The gravamen of the judicial enunciation on the issue of
repatriation of a child removed from its native country is clearly founded
E on the predominant imperative of its overall well-being, the principle of
comity of courts, and the doctrines of "intimate contact and closest
concern" notwithstanding. Though the principle of comity of courts and
the aforementioned doctrines qua a foreign court from the territory of
which a child is removed are factors which deserve notice in deciding
F the issue of custody and repatriation of the child, it is no longer res
integra that the ever overriding determinant would be the welfare and
interest of the child. In other words, the invocation of these principles/
doctrines has to be judged on the touchstone of myriad attendant facts
and circumstances of each case, the ultimate live concern being the
welfare of the child, other factors being acknowledgeably subservient
G thereto. Though in the process ofadjudication of the issue ofrepatriation,
a court can elect to adopt a summary enquiry and order immediate
restoration of the child to its native country, if the applicant/parent is
prompt and alert in his/her initiative and the existing circumstances ex
facie justify such course again in the overwhelming exigency of the
H welfare of the child, such a course could be approvable in law, if an
PRATEEK GUPTA v. SHILPJ GUPTA & ORS. 265
[AMITAVA ROY, J.]

effortless discernment of the relevant factors testify irreversible, adverse A
and prejudicial impact on its physical, mental, psychological, social, cultural
existence, thus exposiog it to visible, contiouiog and irreparable detrimental
and nihilistic attentuations. On the other hand, ifthe applicant/parent is
slack and there is a considerable time lag between the removal of the
child from the native country and the steps taken for its repatriation B
thereto, the court would prefer an elaborate enquiry into all relevant
aspects bearing on the child, as meanwhile with the passage of time, it
expectedly had grown roots in the country and its characteristic milieu,
thus casting its influence on the process ofits grooming in its fold.
33. The doctrines of "intimate contact" and "closest concern"
are of persuasive relevance, only when the child is uprooted from its
c
native country and taken to a place to encounter alien environment,
language, custom etc., with the portent of mutilative bearing on the
process of its overall growth and grooming.
34. It has been consistently held that there is no forum convenience
in wardship jurisdiction and the peremptory mandate that underlines the D
adjudicative mission is the obligation to secure the unreserved welfare
of the child as the paramount consideration.
35. Reverting to the present facts, the materials as available, do
substantiate lingering dissensions between the parties. They are living
separately since 2014 with one child each in their company and charge. E
The children are US citizens by birth. Noticeably, the child Aadvik, who
is the subject matter of the !is and custody was barely 2Y, years old
when he came over to India and had stayed here since then. Today, he
is a little over 5 years old. In other words, he has spent half of his life at
this age, in India. Considering his infant years of stay in US, we construe F
it to be too little for the required integration ofhis with the social, physical,
psychological, cu:>:iral and academic environment of US to get totally
upturned by his transition to this country, so much so that unless he is
immediately repatriated, his inherent potentials and faculties would suffer
an immeasurable set back. The respondent-mother also is not favourably
disposed to return to India, she being a working lady in US and is also G
disinclined to restore her matrimonial home. The younger son is with
her. There is no conviocing material on record that the continuation of
the child in the company and custody of the appellant in India would be
irreparably prejudicial to him. The e-mails exchanged by the parties as·
have been placed on records do suggest that they had been in touch H
266 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 13 S.C.R.

A since the child was brought to India and even after the first order dated
28.05.2015 was passed by the court in US. In the said e-mails, they
have fondly and keenly referred to both the sons staying in each other's
company, expressing concern about their illness and general well-being
as well. As has been claimed by the appellant, the child is growing in a
congenial environment in the loving company of his grand-parents and
B
other relatives. He has been admitted to a reputed school and contrary
to the nuclear family environment in US, he is exposed to a natural
process of grooming in the association of his elders, friends, peers and
playmates, which is irrefutably indispensable for comprehensive and
conducive development of his mental and physical faculties. The issue
c with regard to the repatriation of a child, as the precedential explications
would authenticate has to be addressed not on a consideration of legal
rights of the parties but on the sole and preponderant criterion of the
welfare of the minor. As aforementioned, immediate restoration of the
child is called for only on an unmistakable discernment of the possibility
of immediate and irremediable harm to it and not otherwise. As it is, a
D
child of tender years, with malleable and impressionable mind and
delicate and vulnerable physique would suffer serious set-back if
subjected to frequent and unnecessary translocation in its formative
years. It is thus imperative that unless, the continuance of the child in
the country to which it has been removed, is unquestionably harmful,
E when judged on the touchstone of overall perspectives, perceptions and
practicabilities, it ought not to be dislodged and extricated from the
environment and setting to which it had got adjusted for its well-being.
36. Noticeably, a proceeding by the appellant seeking custody of
the child under the Guardian and Wards Act, 1890 has been instituted,
F which is pending in the court of the Principal Judge, Family Court, Rohini,
Delhi. This we mention, as the present adjudication pertains to a challenge
to the determination made in a writ petition for habeas corpus and not
one to decide on the entitlement in law for the custody of the child.
3 7. In Nithya Anand Raghavan' as well, this Court while
G maintaining the custody of the child in favour of the mother in preference
to the applicant-father had required the mother to participate in the
proceeding before the foreign court initiated by the respondent-father
therein. It was observed that the custody of the child would remain with
the respondent-mother till it attained majority, leaving it at liberty then to
choose its parent to reside with. The arrangement approved by this Court
H
PRATEEK GUPTA v. SHILPI GUPTA & ORS. 267
[AMITAVA ROY, J.]

was also made subject to the decision with regard to its custody, if made A
by a competent Court.
38. In the overwhelming facts and circumstances, we see no reason
to take a different view or course. In view of order dated 03.05.2016 of
this Court, the child has remained in the custody of the appellant-father.
To reiterate, no material has been brought on record, persuasive and B
conv.incing enough, to take a view that immediate restoration ofthe custody
of the child to the respondent-mother in the native country is obligatorily
called for in its interest and welfare. The High Court, as the impugned
judgment and order would demonstrate, did not at all apply itselfto examine
the facts and circumstances and the other materials on record bearing
on the issue of welfare of the child which are umnistakably ofparamount C
significance and instead seems to have been impelled by the principle of
comity of courts and the doctrines of "intimate contact" and "closest
concern" de hors thereto. The appellant being the biological father of
Aadvik, his custody of the child can by no means in law be construed as
illegal or unlawful drawing the invocation ofa superior Court's jurisdiction D
to issue a writ in the nature of habeas corpus. We are, in the textual
facts and on an in-depth analysis of the attendant circumstances, thus of
the view that the dislodgment of the child as directed by the impugned
decision would be harmful to it. Having regard to the nature of the
proceedings before the US Court, the intervening developments thereafter
and most importantly the prevailing state ofaffairs, we are of the opinion E
that the child, till he attains majority, ought to continue in the custody,
charge and care of the appellant, subject to any order to the contrary, if
passed by a court of competent jurisdiction in an appropriate proceeding
deciding the issue of its custody in accordance with law. The High Court
thus, in our estimate, erred in law and on facts in passing the impugned
F
verdict.
39. The impugned judgment and order is thus set aside. We
however direct that the parties would participate in the pending
proceedings relating to the custody of the child, if the same is pursued
and the court below, before which the same is pending, would decide the
same in accordance with law expeditiously without being influenced in G
any way, by the observations and findings recorded in this detennination.
40. The appeal is thus allowed.

Devika Gujral Appeal allowed.